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Finding
Virus infection is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children worldwide, and the most important viral agent is arguably respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [1]. Others viruses such as influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and human metap... | 17266760 | PMC1796861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2007 Jan 31; 2:3 |
Background
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) comprises an enormous public health burden, with an incidence and prevalence that are increasing alarmingly[2]. The two most common causes of ESRD are diabetic nephropathy and hypertension while ARVD is the most rapidly increasing cause. The prevalence of ARVD is 2% of those wi... | 17257413 | PMC1796862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:53 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2007 Jan 26; 8:4 |
Findings
Introduction
The geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) are a group of phytopathogenic viruses having circular, single-stranded (ss) DNA genomes packed within twinned quasi-icosahedral (geminate) particles. These viruses replicate in the nucleus and are transmitted by insect vectors. Vector specificity for trans... | 17239233 | PMC1796863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:16 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 19; 4:10 |
Background
Studies on viral diversity in geothermally heated aquatic environments, at temperatures above 80°C, resulted in isolation of about two dozens of double-stranded DNA viruses infecting members of the third domain of life, the Archaea [1]. The viruses have diverse unusual morphotypes, not encountered among dsDN... | 17241456 | PMC1796864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:16 | no | Virol J. 2007 Jan 22; 4:12 |
Background
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is an ailment characterized by medically unexplained fatigue, severe enough to produce a substantial decrease in activity plus infectious, rheumatological and neuro-psychiatric symptoms. Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is defined by medically unexplained symptoms of lightheadednes... | 17263876 | PMC1796865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Dyn Med. 2007 Jan 30; 6:2 |
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neuromuscular disorder affecting 1–2 in 100,000 persons. It is caused by the degeneration of motoneurons in brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle atrophy, progressive paralysis, and death, commonly by respiratory failure. Most cases of ALS are sporadic (SALS)... | 17244347 | PMC1796866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 23; 8:26 |
Background
Citrus fruits are the first fruit crop in international trade in terms of economic value (FAO, 2004). Citrus fruits are typically grown in 140 countries located in tropical and subtropical areas with "Mediterranean" type climates, often facing severe abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and iron chloro... | 17254327 | PMC1796867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 25; 8:31 |
Background
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing in many countries throughout the world and is associated with immediate and long-term medical, psychological and psychosocial complications [1] making it one of the most pressing public health problems of our time [2]. Key health and medical organizations in ... | 17263896 | PMC1796868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 31; 7:15 |
Background
Acute poisoning by agricultural pesticides is a well established public health problem across the developing world with an estimated 300,000 deaths globally every year [1]. Research over the past 10 years has shown that the great majority of deaths follow impulsive acts of self-harm where the ready availabil... | 17257415 | PMC1796869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 26; 7:13 |
Background
Intimate partner violence against women (IPV) has been identified as a major public health problem [1] with serious health consequences for women and children [2-5] and significant societal impact, including high financial costs [6]. In Canada, and consistent with rates in the United States, almost 1 in 10 w... | 17250771 | PMC1796870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 24; 7:12 |
Background
Despite frequent arguments that cannabis prohibition creates more problems than alternative policies, support for a taxed and regulated market has not reached a majority in the United States. Federal regulations on cannabis possession in America go back almost 70 years. Attitudes about these regulations have... | 17266759 | PMC1796871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Jan 31; 4:4 |
Background
Alcohol imagery is widely shown in a variety of visual media including children's animated films [1], music videos [2], reality television [3], televised sports [4] and advertising [5]. There is a growing evidence to suggest that the advertising of alcohol (especially aggressive advertising of beer) is assoc... | 17270053 | PMC1796872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Feb 1; 2:6 |
Background
The demographic structure has a significant influence on the use of healthcare services, as does the size of the population denominators [1]. However, the vast majority of the studies published on the issue concentrate on factors referring to permanent populations. In areas such as tourist resorts, where lar... | 17266744 | PMC1796873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:56 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 31; 7:13 |
Background
In patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) scheduled for aortic valve replacement (AVR), the operative risk as well as the late postoperative outcome increases with the onset of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction [1,2]. As the results of AVR in patients with severely reduced LV function and low TVG are ... | 17263898 | PMC1796874 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:22 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 31; 2:9 |
Background
The generation of cellular diversity in the developing vertebrate nervous system is one of the most complex problems in biology, and a large number of transcription factors have been identified that orchestrate neurodevelopment and regulate the molecular identity of neurons. Perhaps the best-studied systems ... | 17239249 | PMC1796875 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Neural Develop. 2007 Jan 19; 2:3 |
Background
The influence of growth factors, as well as transcription factors, on cell fate determination and differentiation is well established. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects neuronal cortical development by signaling through its cognate tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkB. Together they regulate many ce... | 17254333 | PMC1796876 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Neural Develop. 2007 Jan 25; 2:4 |
Background
Back pain is the most commonly reported physical symptom, after headache and tiredness [1]. It results in a great deal of disability and distress especially in industrialised countries. Attitudes and beliefs about its course and management play an important role: they impact on the severity and extent of dis... | 17266748 | PMC1796877 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 31; 8:10 |
Background
Non-organ specific autoantibodies (NOSA), particularly smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) and antinuclear (ANA) antibodies are highly prevalent in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection [1-7]. Anti-liver kidney microsomal type 1 (LKM1) antibody – the serological marker of type 2 autoimmune hepat... | 17274827 | PMC1796878 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:07 | no | J Autoimmune Dis. 2007 Feb 4; 4:2 |
Background
Cervical remodeling is a prerequisite for effacement and dilatation prior to labor and is characterized by an increase in vascular adhesion molecules, diapedesis and activation of neutrophils, T-cells, monocytes/macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, and increased concentrations of metalloproteinases [1-5].
... | 17257441 | PMC1796879 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 28; 5:3 |
Background
The ultimate goal of assisted procreation is the birth of a singleton liveborn infant. Growing concerns have been raised regarding the risks of multiple pregnancies which consist of approximately 30% of the deliveries after assisted reproductive technology (ART) [1]. The only way to achieve this goal is to m... | 17257401 | PMC1796880 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 26; 5:2 |
Background
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is one of the major berry crops grown in the United States [1]. North America, in fact, is the world's leading blueberry producer, accounting for nearly 90% of world production at the present time. Total area devoted to growing commercial blueberries in North America is appro... | 17263892 | PMC1796881 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jan 30; 7:5 |
Background
Potassium channels play fundamental roles in physiology by controlling the electrical activity of excitable cells [1]. The pore-forming subunit of K+ channels is formed by four identical or homologous domains symmetrically arranged around the pore axis. Each domain contains a transmembrane outer helix, a mem... | 17261195 | PMC1796882 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:04 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2007 Jan 29; 7:5 |
Background
Leg checking in manual medicine involves determining the relative "length" of the legs – more precisely, determining the relative position of the distal legs – in either a supine or prone patient, usually by careful observation of the location of the feet. Asymmetry in distal foot positions resulting from an... | 17241470 | PMC1796883 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:15 | no | Chiropr Osteopat. 2007 Jan 22; 15:3 |
Background
Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) for malaria is the administration of a therapeutic course of an anti-malarial to people who are at risk, regardless of their current infection status[1].
Trials in African locations of intermittent preventive treatment in infants (IPTi) against clinical malaria have y... | 17241476 | PMC1796884 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 22; 6:9 |
Background
The epidemiology of malaria in adults who live in malaria endemic areas is a neglected area of research. Malaria control strategies have focussed on children under the age of 5 years and pregnant women, as the majority of malaria-related sickness and death is seen in these two groups [1]. However, early stud... | 17233881 | PMC1796885 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 17; 6:3 |
Background
Although insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a proven effective intervention for reducing child morbidity and mortality, coverage is still low across sub-Saharan Africa [1,2]. There is a recognized need to scale-up coverage of ITNs and other proven effective interventions in order to reach the Millennium Dev... | 17274810 | PMC1796886 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 2; 6:14 |
Background
The superior colliculus has long been studied as a center for visual sensory and motor responses [1-3], and is involved in orienting attention [4-6] and multimodal processing [7-10]. The functions of the colliculus have been characterized principally in relation to vision and eye movements, whereas its role ... | 17266753 | PMC1796887 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Jan 31; 8:12 |
Background
The transcription factor complex AP-1 plays a central role in regulating gene transcription in several biological processes [1]. It is constituted of a great variety of dimers composed of members of the Fos, Jun, and ATF families of proteins. While the Fos proteins (c-Fos, FosB, Fra-1, Fra-2) can only hetero... | 17254320 | PMC1796888 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 25; 7:17 |
Background
Liarozole fumarate (R85246) is an imidazole derivative that inhibits several cytochrome P-450 enzymes, including 4-hydroxylase (which metabolizes retinoic acid) and aromatase, which converts androgens to estrogens in the human placenta, the ovaries and peripheral tissues [1-3]. Liarozole fumarate acts via at... | 17266767 | PMC1796889 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 31; 7:26 |
Background
Guidelines developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-income countries state that HIV-infected individuals should commence ART if they have WHO stage IV disease, stage III disease and a CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4) cell count of ≤350 cells/μL, or stage I or... | 17233896 | PMC1796890 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:52 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2007 Jan 18; 4:1 |
Background
The biochemical importance of dietary lipids to human physiology and nutrition is now firmly established and research continues to show potential health benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and in particular the omega-3 fatty acids both from fish and precursors of the same family found in many pla... | 17254329 | PMC1796891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:17 | no | Nutr J. 2007 Jan 25; 6:4 |
Background
In the human genome, there are over 550 genes coding for proteases with another 150 being protease inhibitors [1]. While the majority of protease genes belong to three different classes including serine, metallo- and cysteine proteases, a large portion (~25%) of human protease inhibitor genes belong solely t... | 17212813 | PMC1796892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:26 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 9; 8:2 |
Background
It is generally believed that muscular insufficiency and low back pain (LBP) are linked, even though the main direction of this link is unclear. Does insufficient muscular strength or control cause LBP or does LBP affect the muscles and their function?
There are other uncertainties. Although several authors... | 17254322 | PMC1796893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Med. 2007 Jan 25; 5:2 |
Background
Recent years have witnessed an increased prevalence of allergy and asthma among people in developed countries [1-4]. Although not of the same magnitude, similar increases in allergic diseases have also been observed in developing countries [5]. Search for novel treatments have significantly advanced in recen... | 17254346 | PMC1796894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:46 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2007 Jan 25; 5:1 |
Background
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy in the United States and is the fifth leading cause of death in women worldwide [1]. An estimated 25,000 women have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005, and 50% of these patients have died of the disease. Despite advances in the treatme... | 17274815 | PMC1796895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Feb 2; 6:11 |
Commentary
Biologically, methylation is executed by discrete enzymes (methyltransferases) which recognize DNA, RNA and proteins. Methylation of DNA, RNA or protein can regulate gene expression, RNA metabolism, and protein activity. Recently, protein methylation has stepped into the lime light due to the identification ... | 17274823 | PMC1796896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Feb 2; 4:9 |
Background
The anti-malarial drug chloroquine (CQ) and its hydroxyl analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have both been shown to inhibit the in vitro replication of HIV-1 and HIV-2 [1]. The cheap cost and wide-availability in resource restricted settings make them prime candidates as antiretroviral agents, most likely to ... | 17263871 | PMC1796897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Jan 30; 4:6 |
Review
Introduction
Although, the principles behind microarray technology were conceived almost 20 years ago and developed from Southern blotting, they did not gain wide spread attention for nearly a decade when researchers were first able to utilize high quality slides with precision robotics resulting in reproducible... | 17254338 | PMC1796898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Jan 25; 6:4 |
Findings
A recently completed randomized controlled trial of male circumcision (MC) for the prevention of HIV acquisition demonstrated that MC reduces the risk of HIV infection [1], confirming similar findings from many prior observational studies [2]. At the efficacy and cost of the procedure reported in the trial, MC... | 17254337 | PMC1796899 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:07 | no | Implement Sci. 2007 Jan 25; 2:2 |
Review
My review of this book by Dr. Thompson is written in the context of the reason I was drawn to this book and agreed to read the book and provide a review. I was drawn to the book based on its title because my research group was about to make a significant commitment to proteomic analyses of the cerebrospinal flui... | 0 | PMC1796900 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:52 | no | Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2007 Jan 26; 4:1 |
Background
Scientific workflows are becoming much more widely used to concisely describe the activities required to execute scientific experiments [1-4]. While workflows found in the business world typically represent a consistent, repeatable sequence of events that operates on homogeneous data and conducts simple comp... | 17263870 | PMC1796901 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 30; 8:31 |
Background
The identification of transcription factor binding sites and cis-regulatory modules is a crucial step in the study of gene regulation. Transcription factor binding sites often occur together in clusters as cis-regulatory modules and these modules can regulate the transcription of genes 100 kilobases (kb) or ... | 17241466 | PMC1796902 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 22; 8:19 |
Background
In bioinformatics and related scientific fields, such as statistical genomics and genetic epidemiology, an important task is the prediction of a categorical response variable (such as the disease status of a patient or the properties of a molecule) based on a large number of predictors. The aim of this resea... | 17254353 | PMC1796903 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 25; 8:25 |
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement, Box 1) has to a large extent harmonized standards for intellectual property rights, including patents. For many countries, the TRIPS standards were higher than their previous standards. For example, TRIPS obliges countries to a... | 17298163 | PMC1796904 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e2 |
Introduction
As much as untreated tuberculosis (TB) threatens the well being of an individual and society, defaulting from treatment may increase the risk of drug resistance, relapse, and death, and may prolong infectiousness [1–3]. In resource-constrained settings where the health care services are not well developed,... | 17298164 | PMC1796905 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:09 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e37 |
Introduction
Degenerative and traumatic diseases of the nervous system are characterized by loss of neurons and their connections. Effective treatments for these conditions are presently unavailable. In the field of experimental therapeutics two major approaches have been taken: prevention of cell death with compounds ... | 17298165 | PMC1796906 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:09 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e39 |
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been recognized as one of the conditions for which stem cell transplantation might first prove beneficial [1]. After SCI, loss of localized myelinating oligodendrocytes and grey matter neurons occurs, with glial scar formation and degeneration of both descending and ascending axons (Figure ... | 17298166 | PMC1796907 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e48 |
Introduction
Identifying individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) (considered to be persistence and multiplication of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli within macrophages but without clinical manifestation of disease [1]) and their subsequent chemoprophylaxis is an important measure in preventing t... | 17298167 | PMC1796908 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e55 |
Introduction
The ongoing spread of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus across Eurasia and Africa has led to over 200 confirmed infections in humans, more than half of whom have died [1]. In the event that an H5N1 strain gains the ability to spread efficiently from human to human, the lack of subtype-specific i... | 17298168 | PMC1796909 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e59 |
Introduction
von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an autosomal dominant neoplasia syndrome resulting from a germline mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor gene on the short arm of Chromosome 3 [1]. VHL has an approximate prevalence of one in 39,000 and over 90% penetrance by 65 years of age [2,3]. Germline mutations in th... | 17298169 | PMC1796910 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e60 |
Immunity Induced by Influenza Virus Neuraminidase
The influenza virus major surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the principal targets of the protective immune response. Licensed seasonal influenza virus vaccines are designed to elicit a protective immune response to the HA and NA protein... | 17298170 | PMC1796911 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 13; 4(2):e91 |
The increase in resistance of human pathogens to antimicrobial agents is one of the best-documented examples of evolution in action at the present time, and because it has direct life-and-death consequences, it provides the strongest rationale for teaching evolutionary biology as a rigorous science in high school biolo... | 17298172 | PMC1796926 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 13; 5(2):e30 |
With very little fanfare, American science will make a sizeable leap forward in the coming year—if Congress and the National Institutes of Health deliver on their promise for public access to medical research. As scientists—one of us a Nobel researcher in biomedical science and one of us a recently tenured faculty memb... | 17298181 | PMC1796937 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 13; 5(2):e48 |
Those of us who study alternative splicing like to think it is the driving force behind the rapid evolution of human nature. Of course, we could be wrong, but in complexity and capability of the human species without a corresponding increase in gene number? Humans have an estimated 20,000–25,000 protein-coding genes, c... | 17298182 | PMC1796941 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Feb 13; 5(2):e55 |
Introduction
Meat & bone meal (MBM) is a product from the rendering of the unmarketable animal tissue, primarily the bones and offal from slaughtered livestock, the carcasses of deadstock, and meat products that have exceeded their ‘sell-by’ dates [1]. Prior to the United Kingdom's outbreak of bovine spongiform encepha... | 17327909 | PMC1796944 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:05 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e245 |
Introduction
Coronary artery disease is affecting over 13 million people in the United States [1], [2]. Invasive conventional coronary angiography (Angio) is the gold standard for detection of this disease; however, it is invasive and carries a risk of 1.7% of relevant complications [3]. Noninvasive coronary angiograph... | 17327910 | PMC1796945 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:20 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e246 |
Background
Guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are a species-rich group of primates with a distribution throughout sub Saharan Africa. With their diverse morphology, ecology, behavior and social organizations, guenons have attracted considerable attention from both primatologists and evolutionary biologists [1,2]. In additi... | 17266768 | PMC1797000 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Biol. 2007 Jan 31; 5:5 |
Background
The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach describes the drug kinetics in terms of a realistic physiological model that accurately represents the individual tissue volumes, perfusion rates and tissue/blood partition coefficients. Because adipose tissue represents from 15 to 50% of body weight,... | 17239252 | PMC1797001 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Jan 20; 7:1 |
Background
Blood pressure has been shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk–increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) reflecting stiffening of the arterial walls and changes in vascular structure, and increased pulse pressure (PP) reflecting stiffening of conduit vessels [1,2]. Arterial stiffness may now be ... | 17266772 | PMC1797002 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Jan 31; 5:6 |
Background
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy affecting approximately one million of people around the world every year and represents the fifth most common cancer worldwide with an incidence equal to the death rate [1-3]. The incidence of HCC is low in the occidental world and high in Southeast Asia... | 17244360 | PMC1797003 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2007 Jan 23; 5:3 |
Background
'As such, if we continue to encourage them and work with them, I see traditional healers as partners in the development of vaccines and treatments for AIDS' Nguma 2005 p 3, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic, patients have consulted both biomedic... | 17257409 | PMC1797004 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:09 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Jan 26; 3:6 |
Background
The dose-response curve (ICR) relating the magnitude of the immune reaction to tumor growth is not linear, at least in the mouse (Figure 1). The fact that an immune reaction may, under some circumstances, act to enhance rather than inhibit neoplastic growth has been known for many years [1]. The first convin... | 17280618 | PMC1797005 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:21 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Feb 6; 4:6 |
1 Background
Principal component analysis (PCA) is a 100 year old mathematical technique credited to Karl Pearson [1] and its properties as well as the interpretation of components have been investigated extensively [2-9]. The technique has found application in many diverse fields such as ecology, economics, psychology... | 17229320 | PMC1797006 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Jan 17; 2:2 |
Background
Despite growing advances in medical technologies, global health status inequalities continue to persist [1-6]. Developing countries are faced with declining expenditures on health and social services, increasing burdens posed by both communicable and non-communicable diseases and economic systems that are no... | 17257421 | PMC1797007 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 26; 7:14 |
Background
Broader understanding of poverty
Extreme poverty coupled with environmental degradation continues to undermine and circumvent progress toward poverty reduction. The statistics have provided a sobering reality in regards to the current state of affairs in many parts of the world (see Table 1).
Table 1 Povert... | 17229324 | PMC1797008 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 17; 7:6 |
Background
Respiratory diseases have a distinct role in the health of miners, with important implications for morbidity and mortality [1,2]. Respiratory symptoms may be early manifestations of acquired respiratory diseases, and examining such symptoms among miners can be helpful during health surveillance of these dust... | 17270039 | PMC1797009 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:06 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 1; 7:17 |
Background
Population health datasets (PHDS) provide a valuable tool for epidemiological and health services research with the capacity to address health care, policy and planning issues[1,2]. PHDS include population-based collections of data relevant to health outcomes and health services that are available in unit-re... | 17261198 | PMC1797010 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 30; 7:12 |
Background
Ambulatory cataract surgery has increased rapidly, largely because of new surgical techniques and because increasing numbers of elderly patients and increased service and procedural costs have led to a change from inpatient to outpatient hospital admissions. In Italy, Day Surgery (DS) started in the early '8... | 17270040 | PMC1797011 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 1; 7:16 |
Background
Inducible gene regulation systems that utilize small, non-toxic effector molecules to control transgene expression in eukaryotic cells and organisms have become invaluable tools in many biological research areas, such as functional genomics and gene therapy. Among the currently used regulatory circuits, the ... | 17239234 | PMC1797012 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Jan 19; 7:6 |
Background
Fatal heroin overdose is a significant cause of mortality for injection drug users (IDUs) [1,2]. Half of all heroin drug users report at least one nonfatal overdose during their lifetime [3-5]. In New York City (NYC), an estimated 900 opiate users die from overdose each year, a figure that exceeds the number... | 17254345 | PMC1797013 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Jan 25; 4:3 |
Background
Assessment of health risks associated with exposure to moderately elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water (10–100 μg/l) has become the subject of considerable interest and some controversy in both regulatory and public health communities. The National Research Council (NRC) subcommittee on Arsenic in Dr... | 17274811 | PMC1797014 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Environ Health. 2007 Feb 2; 6:4 |
Background
Although there are years of data proving methadone as a highly effective treatment for opioid dependence, methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) continues to be a barrier to standard medical care. Even today, there is a general misconception that MMT patients make poor candidates for liver transplantation (LT) ... | 17270050 | PMC1797015 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Feb 1; 2:5 |
Background
Several reports suggests that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) are able to colonize the adult lung following injury. In mice subjected to total body irradiation, transplantation of a single donor marrow-derived stem cell was followed by engraftment and differentiation to non-hematopoietic tissues, including... | 17263874 | PMC1797016 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 30; 8(1):8 |
Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic health condition, affecting 5–10% of the U.S. population [1,2]. Disability from COPD is substantial, and will likely increase in the U.S. and worldwide [3,4]. Despite these trends, the current understanding of how disability develops in COPD is... | 17261190 | PMC1797017 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Jan 29; 8(1):7 |
Background
Last year, Emory University, Gilead Sciences, and Royalty Pharma announced a deal in which Emory sold its 20% royalty interest in the antiretrovirals Emtriva (emtricitabine, FTC) and Truvada (emtricitabine+tenofovir, FTC+TDF) to Gilead and Royalty Pharma for an up-front payment of $525 million [1]. The deal ... | 17270051 | PMC1797018 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:00 | no | Global Health. 2007 Feb 1; 3:1 |
Background
The laboratory mouse is a powerful model for studying the genetic determinants of human disease-related phenotypes. One way to study genetic modifiers of such phenotypes is to take advantage of genetic variations existing between mouse inbred strains to map chromosomal regions, or loci, that are associated w... | 17239255 | PMC1797019 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 21; 8:24 |
Background
Studies on gene expression rely heavily on DNA microarray technology [1]. In a typical microarray experiment, the two RNA samples to be compared are reverse transcribed in cDNA, labeled using two different fluorophores and then hybridized simultaneously to the glass slide to measure the relative gene express... | 17229315 | PMC1797020 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 17; 8:17 |
Background
The simple and often used biological model to unravel transcriptional regulation ascribes the change in gene expression levels, as observed between different cellular conditions, to changes in the activity of transcription factors (TFs). Change of the transcriptional activity of a TF is one of the means by w... | 17241460 | PMC1797021 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 22; 8:25 |
Introduction
Deleterious mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with high risks of breast and ovarian cancer [1]. However, there is evidence that these risks are modified by both genetic and environmental factors [1-4]. Breast cancer risk in the general population is closely related to reproductive histo... | 17187672 | PMC1797022 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 22; 8(6):R72 |
Introduction
In recent years, several relatively large studies have examined the association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and breast cancer. A meta-analysis of 14 studies (six prospective studies and eight case-control studies) [1] demonstrated a decrease of 20% in the risk for breast cancer am... | 17181859 | PMC1797023 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 20; 8(6):R71 |
Introduction
Pathogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is present in over 90% of the world's population [1,2] and is traditionally associated with relatively benign diseases. However, it is also found in neoplastic diseases, associated with highly aggressive tumor progression and poor patient survival. Endemic Burkitt lympho... | 17163997 | PMC1797024 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:54:54 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 12; 8(6):R70 |
Introduction
Tumor growth and metastasis are thought to be angiogenesis-related processes [1]. However, it has recently been reported that an angiogenesis-independent pathway, in which tumors can feed themselves without the use of classical blood vessels, exists in very aggressive tumors of the lung and breast, as well... | 17156488 | PMC1797025 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 11; 8(6):R69 |
Introduction
Breast cancer service screening programmes have been implemented on a regional basis in several Italian areas. Most screening programmes are participants in the national survey promoted by the Italian Group for Mammography Screening [1] and have collected performance data in accordance with the European gu... | 17147789 | PMC1797026 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 5; 8(6):R68 |
Introduction
Twin and family studies consistently indicate that the risk of breast cancer is influenced, in part, by hereditary factors, but high-risk mutations seem to account for only 1–2% of all breast cancer cases in the general population [1]. A polygenic model has been proposed to account for the residual familia... | 17132159 | PMC1797028 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 28; 8(6):R67 |
Introduction
The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) are among the most active drugs for treatment of breast cancer and are an important component of treatment in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic settings. These drugs act, at least in part, by stabilizing microtubules and inducing G2/M arrest, with subsequent a... | 17129383 | PMC1797029 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 27; 8(6):R66 |
Introduction
Despite declining mortality rates, breast cancer ranks second among cancer related deaths in women. In the USA alone, it is estimated that more than 200,000 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed yearly, with that about 40,000 patients will die from breast cancer [1]. Therefore, there is a need to de... | 17129372 | PMC1797030 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 27; 8(6):R65 |
Introduction
GATA3 (GATA-binding protein 3) belongs to a family of transcription factors (GATA1 to GATA6) that bind with high affinity to the consensus sequence (A/T)GATA(A/G) and share a steroid-hormone-receptor superfamily C4 zinc-finger DNA-binding motif [1]. GATA factors are classified into two subfamilies on the b... | 17078870 | PMC1797033 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1; 8(6):R64 |
Introduction
Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1, also known as EBP-50 or NHERF) is a candidate tumour suppressor gene in human breast cancer [1]. We reported loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the NHERF1 gene locus (17q25.1) in more than 50% of human breast tumours. Such loss is infrequent, however, in other tum... | 17078868 | PMC1797034 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1; 8(6):R63 |
Introduction
Tamoxifen, a partial estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist and the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer, provides a 40% to 50% decrease in the rate of relapse in this group of patients [1]. The precise mechanism of tamoxifen action is unknown; however, binding of tamoxifen... | 17196107 | PMC1797038 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:10 | no | Breast Cancer Res. 2006 Dec 29; 8(6):R73 |
Background
Mechanical circulatory support plays a critical role in the management of medically refractory post cardiotomy circulatory failure. Various circulatory assist devices like Intra aortic balloon pump (IABP), Ventricular assist devices (VAD) and Venoarterial Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) have be... | 17217529 | PMC1797039 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:22 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jan 11; 2:4 |
Background
The reproductive success of insects is determined not only by the number of eggs females lay but also by the survival and fecundity of their offspring. Therefore, oviposition preference of insects has been predicted to correlate with host suitability for offspring development (preference – performance hypoth... | 17284315 | PMC1797040 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Front Zool. 2007 Feb 6; 4:3 |
Background
Ca2+ is an essential second messenger in all eukaryotic cells in triggering physiological changes in response to external stimuli. Due to the activities of Ca2+-ATPases and Ca2+-channels on the cellular membrane, rapid and transient changes of its cytosolic concentrations are possible. In plant cells, a wide... | 17263873 | PMC1797041 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jan 30; 7:4 |
Biotechnology is now not only the field of professionals but also frequently shows up in newspapers and popular magazines for the general public with its advanced and diverse applications in fields such as food industry and healthcare that affect the daily life and future of human being. With the rapid expanding and ev... | 0 | PMC1797042 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:49 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2007 Jan 31; 6:5 |
Systems biology, a multidisciplinary field of research, is suddenly gaining new attention from scientists in both academia and industry. It involves the construction of quantitatively predictive models of biological systems with the aim of understanding, predicting and controlling physiological behaviour by integrating... | 0 | PMC1797043 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:49 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2007 Jan 30; 6:4 |
Background
The susceptibility of the naïve foal to infection in the neonatal period is greatly dependent on the adequacy of transfer and absorption of maternally-derived antibodies through the colostrum. Passively-transferred humoral immune protection, though, is limited and short-lived. When maternal antibodies are re... | 17254326 | PMC1797044 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2007 Jan 25; 5:1 |
Background
Elastofibromas are slowly growing benign tumors of soft tissue origin. In 99% of the cases, they are located in the inferior subscapular region between the scapula and the thoracic wall; they consist of fragmented and enlarged elastic fibres embedded in collagenous matrix that often occur bilaterally [1-4]. ... | 17280612 | PMC1797045 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 5; 5:15 |
Background
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that has an important global impact on human health. Significant disease sequelae can result from infection by N. gonorrhoeae, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which often results in sterility in women. This organism employs several cell surface... | 17257430 | PMC1797046 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 26; 7:7 |
Background
Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with many human health conditions [1]. It is the most common cause of invasive aspergillosis, an opportunistic infection whose incidence increases in immunocompromised patients [2]. Aspergillosis is also prevalent in animals, such as dogs and birds [3,4]. A. fumigatus is r... | 17244350 | PMC1797047 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 23; 7:5 |
Background
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world. A subset of "high-risk" HPV genotypes is unequivocally associated to cervical cancer, the second main cause of death for cancer in women worldwide [1,2]. Nowadays the impending commercialisation of the pr... | 17266749 | PMC1797048 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 31; 7:25 |
Background
Recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments are important tools for research, diagnostics [1] and therapy [2]. Further, the generation of monoclonal antibodies for proteome research, ideally against each human protein, is a massive challenge [3]. Here, phage display has evolved into a valuable method for t... | 17224052 | PMC1797049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Jan 15; 6:2 |
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