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Manganese is a naturally occurring element that constitutes approximately 0.1% of the earth’s crust, and low levels of Mn in water, food, and air are ubiquitous. In certain geologic regions, long contact times between ground water and bedrock enriched in Mn can lead to locally high levels in the water [U.S. Environment... | 17366831 | PMC1797845 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 3; 115(1):122-127 |
The adverse effects of environmental chemicals on neurologic development and function have been of interest for several decades. Previous research has focused on effects of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (Schantz et al. 2003; Seegal 1996), metals such as lead (Banks et al. 1997; Counter et al. 1998; Dietr... | 17366832 | PMC1797846 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 6; 115(1):128-133 |
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is an embryonal malignancy of the kidney. It is one of the most common abdominal malignancies of childhood. In the United States, approximately 500 children < 20 years of age are diagnosed with Wilms tumor each year. The incidence of Wilms has remained relatively unchanged over the 21 years... | 17366833 | PMC1797847 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 7; 115(1):134-137 |
Introduction
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric cancer in the United States (American Cancer Society 2005; Linet et al. 1999; Sandler and Ross 1997). Established risk factors such as ionizing radiation and prenatal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) do not explain most ... | 17366836 | PMC1797848 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 30; 115(1):151-157 |
Disease clusters continue to concern the public, and public sentiment that environmental causes are responsible and must be investigated is widely prevalent. More than a decade ago, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognized the need to develop operating procedures for response to public concern ab... | 17366838 | PMC1797849 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan 30; 115(1):165-171 |
For more than three decades, the NIEHS has been one of the recognized leaders in the world in the study of endocrine disruptors, substances that mimic or alter hormonal effects in the body. In the 1970s, NIEHS scientists pioneered research on reproductive toxicity and discovered the hormonal toxicity of diethylstilbest... | 0 | PMC1797850 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A13 |
We would like to offer a different opinion on the ideas presented in the article by Keshava and Caldwell (2006). The authors indicated that their article summarized scientific literature published since an earlier U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE), with an emphasis on... | 17366801 | PMC1797851 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A14-A15 |
We appreciate the opportunity to discuss the issues raised by Klaunig et al. in their letter.
First, we reiterate that, given the mini-monograph’s scope (Chiu et al. 2006), our article (Keshava and Caldwell 2006) was intended not to
comprehensively review the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
(PPARα)... | 0 | PMC1797852 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A15-A16 |
In an article published in the March 2006 issue of Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) Soffritti et al. (2006) of the European Ramazzini Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences (ERF) reported that aspartame was associated with an increase in lymphomas and leukemias, transitional cell carcinomas of the ren... | 17366802 | PMC1797853 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A16-A17 |
Shocked that chemical offshoots of his company’s products were winding up in polar bears and seals, the CEO of 3M put an end to the existing version of Scotchgard® in 2000. Business observers were struck by how quickly this multinational corporation removed a flagship commodity worth hundreds of millions of dollars fro... | 17366804 | PMC1797854 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A20 |
Given the well-documented toxicity of lead, it is important to understand how to identify and avoid exposure. NIOSH and the New York State Department of Health are two entities that have posted lead-related information on the Internet in an effort to educate the public and clinicians about this health threat.
As part ... | 0 | PMC1797855 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A23 |
A major goal of the 2006 NIEHS Strategic Plan encompasses the institute’s desire to “recruit and train the next generation of environmental health scientists.” To begin to achieve that goal, the NIEHS has unveiled a new annual grants program called the Outstanding New Environmental Scientist (ONES) Award. The five-year... | 17366806 | PMC1797856 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A24-A26 |
Just like individual people, various mouse strains come in different sizes and colors, and with different predispositions to disease. Since more than 99% of human genes can be matched to analogous mouse genes that have similar functions, scientists often study mouse models to better understand human disease. It’s alrea... | 17366807 | PMC1797857 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A26-A27 |
Heilmann C, Grandjean P, Weihe P, Nielsen F, Budtz-Jørgensen E. 2006. Reduced antibody responses to vaccinations in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. PLoS Med 3(8):e311.
Although children are known to display varied antibody responses to vaccination, little is known about the causes of these variations. O... | 0 | PMC1797858 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A27 |
Many agricultural growers use pesticides to protect crops and ensure satisfactory yields. Although the United States has some of the strictest laws governing pesticide applications and re-entry into fields after application, a number of studies have demonstrated that farmworkers are still being exposed to pesticides in... | 17366808 | PMC1797859 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A28 |
Lead toxicity is not a problem of the past, nor is it the exclusive domain of children. In fact, lead continues today to pose a serious threat to the health of many U.S. adults.
It’s true that in the United States, environmental lead levels are much lower than before the toxic metal was removed from gasoline, food can... | 17366809 | PMC1797860 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A30-A36 |
Mention hydrogen fuel cells, and most people envision hydrogen-powered cars as an alternative to the gas-guzzling and polluting internal combustion engine. In fact, many much smaller applications also could benefit from this nonpolluting technology. However, despite the billions of dollars being poured into the researc... | 17366810 | PMC1797861 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A38-A41 |
The Superfund Basic Research Program (SBRP) is pleased to announce that Ms. Alicia R. Timme-Laragy of Duke University is the recipient of the ninth annual Karen Wetterhahn Memorial Award. The award was presented to Ms. Timme-Laragy on 12 December 2006 at the SBRP Annual Meeting in San Diego, California.
The SBRP prese... | 0 | PMC1797862 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A45 |
CAM at Minority or Health Disparities Research Centers (R21)
The purposes of this initiative are to: 1) stimulate high-quality, preliminary studies of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) at institutions committed to minority health research or health disparities research, as evidenced by having received a gran... | 0 | PMC1797863 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A46-A47 |
With publication of this issue, I have reached a long-planned retirement from the NIEHS and Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP). The mission of EHP is to serve as a forum for the discussion of the interrelationships between the environment and human health by publishing in a balanced and objective manner the best p... | 0 | PMC1797864 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A12a |
With this issue, Kenneth S. Korach becomes interim editor-in-chief of EHP. Korach is director of the Environmental Diseases and Medicine Program, chief of the Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, and chief of the Receptor Biology Section at the NIEHS. He received his PhD in endocrinology from the Me... | 0 | PMC1797865 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A12b |
As communicated in his letter, Abegaz represents Ajinomoto Corporate Services LLC. Ajinomoto, which holds 45% of the market share for worldwide aspartame production (Ajinomoto 2006), is well known for its aggressive and effective defense of its commercial interests. The action by Abegaz to reproduce portions of the opi... | 0 | PMC1797866 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A17a |
As Safi et al. (2006) discussed,
environmental contamination does not stop at international boundaries. An excellent example of
a collaborative effort to address regional environmental exposures is that of the public
health communities in Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority to assess and limit lead
exposure o... | 17366803 | PMC1797867 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:40:51 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A17b |
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) new rule to protect human research
subjects has generated scientific, ethical, and legal controversy (Burton 2006). Addressing pesticide studies submitted by third
parties to the U.S. EPA for possible use in regulatory decisions, the rule also authorized an
independent H... | 17370367 | PMC1797868 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:40:52 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A17c-A18 |
In the summer of 2005, wildfires raged over 3.4 million hectares of Alaska and Canada’s northern boreal forests, according to combined figures from the Canadian Large Fire Database and the Alaska Large Fires Database. It was the region’s second worst fire season on record. The worst was the year before, when 5.7 millio... | 17366805 | PMC1797869 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A21a |
Hazardous Hookahs
Trendy waterpipe cafes have sprung up across the Middle East and are starting to appear in the United States, especially in college towns. According to Georgetown University researcher Christopher Loffredo, patrons of these spots often think the practice of smoking a waterpipe, or hookah, is less harm... | 0 | PMC1797870 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A21b-A23 |
The quantity of fly ash—a waste product from coal smoke—is growing along with the steady global increase in coal use. According to Obada Kayali, a civil engineer at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) Australian Defence Force Academy, only 9% of the 600 million tons of fly ash produced worldwide in 2000 was recycl... | 0 | PMC1797871 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A22a |
The WHO estimates that trachoma has blinded approximately 8 million people worldwide and threatens the vision of 84 million more, primarily in developing countries. Now a report in the 27 September 2006 issue of JAMA claims that treatment with azithromycin, a cornerstone in the WHO’s strategy to eliminate trachoma, may... | 0 | PMC1797872 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:57 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A22b |
As the WHO has begun warning of the potential for an avian flu pandemic, governments worldwide have been stockpiling Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate). Tamiflu minimizes flu symptoms and duration by preventing the virus from escaping the cells it infects. It also reduces the likelihood of spreading the virus. Now British... | 0 | PMC1797873 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A42a |
Growing evidence links heart attacks with short-term exposures to vehicle exhaust from nearby streets. Now some of the first evidence that long-term exposures also are a culprit has been published by a team of Massachusetts researchers [EHP 115:53–57; Tonne et al.]. Cardiovascular disease, of which heart attacks are on... | 0 | PMC1797874 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A42b |
Pregnant women often receive confusing information about whether or not they should consume fish and fish oils. Protein and unsaturated fatty acids in fish confer health benefits. Yet numerous studies have suggested that fish consumption is a major source of mercury exposure, and scientists have raised concerns that me... | 0 | PMC1797875 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A43a |
Urinary biomarkers are useful measures of environmental agents in the body. However, little is known about levels of such biomarkers in children and how they may vary by race, age, body mass index, and sex. A three-city pilot study reported this month used urinary biomarkers to better characterize a number of exposures... | 0 | PMC1797876 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A43b |
By Gary Ginsberg and Brian Toal
New York:Berkeley Publishing Group, 2006. 384 pp. ISBN: 0-425-21194-0, $15
What’s Toxic, What’s Not is a great book and one that fills an unmet need for accurate information presented in a nontechnical fashion. This book is written for the general public. The goal is to present informa... | 0 | PMC1797877 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:56 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A54a |
Air Pollution XIV
J.W.S. Longhurst, ed.
Billerica, MA:WITpress, 2006. 824 pp. ISBN: 1-84564-165-5, $423
Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats
Lubomir Simeonov, Elisabeta Chirila, eds.
New York:Springer, 2006. 514 pp. ISBN: 1-4020-5096-8, $219
Chernobyl—What Have We Learned?
Yasuo O... | 0 | PMC1797878 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 00:19:55 | no | Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Jan; 115(1):A54b |
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type (SC) is the etiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a severe, highly contagious respiratory disease of cattle and buffalo. The disease is endemic on the African continent while, in other parts of the world where severe epidemics occurred in th... | 16919417 | PMC1798306 | CC BY | 2021-08-13 01:23:50 | no | Genomics. 2006 Nov; 88(5):633-641 |
Background
In the last two decades, developing country governments have implemented a variety of reforms in the health sector on the understanding that these reforms would create the right individual and organisational incentives for improving health systems performance. However, reform initiatives have not always cons... | 17270042 | PMC1800303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:16 | no | Hum Resour Health. 2007 Feb 1; 5:3 |
Background
Clinically evidence of splenic metastasis is very rare and the metastasis of the spleen is mostly diagnosed at the terminal phase of the disease or at the time of autopsy. However in last decades with the development of imaging techniques such as ultrasound (US) and computerized tomography (CT) the diagnosti... | 17274814 | PMC1800304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 2; 5:13 |
Background
The use of a fluorescent calcium indicator is a familiar technique for detecting dynamical changes in intracellular calcium levels [1-8]. However, introduction of the indicator into the cytosol inevitably perturbs the time-course of free cytosolic calcium by acting as a buffer, thus altering the quantity to ... | 17284310 | PMC1800305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:21 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Feb 6; 4:7 |
You probably never tried to put toothpaste back into the tube, but if you did, you’d have a good idea of what the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage ϕ29 experiences as it crams its DNA into a protein capsid shell following replication. Scientists have speculated that this bacteria-infecting “phage” accomplishes this energ... | 20076665 | PMC1800306 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:00 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 20; 5(3):e91 |
Introduction
As part of its viral infection cycle, the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage ϕ29 packages its double-stranded DNA genome into a preformed capsid shell, or prohead, by means of a powerful molecular motor [1,2]. The DNA-packaging motor is situated at a unique 5-fold vertex of the prohead and is a complex assemb... | 17311473 | PMC1800307 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:37 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 20; 5(3):e59 |
Introduction
In the past decade, cognitive science has spawned some powerful computational models for both the large-scale and detailed structure of many fundamental phenomena, including categorization and recognition. These models have enjoyed considerable success, particularly in accounting for recognition of simple ... | 17311472 | PMC1800308 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 20; 5(3):e56 |
Introduction
Large-scale conformational transitions driven by a distant chemical event, such as ligand binding, is the hallmark of many allosteric systems [1]. Although allostery is historically defined for multisubunit systems [2,3], many of which have a considerable degree of symmetry [4], it is increasingly recogniz... | 17305418 | PMC1800309 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:04 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 3(2):e23 |
To restore skeleton function in the field of orthopaedic and oral-maxillofacial surgery, bone tissue regeneration remains an important challenge. Spinal fusion, augmentation of fracture healing, and reconstruction of bone defects resulting from trauma, tumour, infections, biochemical disorders, or abnormal skeletal dev... | 17311467 | PMC1800310 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 20; 4(2):e9 |
Introduction
Bias in clinical research can be described as systematic error that can result in false treatment effect estimates [1]. Bias may cause a investigators to misinterpret the result of any research finding. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are widely recognized as being the best design for avoiding and/or m... | 17311468 | PMC1800311 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 20; 4(2):e61 |
Introduction
Making the rules of health-care resource allocation transparent is a challenge for all governments. The Oregon Health Plan in the late 1980s was one such attempt to prioritise expenditure of limited Medicaid funds, based on public values [1]. For decision makers, asking the general public and health profes... | 17311469 | PMC1800312 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 20; 4(2):e94 |
Introduction
Interest in the functional linkage between the auditory and motor systems has increased in the last few years. Auditory-motor integration has been investigated in musical performance and training, and in connection with every-day action-related sounds [1], [2]. For instance, silent tapping of a violin conc... | 17327919 | PMC1800344 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e259 |
Introduction
Non-neoplastic “host” cells, such as endothelial, stromal and inflammatory cells, play a critical role in tumor growth; and genes prognostic for cancer outcome may be expressed in the non-neoplastic tissue compartment [1]. While tumor angiogenesis has been intensely studied for more than two decades and ha... | 17327920 | PMC1800345 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e260 |
Introduction
While several lines of evidence indicate that declarative (“what”, explicit) memory undergoes maturation, it is commonly assumed that procedural (“how-to”, implicit) memory, in children, is similar or even superior to that of adults [1]–[4]. The latter notion has been invoked in relation to ‘critical’, ear... | 17327907 | PMC1800346 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e240 |
Introduction
Spatio-temporal interpolation is one of those integrative components underlying our visual experience so perfectly that one would hardly ever think that there is a problem at all. When a car is parked behind a picket fence one can see only a number of narrow stripes of it through the slits. However, when t... | 17327923 | PMC1800347 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e264 |
Introduction
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive type of lung cancer and has a uniformly poor prognosis. Metastases develop quickly, primarily to bone marrow and brain, and are usually present at the time of diagnosis. In untreated patients, median survival is two months from the onset of symptoms [1].... | 17327908 | PMC1800348 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e243 |
Introduction
Heterozygous mutations in the PAFAH1B1 (LIS1) gene in humans causes a reduction in the number of cortical gyri (lissencephaly) [1]. Homozygous mutations in the REELIN (RELN) gene also result in lissencephaly, with additional cerebellar hypoplasia [2]. Reelin, a secreted glycoprotein controlling neuronal po... | 17330141 | PMC1800349 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e252 |
Introduction
Figure 1a shows an example of the Hermann grid illusion [1]. It consists of a grid of mid-gray lines on a black background. At the intersections of the lines illusory dark gray smudges are seen. The strength of the illusion is often measured using the cancellation technique, according to which a white dis... | 17327924 | PMC1800350 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:22 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 28; 2(2):e265 |
Background
Cultured neuronal networks can be used as models for the study of the cellular and network properties that underlie learning, memory, and information processing [1-5]. Cultures of dissociated neurons and glia on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) are a very attractive model system for studying both structural and... | 17067395 | PMC1800351 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:24:59 | no | J Negat Results Biomed. 2006 Oct 26; 5:16 |
Background
A variety of isolated and perfused kidney models has been used for the study of renal functional parameters [1-6]. If the kidneys are perfused normothermically with autologous blood, they exhibit unique possibilities for pharmacology and toxicology studies and for the improvement of the graft function after ... | 17261183 | PMC1800586 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Occup Med Toxicol. 2007 Jan 29; 2:1 |
Background
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly those transcribed from genomic regions spanning introns of spliced genes, have been proposed as a fundamental advance in the genetic operating system of higher organisms by influencing the genomic program of differentiation and development in individuals and species [1,... | 17263875 | PMC1800835 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Biol. 2007 Jan 30; 5:4 |
Background
Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma first described by Moritz Kaposi in 1872 as "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcomas of the skin" [1] is an angioproliferative, tumour-like lesion usually developing in the skin [2], and eventually disseminating to multiple cutaneous sites, viscera and lymph nodes. Previously... | 17270056 | PMC1800836 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:13 | no | Infect Agent Cancer. 2007 Feb 2; 2:4 |
Background
In spite of advances in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis, the hospital mortality rate remains high [1,2]. The major determinants of death are multiple organ failure (MOF), the extent of necrotic pancreatic parenchyma and the presence of bacterial infection [3]. Recent clinical experience has indica... | 17227591 | PMC1800837 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2007 Jan 17; 2:2 |
Background
The question about the origin of introns is fundamental for an understanding of the evolution of the genome. Historically, there have been two opposite camps that try to explain the origin of introns (see [1-4]). The 'introns early' school stated that introns arose in ancient genes and were subsequently lost... | 17288589 | PMC1800838 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:50:45 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Feb 8; 2:7 |
Background
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of inherited defects of dental enamel formation that show both clinical and genetic heterogeneity [1]. In its mildest form, AI causes discoloration, while in the most severe presentation the enamel is hypocalcified causing it to be abraded from the teeth shortly after ... | 17266769 | PMC1800839 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Jan 31; 3:8 |
Background
Prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing in Europe as well as in other developed countries [1]. This is a major concern as it has harmful physical, psychological, behavioral, social and economic consequences. Overweight and obesity are results of a disturbed energy balance in which energy intake is high... | 17266745 | PMC1800840 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:09 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Jan 31; 7:16 |
Background
The total number of drug users in Pakistan remains unknown. The National Survey on Drug Abuse in Pakistan in 1993 estimated 2.7 million users of narcotics and psychotropic substances in a total population of 125 million. Heroin, the most prevalent drug of abuse was used by 1.52 million. In this survey inject... | 17291354 | PMC1800841 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Feb 10; 4:7 |
Background
To obtain valid results from microarray experiments, many factors affecting microarray technology must be recognized and controlled [1-3]. Microarray analysis of gene expression depends on the relative binding (hybridization) of cyanine dye-labeled cDNAs or cRNAs to DNA probes covalently attached to microsco... | 17295919 | PMC1800842 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 12; 7:8 |
Background
Health professionals are now more aware of the challenges they face when providing health care to a culturally and racially diverse population [1]. Despite concern about ethnic disparities of access to culturally appropriate mental health care, and calls for cultural competency training to be mandatory, ther... | 17266765 | PMC1800843 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Jan 31; 7:15 |
Background
Teamwork is essential in the provision of healthcare. The division of labor among medical, nursing and allied health practitioners means that no single professional can deliver a complete episode of healthcare [1]. Yet there is little formal training in teamwork skill development in undergraduate or postgrad... | 17284324 | PMC1800844 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 7; 7:17 |
Background
Neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) undergo multiple painful procedures during their hospitalizations. The most prevalent of these procedures is blood sampling either by heel lancing or venipuncture. Infants born prematurely experience an average of 134 painful procedures within the fi... | 17288611 | PMC1800845 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Feb 8; 7:7 |
Background
Chronic low back pain (pain of at least three months duration [1] [references]) is a significant health problem and a major cause of work absence and disability in industrialised countries. In Australia about 1 in 10 people have chronic low back pain at any one time[2].
Clinical guidelines and textbooks typ... | 17288586 | PMC1800846 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 8; 8:11 |
Background
The etiology for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has not been fully elucidated and the current treatment strategies for CP/CPPS are not universally accepted [1]. Chronic infection, inflammation, neuropathy, pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, autoimmune disease and neurobehavioral dis... | 17284322 | PMC1800847 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | Chin Med. 2007 Feb 6; 2:1 |
Background
The incidence of obesity in adults as well as children is on an increase globally. Once considered a problem of developed countries, this global epidemic also affects developing countries. Coupled to this epidemic are obesity-related complications such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, depression, and Type-... | 17274828 | PMC1800848 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:02 | no | Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Feb 4; 6:4 |
Background
IL-2 therapy leads to dose-dependent, sustained CD4 cell count increases in most HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1,2]. Early increases in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets occurs, but only the CD4+ T cell population maintains higher numbers over the long-term [3,4]. The mecha... | 17263884 | PMC1800849 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:09 | no | J Transl Med. 2007 Jan 30; 5:9 |
Background
While the RNA transcriptome was once considered to be a faithful intermediate between genome and proteome, a greater appreciation of its scope and function has developed over the past several years. In particular, much recent attention has focused on small (<100 nucleotide) RNA species which significantly im... | 17270048 | PMC1800850 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 1; 8:39 |
Background
The evolutionary origin of parasitism throughout the tree of life remains a central issue in evolutionary biology and has attracted intense theoretical and empirical laboratory-based attention. In this respect the Platyhelminthes ('flatworms') have received great attention from evolutionary biologists as a m... | 17270057 | PMC1800851 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:09 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 2; 7:11 |
Introduction
Trophoblast is an embryonic tissue which exerts a crucial role during implantation and placentation. Both processes can only take place through a significant change in the uterine wall in response to different modulatory molecules, among which steroid and peptide hormones, as well as local factors includin... | 17288592 | PMC1800852 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:12 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Feb 8; 5:6 |
Background
The body of evidence implicating immune cells as regulators of luteal function is expanding. Macrophages and T lymphocytes are found in the corpus luteum (CL) of a number of species [1-9], as is messenger RNA and protein of several T cell-derived cytokines [5-10]. T cell cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-... | 17266770 | PMC1800853 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2007 Jan 31; 5:5 |
Background
During the past decade, there has been increasing recognition that microorganisms can actively respond to the host's neurophysiological hormonal output through the utilization of neuroendocrine hormones as environmental cues to initiate growth and pathogenic processes [1,2]. The study of such microbial-neuro... | 17263883 | PMC1800854 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 30; 7:8 |
Background
The small RNA-binding protein Hfq was first identified in Escherichia coli as a required factor for replication of phage Qβ RNA [1]. In E. coli, Hfq is a global regulator that modulates the stability, translation and polyadenylation of numerous mRNAs (for review, see [2]). It is proposed that Hfq acts as a R... | 17291347 | PMC1800855 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2007 Feb 9; 7:10 |
Background
Mammographic density has been shown to be independently associated with breast cancer risk [1]. Although a link between mammographic density and circulating estrogen levels was only reported in one out of four reports [2-5], postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) appears to increase breast density ... | 17295924 | PMC1800856 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 12; 7:30 |
1 Background
Associative learning and adaptation can be regarded as one of the most fundamental behavioural functions in both humans and animals. The processing of external and internal sensations is an important prerequisite for learning. Feeling the painful heat while viewing and touching a hot plate helps an organis... | 17284307 | PMC1800857 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Feb 6; 8:14 |
Background
Gastroparesis is a condition characterized by evidence of gastric retention in the absence of any mechanical obstruction. Symptoms usually include nausea, vomiting, post prandial fullness, and abdominal pain [1]. Diabetes Mellitus is the commonest cause of gastroparesis, other etiologies include idiopathic, ... | 17266755 | PMC1800858 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 31; 7:3 |
Background
It is estimated that in 7–25% of patients who undergo endoscopy for suspected upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, no source of bleeding is identified [1]. Malignant causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding account for 1–4% of cases. Tumours of the small intestine are uncommon, comprising 0.35% of all malign... | 17266757 | PMC1800859 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan 31; 7:4 |
Background
Urinary incontinence is one of the most devastating and feared complications of radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Incontinence following RRP has been reported to occur in 2.5–87% of patients [1]. The wide range is the result of a variety of factors including different definitions of incontinence and me... | 17280607 | PMC1800860 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Urol. 2007 Feb 5; 7:2 |
Background
The octamer motif (ATGCAAAT) and its reverse complement [1] are important cis-regulatory elements found in transcriptional control regions of ubiquitously expressed genes, such as histone H2B and small nuclear RNAs (U1, U2, and U6), as well as cell-type specific genes, such as the immunoglobulin (IG) heavy a... | 17266766 | PMC1800861 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Jan 31; 8:8 |
Background
Traditionally, meta-analysis models combine summary measures of a single quantitative endpoint, taken from different studies, to produce a single pooled result. However, multiple pooled results are required whenever there are multiple outcomes [1] or multiple treatment groups [2]. A multivariate meta-analysi... | 17222330 | PMC1800862 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Jan 12; 7:3 |
Background
The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased considerably in Western industrialized nations over the last 25 years. In the USA, the expenditure is approximately $30 billion per annum, surpassing current out-of-pocket expenditures for conventional treatments by primary care physicians... | 17291355 | PMC1800863 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Feb 11; 7:7 |
Background
The XIXth Jacques Cartier Symposium was held to discuss recent advances on new viral pathogens that are rapidly expanding such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) causing AIDS, the hepatitis C virus (HCV), causing chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and influenza virus causing flu. These ... | 17270043 | PMC1800864 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Feb 1; 4:8 |
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD [MIM 104300]) is a common, genetically influenced disorder with a prevalence rate of 5–10%. A majority of AD cases manifest as the sporadic late onset form (LOAD [MIM 606626]), typically with onset above the age of 65 years. Clinically, the disease is characterized by subtle memory lo... | 17266761 | PMC1800865 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:41 | no | BMC Genet. 2007 Jan 31; 8:3 |
Background
Knowledge about the capability to bind metal ions is important when investigating the function of an experimentally uncharacterized protein. Unfortunately, the identification of bound metal ions can be quite difficult experimentally, especially when attempted at the whole proteome scale. Some results in this... | 17280606 | PMC1800866 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 5; 8:39 |
Background
Systems biology is a framework integrating diverse disciplines such as molecular biology and genetics with mathematical modelling and simulation, where computational models assume an increasingly important role in recent years. Simulations are an essential element for quantitative understanding because the h... | 17224043 | PMC1800867 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 15; 8:12 |
Background
Knowledge of intracellular metabolic fluxes is crucial to understand how different pathways interact and their relative importance within the overall metabolic processes. Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is an established methodology that allows the quantification of such intracellular fluxes. In MFA, intracell... | 17261182 | PMC1800868 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 29; 8:30 |
Background
Quantitating the changes in cell cycle timing before and after drug treatment is useful for effective drug discovery research. Knowledge of the cell cycle progression, e.g., interphase, prophase, metaphase, and anaphase, is important to improving our understanding of the effects of various drugs on cancer ce... | 17263881 | PMC1800869 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:40 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Jan 30; 8:32 |
Background
High-throughput genomic technologies are revolutionizing biology and medicine and provide new challenges in the way we analyse and interpret these large amounts of data. To this end it is necessary to integrate the acquired knowledge into a flexible data structure and the Gene Ontology (GO) Consortium has pr... | 17284313 | PMC1800870 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 6; 8:41 |
Background
The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) [1] is a widely used algorithm in the bioinformatics field. There are variants of BLAST programs besides the conventional NCBI BLAST [1], such as WU-BLAST [2] and PSI-BLAST [3]. Various solutions exist for high-efficiency BLAST searches: examples include mpiBLAST... | 17291345 | PMC1800871 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 9; 8:53 |
Background
The diversity of computational tools needed in genomics presents many challenges [1]. The most sophisticated algorithms and methods might as well not exist if the programs implementing them are not accessible to the biologist. Biologists need to understand the tasks with which they are faced, find software t... | 17291351 | PMC1800872 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:37 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 9; 8:54 |
Background
Recapitulating pathways of tumor progression by tracing specific molecular lesions is necessary for understanding the disease and for developing novel drug targets and therapies. The idea of utilizing DNA methylation profiles to recapitulate tumor progression is even more enticing in that these epigenetic ma... | 17270052 | PMC1800873 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:39 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 1; 8:38 |
Background
Epidemiological studies have found associations between elevation in levels of fine particulate matter air pollution (PM) and risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly [1-4]. Moreover, short-term elevations in PM2.5 have been associated with triggering the onset of myocardial infarction a... | 17270049 | PMC1800891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Environ Health. 2007 Feb 1; 6:3 |
Background
The Donkey Sanctuary is a registered charity which aims to prevent the suffering of donkeys worldwide through the provision of professional advice, training and support on donkey welfare. The majority of the estimated 59 million donkeys worldwide are found in developing countries and are mostly used as draug... | 17274808 | PMC1800892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Vet Res. 2007 Feb 2; 3:1 |
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major health problem affecting millions of people worldwide [1]. The only TB vaccine currently available is Mycobacterium bovis BCG. However, the efficacy of BCG still remains controversial, especially against pulmonary TB in young adults, and development of a better vaccine... | 17250766 | PMC1800893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:09 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Jan 24; 5:2 |
Background
Channel catfish production is now the leading aquaculture species in the U.S., with 600 millions pounds processed annually [1]. Consequently, selective breeding of catfish broodstock is ongoing in order to improve the genetic potential of the species for commercial production. To support selective breeding r... | 17284319 | PMC1800894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 6; 8:40 |
Background
The mouse Pdcd2 gene has been mapped to mouse chromosome (Chr) 17, tail-to-tail to the gene for TATA-binding protein (Tbp), which makes it a candidate for the mouse Hst1 gene [1,2]. The distance between the stop codons of Tbp and Pdcd2 is 4.8 kb. The arrangement of these two genes is also conserved in human ... | 17233890 | PMC1800895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:12 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Jan 18; 8:20 |
Background
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an umbrella designation that unifies a diverse group of clinical presentations on the basis of histopathologic and immunologic criteria. The malignancy is a clonal proliferation of epidermotropic T cells [1-3], that uniformly carry a common T cell receptor (TCR) and also d... | 17291350 | PMC1800896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2007 Feb 9; 5:2 |
Background
Seventeen β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17β-HSDs) are crucial enzymes involved in the formation of active sex steroids by the transformation of a keto into a hydroxyl-group at position 17. The best known 17β-HSD is type 3 17β-HSD (17β-HSD3) that is expressed in the testis where it transforms androstenedio... | 17280614 | PMC1800897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:27 | no | BMC Biochem. 2007 Feb 5; 8:2 |
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