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Background
Trimethylaminuria, or fish odor syndrome, includes a transient or mild malodor caused by an excessive amount of malodorous trimethylamine as a result of body secretions [1,2]. The causal factor of excessive free trimethylamine is reduced enzyme capacity, or maybe substrate overload. The decreased enzyme capa... | 17257434 | PMC1790885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:39 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2007 Jan 27; 8:2 |
Background
Clinical guidelines for the management of self-harm [1] highlight the need for primary and secondary care services to provide a thorough assessment of mental health and social needs, precipitating factors and the risk of further self-harm or suicide among self-harming patients with whom they come into contac... | 17239232 | PMC1790886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 19; 7:9 |
Background
Sexually selected traits – such as male calling song – have been suggested to be particularly susceptible to divergence in allopatrically isolated populations [1], and sexual selection-induced differences in song have been proposed to be significant drivers of speciation [2-6]. Differences in male song may e... | 17241474 | PMC1790887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 22; 7:5 |
Background
With an age of 9–12 million years, Lake Tanganyika is the oldest of the three East African Great Lakes and harbors the morphologically, behaviorally and ecologically most diverse cichlid species flock, whose ancestors colonized the swampy and shallow ecosystem of the emerging lake shortly after its formation... | 17254340 | PMC1790888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 25; 7:7 |
Background
The molecular clock hypothesis asserts that the number of amino acid differences in a protein appear to be roughly proportional to the divergence time of the two organisms compared [1,2]. Furthermore, Motoo Kimura claimed that the rate of protein evolution for each protein is approximately constant for vario... | 17257443 | PMC1790889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 29; 7:9 |
Background
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia and one of the most common causes of death due to infectious disease in industrialized countries. Pneumococcus usually colonizes the nasopharynx of humans asymptomatically, although on occasions it passes from this niche to the lu... | 17257395 | PMC1790890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 26; 8(1):3 |
Background
There has been an increased interest in antibodies in recent years, both because of their clinical applications and their use in basic research [1]. Conventional antibodies (mono- and poly-clonal) present several shortcomings, such as their bulky structure, tedious and expensive preparation, limited opportun... | 17257422 | PMC1790891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 26; 7:7 |
Background
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intra-ocular tumor in adults. Despite advances in diagnosis and local treatment of patients over the last 30 years, the mortality rate has remained constant, with 30 to 50% of patients developing metastatic disease [1]. Due to the lack of lymphatics in the eye, metas... | 17261188 | PMC1790892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:58 | no | J Carcinog. 2007 Jan 29; 6:2 |
Background
Hirschsprung's Disease (HD) is a common cause of pediatric intestinal obstruction [1]. A funnel shaped transition zone on a contrast enema (CETZ) at the junction of aganglionic and ganglionic gut is considered a hallmark for its diagnosis [2,3]. In recent years, primary pull-through procedures, especially th... | 17257439 | PMC1790893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Jan 27; 7:5 |
Background
Genetic immunization or DNA vaccination has initiated a new era of vaccine research. The technology involves the inoculation of plasmid DNA into a living host to elicit an immune response to a protein encoded on the plasmid [1]. The potential advantages of DNA vaccines include the induction of cellular and h... | 17261176 | PMC1790894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Jan 29; 5:3 |
Background
Initially described by Ariyan in 1979, the PMMC flap has been used to reconstruct oncologic head and neck defects after either primary extirpation or surgical salvage following radiation failure [1,2]. The versatility of the PMMC is evident from its very wide range of use. The flap can be used for defects in... | 17261180 | PMC1790895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 29; 5:11 |
Background
In terms of global burden of disease the leishmaniases are the third most important vector-borne disease [1]. Kabul city is currently the world-wide largest focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with an estimated 67,500 new cases per annum [2]. Due to its potentially disfiguring pathology, i.e. gross cutaneo... | 17263879 | PMC1790896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:11 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 30; 7:3 |
Background
Robotic gait rehabilitation
Walking ability, though important for quality of life and participation in social and economic life, can be adversely affected by neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury, stroke or traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation of patients with such disorders should include gait... | 17244363 | PMC1790897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2007 Jan 23; 4:1 |
Background
Hereditary inclusion body myopathy (HIBM; OMIM 600737) is an adult-onset autosomal recessive myopathy that typically presents with distal muscle weakness, usually foot drop, in the second or third decade of life [1-3]. The disease progresses to require wheelchair confinement in two to three decades. The quad... | 17261181 | PMC1790898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Neurol. 2007 Jan 29; 7:3 |
Background
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer as well as the second leading cause of cancer death among American men [1]. Androgen ablation therapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer inevitably fails as the disease progresses to an androgen-independent stage [2]. Few effective treatment opt... | 17257419 | PMC1790899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 26; 8:32 |
Background
Anopheles funestus is widely distributed in Africa from south of the Sahara desert to northern South Africa [1]. The highly anthropophilic and endophilic behaviors of this vector make it an efficient vector of malaria, and in many places, parasite infection rates of An. funestus exceeds those of An. gambiae.... | 17261170 | PMC1790900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 29; 8:34 |
Background
Differential gene expression is governed, at least in part, by protein-DNA interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes. Together, such protein-DNA interactions can be modeled into transcription regulatory networks that describe the logic underlying the development, function, and p... | 17233892 | PMC1790901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 18; 8:21 |
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) include a large group of regulatory, non-coding small RNAs that measure ~22 nucleotides (nt) in length [1,2]. In animal cells, miRNAs are first transcribed from genes by the RNA polymerase, pol II, as primary miRNAs, which are then cleaved by an RNase III enzyme, Drosha, into hairpin-like ... | 17250765 | PMC1790902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 24; 8:29 |
Background
Particulate air pollution has consistently been associated with adverse cardiovascular events [1-5], however the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear.
Different pathways, including systemic inflammation, an imbalance in coagulation factors and effects on the autonomic nervous system have ... | 17241467 | PMC1790903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Part Fibre Toxicol. 2007 Jan 22; 4:1 |
Background
Recent analysis of prokaryotic genomes has lead to the discovery of a new class of repeat characterized by short, perfectly conserved elements of typical length 20 to 40 bases separated by unique sequences of similar length [1-3], Fig. 1. These are conventionally known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Shor... | 17239253 | PMC1790904 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 20; 8:18 |
Background
Recent years have seen the development of in silico 'virtual screening' of very large libraries of molecules as an integral part of the drug development process. An initial library might contain millions of compounds that are potentially available, either in-house or from vendors' catalogues. Virtual screeni... | 17257425 | PMC1790905 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 26; 8:27 |
Text
I would like to thank Drs Reidpath and Allotey for their analysis [1] of some of the variables described in the tables of the initial paper [2] and their use of other health and economic data to demonstrate correlations with governance.
HIV infection was chosen as the focus in the original work because in some su... | 17257404 | PMC1790906 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:57 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007 Jan 26; 7:1 |
When technological advances in the 1930s provided the means to synthesize chemicals from petroleum and natural gas, the petrochemical industry ramped up production of diverse species of novel compounds without testing their safety. By 1940, a billion pounds of synthetic petrochemicals were produced each year. Of the mo... | 20076658 | PMC1790949 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e41 |
Introduction
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in modulating synaptic function in the brain [1,2]. Functional NMDARs are heteromeric complexes assembled from one NR1 subunit and one or more NR2 subunits (NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D). The NR1 subunit is encoded by... | 17298178 | PMC1790950 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e40 |
Introduction
Animals have a daunting number of different cell types, and this cellular diversity is profound in the nervous system. During the last two decades, it has become increasingly apparent that neuronal cell fate is not dictated by the action of any single regulatory gene, but results from the combinatorial act... | 17298176 | PMC1790951 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e37 |
Introduction
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing expands protein functional diversity by directing precise nucleotide sequence changes within mRNA coding regions. Splicing regulation often involves adjusting the relative levels of exon inclusion and skipping patterns as a function of cell type or stage of development. In the... | 17298175 | PMC1790952 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e36 |
Introduction
Determining whether chemically diverse substances induce similar adverse effects at the cellular and molecular level is one of the central challenges of toxicological research. If the structural diversity of different toxicants, and of potential toxicants, means that each works through distinctive mechanis... | 17298174 | PMC1790953 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e35 |
The strings of amino acids that make up a protein are specified by the sequence of nucleotides in the coding region of a gene. However, genes also contain nucleotides that don't contribute to the sequence of a protein, in noncoding areas called introns. Before the protein can be generated, the introns must be removed a... | 20076657 | PMC1790954 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e26 |
Introduction
Why do some parts of proteins evolve more slowly than others? Why, in turn, do some proteins evolve more slowly than others? Intragenic conserved regions are typically considered to reflect domains of functional importance to the protein [1]. Similarly, proteins with a high density of important functional ... | 17298171 | PMC1790955 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e14 |
One of the most intriguing questions in biology is how the many different types of cells in an organism can develop from a single cell, the fertilized egg. Nowhere is this question more pertinent than in the nervous system, where each neuron must be endowed with the correct receptors, neurotransmitters, and other cruci... | 20076660 | PMC1790956 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e51 |
Introduction
Developmental patterning requires the translation of cell position into cell fate. In most prevalent models, positional information is provided by gradients of signaling molecules, called morphogens, which induce several cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner [1]. Prominent examples of such morphog... | 17298180 | PMC1790957 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e46 |
Introduction
Polyketides are a diverse and clinically important class of natural products which exhibit anti-infective, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and cholesterol-lowering properties, among others [1]. The modular architecture of polyketide synthases provides an attractive scaffold for biosynthetic engineering [2]. ... | 17298179 | PMC1790958 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:52 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 5(2):e45 |
INTRODUCTION
Streptococcus agalactiae, commonly known as Group B
streptococcus (GBS), is a gram-positive coccus and only member of
Lancefield group B [1]. Originally discovered as a cause of bovine mastitis [2], it is now a major pathogen in neonatal meningitis [1] and locally invasive as well as serious systemic infe... | 17485802 | PMC1791015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:47 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Nov 8; 2006:43253 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Eikenella corrodens is a slow growing, nonmotile,
facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus which is commensal
of the oral cavity, intestinal and genital tracts [1–3].
The most common clinical sources of this organism are human bite
wounds, head and neck infections and respiratory tract infections
... | 17485819 | PMC1791056 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:14:49 | no | Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Dec 20; 2007:63565 |
1. PPARα
The only PPAR faithful to its acronym, PPARα, is the nuclear receptor of peroxisome proliferators—a diverse group of compounds, which in
addition to toxic and carcinogenic chemicals include the
lipid-lowering fibrate drugs [1]. PPARα is expressed in active metabolic tissues, including liver, heart, brown fat,... | 17389768 | PMC1791068 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Jan 10; 2007:12781 |
Introduction
The negative binomial (NB) distribution has broad applications as a model for count data, particularly for data exhibiting overdispersion (i.e. with sample variance exceeding the mean). In the biological literature, classical uses of the NB distribution include analysis of parasite loads, species occurrenc... | 17299582 | PMC1791715 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e180 |
Findings
Infectious salmon anemia (ISA) virus (ISAV) is a fish orthomyxovirus that has recently been assigned to the new genus Isavirus within the family Orthomyxoviridae. The virus causes a fatal clinical disease in Atlantic salmon with signs of exophthalmia, pale gills, ascites, congestion of gut, enlargement of live... | 17254352 | PMC1793955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 25; 4:13 |
Background
In the social science literature, ethnicity is often considered a proxy for socioeconomic constructs and sociocultural factors. In the context of sleep medicine, ethnicity might play a unique role in understanding insomnia symptoms. While many objective studies in the U.S. have suggested that individuals of ... | 17261187 | PMC1793956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:40 | no | BMC Womens Health. 2007 Jan 29; 7:1 |
Background
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that results in demyelination of axonal tracts in the CNS causing a wide range of neurological symptoms [1]. Major histocompatibility (MHC) class II-restricted CD4+ T-cells that recognize CNS components are the predominant pathogenic mediators in MS and act by... | 17254325 | PMC1793957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Jan 25; 4:6 |
Background
Endocytosis is an essential cellular process that regulates the delivery of specific cargo and lipid membranes to appropriate subcellular destinations [1]. Endocytic traffic of signaling receptors into lysosomal versus recycling endosomal pathways also provides a fundamental mechanism to control cellular res... | 17233914 | PMC1793994 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 18; 8:3 |
Background
Mycobacteria appear to have numerous molecular pathways responsible for their inherent resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1-3]. In most bacteria, oxidative stress induces a global regulator, OxyR, that induces detoxifying enzymes such as alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) and catalase/hydroperoxi... | 17239244 | PMC1793995 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 19; 7:4 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a predominant cause of tumor-related death in Western nations, is becoming more prevalent in Asian countries such as Korea [1,2]. Genetic and environmental factors are modulators of the carcinogenesis process [3]. Studies on the contribution of genetic polymorphisms to cancer develop... | 17250773 | PMC1793996 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 25; 7:16 |
Background
A key objective of Systems Biology research is to move from a qualitative to a quantitative understanding of cellular signalling and gene networks. Motivated by recent advances in high-throughput genomics and proteomics analysis, and the resulting explosive growth in the amount of data available for analysis... | 17212835 | PMC1793997 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 10; 8:8 |
Introduction
Clinicians and researchers seeking research reports for specific age categories, including generalists and those who are engaged in clinical specialties such as adult medicine, geriatric medicine, pediatric medicine, neonatal medicine, or obstetrics, need to target their literature searches so that the inf... | 17213044 | PMC1794003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:22 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Oct 25; 8(4):e25 |
Introduction
How do we determine whether individuals have the capacity to engage with eHealth programs and interventions? Health practitioners, eHealth developers, and researchers alike need to know if electronic health tools are suitable methods for effectively promoting population health and aiding health care. An of... | 17213046 | PMC1794004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:22 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Nov 14; 8(4):e27 |
Introduction
We live in a time when online communication has become commonplace in numerous service industries, yet to date that has not been the case in health care – at least as far as doctor-patient communication goes. Based on a paucity of research, there is a perception that patients want online communication with... | 17213045 | PMC1794005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:21 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Oct 26; 8(4):e26 |
Introduction
Background
Baby boomers, the cohort of adults born between 1946 and 1964, will contribute to a growing medical crisis in many industrialized countries. As demographics shift and lifespans increase, a larger percentage of adults will require medical care. The rising cost of medical procedures in combination... | 17236264 | PMC1794006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:22 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Dec 7; 8(4):e29 |
Introduction
Recent developments in communication technology have opened up new therapeutic possibilities that challenge our understanding of psychotherapy. While the academic debate continues as to whether online treatments might present an acceptable alternative to face-to-face therapy, real life has already decided.... | 17213049 | PMC1794007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:22 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Dec 19; 8(4):e31 |
Introduction
Use of questionnaires is an essential method of data collection, especially in studies of health care, quality of life, behavioral sciences, and new drug and treatment development. A real-time assessment of experience and behavior in the patient’s natural environment is an important parameter that provides... | 17213048 | PMC1794008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:22 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Dec 11; 8(4):e30 |
Introduction
The adoption of electronic medical records (EMRs) is growing [1-5]. Researchers are increasingly turning to EMRs as a source of clinically relevant patient data. There are calls for EMRs to support secondary uses of this data for observational studies, such as epidemiologic and health services research [6]... | 17213047 | PMC1794009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:40:21 | no | J Med Internet Res. 2006 Nov 21; 8(4):e28 |
INTRODUCTION
Thyroxine or 3,3′,5,5′-tetraiodothyronine (T4) is the
major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid
gland. This hormone is produced on thyroglobulin by thyroid
peroxidase (TPO)/hydrogen peroxide/iodide system. The synthesis of
T4 by TPO involves two independent steps: iodination of
tyrosine... | 17497002 | PMC1794076 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Nov 12; 2006:23214 |
INTRODUCTION
The perturbation of the I−I bond when diiodine binds to
heterocycles such as thioamides or selonoamides results to novel
complexes containing iodine [1–13].
Various types of such complexes have been obtained thus far,
including charge transfer (ct) complexes with the so-called
“spoke” or “extended spoke” s... | 17497011 | PMC1794077 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Dec 13; 2006:60291 |
INTRODUCTION
Organotin compounds find a considerably application in industry
and agriculture and the subsequent discharge of toxic organotins
into the environment is a topic of great concern [1, 2]. Among the organotins RnSnX4−n trimethyltin species MenSnX4−n are of particular importance since these compounds are forme... | 17497013 | PMC1794078 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Dec 27; 2006:64927 |
INTRODUCTION
Iodine chemistry is proving to be of considerable
interest lately, in part, because of the discovery of
low-temperature, semi- and super-conducting polyiodides, which
quickly led to the deliberate doping of conjugated polymers with
elemental iodine, and ultimately resulted in the award of the 2000
Nobel Pr... | 17497015 | PMC1794079 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:03:06 | no | Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2006 Oct 4; 2006:68542 |
Introduction
Vertebrate mitochondrial DNA has two strands of different buoyant densities, i.e., the H-strand and the L-strand. The H-strand is the sense strand for 1 protein-coding gene (ND6) and 8 tRNA genes and the L-strand is the sense strand for 12 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and 14 tRNA genes. The two stran... | 17311091 | PMC1794132 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e227 |
Introduction
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) causes the most severe forms of malaria. Experimental and natural Pf-infection studies suggest that an early IFN-γ production is pivotal to the clinical outcome of the disease [1]. NK cells have been characterized by their role in the defense against tumor, allogeneic and microb... | 17311092 | PMC1794133 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e228 |
Introduction
The mechanical properties of the vascular wall are mainly determined by elastin and collagen with a contribution from smooth muscle cells. Stress is uniformly distributed between these structures. Tension is transmitted between adjacent smooth muscle cells, and between smooth muscle cells and surrounding e... | 17311093 | PMC1794134 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e229 |
Learning objectives
Discuss the experimental and clinical data on the pathophysiology of FSGS
Review the alterations in glomerular structure and function associated with FSGS
To identify potential mechanisms responsible for disease progression in FSGS
Distinguish some targets for the future therapy of FSGS
Foca... | 17216262 | PMC1794138 | CC BY | 2021-01-06 05:09:04 | no | Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Mar 1; 22(3):350-354 |
Introduction
Tobacco dependence is described as a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior persists despite negative consequences and the motivation to quit. The highly addictive properties of tobacco are exemplified by the great difficulty in quitting smoking. Although most... | 17311094 | PMC1794142 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e230 |
Introduction
Life is rhythmic. Diverse biological rhythms are generated by thousands of cellular oscillators that are intrinsically diverse but somehow manage to function in a coherent oscillatory state. Physiological functions result from the interactions of cells not only with each other but also with the extracellul... | 17311095 | PMC1794152 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e231 |
Introduction
Plague is a disease of both historical and current importance to global health. The first accounts of this disease are from Europe in the 6th century during the Justinian rule of the Roman Empire. After a century of epidemics, plague disappeared until the Middle Ages (14th century), when the devastation of... | 17311096 | PMC1794153 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e220 |
Introduction
Several features make the retina an appealing model of the mammalian central nervous system. It is the most accessible part of the CNS, and its thin, layered structure can be regarded as a stack of two dimensional arrays. The flow of information is essentially unidirectional toward the ganglion cells, the ... | 17311097 | PMC1794165 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e221 |
Introduction
Natural killer (NK) cells are a lymphocyte population that plays an important role in the innate immune system. They are characterized by their natural cytotoxicity against tumor cells and virus-infected cells, but they are also an important source of cytokines. Unlike T and B cells, NK cells do not expres... | 17311098 | PMC1794166 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:05 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e232 |
Introduction
The two leading causes of visual impairment in the developed world, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma [1], are affected by progressive retinal visual field defects. Due to the retinotopic cortical organisation, when these field defects occur in both eyes and overlap, a corresponding secti... | 17311099 | PMC1794168 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e222 |
Introduction
Simple one-dimensional maps can exhibit a variety of dynamic behaviors ranging from stable points to limit cycles to chaos [1], [2], and have been extensively used to model the dynamics of single populations. It has been shown that for large ranges of parameter values, the dynamics of such maps can be subs... | 17311100 | PMC1794186 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:05 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e233 |
Introduction
Multiplex assays to identify the presence of a wide variety of microbes within a specimen will have a profound impact on the efficient management of disease treatments and prevention, clinical follow-up studies, and the development of new therapies of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines. Here we describe ... | 17311101 | PMC1794193 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:05 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e223 |
Background
A computerised clinical decision support system (CDSS) may improve the efficiency and efficacy of patient care, in part by facilitating incorporation of clinical evidence into therapeutic decision-making. As with all health care innovations, CDSSs require rigorous evaluation before their widespread use in pa... | 17250764 | PMC1794224 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Jan 24; 7:4 |
Background
Brachmann de Lange Syndrome (BDLS) [1], also known as Cornelia de Lange syndrome [2] or Brachmann Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a dominantly inherited multi-system developmental disorder characterized by growth and cognitive retardation, abnormalities of the upper limbs, gastroesophageal dysfunction, ophthal... | 17261173 | PMC1794225 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Jan 29; 7:6 |
Background
Peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) are frequently used in hospitalised patients. The insertion of a PVC is an invasive act that may lead to local complications, thrombophlebitis, and infection of the PVC, which may cause bacteraemia or fungaemia [1-3]. Bacteraemia associated with the use of PVCs is rare (<0.... | 17266750 | PMC1794226 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:17 | no | BMC Anesthesiol. 2007 Jan 31; 7:1 |
Background
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a newly identified member of the Pneumovirinae subfamily of Paramyxoviridae, has recently been recognised as a leading cause of acute respiratory tract disease in infants and children worldwide [1]. HMPV also represents a significant etiology of acute respiratory disease in adul... | 17257445 | PMC1794227 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 29; 8(1):6 |
Background
Tissue invasion is one of the hallmarks of cancer [1]. From the primary tumor mass, cells are able to move out and infiltrate adjacent tissues by means of degrading enzymes (e.g., [2]). Depending on the cancer type, these cells may form distant settlements, i.e. metastases (e.g., [3]). Tumor expansion theref... | 17254360 | PMC1794228 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:21 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Jan 25; 4:4 |
Background
We are concerned with mechanisms that can account for circadian rhythms at the cellular level. Although circadian oscillators exist in complex multicellular organisms as well as in single-cell organisms, it is thought that most occur in single cells [1-3]. We have previously [4] described a model for circadi... | 17212831 | PMC1794229 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Jan 9; 4:1 |
Background
Alteration of the frequency of transcription from DNA to messenger RNA is the primary means by which an organism controls gene expression. Transcription initiation is controlled primarily through the binding of transcription factors (proteins) to cognate sites on a chromosome (transcription factor binding si... | 17244358 | PMC1794230 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:49 | no | Algorithms Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 23; 2:1 |
Background
Many studies have been published about giving and receiving bad messages. However, only a few of them have followed the patients all the way through a disease as is done in this study. Many studies have been written about patients' coping strategies since the fundamental work of Lazarus & Folkman on stress a... | 17250767 | PMC1794231 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:55 | no | BMC Palliat Care. 2007 Jan 24; 6:1 |
Background
Fungal keratitis due to filamentous fungi is quite common in tropical parts of the world and the southeastern United States [1-3]. Farmers and workers in agro-industries are most at risk for these infections, due to occupation-related corneal abrasions and subsequent fungal infections. In temperate regions, ... | 17263885 | PMC1794232 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:11 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan 30; 7:1 |
Background
In the last decade cancer therapy (CT) has shown a terrific progress leading to an important reduction of morbidity and mortality of several kinds of cancer. The therapeutic management of patients with cancer includes multiple combinations of drugs, radiation therapy and surgery. Many of these therapies prod... | 17254324 | PMC1794233 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Jan 25; 5:4 |
Background
Chromosome translocations are very important in the initiation and/or progression of cancer, and consequently a high number of translocation events have been reported in human tumors. An extensive amount of information about all types of chromosome rearrangements in cancer is stored in the Mitelman Database ... | 17257420 | PMC1794234 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 26; 8:33 |
Background
It is widely accepted that functionally related genes tend to express and perform their highly concerted cellular functions in some isolated and interactive modular fashions [1,2]. Global gene expression data have provided an opportunity for understanding the transcriptional modularity characterizing complex... | 17250772 | PMC1794235 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 24; 8:30 |
Background
The functional epithelium of the mammalian adult small intestine is organized into finger-like villi which project into the gut lumen and flask-like crypts which are embedded in the mesenchyme [1]. The mammalian intestinal epithelium is characterized by continuous self-renewal and differentiation along the d... | 17257418 | PMC1794236 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 7:6 |
Background
The vertebrate inner ear provides auditory and vestibular functions and develops from the otic placode, a transient thickening of head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain. In zebrafish the otic placode cavitates to form the otic vesicle also known as the otocyst, an epithelial structure with sharpl... | 17239227 | PMC1794237 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 19; 7:5 |
Background
Both mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves have become more durable and less thrombogenic, possessing excellent clinical outcomes and hemodynamic features. However, lifelong anticoagulant therapy is inevitable for patients with mechanical prosthetic valves, and those with bioprosthetic valves have higher... | 17254363 | PMC1794238 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:22 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 25; 2:8 |
Background
The final step of triglyceride synthesis in mammals is catalysed by the enzymes acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (DGAT1 and DGAT2), which have dissimilar amino acid sequences. Both enzymes are widely expressed and are highly expressed in adipose tissue and liver [1]. Previous reports have desc... | 17239230 | PMC1794239 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Jan 19; 6:2 |
Background
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality among women in the United States [1]. The majority (80–90%) of benign and malignant ovarian tumors originate from the surface epithelium, even though all cell types of the human ovary may undergo neoplastic transformation [2,3]. Most of... | 17257433 | PMC1794240 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:58 | no | J Carcinog. 2007 Jan 26; 6:1 |
Background
Meiosis is a process in which two consecutive cell divisions (MI and MII) occur in the absence of an intervening S-phase. MI is a reductional division in which homologous chromosomes are segregated, sister chromatids are only resolved following the equational MII division (Fig 1a). On completion of MI, oocyt... | 17257429 | PMC1794241 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Jan 26; 2:4 |
Background
Intravascular fasciitis (IVF) is a term originally described by Patchefsky and Enzinger to describe this distinctive variant of nodular fasciitis [1]. It is a benign, reactive myofibroblastic proliferative lesion that arises from the superficial or deep fascia and involves predominately small to medium-size ... | 17229326 | PMC1794242 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 18; 5:7 |
Open peer review
This article was reviewed by by Eugene V Koonin, Purificación López-García, and Igor Zhulin.
For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors involved profound changes in cellular architecture [1]. The exact order and c... | 17239231 | PMC1794243 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Jan 19; 2:3 |
Background
Most general practitioners (GPs) do not submit all their excisions for histopathological investigation, apparently relying on their clinical assessment of the benign nature of some lesions. It has been estimated that only around 60% of lesions excised by GPs are referred to a pathologist [1,2]. Studies have ... | 17257417 | PMC1794244 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:50 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Jan 26; 8:5 |
Background
There is a large excess of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in children: under 5 year old mortality rates of 100–250 per 1,000 compare with 10–30 per 1,000 in developed countries [1]. It is increasingly clear that invasive bacterial infections are a major contributor to this excess [2], with inc... | 17257423 | PMC1794245 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:12 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 26; 7:2 |
Background
Widespread coverage of vulnerable populations with insecticide-treated nets is a critical component of the Roll Back Malaria strategy. ITN coverage remains low in Africa [1,2] with price being a major barrier to the use of ITNs [3-6]. Several subsidized approaches to net distribution have been used. However,... | 17261185 | PMC1794246 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 29; 6:13 |
Background
The development of resistance to antimalarial drugs poses one of the greatest threats to malaria control and is the main cause of recent increases in malaria morbidity and mortality. The precise quantitation of resistance is therefore of prime importance. Initially the only way of assessing resistance to ant... | 17229314 | PMC1794247 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 17; 6:4 |
Background
The system of ethical review in South Africa dates back to 1966 when the first REC was established at the University of the Witwatersrand, and since then most major tertiary institutions have developed research ethics committees. Today there are approximately 34 local RECs in South Africa [1], two of which a... | 17254335 | PMC1794248 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:01 | no | BMC Med Ethics. 2007 Jan 25; 8:1 |
Background
Glaucoma, one of the world's leading causes of visual impairment and blindness [1], is characterized by excavation of the optic nerve head and selective apoptotic loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in a progressive decline in visual function. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor... | 17261189 | PMC1794249 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 29; 8:11 |
Background
The megencephaly BALB/cByJ-Kv1.1mceph/mceph mice (mceph/mceph), [1] show dramatic and progressive increase in brain size [2] after birth. The phenotype results from an 11 base-pair deletion in the gene encoding the Shaker-like voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.1 [3]. Kv1.1 is expressed in axons and... | 17250763 | PMC1794250 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 24; 8:10 |
Background
Euploid chromosome balance is vitally important for normal development. Changes in autosomal copy number are lethal or lead to serious developmental anomalies. Normal human cells tend to maintain a diploid chromosome complement in culture. Cancer cells are aneuploid, as a rule. This has been interpreted in d... | 17257397 | PMC1794251 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 26; 7:21 |
Background
Medulloblastomas (MB) are the most common malignant brain tumors in children and constitute 20% of all pediatric brain tumors [1]. With current treatment strategies, nearly half of all patients die from progressive tumors. Accordingly, the identification of novel therapeutic strategies remains a major goal.
... | 17254356 | PMC1794252 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 25; 7:19 |
Background
Brain metastases [BM] represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients, and are the most common intracranial tumor, occurring in approximately 10% to 30% of adult patients with cancer [1]. The risk of developing brain metastasis varies according to primary tumor type. Approximately ... | 17254350 | PMC1794253 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 25; 7:18 |
Background
Sodium and water retention occurring in decompensated cirrhosis and leading to ascites is a clinical challenge and may be difficult to treat [1-3]. Therapeutic possibilities include sodium restriction, diuretics and aldosterone antagonists, and in refractory cases repeated paracentesis, transjugular intrahep... | 17257428 | PMC1794254 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 26; 7:1 |
Background
Survey instruments play an important role in epidemiologic research, and due to the relative ease and cost benefits they are frequently implemented utilizing the mail system. Although more convenient than telephone or in-person interviews, postal questionnaires have been found to yield lower response rates [... | 17397558 | PMC1794255 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Jan 25; 7:6 |
Background
In a number of animal and plant viruses the replication and transcription complexes as well as nucleocapsids, assembly intermediates and virions, accumulate in specific virus induced structures within the host cell cytoplasm described as 'virus assembly factories' or 'virus inclusion bodies' (VIBs) [1-6]. Si... | 17241458 | PMC1794256 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 22; 8:4 |
Background
The term hyperchromatic crowded groups (HCG) was introduced into the cytology literature in DeMay's 1995 first edition of The Art and Science of Cytopathology [1]. DeMay noted that "although hyperchromatic crowded groups are usually benign and include such entities as endometrial cells and severe atrophy; th... | 17241469 | PMC1794257 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Cytojournal. 2007 Jan 22; 4:2 |
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