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Background
Recently the molecular based approaches of super-ordinal grouping of extant eutherians (Afrotheria, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria and Xenarthra) has gained popularity [1-3]. However, one of the four proposed super-orders, Afrotheria, is controversial because it unites morphologically distinct species of A... | 17244368 | PMC1784077 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 23; 7:6 |
Background
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has become a standard operative procedure to relieve pain and restore function in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Current total knee prosthesis (TKP) devices can be subdivided into two groups based on different fundamental design principals: fixed-bearing k... | 17204165 | PMC1784078 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Orthop Surg. 2007 Jan 5; 2:1 |
Background
Brown Norway (BN) rats receiving sublethal doses of HgCl2 develop a self-limiting autoimmune syndrome characterized by the presence of an autoreactive Th2 CD4+ cell subset [1-3]. This autoimmune response is accompanied by synthesis and linear anti-GBM IgG Ab deposition as well as severe proteinuria. The hist... | 17250768 | PMC1784079 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2007 Jan 24; 8:3 |
Review
Quintilian, a Latin rhetorician of the first century, proposed the following advice: Write not so you can be understood but so that you cannot be misunderstood." Hopefully, the following is written so that it is not only understood but also not misunderstood. The following thoughts on occlusal adjustment and the... | 17201917 | PMC1784080 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 3; 3:1 |
Background
Tobacco use is one of the most important preventable causes of premature death, disease and disability around the world [1,2]. Nearly 5 million persons die annually from tobacco-related illnesses, and many more suffer from smoking-related morbidity while the number of fatalities is expected to more than doub... | 17207291 | PMC1784081 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 8; 7:3 |
Background
The increasingly ageing populations in developed countries have recently become the focus of substantial research interest. In 2000, those aged 65 and older constituted from 6.0 to 15.5% of the populations in Asia, Europe, and North America. These figures are expected to increase to approximately 12 to 24.3%... | 17241463 | PMC1784082 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:07 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 22; 7:10 |
Background
There have been recent reports of an increase in sexually-transmitted hepatitis C infection among HIV positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in London and other European cities [1-5]. Historically, sex between men has accounted for relatively few cases of hepatitis C, with most hepatitis C infections being... | 17233919 | PMC1784083 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 18; 7:7 |
Text
It is frequently implied in the global health literature that underdevelopment among human populations implies suffering. Indeed, living in the most resource-constrained settings with the worst possible health undeniably ensues human suffering. Thus, the life journey of the more than one billion people living in e... | 17244369 | PMC1784084 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:07 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 23; 7:11 |
Background
Public sector funding, like any resource, is limited[1]; and competition exists among various sectors for these limited funds. Countries with different health care systems and different levels of health care spending are struggling to meet increasing health care demands within constrained resources. This mak... | 17244371 | PMC1784085 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 23; 7:11 |
Background
Optimal ambulatory care for patients with chronic conditions requires redesigning the traditional office practice that developed to meet the demands of acute illnesses [1]. Additionally, office practices must efficiently care for high volumes of patients to remain financially viable. Patients with serious an... | 17224069 | PMC1784086 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 15; 7:8 |
Background
Despite reductions in pain associated with dental visits and an increased awareness by dentists of the importance of building trusting relationships, dental fear remains a major issue for dental clinicians and their patients [1]. Dental fear has long-term implications because it is both reasonably stable and... | 17222356 | PMC1784087 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2007 Jan 14; 7:1 |
Background
Any discontinuity within the DNA double helix is perceived by the cell as a threat to its genetic integrity. Consequently, cells respond promptly to the generation of DNA interruptions by mounting a coordinated set of actions collectively known as the DNA-damage response (DDR) with the intent of arresting ce... | 17229321 | PMC1784088 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Jan 17; 2:3 |
Background
While the medical profession was formerly a male-dominated one, it is now the case that women are actually over represented in medicine [1,2]. The field of surgery, however, is slow to catch up. Although efforts are being employed in the Royal colleges, hospitals and medical schools to reverse this phenomeno... | 17239248 | PMC1784089 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:08 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2007 Jan 19; 7:2 |
Text
The DSM [1] and ICD [2] psychiatric disorder criteria represent the extracted wisdom of predominantly Caucasian psychiatrists treating predominantly Caucasian patients. They have been useful clinically for the important pragmatic reasons that, within this group, they facilitate efficient communication between phys... | 17214899 | PMC1784090 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:03 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 10; 7:1 |
Background
Hypophosphatasia (HP) is characterized by a genetic defect in the gene of the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase TNSALP [1-3]. There is clinical variability of the HP phenotype: 5 major subtypes (perinatal, infantile, childhood, adult and odontohypophosphatasia) have been described [4]. Biochemical [5] ... | 17241478 | PMC1784091 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Jan 23; 7:3 |
Background
Involvement of the regional lymph nodes is the most important predictor of outcome in patients with cutaneous melanoma [1]. Traditionally metastatic melanoma of the distal leg and the foot metastasize to the lymph nodes of the groin. Sometimes the first site of nodal disease can be the popliteal fossa. This ... | 17239242 | PMC1784092 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 19; 5:8 |
Background
Polyamines are indispensable cellular components implicated in many physiological functions, such as DNA replication and repair, transcription, protein synthesis and post-translational protein modifications [1]. Together with magnesium ions, polyamines account for the majority of the intracellular cationic c... | 17224065 | PMC1784093 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2007 Jan 15; 8:1 |
Background
People's decisions to consult a general practitioner vary enormously [1-7]. Next to individual differences that influence consultation rates, the social context of the family has an important and unique influence on individual consultation behaviour. To a certain extent family members resemble each other in ... | 17233891 | PMC1784094 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:50 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2007 Jan 18; 8:4 |
Background
A small number of global regulatory proteins appear to play a central role in integrating the regulatory architecture of Escherichia coli, so as to promote coherent transcriptional responses to environmental changes. Just seven proteins (ArcA, Crp, FIS, Fnr, IHF, Lrp, and NarL) directly control expression of... | 17233899 | PMC1784095 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 18; 7:2 |
Background
Anopheles maculipennis, the historic vector of malaria in Europe and the Middle East was the first sibling species complex to be discovered among mosquitoes [1,2]. The Maculipennis complex formally comprised 12 Palearctic members including Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles beklemishevi, Anopheles labranchiae, ... | 17233887 | PMC1784096 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:59 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 17; 6:6 |
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the one of the most common malignancies in the Western world. Already in 1913, familial aggregation of CRC was described by Warthin [1] and later Lynch et al. described an additional family with clustering of colorectal and endometrial cancer [2]. Clinical definition of Lynch syndr... | 17222328 | PMC1784097 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 12; 7:6 |
Background
Breast cancer (BC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among Israeli women regardless of their ethnic origin. Although the incidence of BC is lower in the Arab (PA) compared with the Jewish population in Israel, it is continuously increasing during the last decades [1]. In our previous study... | 17233897 | PMC1784098 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 18; 7:14 |
Background
Studies of survivors of atomic bomb irradiation reveal a radiation dose-related cardiovascular risk [1]. An overview of randomised trials on the effects of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients showed an excess mortality from circulatory diseases, and heart disease in particular [2]. However, the real impac... | 17224064 | PMC1784099 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 15; 7:9 |
Background
The analysis of speech sounds is a necessary step in the process of language comprehension. Since most aphasic patients have auditory comprehension deficits, the question whether and to what degree speech sound perception is impaired in aphasia has been much investigated [1-15]. Several studies have indeed s... | 17239239 | PMC1784100 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 19; 3:6 |
Background
Usually the detection of kidney damage can be made at a relatively late stage by measuring serum creatinine and urea concentrations because at the time of abnormal values 75% of nephrons are already damaged [1]. However, depending on the cause and extend of damage, kidney has ability to recover [2-5]. There ... | 17244354 | PMC1784101 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:20 | no | Acta Vet Scand. 2007 Jan 23; 49(1):4 |
pmcIntroduction
Saline environments and biodiversity associated with such environments are challenged from both human activities and natural dynamics. For example, recent climatic changes have led to increasingly intense monsoon rains in some regions and to decreasing precipitation levels in others. Nowhere are such c... | 17244355 | PMC1784102 | CC BY | 2022-09-08 23:19:39 | no | Saline Syst. 2007 Jan 23; 3:1 |
Background
Low back pain (LBP), especially in its chronic form, is a significant and continually growing health care problem for which the public seeks a great deal of expensive and potentially risky care. Recent research on the popularity and perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and ... | 17241465 | PMC1784103 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:15 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2007 Jan 22; 15:2 |
Background
Accumulating evidence indicates that dietary fats can influence bone health. The omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular, may be beneficial, as they have been shown to inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and enhance the activity of osteoblasts in animals [1,2]. Optimal quantities of n... | 17227589 | PMC1784104 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:17 | no | Nutr J. 2007 Jan 16; 6:2 |
Background
Apolipoprotein B (APOB – OMIM 107730) is the principal structural apolipoprotein in the LDL, VLDL, IDL, Lp(a) and chylomicron lipoprotein particles [1]. The APOB pre-mRNA comprises 29 exons, all constitutively spliced into the mature mRNA. There exist two natural protein isoforms, the full-length APOB100 and... | 17233885 | PMC1784105 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 17; 8:3 |
Background
One of the most widely used microarray platforms is the Affymetrix GeneChip. A GeneChip consists of a quartz wafer to which are attached some 500,000 different 25-mer deoxyoligonucleotides, which are known as probes [1]. Gene expression is measured by extracting mRNA from the cells or tissues of interest and... | 17224057 | PMC1784106 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:42 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 15; 8:13 |
Background
The outcome of high-throughput experiments, such as DNA microarray experiments, is typically a list of hundreds of genes that could be relevant to the studied phenomenon. Further analysis is required to relate the genes to relevant biological processes and to identify potentially interesting relationships be... | 17233900 | PMC1784107 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 18; 8:14 |
Background
Genetic and epigenetic changes that occur early in the process of carcinogenesis may enable the survival and growth of cells that subsequently acquire oncogenic mutations. One early alteration in the development of human carcinomas is the acquisition of an immortal potential, associated with reactivation of ... | 17233903 | PMC1784108 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 18; 6:7 |
Background
Sapphyrins are a class of expanded porphyrins that were first discovered as an unanticipated product during the synthesis of vitamin B12 [1]. Subsequently, efficient chemical synthesis of these compounds [2,3] led to the discovery that sapphyrins can function as highly effective anion binding receptors [4]. ... | 17233922 | PMC1784109 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 19; 6:9 |
Background
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread β-herpesvirus that infects 40% to 100% of adults worldwide [1]. The common transmission mode of HCMV is vertical: in almost all cases, HCMV infection occurs during prenatal period (transplacental acquisition), at birth (through exposure to HCMV in the birth canal)... | 17156440 | PMC1784110 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Immun Ageing. 2006 Dec 8; 3:11 |
Background
The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple, non-invasive measure of subclinical atherosclerosis [1]. Prospective studies have found that those with ABI-defined peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are approximately 1.5 to 2 times more likely to have a clinical CVD event than those without PAD [2-4]. The report ... | 17227586 | PMC1784111 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2007 Jan 16; 7:3 |
Background
Leukocyte Function Antigen-1 (LFA-1), an αβ heterodimer integrin, is necessary for leukocyte adhesion and migration and is important in the formation of the immunological synapses [1-3]. LFA-1 also has prominent roles in T cell costimulation [4,5] and transendothelial migration [6]. The LFA-1 ligands, intrac... | 17233909 | PMC1784112 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:20:55 | no | BMC Immunol. 2007 Jan 18; 8:2 |
Background
In the past decade, there have been many reports that provide evidence about the multi-lineage potential of stem cells, [1-3]. Adult stem cells have shown board plasticity that has allowed treatment of heart, liver and principally, blood related disorders, [1,4]. This plasticity and the availability of adult... | 17233913 | PMC1784113 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2007 Jan 18; 6:1 |
The Estimated Energy Requirement
In the report Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) (1), the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of The National Academies sets the Dietary Reference Intake for energy as the Estimated Energy Requireme... | 16978504 | PMC1784117 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:43 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A129 |
Introduction
As documented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), many adolescents engage in behaviors that increase their risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unintended pregnancies (1). Most efforts to promote healthy adolescent sexual development a... | 16978501 | PMC1784238 | CC BY | 2022-01-27 23:20:51 | no | Prev Chronic Dis. 2006 Sep 15; 3(4):A126 |
Introduction
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histologic finding that may result from a variety of insults to the kidney. FSGS typically presents with proteinuria and has a high risk of progressive loss of renal function [1]. Treatment of secondary forms of FSGS targets control of the underlying condition... | 17109140 | PMC1784542 | CC BY | 2021-01-06 05:09:02 | no | Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Jan 1; 22(1):28-36 |
Background
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) ranking as one of the most frequent operations worldwide, decreases the morbidity related to unstable angina and mortality in certain patients with chronic stable angina [1]. However CABG is associated with adverse neurological complications of which postoperative strok... | 17214901 | PMC1785365 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Jan 10; 5:3 |
Background
Osteoporosis is a disease which creates brittle bones susceptible to fracture. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines osteoporosis in terms of bone density [1]. A woman has osteoporosis when her bone density falls more than 2.5 standard deviations below the young adult mean value. BMD measurements at th... | 17233893 | PMC1785366 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2007 Jan 18; 5:1 |
Editorial
The new year of 2007 marks the two-year anniversary of Molecular Pain. We take this opportunity to wish our authors and readers a productive and successful new year, and we hope you will be with Molecular Pain in the coming years. We thank reviewers and editorial board members of Molecular Pain for your stron... | 0 | PMC1785367 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:31 | no | Mol Pain. 2007 Jan 10; 3:2 |
Background
The major steps in reverse transcription of retroviral genome have been known for some time [1]. The initiation of reverse transcription occurs at the 5' end of the viral genome at a site designated as the primer-binding site (PBS) [1]. The PBS is an 18-nucleotide region that is complementary to the 3' termi... | 17217532 | PMC1785368 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 11; 4:5 |
Background
The hallmark of retrovirus replication is the process by which the RNA genome is converted to a DNA intermediate prior to integration into the host cell chromosome. This process, termed reverse transcription is catalyzed by a virally encoded enzyme reverse transcriptase [1,2]. A cellular tRNA is captured by ... | 17214904 | PMC1785369 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:17 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 10; 4:4 |
Background
Studies of the Japanese A-bomb survivors cohort have been the key source of radiation risk estimates used to establish environmental and occupational protection standards [1,2] despite the differences between instantaneous exposure in war to gamma and neutron irradiation, and chronic low dose occupational or... | 17233918 | PMC1785370 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Environ Health. 2007 Jan 18; 6:1 |
Background
Signaling cascades, the means by which cells translate external stimuli into discrete physiological endpoints such as cell growth, must ensure high fidelity and specificity in order to maintain cellular integrity. One of the key steps regulating cell cycle progression occurs during mitosis when proper kineto... | 17214889 | PMC1785371 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Jan 10; 2:1 |
Background
Madagascar, the fourth largest island of the world, is a hotspot for biodiversity that deserves the highest priority for conservation [1]. Currently, 233 amphibian species are known from this island [2]. All of the native taxa are endemic at the level of species, and all but one also at the level of genera [... | 17207286 | PMC1785372 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Front Zool. 2007 Jan 6; 4:1 |
Background
Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction has been an accepted method of treatment for revascularization [1,2]. Nonetheless, sudden cardiac death remains a significant cause of mortality in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass grafting with poor left ventricu... | 17222353 | PMC1785373 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 12; 2:6 |
Background
The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) for the delivery of therapeutic molecules holds potential clinical applications, for it could provide substantial improvement over current techniques for drug delivery and gene transfection. Nanoparticles carrying therapeutic payloads could be tar... | 17204157 | PMC1785374 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Biomagn Res Technol. 2007 Jan 4; 5:1 |
Background
A proper understanding of complex biological processes may well require a complete knowledge of all the contributing elements, an appreciation of the operation of the entire system. However, the precise quantities of and the range of gene products constituting an individual cell may well be unique to each ce... | 17244357 | PMC1785375 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:02 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 23; 8:27 |
Background
Alu repeats are SINEs (Short INterspersed Elements) whose original insertion in genomic sequences appears to have occurred shortly after the dawn of the primate lineage. While most SINEs arose from tRNA genes, Alu elements are derived from the 7SL RNA gene, which encodes a component of the protein signal rec... | 17239240 | PMC1785376 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:02 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 19; 8:23 |
Background
Lignin content is well known as a major factor affecting forage quality in maize. However, correlations between lignin content and forage quality can be variable according to the genetic background [1]. Moreover, breeding for a higher digestibility of maize involves also other, so far unknown mechanisms [1].... | 17233901 | PMC1785377 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:02 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 18; 8:22 |
Background
Standardized diagnostic criteria for depression have raised several questions regarding the classification of adolescents with depression. In fact, dichotomizing the population into cases and non-cases does not take into account that a substantial proportion of depressed adolescents have sub-syndromal depres... | 17222346 | PMC1785378 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 12; 7:2 |
Background
International studies show a growing recognition that subjects presenting with psychotic symptoms for the first time need specialized management [1]. However, few data are available about the clinical characteristics of patients at their first psychiatric admission (FPA), their management, and their subjecti... | 17239235 | PMC1785379 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 19; 7:3 |
Background
Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoid tumors are extraordinarily rare lesions and account for only 0.32% of all carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract [1]. Since 1961 when Pilz described the first carcinoid tumor arising from the common bile duct, only 51 cases have been described, excluding the ampulla of Vate... | 17227590 | PMC1785380 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:53 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 17; 5:6 |
Background
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the leading cause of senile dementia, with a prevalence that is directly related to age [1]. Over 4 million individuals are currently affected with the disease in the United States alone and this number is projected to increase to 14 million by 2050 [2]. At the present time, therape... | 17241462 | PMC1785381 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Mol Neurodegener. 2007 Jan 22; 2:2 |
Background
Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of gastric tumour. It may coexist with another synchronous tumour of different histological type in a different part of the stomach. Gastric adenocarcinoma may coexist most commonly with lymphoma and less commonly with carcinoid and gastrointestinal stromal... | 17222335 | PMC1785382 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 12; 4:2 |
Background
Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) show increased sympathetic nervous activity during both night and day [1-3]. This increased sympathetic activity may contribute to arterial hypertension, increased heart rate [4,5], and dyslipidemia [6,7]. In addition to exacerbation of these cardiovascular risk fa... | 17198546 | PMC1785383 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:02 | no | BMC Med. 2007 Jan 1; 5:1 |
Background
Malignant melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of epidermal melanocytes due to both environmental and genetic factors [1,2]. Melanoma is the most rapidly increasing malignancy in the white population [3] and, at the present, prevention and early detection represent the only effective approach to... | 17233906 | PMC1785384 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Jan 18; 6:8 |
Background
Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for obesity, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, certain types of cancer, and osteoporosis [1-5]. Sixty percent of American adults [6], and 62% of Canadian adults [7], are not sufficiently active to attain health benefit from physical activity. Estimates indica... | 17233904 | PMC1785385 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:46 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Jan 18; 4:2 |
Background
Through alternative splicing at multiple sites, a single transcriptional unit may give rise to a complex array of isoforms – a 'mini transcriptome,' or single-gene transcriptome (SGT). Considerable effort is being invested to assemble a genome-wide compendium of sites of transcript and peptide variations [1-... | 17233916 | PMC1785386 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:18 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 18; 8:16 |
Background
Acute scrotum is a surgical emergency. Causes are usually intra scrotal conditions, of which torsion of the testis is the most important. Less common causes are extra scrotal in origin, namely idiopathic scrotal edema. Anal conditions are rare causes of acute scrotum. Diagnosis sometimes may be very difficul... | 17194301 | PMC1785387 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:02 | no | BMC Surg. 2006 Dec 28; 6:19 |
Introduction
According to geological evidence [1], Earth has experienced four main glacial periods: the Paleoproterozoic (2.1–2.5 Ga), the Neoproterozoic (600–950 Ma), the Carboniferous-Permian (260–360 Ma) and the ongoing Neogene (0–30 Ma). The Proterozoic (especially the Neoproterozoic) ice ages were the most severe ... | 17299594 | PMC1788933 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e214 |
Introduction
The adult antennae of Manduca sexta are highly patterned appendages deriving from imaginal primordia that initiate growth during the final (5th) larval instar, and continue to develop throughout the metamorphic pupal stage. Larvae also possess antennae; a pair of fifth instar larval antennae of M. sexta po... | 17299595 | PMC1789077 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e215 |
Introduction
Microarray technology has become the method of choice for studying messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels for thousands of genes in cells or tissues subjected to different conditions, or derived from different species [1]. Biological processes, however, are normally driven by proteins. Still, methods for s... | 17299596 | PMC1789144 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e216 |
Introduction
Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes [1] especially when the extra fat is accumulated to central and intra-abdominal depots [2], [3]. The increased cardiometabolic risk in obesity is at least partly mediated through atherogenic dyslipidemia characterized by an increase in plas... | 17299598 | PMC1789242 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e218 |
Introduction
Eukaryotes possess RNA silencing systems to regulate or suppress a range of genes, genetic elements, and viruses [1]. Regulation by RNA silencing can occur at either the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level, although in both cases, silencing is associated with formation of small RNA classes with ty... | 17299599 | PMC1790633 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e219 |
Introduction
The current Circulation Weather Type (CWT), including wind direction and vorticity, gives local information about the upcoming temperature and precipitation, as it is shown by Hulme et al. [1]. Besides, CWT prediction is also important for practical uses such as aerial and water transport. However, the non... | 17299590 | PMC1790699 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e210 |
Introduction
Depression has been recognized as a major public health problem evidenced by its ranking of fourth position among the global burden of diseases. Many believe it will it will occupy second position by the year 2020. 340 million people above the age of 18 suffer from depressive disorders that contribute to a... | 17299589 | PMC1790700 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e209 |
Introduction
The social amoebae ingest bacteria by phagocytosis and then, when the bacteria are consumed, aggregate to form a fruiting body with spores and a stalk [1]. The unusual features of D. caveatum, first described by Waddell and colleagues nearly 20 years ago, are displayed when it is mixed with other species o... | 17299592 | PMC1790701 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e212 |
Introduction
Processes such as neuromodulation, toxicity, and cell communication can be regulated by natural peptides and protein basic domains. This group encompass several hormones, and antibacterial peptides. Beside these peptides, many proteins have been identified for their capacity to enter cells and reach the cy... | 17299584 | PMC1790702 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e201 |
Introduction
The mesoderm of the amphibian embryo arises through an inductive interaction in which cells of the vegetal hemisphere act on overlying equatorial cells [1]. Of the several mesoderm-inducing factors that have been discovered, most are members of the transforming growth factor type β family. These include ac... | 17299593 | PMC1790703 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e213 |
Background
Protein ubiquitination: quick overview
Ubiquitin is a polypeptide comprised of 76 amino acids that can be covalently attached to substrates through an enzymatic cascade that includes three enzymes: E1, E2 and E3. E1, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme, utilizes the energy of ATP to activate ubiquitin and passes... | 17224055 | PMC1790704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Jan 15; 2:2 |
Background
Early detection of cervical cancer (CC) has reduced the mortality and morbidity of cervical cancer worldwide [1], and it has been reported that both organised and opportunistic Pap smear taking has lowered incidence rates of CC [2]. However, the importance of obtaining and maintaining a high coverage within ... | 17244348 | PMC1790705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 23; 7:10 |
Background
Although many studies have been done on methanol and formaldehyde intoxication [1,2], none of these address the contribution of protein misfolding to the pathological mechanism, in particular the effect of formaldehyde on protein conformation and polymerization. Damage of neuronal cells caused by misfolded p... | 17241479 | PMC1790706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 23; 8:9 |
Background
Middle cuneiform can dislocate plantarwards by a strong vertical force which flattens the arches of foot and also breaks the ligamentous support as has been reported in the literature [1]. Four cases of plantar dislocation of middle cuneiform have been reported in the english literature that presented as fre... | 17229316 | PMC1790707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 17; 8:5 |
Background
The process in which cholesterol is transported from peripheral cells, including those in the arterial wall, to the liver for excretion is termed reverse cholesterol transport. A key player in reverse cholesterol transport is the high density lipoprotein (HDL). The process can be divided into three stages: 1... | 17241464 | PMC1790708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 22; 8:5 |
Background
Dystrophin, identified nearly 20 years ago as the protein deficient in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)[1], is now recognised as the founder member of a protein superfamily with representatives throughout the animal kingdom[2]. The ~70-kDa signature structure of this family is a compact cluster of domains c... | 17233888 | PMC1790709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 17; 8:19 |
Background
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) serves as a model for many facets of human development and physiology and is one of the most widely used nonhuman primates for the study of infectious diseases, such as AIDS. The widespread use of this species in biomedical research led to a proposal in 2002 to generate it... | 17244361 | PMC1790710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 23; 8:28 |
Background
Ædes ægypti is a highly anthropophagic and cosmopolitan mosquito vector of epidemic dengue and yellow fever. To achieve fast blood feeding, adult female mosquitoes inject a complex salivary mixture into their hosts while probing for blood. Mosquito saliva, like that of other blood-feeding animals, has antihe... | 17204158 | PMC1790711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 4; 8:6 |
Background
Photosynthesis in the majority of plants occurs in a single photosynthetic cell type (C3 photosynthesis) [1]. Within the chloroplasts, the enzyme ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) fixes atmospheric carbon by addition of CO2 and water to the five-carbon sugar ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphat... | 17212830 | PMC1790712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 9; 8:12 |
Background
With the declaration of Alma-Ata, the World Health Organization (WHO) pronounced that health systems emphasizing a strong and effective primary care are the best approach to achieving "Health for All"[1]. In the decades that have followed, many countries have worked to direct their health systems toward the ... | 17147819 | PMC1790713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 Dec 5; 6:156 |
Background
The LC-MS/MS system is one of the most frequently used instruments for shotgun protein identification [1-6]. Protein identification by LC-MS/MS analysis consists mainly of the following five steps: (i) The samples are prepared from protein mixtures by peptide fragmentation with a protease, e.g., trypsin. (ii... | 17233908 | PMC1790714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 18; 8:15 |
Background
Gene expression microarray [1-3] and other multiplex data (e.g. NMR, ChIP-on-chip and proteomics) contain a wealth of information, and thereby hold promise for addressing the challenge of cellular complexity and deriving advances in medical sciences [4-7]. Considering the volume of the data and the complexit... | 17244365 | PMC1790715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 23; 8:20 |
Background
Microarray technology allows us to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. A vast amount of data produced by microarrays pose a great challenge on conventional data mining and machine learning methods, because the number of genes often exceeds tens of thousands, whereas the number... | 17187691 | PMC1790716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:03 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2006 Dec 25; 7:543 |
The HIV/AIDS area has always been highly politically and emotionally charged, and we wrote a controversial and provocative piece. Most of the responses to it were unreasoned. The most cogent response came from UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) [1], and it generally restated an already well articul... | 0 | PMC1790718 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:53 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 30; 4(1):e44 |
In their essay “HIV, Stigma, and Rates of Infection: A Rumour without Evidence”, Daniel Reidpath and Kit Yee Chan rightly underscore the insufficient body of research on the relationship between stigma and discrimination and HIV transmission [1]. Increased scientific attention and effective programming against stigma a... | 17411320 | PMC1790719 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 30; 4(1):e52 |
Skill in scientific peer review may be as ill defined and hard to impart as is “common sense” [1]. So say Michael Callaham and John Tercier, the authors of a research paper published in this month's issue of PLoS Medicine, which assessed 2,856 reviews of 306 experienced reviewers at one well-regarded specialty journal.... | 17411325 | PMC1790720 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 30; 4(1):e58 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 11, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030503:
Figure 1 from this correspondence was transposed with Figure 1 from the related correspondence by Brownstein and colleagues (“Air Travel and the Spread of Influenza: Authors' Reply” doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030502).
The legend published with Fi... | 0 | PMC1790721 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 30; 4(1):e32 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 11, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030502:
Figure 1 from this correspondence was transposed with Figure 1 from the related correspondence by Viboud and colleagues (“Air Travel and the Spread of Influenza: Important Caveats” doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030503).
The legend published with Fig... | 0 | PMC1790722 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:54 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Jan 30; 4(1):e33 |
Introduction
Recent advances in mammalian genome studies are bringing to light the occurrence of a widespread transcription of noncoding (nc) regions devoted to the regulation of the protein coding genome expression [1–4]. The mechanisms of action of these transcripts are various and of different natures, although all ... | 17274687 | PMC1790723 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:28 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e1 |
Introduction
While evolutionary theory assumes that mutations are random with regard to their adaptive value, it has long been recognized that this does not necessarily imply randomness in other respects. For example, some nucleotides are more mutable than others [1]. For the time being, studies of mutation inferred fr... | 17274688 | PMC1790724 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e22 |
Introduction
The frequency of invasive mycoses due to opportunistic fungal pathogens has increased significantly over the past decades. These infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality. They directly correlate with increasing patient populations that are at risk for developing invasive fungal infection... | 17274685 | PMC1790725 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e13 |
Introduction
The discovery of substantial commonality between microbial pathogenesis in mammals and nonvertebrate model hosts, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, has provided the foundation for the development of high-throughput genetic analysis of microbial virulence factors in live animal models (reviewed i... | 17274686 | PMC1790726 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e18 |
Introduction
HIV-1-specific CTLs have a central role in the containment of viral replication. Reduction in viral load during acute HIV-1 infection is correlated with the appearance of HIV-specific CTLs [1], [2], and studies from the SIV macaque model have shown that CD8-specific monoclonal antibodies, which block CTL a... | 17311088 | PMC1790860 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e225 |
Introduction
During and after antigen presentation, inflammatory cytokines structure the type and amplitude of the T cell response. Especially important are the type 1 pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2 and CXCL-10, which are produced in large amounts after infection [1] and during allograft rejection [2]. IL-2 pr... | 17311089 | PMC1790862 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e226 |
Introduction
A persistent question in biology is how organismal complexity changes through the course of evolution [1]–[5]. Although significant progress has been made in the understanding and quantifying organismal characteristics at many level of organization (DNA, proteins, metabolic networks, cellular organization,... | 17299597 | PMC1790863 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e217 |
Introduction
Bacteria are able to colonize a wide variety of habitats, including the most extreme environments and even living organisms. This remarkable feature likely reflects a high degree of adaptability and the presence of specific genetic programs devoted to the exploitation of nutrients present in these diverse ... | 17311090 | PMC1790865 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:04 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e224 |
Background
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease characterized by an indolent chronic phase during which immature myeloid cells increase in the peripheral blood and bone marrow, followed by an accelerated phase, associated with resistance to standard therapies, and terminates in blast crisis wh... | 17254347 | PMC1790884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2007 Jan 25; 5:4 |
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