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Background
Sleep deprivation among resident physicians is of growing concern. Sleep deprivation is a cause of fatigue, which is characterized by decreased work capacity and efficiency accompanied by feelings of weariness, sleepiness, or tiredness [1]. Research on resident sleep deprivation has primarily focused on the ... | 17052349 | PMC1657010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Oct 19; 6:136 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a major health problem in industrialized countries with significant economical impact [1]. Acupuncture is a popular but controversial alternative treatment option for LBP with few associated adverse side effects [2]. Results of randomised studies of acupuncture for low back pain have b... | 17112374 | PMC1657011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Nov 17; 6:149 |
Background
Genetic tests have the capacity to generate information that may have a profound effect on the tested individual. Test results may affect the individual's treatment decisions, and choices about reproduction, as well as having potential implications for his or her family members. Given this, it is vital that ... | 17092338 | PMC1657012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:28 | no | Aust New Zealand Health Policy. 2006 Nov 8; 3:13 |
Background
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is associated with neurofibrillary tangles containing tau proteins, and with extracellular amyloid plaques containing fibrils formed by Aβ(1–40), Aβ(1–42) and Aβ(1–43), amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides generated by intracellular proteolytic cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), specifi... | 17052343 | PMC1657013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2006 Oct 19; 6:21 |
Background
Alcohol abuse is a major cause of liver disease in Western countries. In the United States it has been estimated that there are some 25,000 deaths from cirrhosis yearly, about half of which are related with alcohol [1]. The cirrhosis death rate (irrespective of cause) in the United States is about 12 per 100... | 17105669 | PMC1657014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 14; 6:35 |
Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of conditions characterized histologically by an excessive accumulation of hepatic fat in the absence of alcohol consumption. Two main histological patterns of NAFLD have been described: bland steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is an in... | 17096854 | PMC1657015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov 10; 6:34 |
Background
Helping people to stop smoking is one of the most effective ways of preventing premature death and reducing health inequalities [1]. In the UK, a main strategy to achieve this is to increase the number of smokers that use the NHS Stop Smoking Services (NHS-SSS) which offer free individual or group support by... | 17092346 | PMC1657016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 8; 6:277 |
Background
Ethnicity is becoming more and more important in understanding the emerging health needs in different communities and to this end the Thames Cancer Registry (TCR) and the London Health Observatory (LHO) are working together looking at ethnicity coding in cancer.
Ethnicity information has been collected in B... | 17096838 | PMC1657017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 10; 6:281 |
Background
The efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for preventing malaria is well established and they are known to provide substantial protection to both individuals and communities that use them [1,2]. The use of ITNs to prevent malaria in Africa is an excellent example of an intervention choice that is tailo... | 17096840 | PMC1657018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 10; 6:161 |
Background
The emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistant to almost all available antimalarial drugs necessitates a constant monitoring of parasite susceptibility to antimalarial drugs, as well as the search for novel chemotherapeutic agents. Several in vitro drug sensitivity assays exist for this purpose ... | 17076900 | PMC1657019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:29 | no | Malar J. 2006 Oct 31; 5:95 |
Background
Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication initiates from numerous loci, termed replication origins, distributed along each chromosome. The selection of chromosomal sites that will function as origins begins with the binding to DNA of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) [1,2]. During late M and early G1 phases,... | 17067396 | PMC1657020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Oct 26; 7:276 |
Background
It is now a common belief that single nucleotide variations in the human genome are responsible for influencing traits such as differences in drug metabolism and disease risk. These variations are referred to as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and several large-scale technologies have recently been de... | 17107626 | PMC1657021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 16; 7:291 |
Background
Neuronal development in the adult hippocampus proceeds from the division of a precursor cell to a mature new granule cell [1,2]. A large surplus of neurons is generated, from which only a subset is recruited for survival and long-term integration into the network. This process is activity-dependently regulat... | 17105671 | PMC1657022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Nov 15; 7:77 |
Background
In precocial birds, such as the duck and chicken, day-old chicks rapidly form a memory of the moving object to which they were first exposed, and show a preference for it by chasing it for at least several days. This behavior, so-called imprinting [1], has attracted much attention as a model for investigatin... | 17101060 | PMC1657023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Nov 14; 7:75 |
Background
Coughing is a common complication in patients with non-small cell lung cancer after undergoing surgery, as well as phlegm or throat discomfort, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Further, it has been reported that approximately 25% of long term survivors (>5 years) suffer from a cough [1], while ... | 17101061 | PMC1657024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:11 | no | Cough. 2006 Nov 14; 2:9 |
Background
Mu opioid receptors play an essential role in mediating actions of morphine and most clinical analgesic agents such as codeine, methadone and oxycodone, as well as drugs of abuse such as heroin [1,2]. Early pharmacological studies proposed several mu opioid receptor subtypes: mu1, mu2 and morphine-6β-glucuro... | 17101047 | PMC1657025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:34 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 13; 7:41 |
Background
Leishmania species are responsible for several pathologies affecting both humans and animals. These parasites are most abundant in developing countries in the Middle East, Asia and South America but also are endemic in the Sub-Mediterranean basin. They have emerged as one of the most important opportunistic ... | 17101050 | PMC1657026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 13; 7:42 |
Background
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which compromises 90% of all ovarian malignancies, is the leading cause of death from gynaecological cancer in the western world [1]. The pathology underlying this disease is not fully understood, but an inflammatory process is one factor suggested to participate in tumourige... | 17107625 | PMC1657027 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | Mol Cancer. 2006 Nov 16; 5:62 |
Background
Gene sequences of closely related plant species as heterologous markers of genetic maps made it possible to align chromosomal regions of these species according to the order of genes conserved through speciation, also called orthologs [1]. Although early genomic sequence analysis of small orthologous regions... | 17094807 | PMC1657028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Nov 9; 7:52 |
Background
Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the excretion of large volumes of diluted urine resulting from resistance of the renal collecting duct to the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), and the clinical characteristics include polyuria, polyd... | 17101063 | PMC1657029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:20 | no | BMC Genet. 2006 Nov 14; 7:53 |
Background
The poor prognosis of patients with malignant melanoma (MM) is mostly due to the high frequency of distant dissemination of the disease. Considering the small size of most primary melanomas, the metastatic potential of MM is considerably greater than that of most other solid tumours [1].
The relationship be... | 17107608 | PMC1657030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:31 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 15; 6:266 |
Background
Aberrant T lymphocyte proliferation is a key mediator of alloimmune activation in organ transplantation. Therefore, T cells are the key targets for direct transfer of genes that could inhibit their proliferation and alloimmune activation. A number of strategies using either adenoviral or lentiviral vectors l... | 17096842 | PMC1657031 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:45 | no | BMC Immunol. 2006 Nov 10; 7:26 |
Background
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway plays key roles in the development and maintenance of many tissue and organ systems [1]. Recent reports have suggested that the EGFR pathway mediates two aspects of behavior, diurnal locomotor activity and suppression of locomotion in response to light (mas... | 17109754 | PMC1657032 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:22 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2006 Nov 16; 4:15 |
Background
A remarkable amount of primate diversity remains undocumented due to cryptic variation among species. To accurately and thoroughly document this diversity, genetic and/or behavioral investigations, in addition to morphological analyses, are necessary. The phenomenon of cryptic diversity is being actively exp... | 17109740 | PMC1657033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 16; 6:98 |
Background
Measurements of atherosclerosis range from clinical events such as myocardial infarction and stroke, and biomarkers such as blood pressure, serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, to measurements acquired with non-invasive imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (M... | 17101043 | PMC1657034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:12 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006 Nov 13; 4:44 |
Background
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has distributed genes that are required for pathogenicity among many bacterial lineages [1-4]. HGT, also known as lateral gene transfer, occurs when genes move between different genomes. Transfers can occur both between closely and distantly related species or strains, and are ... | 17067382 | PMC1657035 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Oct 26; 7:476 |
Background
The biomedical literature collectively represents the acknowledged historical perception of biological and medical concepts, including findings pertaining to disease-related research. However, the rapid proliferation of this information makes it increasingly difficult for researchers and clinicians to peruse... | 17090325 | PMC1657036 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:24 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 7; 7:492 |
Background
Detection of the different types and subtypes of a pathogen is very important in clinical diagnosis. Over the past several years, the development and application of molecular diagnostic techniques has initiated a revolution in the diagnosis and monitoring of infectious diseases. Advances in molecular and cel... | 17105657 | PMC1657037 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 14; 7:500 |
Introduction
The process of sexual reproduction dictates that mammals inherit two copies of every gene, one from the mother and one from the father. At most loci, both alleles are actively transcribed and functionally equivalent. Imprinted genes represent an exception to this rule, as the transcriptional activity of ea... | 17121465 | PMC1657038 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e147 |
Introduction
The basic cellular processes of transcription, translation, and pre-mRNA splicing all rely extensively on sequence-specific recognition of short nucleic-acid segments to achieve specificity and regulation. Studies of the specificity of these processes typically yield sets of sequence elements that are boun... | 17121466 | PMC1657047 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e191 |
Introduction
Many animals have fascinating color patterns on their skin, which have important roles in biological traits such as mate choice, camouflage, and the perception of threatening behavior [1,2]. How skin pigment patterns form, however, is a longstanding question among biologists. More than 50 y ago, a British ... | 17121467 | PMC1657052 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e197 |
Introduction
Intermolecular ligation or trans-splicing of RNA molecules is a process that has been shown to occur in all eukaryotes tested [1]. One common trans-splicing reaction is the addition of a short exon called a spliced leader (SL) to the 5′ end of mRNAs. SLs have been identified in a variety of eukaryotes, inc... | 17121468 | PMC1657053 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e198 |
Introduction
A widely conserved mechanism to direct the segregation of homologous chromosomes at the first or reductional meiotic division involves the chiasma, which is the cytologically visible result of a crossover between homologs. Crossovers arise from recombinational repair of programmed double-strand breaks (DSB... | 17166055 | PMC1657055 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e200 |
In PLoS Genetics, vol 2, issue 9: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020159
In the Materials and Methods section, under “Global single or minimal number cell PR-PCR”, the first-strand buffer was reported incorrectly as “20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 7.5], 100 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.01% v/v NP-40, and 50% v/v glycerol.” The c... | 0 | PMC1657056 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e201 |
Introduction
Homologous genes of the same family display genetic redundancy to varying degrees if their expression pattern and their function overlap. In general, loss-of-function mutations of redundantly acting genes are expected to result in no phenotype in the case of full redundancy, or similar phenotypes in the ca... | 17121469 | PMC1657057 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:57 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e202 |
Introduction
In eukaryotes, a conserved RNA surveillance system that depends on nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) causes rapid degradation of transcripts that contain a premature termination codon [1]. RNA surveillance prevents the accumulation of potentially deleterious truncated proteins. Because NMD is linked to mR... | 17166056 | PMC1657058 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e203 |
Introduction
Protein-coding genes typically comprise a rather small part of many mammalian genomes [1–4]. Although it has been known for some time that at least some of the noncoding portion of the genome must be functional, the significance and nature of the encoded function has remained elusive.
Large-scale comparat... | 17166057 | PMC1657059 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:44 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e204 |
Alternative splicing at pairs of acceptors in close proximity are one frequent cause of transcriptome complexity. In particular, acceptors with the pattern NAGNAG are widespread in several genomes [1–3]. When affecting the coding regions, alternative splicing at NAGNAGs mainly results in the insertion/deletion of one a... | 17121470 | PMC1657060 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e207 |
Authors' Reply
That splice variation at tandem acceptor sites is frequent has been reported by several groups, including Zavolan et al. [1], Sugnet et al. [2], and Hiller et al. [3], and is uncontroversial. It is to be expected that at least some of these variations will affect protein function, and this is also beyond... | 0 | PMC1657061 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 07:59:43 | no | PLoS Genet. 2006 Nov 24; 2(11):e208 |
Background
The work described in this report was part of an epidemiological study of cancer in Kampala, Uganda [1-7]. Data from Africa on infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are sparse. Therefore, we examine here the role of antibodies against H. pylori in relation to the risk of cancer and investigate the p... | 17150134 | PMC1660530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Nov 7; 1:5 |
Background
The clustering of insulin resistance, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and central obesity represent the major features of metabolic syndrome. These clusters of factors may share common etiology and each of which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome appears to affect 10%... | 17101046 | PMC1660531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:10 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2006 Nov 13; 5:24 |
Disease name and synonyms
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS)
Hemorrhagiparous thrombocytic dystrophy
Congenital hemorrhagiparous thrombocytic dystrophy
Definition and diagnostic criteria
The Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) is an autosomal recessive disease associated with bleeding tendency, giant blood platelets and low ... | 17109744 | PMC1660532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:23 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Nov 16; 1:46 |
Background
Kidney transplantation has a positive impact on survival and morbidity of patients with end-stage renal disease. Recently, there has been increasing attention to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as an important consideration in evaluating the impact of kidney transplantation. Kidney transplant recipien... | 17109746 | PMC1660533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Nov 16; 7:17 |
Background
The marsupial and eutherian (placental) lineages diverged approximately 180 million years ago. Marsupials are chiefly distinguished from other mammals by their unique reproductive strategies, with young born in an immature state with only the most rudimentary neurological and immunological systems [1]. At bi... | 17094811 | PMC1660534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Immunome Res. 2006 Nov 10; 2:4 |
Background
Pain: definition, epidemiology and classification
Pain is a complex experience which includes affective, cognitive and behavioural features, all of which are the result of mental processes and, as such, it represents a psychological condition [1]. The phenomenon of pain, therefore, involves pathophysiologic... | 17087832 | PMC1660535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:04 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006 Nov 6; 2:31 |
Background
Streptococcus uberis is an important cause of mastitis in modern dairy herds. It is responsible for a significant proportion of clinical and subclinical infections in both lactating and nonlactating cows [1]. S. uberis is considered as an environmental mastitis pathogen in that it has a ubiquitous and widesp... | 17112377 | PMC1660536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2006 Nov 17; 2:33 |
Background
Chronic pain is a significant problem in the pediatric population [1]. One of the more common chronic pain syndromes in children is recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) thought to affect 10–30% of all school-aged children [2-5]. RAP is characterized by the recurrence of a minimum of three episodes of abdominal pai... | 17090333 | PMC1660537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Nov 8; 6:29 |
Background
Adaptation to the extra-uterine environment requires the newborn to establish glucose regulation and this transition usually takes place smoothly. However, some infants such as those that are small or large for gestational age, discordant twins, those with insulin dependent diabetic mothers, or low or extrem... | 17083737 | PMC1660538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:04 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2006 Nov 3; 6:28 |
Background
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist. In the Netherlands, the prevalence of electrophysiologically confirmed CTS in the adult general population was found to be 0.6% in men and 3.4% in women [1]. In Sweden, prevalence was 2.1% and 3.0%, respectively [2]. Patien... | 17109748 | PMC1660539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 16; 7:86 |
Background
Bone formation involves the distinct, but related processes of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification [1,2]. While the former forms flatter bones like those of the skull, endochondral ossification is responsible for development of the long bones of the limbs, the vertebrae and the ribs. E... | 17116261 | PMC1660540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006 Nov 20; 7:87 |
Background
Cervical cancer ranks seventh in the list of most frequent cancers worldwide. However, this tumor is second only to breast cancer as the most common gynecological neoplasm. In addition, more than 80% of cases occur in developing countries [1] and in a typical developing country, 60% to 80% of invasive cases ... | 17101048 | PMC1660541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 13; 4:77 |
Background
In recent years, coagulase-negative strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis have become frequent causes of infections in connection with surgically implanted medical devices [1,2]. In parallel, the appearance of multi-resistant and vancomycin-resistant S. epidermidis strains has increased quickly due to the in... | 17094812 | PMC1660542 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Nov 10; 6:96 |
Background
Sex determination is an integral part of reproduction and an essential process for the evolvement and enrichment of the genome. It has thus been the subject of many studies in reference to species across the entire animal kingdom. From insects to mammals, there is much to learn from the many mechanisms emplo... | 17101057 | PMC1660543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2006 Nov 13; 4:59 |
Background
Transcriptional silencing in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at the silent mating-type loci HMR and HML, telomeres, and at the rDNA locus. At all of these silenced regions, DNA binding proteins recognize specific motifs and recruit a silencing protein complex (reviewed in [1]). HMR and HML ... | 17094803 | PMC1660544 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2006 Nov 9; 7:40 |
Background
HIV prevalence patterns and trends derived from available country data in sub-Saharan Africa, has been useful in improving the understanding of national estimates as well as proving strong basis for strengthening and or adjusting interventions [1-3]. The predominant epidemiological surveillance system for es... | 17096833 | PMC1660545 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 10; 6:279 |
Background
Oxidative stress is linked to carcinogenesis as well as to sensitivity or resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs [1]. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in induction of apoptosis of various cancer cells, especially drug resistant cancers is well known [2-4]. Often, the ability of a ther... | 17107616 | PMC1660546 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Cancer. 2006 Nov 15; 6:267 |
Background
Evidence on 'what works' is central to the formulation of public sector policy and practice. High quality systematic reviews can provide robust and comparatively inexpensive evidence of what is known about intervention effectiveness, which may often be more likely to convince decision-makers than evidence fr... | 17107612 | PMC1660547 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:55 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2006 Nov 15; 6:55 |
Background
The tumor microenvironment consists of tumor, immune, stromal, and inflammatory cells all of which produce cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules that may promote tumor progression and metastases. All intimately interact with one another and play an important role in inflammatory and pro-angiogeni... | 17096856 | PMC1660548 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:36 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Nov 10; 4:48 |
Background
Human polyomavirus BK (BKV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Polyomaviridae family that also includes human polyomavirus JC (JCV), and Simian virus 40 (SV40) (International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICVD))[1]. The virus is ubiquitous in the human population, establishing latent infections in the k... | 17096832 | PMC1660549 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:37 | no | J Transl Med. 2006 Nov 10; 4:47 |
Background
Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can induce both tumor regression and disease stabilization when used as second line therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [1-3]. Mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR were o... | 17096850 | PMC1660550 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Genomics. 2006 Nov 10; 7:289 |
Background
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains five copies of the immunopathologically-important ESAT-6 (esx) gene clusters [1]. Each gene cluster encodes proteins involved in energy provision for active transport, membrane pore formation and protease processing, which assembles to form a dedicated biosyn... | 17105670 | PMC1660551 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:19 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 15; 6:95 |
Background
Hybrid zones, where lineages differentiable by one or more heritable traits meet and intercross, provide unique opportunities for studying the nature and dynamics of barriers to gene exchange. The evolution of these barriers can have many different outcomes, including divergence of populations leading to spe... | 17107611 | PMC1660552 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 15; 6:96 |
Background
The cell cycle is the sequence of events by which a growing cell replicates all of its components and divides them into two daughter cells [1]. Proliferating cells are repeating this sequence therefore the process is periodic. The eukaryotic cell division cycle is driven by an underlying molecular network wh... | 17094799 | PMC1660553 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:23 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 9; 7:494 |
Background
Pathway Data Collection for Biology
The complete sequencing of the genomes of numerous organisms provides a genetic "parts list" for human and many model organisms [1,2]. However, a blueprint for how these parts are assembled is required to explain how the system works [3]. This wiring diagram for a cell con... | 17101041 | PMC1660554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 13; 7:497 |
Background
With the completion of genomic sequencing projects, the need for automated prediction of protein subcellular or subnuclear localizations becomes increasingly important. The localization of a protein can provide valuable information about its molecular function, as well as the biological pathway in which it p... | 17090318 | PMC1660555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 7; 7:491 |
Background
Microarrays have become a standard tool for the exploration of global gene expression changes at the cellular level [1]. Data analysis often includes the use of a statistical test, such as a t-test or analysis of variance, to find genes differentially expressed in one set of conditions when compared to anoth... | 17116249 | PMC1660556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:25 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 20; 7:509 |
Background
Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the functional integrity of neuronal circuits in the ascending and descending pathways in spinal cord (SC), thereby compromising the voluntary motor control of muscles below the site of the injury and the conduction of sensory signals from distal inputs. In SCI research, a p... | 17112375 | PMC1660558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Med Imaging. 2006 Nov 17; 6:15 |
Background
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect cutaneous, genital, and respiratory epithelia in tissue-specific manner. Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped viruses with a double-strand DNA genome of 8 Kb. The genome is encapsidated in an icosahedral structure of 55 nm-diameter, composed of the L1 and L2 proteins, which... | 17150135 | PMC1660559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:32 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2006 Nov 8; 1:6 |
Background
The concept of the sentinel node describes a primary or sentinel lymph node (SLN), which exists and through which tumour cells from a primary tumour in a particular location must first travel to spread to a particular regional lymph node group.
Recent studies have demonstrated that the sentinel node biopsy ... | 17118187 | PMC1660560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:46 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 21; 3:39 |
Background
Randomized trials have shown that Pelvic Radiotherapy (RT) as a postoperative treatment for intermediate and high risk endometrial cancer improves local regional control. Its impact on overall survival is still unknown. Intra-cavitary Brachytherapy also improves vaginal control. Both treatments, however, imp... | 17116263 | PMC1660561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:56 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2006 Nov 20; 1:44 |
Background
Ill health can have a significant economic impact on a household. Such an impact can trigger a spiral of asset depletion, indebtedness and reductions of essential consumption [1]. Health services may impose a regressive cost burden on households, especially in developing countries[2,3]. However, facing high ... | 17107619 | PMC1660562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 15; 6:283 |
Background
The World Health Organization defines intimate partner violence against women as "the range of sexually, psychologically and physically coercive acts used against adult and adolescent women by current or former male intimate partners"[1]. Intimate partner violence is an important problem because it is global... | 17116252 | PMC1660563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Public Health. 2006 Nov 20; 6:284 |
Background
Idiopathic pauci immune rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (IRPGN) with few or no deposits in immunofluorescence is a form of renal vasculitis that occurs either as a manifestation of a systemic disease, such as Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis, or as renal limited vasculitis[1]. Sin... | 17078867 | PMC1660564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2006 Nov 1; 7:16 |
Background
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are generally accepted to represent precursor lesions in stepwise colon cancer development and emerge in the colon of rodents after treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) [1,2]. ACF were also found in humans who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer [3]. ACF in an unembedded c... | 17118177 | PMC1660565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:05 | no | J Carcinog. 2006 Nov 21; 5:24 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus occur with increasing frequency as age advances. Besides, the development of one increases the risk of the other [1]. Epidemiological studies have shown an association of diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. A population-based historical cohort study est... | 17096857 | PMC1660566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:30 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2006 Nov 11; 5:28 |
Background
In 1976 Cohen et al. introduced in a sequence of publications a method to construct so-called pseudo current density- or arrow-maps from multichannel biomagnetic signals obtained by magnetocardiography (MCG) [1-4]. The purpose was to transform the measured magnetic field values in a way that the resulting ma... | 17040559 | PMC1660567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2006 Oct 13; 4:5 |
Background
During evolution, new functions are acquired as a consequence of an accumulation of substitutions that alters the coding or regulatory sequences of genes. These evolutionary events are a key factor driving functional shift at transcriptional or biochemical level as well as shifts in sub-cellular localisation... | 17092334 | PMC1660568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:18 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Nov 8; 6:92 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) presents a diagnostic and management challenge. A case of CFS is defined by: 1) clinically unexplained, persistent or relapsing fatigue of at least 6 months' duration that is not the result of ongoing exertion, is not substantially alleviated by rest, and results in substantial... | 17109739 | PMC1660569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Neurol. 2006 Nov 16; 6:41 |
Background
Withdrawal treatment appears to have no effect on long-term abstinence, so detoxification should lead to more definite drug-free treatment efforts. Nonetheless, detoxification can be a major obstacle for some patients, and the availability of managed and safe withdrawal is a prerequisite for long-term treatm... | 17107609 | PMC1660570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:07 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 15; 6:54 |
Background
Prokineticins (PKs), consisting of PK1 and PK2, are a novel family of regulatory peptides, whose mature forms consist of 86 and 81 amino acids, respectively [1]. Both PK1 and PK2 possess ten conserved cysteines and have about 45% identity in the amino acid sequences [2]. Two endogenous G-protein coupled rece... | 17107623 | PMC1660571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:19 | no | Mol Pain. 2006 Nov 15; 2:35 |
Background
It is estimated that as many as 30 million of the one billion people living in the 47 nations represented by the European Society of Cardiology are living with heart failure (HF) [1]. The estimated number of afflicted in North America exceeds five million [2]. Heart failure is characterized by high mortality... | 17081306 | PMC1660572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:08 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006 Nov 2; 6:43 |
Background
In the United States 1 in 5 college students are classified as obese [1]. Perhaps more alarming is that previous research indicates obesity rates rising fastest in 18 to 29 year olds and those with some college education [2]. These are grave statistics given that for the first time in history, predictions su... | 17118202 | PMC1660573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:38 | no | Nutr J. 2006 Nov 21; 5:29 |
Background
Health status questionnaires have become increasingly popular as measurement instruments in epidemiological studies. However, the scores on these instruments can be difficult to interpret. Therefore, there is a need to define which scores or changes in scores on these questionnaires are important. We designe... | 17096845 | PMC1660574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:08 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2006 Nov 10; 4:87 |
Background
Calreticulin is a ubiquitous calcium-binding protein with wide tissue distribution found in all eukaryotic cells with the exception of yeast [1], whose remarkable conservation implies an important biological function. In the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), calreticulin functions as a calcium buffer ... | 17112388 | PMC1660575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:40:15 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2006 Nov 19; 6:54 |
Background
Candida infections are a growing concern in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) [1]. Among the yeasts involved, C. albicans is still predominant in ICUs, accounting for 55% of yeast bloodstream infections [2,3]. Most of these infections are nosocomial, which raises the issue of their prevent... | 17101036 | PMC1660576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:39 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 13; 6:162 |
Background
Despite recent efforts aimed at reducing child mortality in resource poor countries, 11 million children under the age of five years die each year, mainly from infections and malnutrition [1]. Bacterial infections occur frequently in malnourished children and carry high case fatality. In Uganda, there is onl... | 17090299 | PMC1660577 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:43 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2006 Nov 7; 6:160 |
Background
Hepatic fibrosis is a common outcome of hepatic injury in both man and dog. Depending on the primary site of injury the fibrosis may be restricted to the portal areas as in most biliary diseases or may be present in the hepatic parenchyma as seen in chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Chronic hepatitis is often... | 17109742 | PMC1660578 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:10 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2006 Nov 16; 5:7 |
Background
After the discovery of RNA editing in the kinetoplastid of typanosomes nearly two decades ago [1], similar processes have been observed for a large number of genes from different species. RNA editing modifies the information encoded by the genomic DNA post-transcriptionally at the RNA level [2,3]. Most examp... | 17105647 | PMC1660579 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2006 Nov 14; 7:76 |
Background
The traumatic bone cyst (TBC) is an uncommon nonepithelial lined cavity of the jaws. Since it was first described by Lucas[1] in 1929, the lesion has attracted a great deal of interest in the dental literature, but its pathogenesis is still not clearly understood [1-3]. Traumatic bone cysts have been reporte... | 17096860 | PMC1660580 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:24 | no | Head Face Med. 2006 Nov 12; 2:40 |
Background
Severe intentional eye self-injury is an uncommon, but not rare, condition. Such injuries have been documented primarily in Christian cultures [1]. Favazza [1] estimated that there were about 500 cases per year and, according to Favazza and Rosenthal's [2] criteria for self-mutilation, eye self-injury is con... | 17118200 | PMC1661590 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:29 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Nov 21; 5:18 |
Background
Of particular importance in strategic management of the primary-acute care interface is identification of the sources of variation in hospital referrals and attendances, and detecting whether particular small areas and GP practices have above average emergency attendance and admission rates, especially where... | 17109747 | PMC1661591 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:26 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2006 Nov 16; 5:50 |
Background
Infected dead or sick wild birds have occasionally been found since the beginning of the current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in southern China, in 1997. In 2005, however, a large number of migrant aquatic birds died at Lake Qinghai in north-western China, and were found to be in... | 17112378 | PMC1661592 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:25:32 | no | Virol J. 2006 Nov 17; 3:96 |
Background
Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm that most frequently affects the pleura [1,2], although it has been reported with increasing frequency in various other sites such as in the peritoneum [3], in the pericardium [4] and in non-serosal sites such as lung parenchyma [5], upper res... | 17118185 | PMC1661593 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:23:42 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2006 Nov 21; 4:81 |
Background
Over the past 15 – 20 years, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use has increased dramatically. Not surprisingly, questions of whether CAM interventions are safe, efficacious and effective have become key research issues. A review of articles indexed in MEDLINE between 1966 and 1996 suggests that b... | 17118197 | PMC1661594 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:46 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006 Nov 21; 6:38 |
Background
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause. The epidemiology hints at both genetic factors and environmental agents [1]. Sarcoidosis most frequently affects young and middle-aged women and may involve a variety of sites, including the lungs (most common), skin, liver, eyes, spleen, peri... | 17118178 | PMC1661595 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:18 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2006 Nov 21; 1:44 |
Background
Antisense agents are useful for functional genomics in bacteria as they can down-regulate expression of specific genes by binding mRNA and inhibit translation. As antisense agents may be titrated into cultures of wild type cells they are attractive for studies of any gene, even those stringently required for... | 17118182 | PMC1661596 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:19:32 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2006 Nov 21; 6:97 |
Background
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) underlie most biological processes. Dissecting the PPI network for a particular biological process may provide important clues into molecular mechanisms of the process [1]. Recently, large-scale experimental studies have generated many PPI datasets in different model organ... | 17112386 | PMC1661597 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:22 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Nov 18; 7:508 |
Introduction
Sensory neurons respond to physical stimuli, and this relationship is often quantified by plotting their evoked activity—for instance, the mean firing rate—as a function of a relevant stimulus parameter. The resulting response functions or tuning curves have been the subject of much theoretical work, parti... | 17132045 | PMC1661681 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e387 |
Introduction
Over the millennia, our species has evolved to cope with, and perhaps benefit from, consuming microbes present in decomposing food. Some have postulated that ingestion of food-borne microbial species was common in the Pleistocene diet of hominins practicing subterranean food storage [1,2]. Eventually these... | 17132046 | PMC1661682 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e413 |
Introduction
Overexploitation of living species (i.e., human exploitation exceeding the species' regeneration capacity) is a major threat to biodiversity [1], yet theory predicts that economic extinction (exploitation cessation) will usually precede ecological extinction (population disappearance). As populations becom... | 17132047 | PMC1661683 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:59 | no | PLoS Biol. 2006 Dec 28; 4(12):e415 |
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