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Background
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a severe and often lethal infection. It mainly occurs in patients with malignancy who experience deep and prolonged neutropenia, but there are other established risk factors (e.g. high-dose long-term corticosteroid therapy or advanced forms of AIDS) [1]. Invasive pulmonary... | 17266747 | PMC1797050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:39 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 31; 7:2 |
Background
Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring, plant derived, non-steroid molecules that are structurally similar to 17beta-estradiol [1]. Of all the phytoestrogens, soy-derived isoflavones are the most abundant in rodent and human diets, and the most studied in animal and clinical research. Dietary soy isoflavones... | 17266774 | PMC1797051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:10 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Feb 1; 8:13 |
Background
Targeted gene repair is a process that corrects single base mutations in genes within the chromosome. Nucleotide alteration is directed by a short single-stranded oligonucleotide, which also serves as a template for the base exchange reaction. The mechanism of action continues to be unraveled but the general... | 17257432 | PMC1797052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 26; 8:7 |
Background
Recent landmark work has described the genetic landscape of the breast and colorectal cancer genomes by identifying the collection of somatically mutated genes (cancer somatic mutome) that contributes to the neoplastic process in these cancer types [1]. Most of these genes were not previously identified as l... | 17280605 | PMC1797053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Feb 5; 6:13 |
Background
Up to 40% of all elderly men may harbor prostate carcinomas, less than 20% develop symptomatic disease, which in about 3% becomes the cause of death. Great advances have been made in prostate cancer detection due to refined PSA-based assays, imaging and histopathology. In their wake, two questions have gaine... | 17280610 | PMC1797054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Feb 5; 6:14 |
Background
We consider undirected, unweighted biological networks that can be represented by a symmetric adjacency matrix A = [aij]. The adjacency aij between nodes i and j equals 1 if the nodes are connected and 0 otherwise. For notational convenience, we set the diagonal elements to 1. While the adjacency matrix cons... | 17250769 | PMC1797055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 24; 8:22 |
Editorial
In accordance with the 'close review' policy of CytoJournal, the peer-reviewers are not identified during the review process or in the published articles. CytoJournal periodically designates an 'academic editor' to some manuscripts for various reasons including specialized nature of topic to conflict of inter... | 0 | PMC1797056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:42 | no | Cytojournal. 2007 Jan 30; 4:4 |
Background
Cellulitis of the lower leg is an acute, painful and potentially serious infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It is very common and currently accounts for 2–3% of hospital admissions [1]. The average length of inpatient stay is 9 days (Hospital Episode Statistics, Department of Health, 2002–2003), ... | 17257411 | PMC1797057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Trials. 2007 Jan 26; 8:3 |
Background
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units characterized by the formation of comedones, erythrematous papules and pustules, less frequently by nodules or pseudocyts [1]. It is a pleomorphic disorder with multifactorial pathogenesis [2]. Acne has a significant economic and soci... | 17263887 | PMC1797156 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:42 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2007 Jan 30; 2:4 |
Review
Any cardiac disease may end in congestive heart failure (CHF), including coronary heart disease. Since mortality has been reduced in acute coronary syndromes, the latter will be the main condition resulting in CHF. This concept stimulated a systematic, quantitative study in 144 hearts with irreversible insuffici... | 17263890 | PMC1797157 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:50 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007 Jan 30; 5:5 |
Background
Fishes of the families Cichlidae and Labridae [1] (including scarids and odacids as subgroups) represent good probable examples of vertebrate adaptive radiations [2,3]. Although the two families inhabit different aquatic environments (freshwater cichlids vs marine labrids), both families have radiated into s... | 17263894 | PMC1797158 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:09 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Jan 30; 7:10 |
Open peer review
Reviewed by Matthiasvon Herrath, HaraldVon Boehmer, and Ciriaco Piccirillo (nominated by Ethan Shevach). For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section.
Background
The autoimmune nature of type 1 diabetes has led to a focus on cells of the immune system in the search for defects th... | 17254331 | PMC1797159 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Jan 25; 2:5 |
Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) account for a major burden of disease in many developing countries. In Brazil, an estimated 12 million people are infected with an STI per year [1]. Left untreated, STIs can result in pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, various cancers as well as adverse pregnancy... | 17270044 | PMC1797160 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 1; 7:18 |
Background
Poly-APS bioactivities and transfection
Polymeric 1,3-alkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS), have been isolated from water soluble extracts of the marine sponge Reniera sarai. The preparation contains a mixture of oligomeric and polymeric alkylpyridinium compounds but two primary polymeric compounds, one of 5.52 ... | 17274812 | PMC1797161 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:08 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 2; 7:1 |
Background
Concentrations of organochlorine compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, industrial chemical) and the insecticide DDT and its metabolites, have declined in the environment and foodstuffs in many parts of the world. Background in utero exposure to the environmental pollutants may, however, still b... | 17266775 | PMC1797162 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Environ Health. 2007 Feb 1; 6:2 |
Background
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a common and severe form of mental illness characterised by repeated relapses of mania or depression. Recurrence rates are high at around 50% at one year and 70% at four years [1,2]. Pharmacotherapy is the main treatment currently offered, but this has only limited effectiveness [3].... | 17274807 | PMC1797163 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:04 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 2; 7:6 |
Background
Directed cell motion is a common feature of many cells and micro-organisms; this movement can be induced by a number of factors including light (phototaxis), gravity (gravitotaxis) and various chemicals (chemotaxis). The last of these is the most pervasive natural form of taxis. The bacteria Escherichia coli... | 17227579 | PMC1797164 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Jan 16; 4:2 |
Background
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction [1]. A callus forms between the separated bone segments and as long as the traction proceeds, callus tissues are stretched inducing the new bone... | 17239254 | PMC1797165 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 20; 3:7 |
Background
Schwannomas are slow-growing benign tumors originating from the Schwann cells surrounding the peripheral, cranial or autonomic nerves. In head and neck region, schwannomas most commonly appear as acoustic neuroma (25–45%) [1]. These tumors are rarely diagnosed in the external auditory meatus [2,3].
Case pre... | 17224070 | PMC1797166 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 15; 3:6 |
Background
Measuring the impact of oral conditions on quality of life is an important part of assessing oral health. It is now recognised that there are serious limitations in solely using the clinical normative assessments for the measurement of oral health status and needs. Clinical measures do not consider the indiv... | 17257407 | PMC1797167 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:58 | no | BMC Oral Health. 2007 Jan 26; 7:2 |
1. Background
Courts typically rely on forensic pathologists to document injuries or skin conditions for the purpose of negotiating interpretation and legal significance. During these deliberations, newly raised hypotheses may require details not documented initially. Usually by the time a court trial opens, concerned ... | 17266746 | PMC1797168 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:05 | yes | BMC Med Imaging. 2007 Jan 31; 7:1 |
Background
Historical background
Heroin found its way onto the German illicit market around 1970 followed by a rapid increase in the number of heroin users and addicts. It is estimated that currently there are about 120,000 to 150,000 heroin users in Germany. Up to the mid 1980s, the national drug policy in Germany had... | 17270059 | PMC1797169 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Feb 2; 4:5 |
Background
Eye formation is one of the most popular models used to study the development and evolution of sensory systems [1]. Similarities exist between vision apparatus across species, leading to the two hypotheses of convergent evolution versus monophyletic origin [2]. This system is also widely used for induction s... | 17229313 | PMC1797170 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Neural Develop. 2007 Jan 17; 2:2 |
Background
Pyrethroid-treated bednets are the mainstay of malaria control programs in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. Pyrethroids are a class of fast acting and highly effective insecticides showing low mammalian toxicity levels. Currently no other insecticide class with similar efficacy and specificity is available for use on... | 17261191 | PMC1797171 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 29; 8:36 |
Background
Across Europe, restraint and seclusion are common interventions in psychiatric in-patient settings to deal with aggressive patient behaviour [1]. Since the 1990s there is a growing interest in the incidence of coercive measures in most European countries [2,3]. During the last years, there have been a few Eu... | 17274830 | PMC1797172 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007 Feb 4; 3:1 |
1. Background
Cancer accounts for nearly 25% of deaths in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease [1]. Major Depressive Disorder accounts for 4.4 percent of the overall global disease burden, a contribution similar to ischemic heart disease or diarrhoeal disease [2], and the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DA... | 17288583 | PMC1797173 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007 Feb 8; 3:2 |
Background
Since many decades, psychopathologists have pointed up that nonmelancholic and even melancholic depressions often entail anger [1]. However, until relatively recently, there were a scarcity of research findings related to this issue. This might partly be ascribed to the use of specific rating scales for depr... | 17288584 | PMC1797174 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 18:01:02 | no | Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007 Feb 8; 3:3 |
Background
Lateral ankle sprains are very common sports related ankle injuries. Recurrence rates of ankle sprains of 19% to 70% have been reported [1,2]. Nineteen to 72% of individuals who sustain a lateral ankle sprain have been reported to have residual symptoms and/or develop chronic ankle instability [2-4]. The dev... | 17233912 | PMC1797175 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jan 18; 8:6 |
Background
The pathologic status of the axillary lymph nodes remains the most important prognostic indicator for patients with breast cancer and a major determinant of adjuvant treatment. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has become a widely accepted evaluation and staging procedure for the axilla in patients with brea... | 17261174 | PMC1797176 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Jan 29; 5:10 |
Background
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common renal parenchymal malignancy and represents 3% – 6% of all adult malignancies [1]. Patients are generally older than 40 years at diagnosis and the disease occurs predominantly in the seventh decade of life [2]. Only 3 to 7% of all sporadic RCC patients have been ... | 17280613 | PMC1797177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 5; 5:16 |
Text
After the publication of this work[1], we became aware that the our description of the methods used to identify Shigella spp. did not describe the identification of a subset of Shigella spp. which were untypeable with commercial sera. Additional typing was conducted by Dr. Kaisar A. Talukder and coworkers (Laborat... | 0 | PMC1797178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:12 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 26; 7:1 |
Background
The practice of presumptive treatment of malaria has been widely advocated in sub-Saharan Africa as a means of increasing antimalarial coverage and reducing the risk of progression to severe disease and death. However, it is well known that such practice frequently results in the unnecessary use of antimalar... | 17239256 | PMC1797179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 21; 6:7 |
Background
In 2000, the African heads of states committed themselves to the 'Abuja targets' of increasing the number of children with malaria receiving timely and appropriate treatment to 60% [1]. Experimental studies on Home Management of Malaria (HMM) have reduced child mortality and morbidity [2,3]. HMM is now being... | 17257396 | PMC1797180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Jan 26; 6:11 |
Background
Worldwide, about 350 million persons have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and about 125 million have been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), putting viral hepatitis B and C amongst the world's greatest infectious disease health problems [1-3]. Many patients are not aware of their chronic disea... | 17280611 | PMC1797181 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb 5; 7:5 |
Background
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a promising candidate for industrial bioethanol production due to its robustness, inhibitor tolerance and high ethanol productivity [1,2]. Efficient fermentation of pentose sugars is necessary to attain economically feasible processes for ethanol production from lignocellulosic bi... | 17280608 | PMC1797182 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Feb 5; 6:5 |
Background
Growth of solid tumors depends on adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients. There are, however, marked differences in the vascular network in the different regions of the tumor. In the centre, there is typically a hypoxic milieu due to structural and functional vessel disturbances (perfusion- and diffusion-li... | 17263869 | PMC1797183 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 30; 7:23 |
Background
E2F-1 is the best characterized member of the E2F family of transcription factors, which is comprised of six members that have the ability to regulate the cell cycle. The E2F family regulates overlapping sets of target genes, and all contain related DNA binding and dimerization domains. All members of the fa... | 17263886 | PMC1797184 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 30; 7:24 |
Background
The objective of this study is to investigate socio-economic differentials in cancer survival in England and Wales using four indicators of socioeconomic status; three individual and one ecological. Previous studies have generally demonstrated poorer cancer survival with decreasing socioeconomic status but o... | 17254357 | PMC1797185 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Jan 25; 7:20 |
Background
All HIV-dependent expression vectors in common use are based on the HIV long terminal repeat promoter (LTR). An early HIV gene product, Tat, increases the level of transcript that is initiated at the LTR. The placement of reporter genes downstream of the LTR results in a responsiveness to the synthesis of Ta... | 17286866 | PMC1797186 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Feb 7; 4:12 |
Background
A distinguishing feature of retrovirus replication is the process of reverse transcription in which the RNA genome is converted to a DNA intermediate prior to integration into the host cell chromosome. Reverse transcription is carried out by a virally encoded enzyme, reverse transcriptase [1,2]. The initiati... | 17274824 | PMC1797187 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Feb 2; 4:10 |
Background
A major goal of molecular medicine is to replace or repair a dysfunctional gene in the context of its natural position in the chromosome. A number of avenues of investigation are being taken including those that utilize short oligonucleotides to direct the single base changes. Triplex-helix forming oligonucl... | 17284323 | PMC1797188 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:22:25 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 6; 8:9 |
Background
The three main categories of ovarian tumours are: surface epithelium-stromal tumours, sex-cord tumours and germ cell tumours (GCTs; benign and malignant). Malignant ovarian (OGCTs) have a median age at onset of 18 years and represent approximately 3% of all ovarian cancers in Western countries [1]. The follo... | 17274819 | PMC1797189 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:48 | no | Mol Cancer. 2007 Feb 2; 6:12 |
Background
Genotype information generated by individual and international efforts carries the promise of revolutionizing disease studies and the association of phenotypes with alleles and haplotypes. Given the enormous amounts of public genotype data, tools for analyzing, interpreting and visualizing these data sets ar... | 17270038 | PMC1797190 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 1; 8:36 |
Background
During the last decade microarrays have become the technology of choice for dissecting the genes responsible for a phenotype. By monitoring the activity of virtually all the genes from a sample in a single experiment they offer a unique perspective for explaining the global genetic picture of a variant, whet... | 17270037 | PMC1797191 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 1; 8:35 |
Background
Cyanine-5 (Cy5) and cyanine-3 (Cy3) are popular dyes in use for microarray experiments. The destructive effect of ozone on the Cy5 dye, in particular, has been discussed [1,2], and a mechanism for the effect reported (see for example the poster Garner J, Howerton K, Schwalm J and Getts R "Development of a Pr... | 17254358 | PMC1797192 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 25; 8:26 |
Background
The U. N. definition of refugee: "owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of th... | 17190589 | PMC1797193 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:38 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006 Dec 26; 6:31 |
Background
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in human (both male and female) physiology such as skeletal muscle development, bone density, fertility and sex drive [1,2]. The α and β estrogen receptors (ERs), likewise, have fundamental impact on the sex hormone-mediated physiological milieu. Conversely, ov... | 17261169 | PMC1797194 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:49 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2007 Jan 29; 7:3 |
Background
Developing a policy relevant understanding of the global carbon cycle requires a high degree of interdisciplinarity. Therefore, research published in Carbon Balance and Management involves cutting across disciplines and consulting with specialists in various fields. This editorial is to support an interdisci... | 0 | PMC1797196 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:40 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2007 Jan 22; 2:1 |
Background
Comparative embryology of various animal groups has suggested the idea of a conserved stage in embryogenesis. In 1828, Karl von Baer was the first to describe revolutionary laws for animal development [1], inferring that the later the stage of embryogenesis of related organisms, the less they resemble each o... | 17222327 | PMC1797197 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Biol. 2007 Jan 12; 5:1 |
Introduction
Neisseria meningitidis is a human pathogen and a leading cause world-wide of fatal sepsis and meningitis, usually in otherwise healthy individuals [1]. The main reservoir of meningococcal carriage is the human nasopharynx, where occasionally this asymptomatic colonization is followed by invasive disease. ... | 17311106 | PMC1797199 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:20 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e241 |
Introduction
Post-transcriptional control of gene expression at the level of translation has emerged as an important cellular function in normal development [1] and aberrations in this process leads to diseases including cancer [2], [3]. Translation rates in vertebrates are modulated by a wide variety of extracellular ... | 17311107 | PMC1797416 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:20 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e242 |
Introduction
Neuroblastoma, like most human cancers, is characterized by genomic instability, manifested at the chromosomal level as allelic gain, loss, or rearrangement. These aberrations frequently are associated with a particular disease phenotype, such as widespread metastasis or early relapse, and are therefore cl... | 17327916 | PMC1797488 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:20 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e255 |
Introduction
The mitotic spindle is a MT super-structure which mediates chromosome separation during cell division. One key event during spindle assembly is the accumulation of MTs around chromatin. While centrosomes are considered to be the main source of MT production in mitotic spindle assembly, the mechanism of MT ... | 17330139 | PMC1797610 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:21 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e244 |
Introduction
Peripheral visual stimuli appear to fade into the background with steady fixation [1], [2]. This ‘Troxler fading’ could be due to fatigue in the mechanisms for detecting the stimuli, or to an active ‘filling-in’ process, mediated by lateral connections [3]. A particularly dramatic kind of Troxler fading is... | 17327917 | PMC1797615 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:21 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e256 |
Introduction
Ecology is currently undergoing a revolution in terms of our ability to collect large sets of data with unprecedented precision on the position of individuals in the landscape (e.g. plus-minus several meters using current GPS technology [1]) at regularly spaced intervals of time. This revolution is leading... | 17299587 | PMC1797616 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:21 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e207 |
Introduction
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite belonging to the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa, which includes a large number of human and animal parasites responsible for diseases such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, coccidiosis, and cryptosporidiosis. As for all other members of the phylum, host cell ... | 17305424 | PMC1797617 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e14 |
Intracellular parasitism defines the most intimate of interactions between a pathogen and host. Inherent in this equation are the needs of the pathogen to enter the cell and establish a replication-permissive niche while neutralizing and subverting cellular defenses. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is particul... | 17305425 | PMC1797618 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:11:38 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e16 |
Introduction
Membrane fusion processes are tightly regulated—spatially and temporally—by specific control proteins in both viral and cellular fusion systems [1–4]. Many enveloped viruses use only a single protein to mediate the fusion of their membrane with a cellular membrane during virus entry [3,4], which makes them... | 17305426 | PMC1797619 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:38:15 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e20 |
Introduction
Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous mechanisms to evade host cell defenses and promote infection. One strategy common to many pathogens is the manipulation of host cell processes by bacterial effector proteins that are directly delivered into host cells by specialized secretion systems [1]. Although ... | 17305427 | PMC1797620 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:01 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e21 |
Introduction
The mechanisms by which viruses escape immune detection and establish persistent infections are extremely diverse. Over the past years, much has been learned about various ways in which viruses manipulate the innate and the adaptive immune system to their advantage. However, establishing a persistent infec... | 17305428 | PMC1797621 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e23 |
Introduction
The arrival of the Genome Sequence 20™ DNA Sequencing System (GS20, Roche/454 Life Sciences) and associated ‘Sequencing-by-Synthesis’ protocol has enabled pyrosequencing of up to 25 million nucleotides in a single four-hour reaction [1]. The method employs single molecule amplification prior to sequencing ... | 17299583 | PMC1797623 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:21 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 14; 2(2):e197 |
Background
IAV infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, causing ~40,000 deaths per year in the United States [1]. Recent episodes of transmission of avian IAV infection to humans underscore the ongoing potential for pandemic caused by IAV [2]. Innate immune mechanisms provide important protection agains... | 17280604 | PMC1797806 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Feb 5; 8(1):9 |
Background
The application of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy to the surgical staging of the axilla during breast cancer surgery has become a universally accepted standard of practice [1]. Despite widespread use of this technology, very little emphasis appears to be placed on defining the adequacy of intra... | 17291336 | PMC1797807 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 9; 5:18 |
Background
Treatment evaluation and guidelines relies mainly on published clinical trials. Unfortunately clinicians face an everyday clinical practice that can differ in terms of efficacy and prediction of outcome. This leaded to criticize the clinical trial method [1,2]. The difference is mainly due to the fact that i... | 17286859 | PMC1797808 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Feb 7; 6:5 |
Background
Dengue is an arthropod-borne viral disease of major public health importance worldwide. Currently, the dengue pandemic affects more than 100 countries, including nations in Africa, the Americas, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Western Pacific [1]. The World Health ... | 17263893 | PMC1797809 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:11 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 30; 7:9 |
In a paper recently published in this Journal, the question was raised whether a fungus considered for biological pest control (Beauvaria bassiana) could elicit allergic reactions due to cross-reactive IgE antibodies induced by allergens from known allergenic fungi [1]. Based on homology in the amino acid sequence, fou... | 17291349 | PMC1797810 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:45 | no | Clin Mol Allergy. 2007 Feb 9; 5:2 |
Background
High-throughput methods in molecular biology have challenged existing data analysis methods and stimulated the development of new methods. A key example is the gene expression microarray and its use as a screening tool for detecting genes that are differentially expressed (DE) between different biological st... | 17257426 | PMC1797811 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 26; 8:28 |
Background
In the last few years, natural language processing (NLP) has become a rapidly-expanding field within bioinformatics, as the literature keeps growing exponentially [1] beyond the ability of human researchers to keep track of, at least without computer assistance. NLP methods have been used successfully to ext... | 17254351 | PMC1797812 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 25; 8:24 |
Background
Thermal injury is among the most severe forms of trauma and its effects are both local and systemic. Response to thermal injury includes cellular protection mechanisms, inflammation, hypermetabolism, prolonged catabolism, organ dysfunction and immuno-suppression [1]. Changes in energy expenditure following b... | 17214898 | PMC1797813 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 10; 8:10 |
Introduction
Hybrid sterility is important because it prevents genes from being exchanged between species that interbreed and hence maintains species integrity. It is widely accepted that hybrid sterility can be caused by incompatibility between genes from different species. Dobzhansky [1] and Muller [2] described how ... | 17305429 | PMC1797814 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e21 |
Introduction
N. meningitidis (the meningococcus) colonizes the nonciliated columnar mucosal cells of the human nasopharynx as a harmless commensal organism and, as such, is carried by five to ten percent of the adult population [1,2]. Some strains are able to cross the mucosa into the bloodstream from where they can c... | 17305430 | PMC1797815 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e23 |
Introduction
Aging is characterized by widespread degenerative changes in tissue morphology and function that result in a progressive diminishment of the ability to reproduce and survive. An experimental approach that has led to important insights into causes of these degenerative changes is the identification of facto... | 17305431 | PMC1797816 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:32 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e25 |
Introduction
DNA methylation is essential for mammalian development [1,2], playing an important role in maintaining transcriptional silencing of genes on the inactive X chromosome, imprinted genes, and parasitic elements [3,4]. In mammals, DNA methylation occurs predominantly on cytosines in the context of the 5′-CpG-3... | 17305432 | PMC1797817 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:58 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e27 |
Introduction
Phenotypic plasticity and buffering are concepts describing the phenotypic outcome of genotype-environment interactions. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in different environments [1]. It has been the subject of increasing interest as it is involved i... | 17305433 | PMC1797818 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e30 |
Introduction
Many partial protein interaction maps for several eukaryotic species have now been published [1–9], and several studies have tried to analyse the structure and evolution of such networks on a topological level [10–16]. The massive data produced by sequencing efforts has allowed for comparison of different ... | 17305419 | PMC1797819 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:04 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e25 |
Introduction
The BRCA1 gene encodes a large multifunction protein involved in cell-cycle and centrosome control, transcriptional regulation, and in the DNA damage response [1–3]. Inherited mutations in this gene have been associated with an increased lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer (6–8 times that of the gen... | 17305420 | PMC1797820 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e26 |
Introduction
Although the clinical course of HIV infection is generally well-defined, there is considerable variability among patients in rates of disease progression. The highly variable asymptomatic phase, ranging from several months to more than 20 years, most likely reflects differences in the nature of the evoluti... | 17305421 | PMC1797821 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:04 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e29 |
Introduction
Temporal constraints pose a major challenge to models of object recognition in cortex. When two images are simultaneously flashed to the left and right of fixation, human subjects can make reliable saccades to the side where there is a target animal in as little as 120–130 ms [1]. If we allow 20–30 ms for ... | 17305422 | PMC1797822 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:04 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e31 |
Introduction
A somitogenesis clock, linked to the vertebrate segmentation process, has been uncovered in mouse, chick, and zebrafish [1]. Genes involved show oscillatory expression in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and are mostly related to the Notch pathway in all three species. In zebrafish PSM, oscillatory genes incl... | 17305423 | PMC1797823 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:04 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e32 |
Introduction
Major cities are hotter than their surroundings for many reasons, including the greater radiation from surfaces, the greater emission of heat, the thermal mass of buildings, the reduced evapotranspiration from soil, and the unusual pattern of convection [1]. Urban heat islands—increased temperatures within... | 17327918 | PMC1797824 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:21 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e258 |
Introduction
Trypanosomes of different species undergo cycles of development of varying complexity within the tsetse fly, transforming from bloodstream forms to procyclic non-mammalian infective forms in the fly midgut. To complete their life-cycle Trypanosoma brucei brucei and the causative organisms of human African ... | 17318257 | PMC1797825 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:21 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 21; 2(2):e239 |
The use of mobile telephones has increased rapidly in recent years. The emission of low-level radiofrequency electromagnetic fields leading to the absorption of radiation by the brain in users of handheld mobile phones has raised concerns regarding potential effects on health (Rothman 2000). However, the studies examin... | 17366811 | PMC1797826 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 15; 115(1):1-4 |
Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is ubiquitous in the urban environment, representing a heterogeneous mix of solid and liquid particles generated by many different sources. Several recent multicity time-series studies have demonstrated associations between daily mortality and fine PM [i.e., particles < 2.5 μm in a... | 17366813 | PMC1797827 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 29; 115(1):13-19 |
The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have, in general, decreased in both humans and wildlife (Bignert et al. 1998; Norén and Meironyte 2000; Norstrom et al. 1988; Schade and Heinzow 1998). However, their high chemical stability, persistence, pronounced lipophilicity, and tendency to bioaccumulate, as ... | 17366814 | PMC1797828 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 22; 115(1):20-27 |
Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant generated from petroleum products and from combustion of organic matter, including cigarette smoking. Air concentrations of benzene are typically < 0.01 ppm in ambient environments but can exceed 10 ppm in industrial settings where benzene-containing products are used [... | 17366815 | PMC1797829 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 25; 115(1):28-34 |
Lead poisoning is a complex disorder affecting many organs in the body, including developing red blood cells, the kidneys, and the nervous system. Young children are most susceptible to the toxic effects of lead. Major concerns are the cognitive and neurobehavioral deficits resulting from lead exposure levels that were... | 17366816 | PMC1797830 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 15; 115(1):35-41 |
High levels of maternal fish consumption during pregnancy have been associated with longer gestation (Borod et al. 1999; Olsen and Secher 1990, 2002; Olsen et al. 1989, 1991, 1992, 2000; Reddy et al. 1994), increased birth weight (Borod et al. 1999; Grandjean et al. 2001; Olsen and Secher 1990, 2002; Olsen et al. 1992,... | 17366817 | PMC1797831 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 25; 115(1):42-47 |
The prevalence and morbidity of asthma and other allergic diseases have increased dramatically during the last 30 years, particularly in industrial countries (Burr et al. 2006). The onset of asthma most commonly occurs in early childhood (Yunginger et al. 1992). Asthma is more common in males during infancy, childhood,... | 17366818 | PMC1797832 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 3; 115(1):48-52 |
Cohort studies in the United States and Europe have shown associations between long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and increased mortality, particularly for cardiopulmonary and ischemic heart disease–related deaths (Dockery et al. 1993; Hoek et al. 2002; Pope et al. 2002, 2004). Several of these cohort stud... | 17366819 | PMC1797833 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 11; 115(1):53-57 |
Enteric illness associated with microbial contamination of water and food is a global issue (Payment et al. 1997; World Health Organization 2006). Unsustainable population growth, increased loading of pollutants and pathogens into source water, and associated contamination of water and perishable food are some of the m... | 17366820 | PMC1797834 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 14; 115(1):58-64 |
The household use of some of the organophosphate (OP) insecticides has been restricted in recent years after findings of neurodevelopmental toxicity and unpredicted environmental persistence [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2000, 2002]. In spite of these constraints, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN) eac... | 17366821 | PMC1797835 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 11; 115(1):65-70 |
Recent reports have suggested that women of reproductive age in the United States may have a higher exposure to flame retardants, particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) (Petreas et al. 2003; Schecter et al. 2003; She et al. 2002), than their counterparts in European countries (Guvenius et al. 2003; Sjödin ... | 17366822 | PMC1797836 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 19; 115(1):71-74 |
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and one of the most costly diseases in developed countries. During 1980–2002 the number of people with physician-diagnosed diabetes in the United States increased more than 2-fold, from 5.8 million to 13.3 million. An estimated 5.2 million cases remain undiagnosed. In 2002... | 17366823 | PMC1797837 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 18; 115(1):75-79 |
Epidemiologic studies and animal experimentation have revealed that alterations in the nutritional status of a developing fetus may predispose individuals to hypertension and coronary heart disease that become apparent in adulthood (Sallout and Walker 2003). Epidemiologic studies also suggest that the intrauterine horm... | 17366824 | PMC1797838 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 29; 115(1):80-86 |
Asbestos fibers, a group of naturally occurring silicate minerals, are well-established human carcinogens. They are causally related to the development of asbestosis, bronchial carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum, and possibly cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and larynx (Gustavsson et al... | 17366825 | PMC1797839 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 6; 115(1):87-92 |
Recent evidence points to important contributions of exposure to environmental neurotoxicant chemicals in the marked increase in neurodevelopmental disorders, including learning disabilities, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders (Szpir 2006). Despite the increasing recognition of ... | 17366826 | PMC1797840 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 6; 115(1):93-101 |
Since 2003, > 51 countries have confirmed the presence of type-H5 avian influenza in animals. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) > 220 million poultry have been culled since the end of 2003 to control the spread of the virus (FAO 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed 41 human deaths... | 17366827 | PMC1797841 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 11; 115(1):102-106 |
Case Presentation
From May to September 2001, two women and three men working in an industrial waste treatment plant in Ulsan, Korea, developed acute hepatitis.
To more efficiently treat a larger quantity of waste, in May 2000 the plant introduced a new process solidifying liquid wastes through thermochemical reaction... | 17366828 | PMC1797842 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 18; 115(1):107-112 |
Case Presentation
In March 2002, a 27-year-old man presented with sudden loss of central vision in the right eye. Visual loss in the left eye followed within 18 days. At the time of onset, the patient was a very light occasional drinker and a moderate smoker (15 cigarettes/day for 5 years; unfortunately, cotinine and t... | 17366829 | PMC1797843 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 19; 115(1):113-115 |
Effects of hormonally active environmental agents on early child development have been of concern, as knowledge has become available about their biological activity and about widespread exposure. For agents that are short-lived in the body (i.e., rapidly metabolized and/or eliminated), assessment of exposure biomarkers... | 17366830 | PMC1797844 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 19; 115(1):116-121 |
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