text string | pmid string | accession_id string | license string | last_updated string | retracted string | citation string |
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Background
Since their introduction half a century ago, antipsychotics have constituted the backbone of pharmacological treatment of psychosis. In accordance with other groups of psychotropic agents (e.g. antidepressants), a substantial time-lag has been postulated between the initiation of antipsychotic treatment and ... | 17239237 | PMC1781938 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 19; 7:4 |
Background
Bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of osteoporosis-related fractures. The efficacy of these anti-resorptive agents has been extensively studied in several randomised controlled trials [1,2]. In all published clinical trials, calcium and vitamin D supplements have ... | 17214897 | PMC1781939 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 10; 8:3 |
Background
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory form of arthritis usually seronegative for rheumatoid factor [1], which may affect as many as 30% of patients with psoriasis [2,3]. Although psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are interrelated disorders, PsA is a distinct entity with its own epidemiological c... | 17204151 | PMC1781940 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 4; 8:1 |
Background
Effective approaches for the management and conservation of wildlife populations require a sound knowledge of population demographics [1]. For many species, such information is provided by studies that recognize individual animals so that their fate can be followed through time, thus allowing for the estimat... | 17227581 | PMC1781941 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Front Zool. 2007 Jan 16; 4:2 |
Background
The simple gas ethylene serves as a diffusible hormone in plants [1,2]. Ethylene regulates seed germination, seedling growth, leaf and petal abscission, organ senescence, fruit ripening, and responses to stress and pathogens. Mutants affecting ethylene responses have been isolated in Arabidopsis, and charact... | 17224067 | PMC1781942 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jan 15; 7:3 |
Background
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) a specific product of neoplasia derived from the endoderm and is supposed to have a potential value in screening, diagnosis and follow-up of patients suspected of having urothelial carcinoma [1]. It has also been detected in other types of normal human tissue including prostate... | 17224047 | PMC1781943 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 15; 5:4 |
Background
The type III secretion system (TTSS) is a complex molecular machine found in numerous Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of animals and plants [1]. This secretion system encodes a syringe-like organelle that injects effector proteins directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. The effectors ultimately affe... | 17233907 | PMC1781944 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 18; 7:3 |
Background
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. Approximately 80% of lung cancers can be histologically classified as non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). The majority of patients presents with locally advanced (37%) or metastatic (38%) disease at the time of diagnosis [1]. Despite advances... | 17222343 | PMC1781945 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 12; 7:8 |
Background
The analysis of mortality trends is an important tool to monitor cancer control, and evaluate the outcomes of modifications in population lifestyle, environmental risks, and the effectiveness of health care [1]. Mortality reduction remains the main objective of interventions based on screening and treatment,... | 17227578 | PMC1781946 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 16; 7:10 |
Background
External-beam radiotherapy is the most utilized radiotherapy modality for treatment of localized prostate cancer and local control is related to delivered dose [1-4]. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy [3D-CRT) is a technique used to achieve this "dose escalation", but is limited by the consequent risk... | 17224072 | PMC1781947 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:28 | no | Radiat Oncol. 2007 Jan 15; 2:6 |
Background
Malaria is a complex disease that kills between one and two million people every year. Most of those affected are children under five years of age, non-immune individuals and pregnant women [1]. The principal cause of death is infection by Plasmodium falciparum due to its ability to induce severe complicatio... | 17204149 | PMC1781948 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:59 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 4; 6:1 |
Background
In Sub-Saharan Africa malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five years [1]. Despite intensive campaigns, over 10 Million malaria cases occurred in Tanzania in 2003, about 30% more compared to the previous year [2]. Most of these cases were caused by Plasmodium fa... | 17224049 | PMC1781949 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:59 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 15; 6:2 |
Background
There are many everyday situations in which we need to compare the number of items in two or more sets. For instance, when shopping one must compare the funds one possesses to the cost of the bill to determine if the purchase can be made. Or when choosing the most efficient line for checkout at the grocery s... | 17214890 | PMC1781950 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:08 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 10; 3:1 |
Background
The effort to characterize the behavioral effects of genetic polymorphisms has produced a massive web of ambiguous associations and linkages [1-3]. One strategy to clarify the genetic bases of behavior is the endophenotype approach [2,4,5], which seeks to elucidate genetic associations with phenotypes of int... | 17214892 | PMC1781951 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 10; 3:2 |
Background
The lifetime prevalence of low back pain among schoolchildren ranges from 20% to 51% [1-4]. Recent literature reviews indicate that back pain in children can be correlated to several risk factors such as prolonged sitting posture, faulty spinal posture, and abdominal muscles weakness [2,5]. It has also been ... | 17204148 | PMC1781952 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:15 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2007 Jan 4; 15:1 |
The Goldilocks Effect: Why Journals Drop Big (and Small) Results
The scale of biological data varies tremendously and encompasses a wide array of results: from observations on the order of a single gene to genome-wide studies and comparative genomics. The specifics differ in each case, but this full range of data is in... | 17239245 | PMC1781953 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 19; 8:17 |
Background
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a member of the lentivirus family, is a useful model for developing intervention strategies against lentiviral infection [5-7]. We aim to better understand the molecular basis of HIV-1 and FIV protease (PR) substrate and inhibitor specificities in order to develop broad-s... | 17212810 | PMC1781954 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Jan 9; 4:1 |
Background
Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen which is the causative agent of a range of diseases in animals, including fowl cholera in avian species, hemorrhagic septicemia in ungulates, shipping fever and pneumonia in cattle, atrophic rhinitis in swine, and snuffles in rabbits [1-3]. The bact... | 17233917 | PMC1781955 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Jan 18; 6:3 |
Background
Congestive heart failure (CHF), a common syndrome in the US [1], has been called the new epidemic of cardiovascular disease due to a recent increase in its prevalence [2,3] and the associated high mortality risk [4]. Trends in the public health burden of CHF are often attributed to three main factors: a shif... | 17227584 | PMC1781956 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:54 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Jan 16; 7:2 |
Primary involvement of the bones and joints, or exposure of partly destroyed tendons, constitutes a rare but serious clinical form of deep thermal injuries to the hand. The estimated frequency is 5% of all hand burns treated in burns centers.1 These serious injuries correspond to the fourth-degree burns of Dupuytren's ... | 17268577 | PMC1781957 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | J Burns Wounds. 2007 Jan 16; 6:e1 |
Introduction
The number of molecular biology databases continues to explode. Presently, few problems in genomic molecular biology can be addressed without analyzing data stored in them. However, these databases reside in many different locations and often use nonstandard data formats requiring specialized data parsers.... | 17257048 | PMC1782033 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:20:36 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e1 |
Introduction
Structural biology in the post-genome era faces the challenge of determination of function from 3-D structure, the critical next step toward the realization of the promises of genomics. On the order of 103 protein structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are annotated as “hypothetical” or of “unknown func... | 17257049 | PMC1782040 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e15 |
Introduction
The mammalian thymus receives stem cells from the bone marrow. These cells—thymocytes—go through a series of anatomical subcompartments in a process termed T cell education [1,2]. About 97% of candidate T cells die, while the remaining 3% are essential to the continuing development of the adaptive immune s... | 17257050 | PMC1782042 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e13 |
Introduction
Rapidly evolving genes are among the most biologically intriguing, yet they are also among the most difficult to analyze. The arms race between host and pathogen, fueled by strong selection pressures, can yield very high levels of sequence variation in certain microbial genes. Diversifying selection is oft... | 17257051 | PMC1782043 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e14 |
Reinhart Heinrich, former professor at Humboldt University, Berlin, and best-known as a founder of metabolic control theory, died October 23, 2006, at the age of 60. Among his many services to the scientific community, Reinhart was associate editor of PLoS Computational Biology. His far-reaching theoretical work on met... | 0 | PMC1782044 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e18 |
The need to train biologists in computational methods is greater than ever before. Recently, I asked an MIT Biology Professor if his newer graduate students were more knowledgeable in bioinformatics and computational biology than in past years. He hesitated and said he needed to think more about it; there wasn't a clea... | 17257053 | PMC1782045 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:23 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 3(1):e19 |
Open peer review
This article was reviewed by Erik van Nimwegen (Biozentrum, University of Basel, Switzerland), Sandor Pongor (International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy) and Igor Zhulin (University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA). For the full reviews, please go to... | 17222345 | PMC1783638 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Jan 12; 2:1 |
Background
For "over-anticoagulation" associated with major bleeding or in the case of reversal for emergency surgey in patients orally anticoagulated with coumarin or related vitamin K1 antagonists, administration of vitamin K1 is inadequate, since its full effect occurs after 12 to 24 hours. The volume of plasma requ... | 17214896 | PMC1783639 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Thromb J. 2007 Jan 10; 5:1 |
Background
In 1967, Wallace et al. [1] characterized a high-density lipoprotein from decapod crustaceans ovaries with similar biochemical properties to lipoproteins isolated from vertebrate eggs, and proposed the generic term "lipovitellin" for this abundant lipoprotein. Two years later, Kerr [2] identified a blood-bor... | 17241455 | PMC1783640 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 22; 7:3 |
Background
Antagonistic host-parasite coevolution, the reciprocal evolution of host defence and parasite counter-defence, can drive patterns of biodiversity [1-5], host and parasite population dynamics [6], the evolution of parasite virulence [7,8], and may impose selection for the maintenance of sexual reproduction [9... | 17214884 | PMC1783641 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 10; 7:1 |
Background
Cardiovascular disease and the importance of glycemic control
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1]. The high glucose levels of T2D contribute to blood vessel injury and complications such as blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, and stroke [2]. Altho... | 17224062 | PMC1783642 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007 Jan 15; 6:1 |
Background
One key issue in proteomics is to identify proteins and characterize their expressions in cells. Tandem mass spectrometry paired with advanced liquid chromatography has emerged as the standard technique for high throughput protein identification [1,2]. This shotgun technology does not require the initial sep... | 17227583 | PMC1783643 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Proteome Sci. 2007 Jan 16; 5:3 |
Background
Urine is an easily accessible body fluid which makes it an interesting source of biomarkers for clinical and population studies. Urine contains a complex mixture of proteins and peptides and can be seen as the reflection of serum composition and kidney function [1]. Protein content of urine is relatively low... | 17224053 | PMC1783644 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Proteome Sci. 2007 Jan 15; 5:2 |
Background
Factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) include obesity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. When these factors cluster in an individual is called metabolic syndrome (MS), a complex disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism, ... | 17227582 | PMC1783645 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:38 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2007 Jan 16; 8:1 |
Background
Infection by pathogenic microorganisms triggers an acute phase response which manifests itself with fever, neuro-endocrine changes and behavioral changes. The non-specific symptoms accompanying severe infection such as malaise, fatigue, anorexia, hypo-and hypersomnia, depression and lethargy, are collectivel... | 17224051 | PMC1783646 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Jan 15; 4:4 |
Background
Medical rapid prototyping (MRP) is defined as the manufacture of dimensionally accurate physical models of human anatomy derived from medical image data using a variety of rapid prototyping (RP) technologies [1]. It has been applied to a range of medical specialties, including oral and maxillofacial surgery.... | 17224060 | PMC1783647 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 15; 3:5 |
Background
More people consume cannabis than any other illicit substance in America. In 2000, 76 percent of all current illicit drug users (14 million people) consumed cannabis [1]. Anthony, Warner, and Kessler [2] estimate that cannabis produces dependence in 9.1 percent of people who ever use cannabis in their lifeti... | 17214886 | PMC1783648 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Jan 10; 2:3 |
Background
Both improvement in the quality of delivered care and its measurement are of considerable interest to healthcare providers and researchers [1-3]. In particular, for those providing care to kidney disease patients, the National Kidney Foundation began the Kidney Disease Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (K... | 17212829 | PMC1783649 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 9; 7:5 |
Background
Several studies support the idea that immigrants make greater use of emergency services than other healthcare modalities and that the reasons for this phenomenon are diverse. Firstly, emergency care in Spain is public, free and universal, independently of nationality and length of residence [1]. In addition,... | 17239236 | PMC1783650 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:54 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 19; 7:9 |
Background
piggyBac is a class II transposable element that was originally discovered as the IFP2 element from the lepidopteran insect cell line, TN-368, due to its tendency to insertionally inactivate certain baculovirus genes to produce mutants with a distinctive plaque phenotype known as Few Polyhedra [1,2]. Functio... | 17233894 | PMC1783651 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:27 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 18; 7:5 |
Background
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders that arise from deficiencies in the catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) [1]. At present there are eleven known MPS, each resulting from the deficiency of a different lysosomal enzyme. Of the MPS, MPS IIIA (Sanfillipo A syndrome) is... | 17227588 | PMC1783652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Jan 16; 5:1 |
Background
The presence of cicatricial alopecia on the scalp, keratosis pilaris on the trunk and extremities, and non-cicatricial hair loss in the pubis and axillae was first described by Piccardi in 1914 and a year later by Graham Little in a patient sent by Lassueur. The GLPL syndrome is considered a form of follicul... | 17222351 | PMC1783653 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:07 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2007 Jan 12; 4:1 |
Background
Retroperitoneal primary cystadenocarcinomas are extremely rare entities [1]. At present, no more than 35 cases of primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinomas have been reported in the English literature [2]. All are females, but two cases have been reported in men [3,4].
In the majority of instance... | 17224073 | PMC1783654 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 15; 5:5 |
Background
Parkinson's disease (PD) was originally described in 1817 by James Parkinson and since then there has been much progress in determining the etiology of the disease [1]. There is now clear evidence showing that the primary pathological feature of PD is the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia n... | 17224059 | PMC1783655 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2007 Jan 15; 2:1 |
Background
Partially hydrogenated oils represent a means of removing unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fats in foods that require longer shelf life. Although semisolid at room temperature, such products also technically represent a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) replacement for natural saturated fatty... | 17224066 | PMC1783656 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:00 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Jan 15; 4:3 |
Background
Both schizophrenia and addiction are thought to involve aberrant information processing in the nucleus accumbens (nAcc), which makes up the ventral part of the striatal complex. In these disorders, changes in dopamine (DA) release apparently induce alterations in the intrinsic circuitry, affecting coordinate... | 17239247 | PMC1783657 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 19; 8:8 |
Background
Anxiety Disorders (ANX) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) both constitute major mental health problems of childhood, with affected children facing impairment at home, at school, and with peers [1]. Rates of ANX in the presence of ADHD range from 13 to 50% in various studies [2] and these co... | 17224054 | PMC1783658 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:08 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 15; 3:4 |
Background
Anopheles pseudopunctipennis is a major vector of malaria in the Americas. Its geographical distribution extends from the United States (south of 40°N), Mexico, through Central America and the Andean countries of South America down to the northern part of Argentina (30°S), with an eastern extension into Vene... | 17241459 | PMC1783659 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:59 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 22; 6:8 |
Background
Malaria is a major public health problem in Cameroon [1-3]. Over 900,000 clinical cases occur yearly and are responsible for 40–45% hospital consultations, 20% hospital admissions and 35–40% deaths. Children less than five years old are the most affected [4]. Despite efforts made by the National Malaria Cont... | 17233883 | PMC1783660 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:59 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 17; 6:5 |
Background
Chagas disease is caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and is transmitted by bloodsucking insects of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). At present, estimates indicate that 13 million people are infected with the causative agent, with 3.0–3.3 million symptomatic cases and an a... | 17222347 | PMC1783661 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:13 | no | Kinetoplastid Biol Dis. 2007 Jan 12; 6:1 |
Background
The "ancient" variant of schwannomas is a rare subtype of a benign encapsulated neoplasm of the nerve sheath [1]. A review of current literature has revealed several reported sites but not in the scrotum. Here we report such a scrotal tumour arising in a 28-year old man, paying particular attention to the po... | 17244372 | PMC1783662 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Urol. 2007 Jan 23; 7:1 |
Background
There is a growing interest in health risk appraisal (HRA) for use in older persons. HRA instruments typically consist of a questionnaire and an algorithm for generating feedback reports to participants and health care providers. Controlled studies support that HRA combined with supplemental counselling by a... | 17217545 | PMC1783663 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Jan 11; 7:1 |
Background
A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of a particular treatment quantitatively synthesizes all available trial data and provides the least biased estimate of that treatment's effect. Results from individual studies are statistically combined to provide a weighted average estimate of overall treatme... | 17244367 | PMC1783664 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Jan 23; 7:5 |
Commentary
A new prize in tribute to Andy Kaplan has been established, to be awarded annually, with the purpose of advancing the career and honoring the accomplishments of a distinguished postdoctoral scientist as he or she embarks on an independent career in retrovirology. Until his untimely death at 47 last year, And... | 0 | PMC1783665 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:42 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Jan 18; 4:3 |
Background
The Millenium Development Goals set a target of reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters by 2015 [1]. So far, relatively little progress has been made, and donors and governments are looking for cost-effective and sustainable approaches which can reduce persistently high maternal mortality. One of the m... | 17241454 | PMC1783666 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Jan 22; 5:2 |
Background
Age-adjusted mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) has been declining in men with and without diabetes, and in women without diabetes, but increasing in women with diabetes [1]. CHD remains the leading cause of death among women in the U.S. [2] and is increasing [3]. Risk of and death from CHD is signi... | 17229325 | PMC1783667 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:46 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Jan 17; 4:1 |
Background
Acute pancreatitis is a relatively common condition, but the incidence throughout the Western world varies widely. For example, hospital admission rates of 1.5 cases per 10,000 in Southern England and 7.3 per 10,000 in Finland have been reported in various European studies. In addition, investigators have de... | 17241461 | PMC1783668 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:26 | no | BMC Emerg Med. 2007 Jan 22; 7:1 |
Background
One of the cardinal principles of homeopathic theory of medicine is the "law of similarities", according to which patients can be treated by administering substances which, when tested in healthy subjects, cause symptoms that are similar to those presented by the patients themselves. Another important princi... | 17233886 | PMC1783669 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:48 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Jan 17; 7:1 |
More than 10 million children under the age of five die each year, of whom 1.5 million are severely malnourished [1]. Pelletier and colleagues showed that 53%–60% of global child deaths are attributed to malnutrition (determined by weight-for-height z-scores of less than minus 1) [2], representing 5.7–6.4 million malnu... | 17326705 | PMC1783670 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 30; 4(2):e45 |
Introduction
In mammals, virtually all body cells possess self-sustained, cell-autonomous circadian clocks [1–3]. The oscillators in peripheral organs are entrained by a master pacemaker residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain's hypothalamus, which is itself synchronized by daily light–dark cycles [4... | 17298173 | PMC1783671 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 30; 5(2):e34 |
Introduction
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which have been shown to play a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-tolerance within the immune system, were described originally as CD4+ T cells constitutively expressing CD25 [1]. More recently, the forkhead transcription factor Foxp3 has been shown to be specifically expr... | 17298177 | PMC1783672 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 30; 5(2):e38 |
The importance of maintaining a smooth-running circadian clock becomes painfully evident whenever we suffer severe jet lag. Traveling through multiple time zones decouples our biological rhythms from the natural cycle of light and dark we’re used to. These light–dark cycles synchronize everything from basic metabolic p... | 20076659 | PMC1783673 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 30; 5(2):e50 |
INTRODUCTION
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is effective in suppressing viral replication in HIV infection, but the infection cannot be eradicated, as evidenced by a rapid return of viremia upon discontinuation of antiretrovirals [1–3]. Therefore, the paramount question now before the HIV community is whe... | 17260026 | PMC1783674 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:54 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2007 Jan 26; 2(1):e5 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a
subfamily of structurally similar members of the nuclear hormone
receptor superfamily [1]. However, unlike classical nuclear
hormone receptors, PPARs do not bind their ligands with high
affinity, but possess a relatively low binding affinity for
... | 17389765 | PMC1783724 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Dec 19; 2007:53843 |
1. INTRODUCTION
PPAR-γ belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and is
a member of the NR1C subgroup that includes PPAR-α and
PPAR-δ. These receptors form heterodimers with the
retinoid X receptor (RXR), bind to PPAR response elements (PPREs)
in the regulatory region of target genes, and modulate their
transcription... | 17389769 | PMC1783742 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Jan 8; 2007:32696 |
1. INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of adult obesity and obesity-associated metabolic
disorders, including insulin resistance,
glucose intolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, has reached
epidemic proportions in industrialized countries. The causes of
the increase of this cluster of pathologies, known as the
metabolic s... | 17389772 | PMC1783743 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Jan 3; 2007:86394 |
1. INTRODUCTION
The prevalence of obesity worldwide has progressively
increased over the past decades. In 2000, it
was estimated that more than half of US adults were overweight,
while the frequency of obesity, which is defined by a body mass
index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, was 20%, reflecting an
increase of 61% within 10 year... | 17389767 | PMC1783744 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:46:09 | no | PPAR Res. 2007 Dec 28; 2007:95974 |
Background
Phospholipase A2s (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) are esterolytic enzymes that hydrolyze glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 fatty acyl bond, releasing lysophospholipids and fatty acids. PLA2s play key roles in various biological processes in mammals including signal transduction, lipid digestion, host defense and productio... | 17233905 | PMC1783844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:07 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 18; 7:2 |
Background
Over the past several years, key transcription factors and signaling pathways that mediate pancreatic development have become increasingly well-defined [1]. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to play a critical role in the development of numerous tissues, and when inappropriately activated, i... | 17222338 | PMC1783845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:43 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 7:4 |
Background
Iridoviruses are large DNA viruses (~120–200 nm in diameter) that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Iridovirus genomes are circularly permuted and terminally redundant, and range in size from 105 to 212 kbp [1,2]. The family Iridoviridae is currently subdivided into five genera:Chloriridovirus, I... | 17239238 | PMC1783846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 19; 4:11 |
Background
Bluetongue virus (BTV), an insect (Culicoides sp) transmitted double-layered non-enveloped virus, is the type species virus of the genus Orbivirus, in the family Reoviridae. BTV is an economically important virus and causes hemorrhagic disease in sheep and other ruminants [1]. The virus has a genome consisti... | 17224050 | PMC1783847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 15; 4:7 |
Background
Recent investigations have established a mechanism for the regulation of inflammatory responses at the post-transcriptional level by tristetraprolin (TTP) family of CCCH tandem zinc finger proteins (ZFP). TTP family consists of three known members in mammals (ZFP36 or TTP, ZFP36L1 or TIS11B, and ZFP36L2 or T... | 17207279 | PMC1783848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:26 | no | J Inflamm (Lond). 2007 Jan 5; 4:1 |
Background
If medicine is to be evidence-based then health research findings need to be implemented appropriately in the clinical setting. However, there is an ever-expanding wealth of biomedical knowledge to be assimilated and used by clinicians [1,2]. The range of potentially available information sources is large an... | 17224061 | PMC1783849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Jan 15; 7:1 |
1. Background
Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has been involved in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic cardiomyopathy, hibernating myocardium, heart failure, reperfusion injury, and transplant rejection [1,2]. Recent reports have documented the prevalence of programmed cardiomyocyte death in... | 17241480 | PMC1783850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 23; 2:7 |
Background
Genetic variations cause many phenotypic differences in the organism development and physiology, and contribute to individual disease susceptibility and drug response as well. The most widespread genetic variations are SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) that are frequently used in case-control studies to... | 17212826 | PMC1783851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:10 |
Background
A complete annotated genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana was released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (AGI) in the year 2000, the first completed plant genome[1]. Since then, our understanding of the Arabidopsis genome structure and transcriptome has been improved through the release of 4 sequential... | 17229318 | PMC1783852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 17; 8:18 |
Background
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Rates vary about fivefold around the world, but they are increasing even in regions that until recently had low rates of disease [1] Endocrine treatment is indicated in hormone-sensitive patients. Tamoxifen is an oral antiestrogen, fi... | 17244373 | PMC1783853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 23; 5:9 |
Background
A crucial marker of eye movement is the ability to suppress saccades toward a suddenly appearing peripheral stimulus (pro-saccade), while making a saccade in the opposite direction instead (anti-saccade). In an anti-saccade task, subjects are instructed not to look at a flashed cue, but to make a saccade in ... | 17229319 | PMC1783854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:08 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 17; 3:5 |
Background
The development and implementation of effective interventions to prevent or delay disability in older people is an important public health priority. One promising approach is based on Health Risk Appraisal (HRA). HRA interventions were originally developed in the U.S. and tested in working age adults with th... | 17217546 | PMC1783855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Jan 11; 7:2 |
Background
The inclusion of qualitative data in systematic reviews is an area of ongoing methodological development [1-3], with particular problems arising for reviews attempting to synthesise quantitative with qualitative data. The Cochrane qualitative methods group [2] suggests four areas in which development is need... | 17224044 | PMC1783856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Jan 15; 7:4 |
Background
High mobility group A2 (HMGA2) protein is a non-histone architectural transcription factor, which is a member of the HMGA family. This family is constituted by HMGA1a, HMGA1b, HMGA1c, and HMGA2[1,2]. HMGAs are chromosomal proteins that bind through their AT binding motifs or AT hooks to the minor groove of A... | 17222355 | PMC1783857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 14; 6:5 |
Background
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has increased in recent years with approximately 38,890 new cases each year in the United States of America [1]. The disease is responsible for an estimated 12,840 deaths each year [1]. This increased RCC incidence may be linked to certain risk factors including smoking, ... | 17212824 | PMC1783858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 9; 7:4 |
Background
The lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in a variety of human cancers since tumour cell lymphatic invasion and subsequent development of lymph node metastases significantly influences prognosis. Therefore the lymphatic pathway is an integral part of tumour staging [1].
It is well established that for many... | 17222331 | PMC1783859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 12; 7:7 |
Background
The human protein family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) includes at least 25 members that are believed to play a role in the various stages of tumourigenesis [1,2]. Most of these zinc-dependent endopeptidases cleave more than one extracellular matrix (ECM) component and each ECM component is generally c... | 17233884 | PMC1783860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 17; 7:12 |
Background
Mortality from acute myocardial infarction has decreased dramatically over the years due to improved interventional therapy and adjunctive pharmacological treatment. On the other hand the incidence of heart failure has grown steadily reaching epidemic proportions. At its advanced stages, heart failure leads ... | 17233910 | PMC1783861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Trials. 2007 Jan 18; 8:2 |
1. Background
Tetramic acid derivatives constitute an important class of nitrogen heterocycles with pyrrolidine-2,4-dione moieties and are key structural motifs in many natural products of terrestrial and marine origin. [1–6] They exhibit a wide range of biological activities including antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal... | 17147830 | PMC1783862 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:52 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2006 Dec 6; 2:24 |
Background
The nucleotide composition of genomic DNA is very variable. This variation is not limited to non-coding DNA or influencing codon-usage, it also results in changes to the amino acid composition of proteins. For example, the redundancy of the genetic code does not completely buffer the amino acid composition o... | 17244370 | PMC1783863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:43 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 23; 8:21 |
Background
Endothelial dysfunction has been shown to play a causative role in atherosclerosis [1], ischemic heart disease [2], coronary artery disease [3], peripheral neuropathy [4], diabetic cardiomyopathy [5], erectile dysfunction [6] and even ischemia/reperfusion subsequent to myocardial infarction [7]. Endothelial ... | 17233898 | PMC1783864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Jan 18; 7:4 |
Introduction
Numerous human genome transcripts lack protein coding capacity, and these non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) perform a variety of structural, enzymatic and regulatory functions [1]. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short ∼22nt ncRNA that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression [2]. Mature miRN... | 17301878 | PMC1784062 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e203 |
Introduction
A central question in evolutionary developmental biology is how genetic diversity and complexity have contributed to the origin and the remarkable diversification of the animal body plan. Development of the animal body plan is controlled by large gene regulatory networks, which consist of transcription fac... | 17301879 | PMC1784063 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e204 |
Introduction
According to optimal foraging theory, predators are likely to maximize their energy intake by focusing on the more abundant prey populations [1], [2]. A non-specialized predator can switch its diet towards a new prey when its growing density renders it more profitable, as a result, for instance, of a drast... | 17299585 | PMC1784064 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e205 |
Introduction
The emergence of adaptive immunity represents a major step in the host-pathogen arm race that has led to the current highly elaborate immune response system in vertebrates. The identification of lymphocyte-like cells and molecules participating in the immune response and recognition processes in lamprey [1... | 17299586 | PMC1784065 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e206 |
Introduction
Although vegetation changes in African drylands, i.e. desertification, have been recurrently discussed [1]–[3], changes in hyper-arid areas have long been neglected [4]. In hyper-arid areas [5] tree populations are a main indicator of long-term vegetation changes because trees are long-lived and drought-en... | 17299588 | PMC1784067 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e208 |
Introduction
The analysis of self-motion perception utilizes an extensive repertoire derived from many cortical areas [1]. Although the representation of optic flow is common in cortex, the tuning of areas differs with the use of optic flow evolving across cortical areas from perception to action. The integration betwe... | 17285147 | PMC1784069 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e200 |
Introduction
To date, it is not known if elements like Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Te, or some of their derivatives play a defined biological function and they are mainly associated with toxicity [1], [2].
Oxyanions of tellurium, like tellurite (TeO3
−2), are highly toxic for most microorganisms [3]. However, tellurite-re... | 17299591 | PMC1784070 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e211 |
Introduction
Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering require two complementary key ingredients: 1) biologically compatible scaffolds that can be readily adopted by the body system without harm, and 2) suitable cells including various stem cells or primary cells that effectively replace the damaged tissues without ... | 17285144 | PMC1784071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e190 |
Introduction
Biological control of pests is becoming increasingly important as an answer to the resistance of harmful insects to pesticides, the adverse public attitudes to pesticides and the increasing restriction of their use due to legislation [1]. The main focus in the search for biological pest control agents has ... | 17285148 | PMC1784073 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e202 |
Editorial
Dear friends, colleagues and interested scientists,
First of all I want to express my deep gratitude for your interest in our new journal Diagnostic Pathology, and I want to encourage you to assist us further on in promoting the journal into a high standard, innovative, and easy to handle instrument for dist... | 17214879 | PMC1784074 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:42 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2007 Jan 10; 2:2 |
Background
During the last decade, researchers have worked to gain an understanding of the disease processes involved in mastitis during lactation [1-3]. Human breast milk contains protective factors such as antioxidants, lactoferrin, leukocytes and antagonists for pro-inflammatory cytokines [4-6]. It appears that the ... | 17244353 | PMC1784075 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2007 Jan 23; 2:2 |
Background
Dispersal, the movement of organisms between spatial units of habitat, is an essential life-history trait shaping the characteristic texture of populations, communities and ecosystems in space and time. Despite the numerous books and papers on the subject ([1-6] among several others), dispersal remains one o... | 17241457 | PMC1784076 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 22; 7:4 |
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