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Introduction
In most studies, the central factor thought to contribute to the unprecedented spread of H5N1 or novel avian influenza A viruses (AIV) has been the interaction between migrating waterfowl and domestic poultry in Eurasia [1]–[2], though the poultry and wild bird trade has also been implicated [1], [3]–[4]. ... | 17297505 | PMC1794318 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:05 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e191 |
Introduction
The honey bee (Apis mellifera) uses various chemical and physical stimuli for communication. One of the best-characterized forms of honey bee communication is the forager's “waggle dance”, which informs nestmates about the direction and distance to locations of attractive food [1]. This dance consists of a... | 17311102 | PMC1794319 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:05 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e234 |
Introduction
The biochemical parameters that determine the behavior of cellular systems—from proteins to genome-scale regulatory networks—change continually. Such change has two principal sources. One of them is genetic and consists of mutations. The other is nongenetic; it is exemplified by noise internal to the organ... | 17274682 | PMC1794322 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e15 |
Introduction
With the advent of ultra high–throughput screening and high-density array technology, the biological community has come to appreciate the value of unbiased surveys of complex biological systems. Bioinformatics tools have become an integral part of the analysis of these extensive datasets. When complex data... | 17274683 | PMC1794323 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e16 |
Introduction
Small-World Brain Networks
Complex networks, from ecosystems to metabolic pathways, occur in diverse fields of biological science [1,2]. Nervous systems are complex networks at multiple scales of time and space. It has been shown that brain anatomical and functional networks are topologically intermediate ... | 17274684 | PMC1794324 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 2; 3(2):e17 |
Background
Double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital heart disorder in which right ventricle is divided in two chambers (high pressure at proximal and low pressure at distal portion) by an anomalous muscle bundle. Although congenital anatomical substrate for this hemodynamic obstruction is recognized... | 17204137 | PMC1794404 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Jan 4; 5:2 |
Background
Pathogen encounter by cells of the immune system represents a form of danger initially sensed by professional antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) that undergo specialization to prime naïve T and B lymphocytes leading to a cellular or humoral response or both [1-4]. There is substantial evi... | 17254349 | PMC1794405 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2007 Jan 25; 5:5 |
Disease name and synonyms
Osteosarcoma
Osteogenic sarcoma
Definition and diagnostic criteria
Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumour of the skeleton characterised by the direct formation of immature bone or osteoid tissue by the tumour cells. More rarely osteosarcoma may arise in the soft tissue.
World Health Org... | 17244349 | PMC1794406 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Jan 23; 2:6 |
Background
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) consisting of Aurora B kinase, INCENP (INner CENtromere Protein), Survivin and Borealin/Dasra B plays important roles during mitosis and cytokinesis [1]. One of the main aims of the CPC proteins is to ensure that Aurora B is accessible to phosphorylate its various subs... | 17241471 | PMC1794407 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Jan 22; 8:5 |
Background
According to the World health Organization, one-third of the world's population harbours Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in an asymptomatic, latent form (latent tuberculosis [TB] infection [LTBI]) but retains a lifelong risk of future disease. The control and elimination process of the global TB epidemic co... | 17257436 | PMC1794408 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 27; 8(1):5 |
Background
Back pain and its association with altered functional ability can significantly affect an individual's quality of life [1,2]. Prevalence of low back pain throughout the lifespan has been reported to be between 13 and 85% [3-7]. The point prevalence of back pain varies with age [7]. Back pain is considered th... | 17261197 | PMC1794409 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:03 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 29; 8:8 |
Background
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [1], specifically designed to identify possible anxiety and depressive symptoms in medical patients, has been used extensively as both a clinical and research tool. It has been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid instrument for assessing anxiety and depres... | 17257405 | PMC1794410 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 26; 7:5 |
Background
The major obstacle in IVF treatments is the low embryo implantation rate. The composition of the embryo culture medium supposed to mimic the physiological environment, addition of growth factors to the medium may be vital not only for improving the embryo development but also for increasing the embryo implan... | 17261179 | PMC1794411 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 29; 5:4 |
Background
In 2002 and 2003 miglustat was approved as an orphan drug by the Federal Drug Administration (USA) and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency, respectively, for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease, a lysosomal glycosphingolipid storage disorder. Miglustat can partially inhibit the biosynthesis of gluco... | 17241468 | PMC1794412 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 22; 5:1 |
Background
Corynebacterium glutamicum, is a Gram-positive soil bacterium, which is used for the industrial production of different amino acids, mainly L-glutamate and L-lysine, and of nucleotides [1,2]. As a member of the Corynebacterinae, C. glutamicum is closely related to other mycolic acid-containing bacteria, e. g... | 17254330 | PMC1794413 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 25; 7:6 |
Background
Francisella tularensis is the etiological agent of the severe, febrile disease tularemia. Although there have been rare isolates of F. tularensis in Australia, tularemia is mainly a disease of the Northern hemisphere that is spread by blood-sucking mosquitoes, flies, and ticks or acquired from contact with i... | 17233889 | PMC1794414 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 17; 7:1 |
Background
PC cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF), also called epithelin/granulin precursor (GEP), is an 88-kDa secreted glycoprotein purified from the conditioned medium of the highly malignant mouse teratoma-derived cell line PC for its ability to stimulate proliferation in an autocrine fashion [1]. In teratoma cells,... | 17261172 | PMC1794415 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 29; 7:22 |
Background
Iodide (I-) is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). These hormones are vital for the normal development and maturation of the central nervous system in the newborn and for multiple metabolic functions in the adult. I- metabolism in humans appears... | 17214887 | PMC1794416 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 10; 7:5 |
Background
Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are now regarded as standard tools for malaria control [1]. ITNs reduce malaria transmission by vectors that bite during the night; they work by reducing the intensity of malaria transmission, the average number of infectious bites received by a person over some time period, c... | 17254339 | PMC1794417 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 25; 6:10 |
1. Background
Adaptive behavior relies on the fast recognition of salient cues in the environment and facial expression is an important social index of potential threat [1]. Hence, face processing is commonly thought to be a rapid and highly automated process [2,3]. However, controversies exist concerning the role of e... | 17244356 | PMC1794418 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Jan 23; 3:7 |
Background
A huge gap exists between the number of protein sequences and the number of proteins with a known structure and function. The exponential growth in sequence information means that better methods to automatically annotate new sequences are needed. Current methods include ab initio structure prediction, sequen... | 17254344 | PMC1794419 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 25; 8:23 |
Background
Differential codon usage represents an evolutionary strategy to modulate gene expression, and hence mathematical formulations of the codon usage bias have widely been used to predict gene expression on a genomic scale. This is based on the assumption that codon usage bias is correlated with protein levels. I... | 17156429 | PMC1794427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 7; 7(12):R114 |
Background
Evolutionary biologists have long sought to explain the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution in order to better understand the dynamics of mammalian genome organization. Early work in this area led Nadeau and Taylor [1] to propose the 'random breakage model' of genomic evolution, based on linkage maps of huma... | 17156441 | PMC1794428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 8; 7(12):R115 |
Background
Small laboratory fish such as zebrafish and medaka, the Japanese killifish, are attractive vertebrate animal models that are easy to handle and are ideally suited for genetic studies because of their large numbers of progeny per generation [1]. Furthermore, fish models are being embraced because of their ext... | 17156454 | PMC1794429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 8; 7(12):R116 |
Background
DNA microarray technology has advanced our understanding of cancer by providing genome-wide mRNA expression measurements of different tumor types [1-3]. Such studies have been used to identify new subtypes of cancer [4-7]. Specific gene expression signatures have been found that can predict treatment respons... | 17156469 | PMC1794430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 11; 7(12):R117 |
Background
There is great interest in elucidating the control of transcription initiation, because these controls are major components of the gene regulatory networks that underlie the development and diversity of animals [1,2]. The standard view is that regulatory action takes place at distal and proximal enhancer and... | 17156492 | PMC1794431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 12; 7(12):R118 |
Background
In the study of biological processes, most of our observations are based on measurements made on a macroscopic scale, such as a piece of tissue or the collection of cells in a tissue culture dish, while the processes themselves are driven by events that occur at a microscopic scale representing events within... | 17169148 | PMC1794432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 14; 7(12):R119 |
Background
It is widely recognized that a large fraction of mammalian genomic DNA is accounted for by interspersed repeated elements. These sequences have been estimated to represent more than 50% of the human genome [1]. In particular, the great majority of human interspersed repeats derive from transposable elements ... | 17181857 | PMC1794433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 20; 7(12):R120 |
Background
Providing guidance on specific therapies for pathologically distinct tumor types to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity is important for cancer treatment [1,2]. For acute leukemia, for instance, different subtypes show very different responses to therapy, reflecting the fact that they are molecularly dis... | 17181863 | PMC1794434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 20; 7(12):R121 |
Background
Core histone genes encode four families of proteins that package DNA into the nucleosome, which is the basic structural unit of eukaryotic chromosomes [1]. The four core histones are H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, and each nucleosome consists of 146 base-pairs (bp) of DNA wrapped around an octameric core containing tw... | 17184543 | PMC1794435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:42 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 7(12):R122 |
Background
Animal embryos can be thought of as dynamic three-dimensional arrays of cells expressing gene products in intricate spatial and temporal patterns that determine cellular differentiation and morphogenesis. Although developmental biologists most commonly analyze gene expression and morphology by visual inspect... | 17184546 | PMC1794436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 7(12):R123 |
Background
The transcription network controlling pattern formation in the Drosophila blastoderm is one of the best characterized animal regulatory networks [1-4] and, because of its relative simplicity, is one of the most tractable for computational modeling (for example, [5-8]). In this network, a hierarchical cascade... | 17184547 | PMC1794437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 7(12):R124 |
Background
Many proteins are constructed of domains, which are their main functional and structural units. A specific domain can be found in different proteins, and several different domains can be found within a given protein. Proteins can thus be viewed as being built of a finite set of domains, which are joined toge... | 17184549 | PMC1794438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 21; 7(12):R125 |
Background
The cilium is an evolutionarily conserved subcellular organelle that projects from the surface of many eukaryotic cells in vertebrates, including kidney and endothelial cells, myocardial cells, odontoblasts, retinal photoreceptor cells and cortical and hypothalamic neurons [1]. The biogenesis and maintenance... | 17187676 | PMC1794439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Dec 22; 7(12):R126 |
Introduction
Although the incidence of non-pulmonary infections has decreased in severely burned patients [1], nosocomial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality [2,3]. During critical illness, oxidative stress is proportional to the severity of ... | 17081282 | PMC1794452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 2; 10(6):R153 |
Introduction
In recent decades, intensive care medicine has developed into a highly specialised discipline covering several fields of medicine [1]. Whereas the total number of hospital beds in the United States decreased by 26.4% from 1985 to 2000, intensive care unit (ICU) beds increased by 26.2% during the same perio... | 17083735 | PMC1794454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 3; 10(6):R154 |
Introduction
Sepsis is a leading cause of death in intensive care unit (ICU) patients [1], with an estimated incidence of 700,000 cases per year in the United States resulting in more than 200,000 deaths annually [2,3]. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a frequent complication of sepsis [4-6]. The mortality... | 17092345 | PMC1794458 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:03 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 8; 10(6):R155 |
Introduction
Unusually high temperatures with normal relative humidity were recorded during summer 2003 in Europe [1,2], especially in France [3]. Within a few days of the onset of the heat wave, the French National Institute for Public Health and Medical Research (INSERM) reported a sharp increase in the number of hea... | 17096836 | PMC1794460 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 10; 10(6):R156 |
Introduction
Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock represent progressive stages of the same illness, in which a systemic response to an infection mediated by endogenous mediators leads to a generalised inflammatory reaction in organs remote from the initial insult and eventually to organ dysfunction and/or failure [1... | 17101035 | PMC1794461 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 13; 10(6):R157 |
Introduction
Several randomised controlled clinical studies have shown improved morbidity and mortality in high-risk surgical patients with perioperative optimisation of haemodynamics using strict treatment protocols in the single-centre setting [1-3]. The haemodynamic endpoints in goal-directed studies have been based... | 17101038 | PMC1794462 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 13; 10(6):R158 |
Introduction
The primary clinical objective after severe brain trauma is to prevent secondary injury, a common sequel to the primary, mechanical impact. The concept is to prevent cerebral hypoxia by maintaining sufficient oxygen delivery to meet the oxidative metabolic needs of the intracranial neural tissues. This imp... | 17105656 | PMC1794465 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 14; 10(6):R159 |
Introduction
Sepsis activates the host's defense system by initiating the release of a complex network of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The septic process frequently induces intravascular coagulation, which activates endogenous anticoagulants and the fibrinolytic system. As a consequence coagulation ... | 17107615 | PMC1794466 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 15; 10(6):R160 |
Introduction
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) (type II) is a potentially life-threatening complication of heparin exposure. It is defined as a decrease in platelet count associated with heparin administration in patients with detectable HIT antibodies. It is one of the most common immune-mediated adverse drug rea... | 17109753 | PMC1794468 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 16; 10(6):R161 |
Introduction
Catheterisation of the internal jugular vein (IJV) is commonly attempted to obtain central venous access for haemodynamic monitoring, long-term administration of fluids, antibiotics, total parenteral nutrition, and haemodialysis in critical care patients. The safe puncture of the IJV is achieved by using a... | 17112371 | PMC1794469 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 17; 10(6):R162 |
Introduction
Intestinal failure may contribute to morbidity and mortality in sepsis [1]. However, little is known about the condition of the large bowel in these patients. It is likely that metabolic products, including L-lactate, do escape the intestines, but most of it may be metabolised by the liver [2,3], hampering... | 17116255 | PMC1794470 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 20; 10(6):R163 |
Introduction
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring is indicated only in selected patients. In cardiac surgical patients, perioperative haemodynamic management is often guided by cardiac output (CO) measurement using the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). The use of the PAC, however, has been decreasing over the last years in ... | 17118186 | PMC1794471 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 21; 10(6):R164 |
Introduction
Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with inflammatory and haemostatic alterations that may lead to severe bleeding and/or thromboembolic events [1-3]. Abnormalities of the thrombin pathway play a main role in coagulation and fibrinolysis disorders observed in patients undergoing... | 17125503 | PMC1794476 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 24; 10(6):R165 |
Introduction
Human studies in patients with sepsis have shown considerable changes in the subpopulations of lymphocytes [1], and particularly of those lymphocytes participating in adaptive immunity. These changes involve decreases of T-helper cells and of B lymphocytes. Data about the exact time point in the septic cas... | 17129388 | PMC1794479 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 27; 10(6):R166 |
Introduction
Hyperlactatemia (HL) is a well-recognized marker of circulatory failure, and its severity has been associated with mortality in different clinical conditions [1,2]. After cardiac surgery, HL is relatively common [3,4] and is associated with morbidity and mortality [4]. During cardiac surgery with cardiopul... | 17134504 | PMC1794481 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Nov 29; 10(6):R167 |
Introduction
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is performed in newborns for a variety of diagnoses, including meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), and sepsis/pneumonia [1]. The ECMO circuit, like the cardiopulmonary ... | 17140428 | PMC1794483 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 1; 10(6):R168 |
Introduction
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) has been defined as acute deterioration of liver function in cirrhotic patients over a period of two to four weeks, usually precipitated by gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, binge drinking, or surgery, and is associated with progressive jaundice, hepatic encephalop... | 17156425 | PMC1794485 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 7; 10(6):R169 |
Introduction
Within the past few decades, medicine, especially critical care medicine, has progressed spectacularly as a result of medical research and the participation of patients in clinical trials. The Declaration of Helsinki and international guidelines require that the patient give informed consent before partici... | 17156444 | PMC1794486 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 8; 10(6):R170 |
Introduction
Volume expansion is one of the most common manoeuvres to increase cardiac output (CO) in patients with circulatory failure. However, if inappropriate, volume expansion may have deleterious effects such as volume overload, systemic and pulmonary oedema, and increased tissue hypoxia [1]. It is therefore impo... | 17163985 | PMC1794488 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 12; 10(6):R171 |
Introduction
Severe burns result in both local and systemic responses. There is loss of homeostatic control as a result of massive losses of fluid and protein during the first 24 hours. This is usually followed by a normalisation of permeability and reduced fluid losses during the second day [1,2]. To counteract this f... | 17166287 | PMC1794489 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 13; 10(6):R172 |
Introduction
The pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) has been a major haemodynamic monitoring tool in intensive care medicine for more than 30 years [1]. In haemodynamically unstable patients, the PAC might facilitate management and improve outcome. However, this view has been challenged by several observational and random... | 17169160 | PMC1794490 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 14; 10(6):R174 |
Introduction
A number of hormones released from the small intestine in response to nutrients modulate gastric emptying and energy intake [1-3]. Peptide YY (PYY) is an important humoral mediator of the entero-gastric feedback mechanism, which leads to a slowing of gastric emptying and small intestinal transit [4-6] and ... | 17173662 | PMC1794491 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:55:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 15; 10(6):R175 |
Introduction
Because of its role in blood-tissue exchanges, the microcirculation is a fundamental element of the vascular network [1,2]. It has been long to recognise. It was only recently recognised that numerous pathologic conditions like arteriosclerosis, arterial hypertension, or diabetes alter the microcirculation... | 17173680 | PMC1794492 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:04 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 15; 10(6):R176 |
Introduction
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is a serious pulmonary complication of mostly unknown etiology and pathogenesis, although injury to alveolar capillary endothelium and alveolar inflammation, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines, have been implicated [1,2]. The disease is seen after hematopoi... | 17184515 | PMC1794493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 21; 10(6):R177 |
Introduction
Trauma is the leading cause of mortality up to the fifth decade of life [1,2] and uncontrolled hemorrhage is responsible for approximately 40% of these fatalities [2-5]. Diffuse coagulopathy is one of the most challenging situations faced by physicians treating these patients and is associated with high mo... | 17184516 | PMC1794494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 21; 10(6):R178 |
Introduction
Mortality in the ward after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge is considered a quality parameter, and is commonly defined as a source of unexpected or avoidable mortality. Mortality has been reported to range from 6% to 27% [1] and can be related to factors occurring before or after the ICU stay. A worse ... | 17192174 | PMC1794495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Crit Care. 2006 Dec 27; 10(6):R179 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterised by the presence of autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens in combination with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Photosensitivity is one of its manifestations, affecting 30% to 50% of patients ... | 17014704 | PMC1794497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 2; 8(6):R156 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by synovial hyperplasia and invasion into cartilage and bone. Inadequate apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) could contribute to this process by increasing the accumulation of cells in the intimal lining [1]. As a result ... | 17014719 | PMC1794498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 2; 8(6):R157 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common debilitating disease of mammalian joints. The clinical prevalence of human OA has been estimated to affect 12.1% of the population aged 25 to 74 [1], whereas clinical OA affects up to 20% of the canine population at large [2]. Canine OA usually develops secondary to a... | 17032449 | PMC1794499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 10; 8(6):R158 |
Introduction
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process initiated by lipid reaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are generated during normal cellular metabolism or under oxidative stress stimuli (for example, cytokine and UV radiation). Polyunsaturated fatty acids of cellular membrane lipids are targets of ROS at... | 17042956 | PMC1794501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 16; 8(6):R159 |
Introduction
The analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) proteome can potentially provide important information about changes in protein expression and secretion during the course of pulmonary disorders. At the moment, more than 100 human proteins or protein isoforms have been identified in human BALF by us... | 17044913 | PMC1794502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 17; 8(6):R160 |
Introduction
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix protein in the affected skin, in addition to various internal organs. Currently, no effective therapies for SSc exist [1]. The tight-skin (TSK/+) mouse is a ... | 17049072 | PMC1794503 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 18; 8(6):R161 |
Introduction
A wide spectrum of organ non-specific autoantibodies can be detected in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [1]. Although the clinical significance of many of these autoantibodies remains unclear, anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies (Abs) are among the most SLE-specific au... | 17062137 | PMC1794505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 24; 8(6):R162 |
Introduction
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an important chronic inflammatory disease with an incidence range of between 0.5% and 1.0% [1,2]. Many genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to have some role in the development of AS [3]. However, the pathogenesis of AS is still unclear. Human leukocyte antig... | 17064404 | PMC1794506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 25; 8(6):R163 |
Introduction
The pathologic deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the joints of patients with familial chondrocalcinosis is associated with mutations in ANKH (for a review, see [1]). The ANKH gene is the human homologue of the gene responsible for progressive ankylosis in a naturally occurring mutan... | 17067391 | PMC1794507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 26; 8(6):R164 |
Introduction
Although the synovial lining has been described as a mesenchymal tissue because it lacks several epithelial properties, such as tight junctions and desmosomes [1], its function and morphology resemble that of epithelial tissues. Epithelial tissues cover or line body surfaces, forming the surface of the ski... | 17076892 | PMC1794508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Oct 31; 8(6):R165 |
Introduction
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine and is related to several inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). RA is a persistent inflammatory arthritis and is thought to be an autoimmune disease. Inflammation of the joints ... | 17078892 | PMC1794509 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 1; 8(6):R166 |
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, in which autoantibodies are part of the early disease manifestations. A pathogenic involvement of B cells is well documented in SLE and implicated in RA. Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody... | 17092341 | PMC1794511 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 8; 8(6):R167 |
Introduction
A large and diverse range of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been detected in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (reviewed in [1,2]). This diversity is not surprising, considering the heterogeneous mixture of activated cells found at the sites of inflammation of RA synovi... | 17101049 | PMC1794512 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 13; 8(6):R168 |
Introduction
Low-dose methotrexate (MTX) is the most widely used antirheumatic drug and it is the 'gold standard' against which other systemic medications are compared [1]. It has as its target the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is required for reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrolate. It is presumed that ce... | 17101059 | PMC1794513 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 13; 8(6):R169 |
Introduction
Synovial tissue from healthy individuals consists of a single layer of synovial cells without infiltration of inflammatory cells. In rheumatoid synovial tissue, lymphocytes and macrophages are recruited and activated, and these activated macrophages release high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. In... | 17101062 | PMC1794514 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 14; 8(6):R170 |
Introduction
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is an Mr 95-kDa, cell surface-bound, type II transmembrane glycoprotein and belongs to the family of serine prolyl oligopeptidases. Comparison of amino acid sequences indicates that FAP is essentially identical to seprase [1] and closely related to dipeptidylpeptidase IV... | 17105646 | PMC1794515 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 14; 8(6):R171 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic debilitating disease of the joints characterized by leukocyte infiltration, hyperproliferation of synovial cells, and bone destruction. Hyperproliferative synovial fibroblasts play a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA by the following mechanisms: They directly in... | 17105652 | PMC1794516 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 14; 8(6):R172 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, disabling condition for which there is no cure and few useful treatments. OA primarily affect the hips, knees and distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and is generally associated with a progressive loss of articular cartilage accompanied by sclerosis of the subchondr... | 17109745 | PMC1794517 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 16; 8(6):R173 |
Introduction
During the past decade, the armamentarium of effective antirheumatic drugs has increased considerably. Nevertheless, a definite remission-inducing drug has yet to be discovered, and the vast majority of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients are dependent on lifelong treatment in order to suppress joint damage... | 17121678 | PMC1794519 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 22; 8(6):R174 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent rheumatic disorders and is characterized by chronic inflammation of multiple joints. It affects synovium, articular cartilage, and articular bones, which lead to destruction of the joints. Although the pathogenesis of RA is not fully understood, autoim... | 17125526 | PMC1794520 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 27; 8(6):R175 |
Introduction
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of septic arthritis (SA) [1,2]. SA has shown no change in incidence in spite of advances in antimicrobial therapy and is responsible for residual functional impairment and for a high mortality rate among debilitated patients. Risk factors include older age, di... | 17129374 | PMC1794521 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 27; 8(6):R176 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) represents a major cause of disability, particularly among the aging population; indeed, it is the most common form of joint disease. OA is a multifactorial disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and subchondral plate thickening [1]. As the loss of articular cartilage is b... | 17129375 | PMC1794522 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 27; 8(6):R177 |
Introduction
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease of childhood and is characterized by chronic inflammation of one or more joints [1,2]. Inflammation in the joint is characterized by a selected accumulation in the synovium of activated T cells, which are clustered around antigen-pre... | 17129378 | PMC1794523 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 27; 8(6):R178 |
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease currently defined by clinical criteria [1], but knowledge is scarce on the pathogenetic pathways involved, and the variations in this respect between different patients [2]. Since the main inflammatory processes occur in the inflamed synovial tiss... | 17134501 | PMC1794525 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Nov 29; 8(6):R179 |
Introduction
Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) show high levels of circulating antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) and are prone to arterial and venous thrombosis, recurrent abortions, and/or foetal loss [1-3]. aPLs are heterogeneous antibodies binding to phospholipids, proteins, or phospholipid-protein comp... | 17150088 | PMC1794526 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 6; 8(6):R180 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability among the elderly population [1]. Despite its prevalence, we still do not fully understand the etiology, pathogenesis and progression of this disease [2,3]. OA progresses slowly and has a multifactorial origin. The disease is characterized by the degra... | 17156456 | PMC1794527 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 8; 8(6):R181 |
Introduction
The prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) varies with age, gender, and ethnicity, and the highest rates occur in young adult women, particularly of Afro-Caribbean origin, who are in peak childbearing years [1-4]. Nephritis complicates SLE in a significant minority of patients and is associated w... | 17163990 | PMC1794528 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 12; 8(6):R182 |
Introduction
Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Infectious complications occur in 25% to 45% of SLE patients in case series [1,2], and infection as cause of death has been reported in up to 50% of patients with SLE [3,4]. The increased infec... | 17166254 | PMC1794530 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 13; 8(6):R183 |
Introduction
It is thought that the development of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is related to an interaction between several genetic, immunological and environmental elements, and there is now convincing evidence to support this view [1].
Although the inheritance of psoriasis seems to be polygenic, previous studies have ... | 17166285 | PMC1794531 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:05 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 13; 8(6):R185 |
Introduction
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased mortality, largely attributable to cardiovascular disease [1], and there is increasing evidence from controlled clinical studies that patients with RA have more extensive extra-coronary atherosclerosis [2-5] and coronary calcification [6] than age- and... | 17169159 | PMC1794532 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 14; 8(6):R186 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common diseases among mammals, can be considered as part of the ageing process. Mechanical factors such as a history of joint trauma or a high body mass index are recognised risk factors for OA, as are certain endogenous factors like type II collagen mutations and aceta... | 17177994 | PMC1794533 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 19; 8(6):R187 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related degenerative musculoskeletal disease affecting both males and females and causing significant morbidity and immobility. OA is characterised by loss of articular cartilage, subchondral bone architectural changes, and altered joint biomechanical and biochemical propertie... | 17187661 | PMC1794534 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 22; 8(6):R188 |
Introduction
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by a breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage in the affected joints. The pathogenesis of OA involves multiple aetiologies, including mechanical, genetic and biochemical factors. However, the precise signalling pathways in the degradation of ar... | 17187682 | PMC1794535 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Arthritis Res Ther. 2006 Dec 23; 8(6):R189 |
Background
Myoepithelioma of the breast is a rare tumor. It usually presents as a palpable nodule, and a mammographic density without distinctive features. Most are benign, and only few malignant cases have been reported in the literature [1-4]. The patient age may range from 22 to 87 years. WHO Classification of Tumou... | 17250774 | PMC1794536 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | Cytojournal. 2007 Jan 25; 4:3 |
Findings
Retroviral insertions into the genome of a host can induce tumor formation by altering gene expression or function. Integration of a retrovirus near a gene can induce overexpression of the gene through the viral promoter or enhancer, while insertion of a retrovirus into a gene can cause both activation and ina... | 17442096 | PMC1794537 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Jan 25; 4:5 |
1. Background
Mindfulness may be characterized as paying attention to the moment-to-moment unfolding of internal experience such as physical sensation, emotion, craving, agitation, etc; while maintaining a mental posture of acceptance toward each experience as a passing phenomenon without acting on it, judging it, rumi... | 17254362 | PMC1794538 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Jan 25; 7:2 |
Background
Amongst elderly people bone fractures in relation to falls are a frequent phenomenon. These accidents are often associated with physical decline, negative impact on quality of life and reduced survival [1]. Fall risk has been related to a number of factors such as history of falls, muscle weakness, gait defi... | 17257414 | PMC1794539 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2007 Jan 26; 6:2 |
Background
Qualitative research methods are used increasingly to study the process of RCTs. Such studies have predominantly involved assessment of patient participants' experiences of consent, and their understanding of trial design and random allocation [1]. Research addressing these same issues for clinician particip... | 17257440 | PMC1794540 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Trials. 2007 Jan 27; 8:4 |
Background
Transposable elements, including endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), have profoundly affected eukaryotic genomes [1-3]. Similar to exogenous retroviruses, ERV insertions can disrupt gene expression by causing aberrant splicing, premature polyadenylation, and oncogene activation, resulting in pathogenesis [4-6]. ... | 17005047 | PMC1794541 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Sep 27; 7(9):R86 |
Rationale
Computational methods for protein function prediction have been critical in the post-genome era in the functional annotation of literally millions of novel sequences. The standard protocol for sequence functional annotation - transferring the annotation of a database hit to a sequence 'query' based on predict... | 16973001 | PMC1794543 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:06 | no | Genome Biol. 2006 Sep 14; 7(9):R83 |
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