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Introduction
The formation of gametes is a key step in the lifecycle of any sexually reproducing organism. In flowering plants, the egg and sperm cells develop within haploid gametophytes (Figure 1). The female gametophyte of Arabidopsis originates from a single haploid spore (Figure 1A) through three nuclear division ... | 17326723 | PMC1804285 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 27; 5(3):e47 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of death around the world, with
most of the 1.5 million deaths per year attributable to the
disease occurring in developing countries [1].
One of the most important and common
complaints of tuberculous patients which also affects the immune
status is weight loss. Antim... | 17497033 | PMC1804295 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Jan 4; 2007:64859 |
1. INTRODUCTION
The molecular cloning of novel NK receptors (NKRs) was reported
[1–3], and it was subsequently shown that the receptors transmit negative signals [4, 5]. In human, NKRs can be divided into 3 classes: immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors,
including killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and leukocyte
Ig-like... | 17497034 | PMC1804296 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Dec 27; 2007:65179 |
1. INTRODUCTION
The etiology of psoriasis is unknown, but genetic, metabolic, and
immunologic mechanisms have been proposed [1]. It is known that psoriasis can occur due to abnormalities in essential fatty acid metabolism, lymphokine release, free radical generation, and lipid peroxidation.
Alterations in plasma lipid ... | 17497039 | PMC1804297 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Dec 27; 2007:78454 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) was defined as localized or diffuse dilation of ≥ 1.5 times
normal adjacent segments of vessels [1]. It is estimated that
50% coronary artery ectasia is related to atherosclerosis,
whereas 20%–30% of cases may be due to congenital anomalies
[2–4], and CAE was found in the r... | 17497040 | PMC1804298 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Dec 27; 2007:89649 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Ozonized sunflower oil (OSO) for oral application is a
registered drug that is obtained from the reaction between ozone
and sunflower oil under appropriate conditions according to a
process developed in our center.
OSO has shown antimicrobial effects against virus, bacteria, and
fungi [1]. In addition,... | 17497036 | PMC1804299 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Jan 18; 2007:65873 |
1. INTRODUCTION
Periapical inflammatory lesions are a frequent
pathology and, in most cases, a consequence of dental caries. This
type of lesion develops as an immune
reaction triggered by the presence of bacteria in the root canal
and bacterial toxins in the periapical region
[1].
After microbial invasion of periapic... | 17497030 | PMC1804300 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:33:49 | no | Mediators Inflamm. 2007 Dec 27; 2007:38210 |
Manuscript retracted by first author with apologies for erroneous submission as it was quite similar to another article published by another author in a workshop proceedings. The author mentioned that it was a non voluntary mistake and requested immediate erasal of the paper. The author has also informed that the co-au... | 29874300 | PMC1804336 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 19:38:20 | no | Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2007 Feb 14; 7(1):50R |
Introduction
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a histologic (pathologic) diagnosis that encompasses numerous specific clinical entities with potential varied etiologies. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a specific clinical phenomenon that may vary histologically from minimal change nephrotic sy... | 17186280 | PMC1805045 | CC BY | 2021-01-06 05:09:04 | no | Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Apr 1; 22(4):496-502 |
Introduction
Neurocognitive difficulties have long been observed in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population [1]. While identification and treatment of specific comorbidities of CKD (e.g., anemia) have yielded improvement in the overall functioning of this population, reports of neurocognitive deficits in children w... | 17180361 | PMC1805046 | CC BY | 2021-01-06 05:09:02 | no | Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Apr 1; 22(4):565-572 |
Introduction
Iron-restricted erythropoiesis is a common clinical condition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The causes underlying this pathology and the subsequent contribution of absolute or functional iron deficiency to renal anemia include:
Inadequate intake of dietary iron
Blood loss during the extra... | 17206511 | PMC1805051 | CC BY | 2021-01-06 05:09:04 | no | Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Apr 1; 22(4):480-489 |
Background
Angiosperms are the dominating plant group in current vegetation. They account for the majority of terrestrial primary production, demonstrate the highest diversity in the plant kingdom, and dominate highly diversified habitats [1-4]. The rapid radiation and diversification of angiosperms during the Cretaceo... | 17284326 | PMC1805421 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 7; 7:14 |
Review
Côte d'Ivoire is in West Africa and has a population of over 17 million. It was a former French colony so the official language of the educated population is French though many indigenous languages are spoken in the villages away from the main cities. This beautiful country has been gripped by civil war since la... | 17274826 | PMC1805422 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:11 | no | Int Breastfeed J. 2007 Feb 3; 2:3 |
Background
The latest developments in the field of bracing, aim at improving specificity [1] and at a proper sagittal realignment [2].
Although the effect of brace treatment has been questioned [3] there is evidence that brace treatment can stop curvature progression [4-9], reduce the frequency of surgery [10-12] and ... | 17257399 | PMC1805423 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:19 | no | Scoliosis. 2007 Jan 26; 2:2 |
Background
Cowpea is an annual tropical grain legume, which plays an important role in the nutrition of people in developing countries of the tropics and subtropics, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia Central and South America. Due to its high protein content (20 – 25%), cowpea has been referred to as "poor man's m... | 17286870 | PMC1805424 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:16 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 8; 4:15 |
Background
The existence of diabetic cardiomyopathy, a myocardial disease associated with diabetes in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension or any other known cardiac disease, is supported by evidence accumulated from a large and expanding literature [1-4]. Abnormalities in cardiac function and structure... | 17309798 | PMC1805425 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007 Feb 19; 6:6 |
Background
Traumatic rupture of the heart occurs in 0.5% blunt trauma (BT) [1] cases, with a usually difficult diagnosis, and presents 75% [2] and 81.3% [3] reported mortality rates when heart chambers rupture occurs. Although all four heart chambers were considered having an equal chance of rupture in BT [4], ventricu... | 17302990 | PMC1805426 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | World J Emerg Surg. 2007 Feb 15; 2:5 |
Background
Surgical treatment of clefts during the infancy is not only a particular challenge for the maxillo-facial surgeon but also for the anaesthesiologist. Studies by Tiret et al. [1,2] showed that the risk of complications during the general anaesthesia is three times higher in children than in adults. From the p... | 17280602 | PMC1805427 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:04 | no | Head Face Med. 2007 Feb 5; 3:9 |
Background
Progranulin (PGRN) was discovered independently by several investigators and given several different names, including granulin-epithelin precursor, proepithelin, prostate cancer (PC) cell derived growth factor and acrogranin [1]. Encoded by a single gene on chromosome 17q21 (PGRN), PGRN is a 593-amino acid, ... | 17291356 | PMC1805428 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Feb 11; 4:7 |
Background
High prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) is a critical public health problem in China. By the year 2000, there were an estimated 4.7 million prevalent cases of TB across the country, 1.6 million of whom were sputum smear-positive. Each year, about 1.4 million new TB cases and 150,000 TB-related deaths are record... | 17288593 | PMC1805429 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 8; 7:19 |
Background
Depression is a very frequent health problem which is growing at an alarming rate. It has been suggested that if the trend persists, by 2020, depression will be the second biggest health care problem after heart disease worldwide [1]. The prevalence of depression is increasing not only among adults, but also... | 17313675 | PMC1805430 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:10 | no | BMC Public Health. 2007 Feb 21; 7:21 |
Background
Although the airway epithelium has several defense mechanisms that respond to the stress imposed by cigarette smoke, in some individuals these defenses are exaggerated, resulting in chronic inflammation, and eventually, chronic bronchitis [1-5]. One of the earliest effects of cigarette smoke on the airway ep... | 17288615 | PMC1805431 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:29 | no | Respir Res. 2007 Feb 8; 8(1):10 |
Background
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has been established as a key regulatory mechanism governing almost every biological process in the eukaryotic cell. Ubiquitination involves the covalent attachment of a polyubiquitin chain to a lysine residue in a substrate protein, and proceeds via three distinct enzymatic ac... | 17280619 | PMC1805432 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:06 | no | Cell Div. 2007 Feb 6; 2:5 |
Background
Arsenic exposure through drinking water is a global problem, and has reached crisis status in Bangladesh [1-5]. A well established exposure-response relationship exists between arsenic level of drinking water and skin lesions[6,7]. Skin lesions are considered one of the most distinctive endpoints of chronic ... | 17284320 | PMC1805433 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Environ Health. 2007 Feb 6; 6:5 |
Background
Geographical variation in use of radiology has been documented in the United States [1-3], in Europe [4], and in the Nordic countries, where a factor of 1.8 in variation between the countries was reported [5]. When areas differ with respect to available economic resources, health care policies, referral syst... | 17302970 | PMC1805434 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 15; 7:21 |
Background
The use of DNA sequences as a tool for the identification of species has been widely discussed in the past years [1-6]. One important step in implementing a DNA taxonomy or DNA barcoding system is the choice of appropriate markers. There is currently a preference for the COI gene, a mitochondrial protein, as... | 17306026 | PMC1805435 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Front Zool. 2007 Feb 16; 4:6 |
Background
Using donor hearts outside the conventional selection criteria provides a useful expansion to the donor pool. The data on the use of borderline hearts was not unequivocal. Several studies [1-5] have shown that survival with marginal hearts can be similar to that obtained with standard donor hearts. Other stu... | 17306034 | PMC1805436 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:52:25 | no | J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Feb 17; 2:13 |
Background
Fish species constitute an exceedingly diverse group representing roughly half of the extant vertebrate species. More than 95 % of all living fish species are represented by the ray-finned fishes (actinopterygians) of which more than 99.8 % are teleosts. Their high level of morphological, behavioral, and eco... | 17286862 | PMC1805437 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 7; 8:44 |
Background
The extensive study of the molecular mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction over the past two decades have elucidated major pathways that are important in controlling cell functions and have provided important insights in drug discovery. Two of the most well-studied pathways include the Mitogen-acti... | 17284314 | PMC1805438 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:19 | no | J Mol Signal. 2007 Feb 6; 2:1 |
Background
Congenital deficiency of factor V (labile factor, proaccelerin) is a rare hereditary coagulation disorder with an incidence of 1:1000,000 and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait [1]. The active form of coagulation factor V is involved as an essential non-enzymatic cofactor for the activated factor X... | 17313676 | PMC1805439 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2007 Feb 21; 7:8 |
Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the predominant cause of severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants worldwide and also results in lower respiratory tract infections in immunodeficient and elderly adults [1]. Children born prematurely or with congenital heart abnormalities are at especially high risk ... | 17270047 | PMC1805440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Feb 1; 5:4 |
Background
Coexistence of tuberculosis and lung cancer has remained controversial since the middle of 19th century. Some scientists stated that tuberculosis promotes development of cancer; others assert that tuberculosis and cancer are antagonists. Classics of pathologic anatomy P. Virchov and K. Rokitansky were advoca... | 17309797 | PMC1805441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 19; 5:22 |
Background
A key step in the creative process is intuition. However, the enormity of the information contained in large data sets frequently makes it difficult to develop the needed intuitive understanding of the properties of the data. It is useful to have tools that allow visualization of possible relationships betwe... | 17300731 | PMC1805442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Source Code Biol Med. 2007 Feb 14; 2:1 |
Background
It is now estimated that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) persists in a substantial number of cases [1] and afflicts at least 4% of adults in the United States [2,3]. Emerging data from clinical and community samples document that ADHD in adults is associated with high levels of morbidity and ... | 17263888 | PMC1805443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 30; 6:4 |
Background
Despite an increasing amount of studies on the epidemiology of acute mental disorders and the availability of recently introduced pharmacological interventions in the management of such conditions, only few reports provide detailed information on the characteristics of psychiatric patients and treatments rec... | 17257438 | PMC1805444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:03 | no | Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Jan 27; 6:2 |
Background
Recent epidemiological data point to an increasing trend in prevalence of stroke and this fact has prompted novel treatment approaches based on robot-aided neurorehabilitation. Many researchers using these new rehabilitation tools have investigated upper limb rehabilitation effects by means of detailed kinem... | 17309790 | PMC1805445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:10 | no | J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2007 Feb 19; 4:3 |
Background
Despite the long history of research on craving for alcohol [e.g., [1]], the functional relationship between craving and both alcohol use and post-treatment relapse remains highly contentious [2,3]. This controversy is, in part, a result of considerable ambiguity in the data connecting craving and alcohol mi... | 17309802 | PMC1805446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:09 | no | Behav Brain Funct. 2007 Feb 19; 3:11 |
Background
Control of gene expression in malaria parasites seems unique among eukaryotes. Thus, global expression analysis of the intraerythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum at 1 h resolution demonstrated a tight regulation in which most genes are transcribed only once in the life cycle [1]. These include genes co... | 17313673 | PMC1805447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 21; 6:20 |
Background
Epidemiologic studies after disasters have shown elevated levels of health problems among survivors such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and physical symptoms [1-3]. The majority of the disaster studies have been cross-sectional, and although cross-sectional studies are useful for assess... | 17302968 | PMC1805448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:54 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:8 |
Background
Sexual transmission remains the main route of HIV-1 infection. The semen of the HIV-1 infected individual contains free virion particles and HIV-1 infected cells that come from the prostate, seminal vesicles and the urethra. The precise role of the testis and the epididymis in viral shedding during acute HIV... | 17266752 | PMC1805449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:05 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Jan 31; 4:7 |
Background
To achieve optimal care for their patients, healthcare systems must actively promote the quick transfer of sound research evidence into practice. None do so consistently and comprehensively [1-3]. The question of how to achieve effective research implementation is a key feature of the World Health Organisati... | 17309803 | PMC1805450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:07 | no | Implement Sci. 2007 Feb 19; 2:7 |
Background
The present review describes the use of stable isotopes, mainly 13C, for the analysis of metabolic fluxes. In all the approaches presented here, single or multiple labeled molecules, i.e. applied tracer substrates or analyzed metabolites, play an important role. Concerning the nomenclature of such molecules ... | 17286851 | PMC1805451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Feb 7; 6:6 |
Background
Acanthocytosis is found to be associated with at least three hereditary neurological disorders that are generally referred to as neuroacanthocytosis (NA): Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc), Abetalipoproteinaemia, and McLeod syndrome [1,2]. ChAc is typically an autosomal recessive condition characterised by chorea... | 17298666 | PMC1805452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Neurol. 2007 Feb 13; 7:4 |
Background
Eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA), after being transcribed from its coding gene, typically undergoes processing events, such as capping, splicing, and polyadenylation, before it is translocated to the cytoplasm and translated into proteins. While these three essential steps of processing are interrelated, each... | 17286857 | PMC1805453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 7; 8:43 |
Background
Spirotrichous ciliates are intriguing because they carry out elaborate genomic DNA rearrangements when they develop their somatic nucleus, or macronucleus, from their hereditary nucleus, or micronucleus. In the hereditary nucleus, macronuclear destined sequences (MDSs) in the germline DNA are separated by no... | 17270054 | PMC1805493 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Feb 1; 2:6 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) exacts an enormous infectious toll, affecting approximately 80 tropical and sub-tropical countries. Prevalence mapping is ongoing but a billion people are estimated to be at risk of infection, with 120 million already infected and 40 million seriously incapacitated or disfigured by ... | 17306032 | PMC1805494 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Filaria J. 2007 Feb 17; 6:3 |
Background
One of the important insights of quasi-species theory is the existence of an error-threshold [1-3]. The error-threshold is the error rate of replication above which the sudden onset of the population delocalization from the fittest genotype occurs despite Darwinian selection; i.e., the break down of evolutio... | 17286853 | PMC1805495 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 7; 7:15 |
Background
Contemporary natural populations are faced with an unprecedented array of challenges as a direct result of anthropogenic influences on the environment. These anthropogenic influences may lead to environmental alterations that exceed the rate of change contemporary natural populations have historically experi... | 17300733 | PMC1805496 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 14; 7:22 |
Background
Introductions of non-native species can result in strong selective challenges for native populations. The strength of selection in this case is determined by the size of the environmental shift, which imposes a fitness cost on the population proportional to the squared distance between the population mean ph... | 17300732 | PMC1805497 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 14; 7:21 |
Background
Proteins evolve through gene duplication, diversification and domain shuffling, which allow novel proteins to emerge via different domain combinations. Many evolutionary mechanisms shaping protein sequence and structure can be probed by studying the length distributions of proteins and protein domains. Fusio... | 17298668 | PMC1805498 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 13; 7:19 |
Background
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the United States identified patient safety as a key goal in the delivery of health care. In a 2004 report, "Patient Safety: Achieving a New Standard for Care," the IOM highlighted the importance of pursuing an applied research agenda on patient safety, focused on enhancing... | 17295907 | PMC1805499 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007 Feb 12; 7:3 |
Background
Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are characterized by triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes (i.e., liver steatosis). In some cases, steatosis becomes complicated by inflammation and can evolve to apoptosis, necrosis and fibrosis. This association of steatosis to other lesions is called non-alcoh... | 17313679 | PMC1805500 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:01 | no | Nutr Metab (Lond). 2007 Feb 21; 4:4 |
Background
Carcinoid tumors were initially described as a morphologically distinct subset of small intestinal neoplasms with a less aggressive behavior than that of the intestinal adenocarcinoma. Carcinoid tumors of the rectum comprise only about 1% of all anorectal neoplasms [1]. Typically, rectal carcinoids present a... | 17306015 | PMC1805501 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 16; 5:19 |
Background
Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine and glycine, that exists in a reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) form. Oxidised glutathione may also occur as protein bound glutathione (RSSG). Reduced glutathione is the active form. The most widely recognised functions of reduced glutathione are th... | 17319949 | PMC1805502 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb 23; 7:7 |
Introduction
Salvinorin A (1a), isolated from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum,[1] is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor (KOR) agonist.[2] Because it is the first known non-nitrogenous compound to have biologically significant actions at mammalian opioid receptors, 1a enables new approaches to studies of ... | 17212822 | PMC1805503 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:56 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Jan 9; 3:1 |
Background
Falciparum malaria is an important cause of maternal anaemia, intra-uterine growth retardation, intrauterine death, stillbirth, premature delivery, low birth weight (LBW), perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality [1-5] and postpartum morbidity [6-8]. In sub-Saharan Africa, poor nutrition, micronutrient... | 17306014 | PMC1805504 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:00 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 16; 6:16 |
Background
Transcription of DNA is highly influenced by DNA bending and flexibility. These structural properties are dependent on the base sequence [1], which in turn, is reflective of, or may influence the codon usage – also important in determining the relative expression of a given gene. Prediction of highly express... | 17295928 | PMC1805505 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2007 Feb 13; 8:11 |
1. Background
Alginates form an important family of biopolymers of both technological and scientific interest. These polymers are linear polysaccharides, which are composed of variable amounts of (1–4)-β-D-mannuronic acid and its epimer, α-L-guluronic acid. Alginates present a wide range of applications, acting for exa... | 17306024 | PMC1805506 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:57 | no | Microb Cell Fact. 2007 Feb 16; 6:7 |
Background
Low levels of physical activity during adolescence contribute to obesity and poor health outcomes in adulthood [1-3]. Physical inactivity is increasing among adolescents in the U.S., especially among girls [4-7]. In 2005, over 30% of adolescents failed to meet national recommendations for moderate to vigorou... | 17274822 | PMC1805507 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:46 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007 Feb 2; 4:3 |
Background
Genome sequencing provides investigators with a plain genome text, with no biological indication of the genes' location. The first task associated with genome annotation is therefore gene identification. In recent years, gene prediction methods have been developed as part of many genome projects. Based on cr... | 17286872 | PMC1805508 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 8; 8:47 |
Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, which can cause Buruli ulcer, is the third most common human mycobacteriosis worldwide, after tuberculosis and leprosy. Buruli ulcer occurs predominantly in humid tropical areas of Asia, Latin America, and, mainly, Africa, where the incidence has been increasing, surpassing tuberculosi... | 17326706 | PMC1805625 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:09 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e63 |
Introduction
Hypertension is an overwhelming global challenge which ranks third as a cause of disability-adjusted life-years [1]. According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Hypertension, there are approximately 50 million hypertensive individuals in the United States only and 1 billion worldwide... | 17356691 | PMC1805684 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e280 |
Introduction
Most living organisms have developed genetic systems to discriminate self from non-self. This ability is crucial for instance for the immune response in vertebrates [1], social organisation in insects [2] or efficient out-breeding in flowering plants [3]. It has been long recognized that self/non-self disc... | 17356694 | PMC1805685 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e283 |
Introduction
Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, is the leading cause of death and disability in the Western world [1] and is thought to result from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Such risk factors are age, male gender, smoking, hyperte... | 17356695 | PMC1805686 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e285 |
Introduction
Modern human populations exhibit large phenotypic differences in morphological and physiological traits such as pigmentation, hair shape, body shape and composition, and enzymatic activities. Such phenotypic divergences between populations are considered to result from genetic adaptation to local environme... | 17356696 | PMC1805687 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e286 |
Introduction
High density genotyping arrays have been heralded as one of the technologies that will enable whole-genome association tests to make good on the promise that sequencing the human genome will reveal the genetic causes of complex diseases [1]–[4]. While currently-available arrays, or chips, have the capacity... | 17356697 | PMC1805688 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e287 |
Introduction
An aggressive drive to increase access to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) by HIV-infected patients in developing countries is underway. An unprecedented level of resolve and funding, channeled through the Global Fund to treat AIDS, Malaria, and Tuberculosis (the Global Fund), and the U.S. President's Emergency... | 17372625 | PMC1805689 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e278 |
Background
The evolution of adrenal and sex steroid signaling has become better understood due to the sequencing of the genes of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), GR, MR and progesterone receptor (PR) from mammals, amphibia and fish [1-4]. These steroid receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family, a l... | 17306029 | PMC1805736 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 16; 7:24 |
Background
Ependymin (Epd), a glycoprotein that is found in high concentrations within the cerebrospinal fluid of teleost fishes was originally associated with learning processes in fishes [1]. Although the original protein sequence was obtained in the 1980's by classical methods of protein purification, with the adven... | 17302986 | PMC1805737 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:23 |
Background
The population epidemiology of diabetes mellitus is of public health interest from several perspectives. Diabetes has severe costs for afflicted patients, as it is a chronic lifelong disease characterized by excess mortality [1] and high comorbidity with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and eye complicati... | 17313683 | PMC1805738 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:10 | no | Popul Health Metr. 2007 Feb 21; 5:2 |
Background
Neural crest cells destined to become paravertebral sympathetic neurons proliferate and differentiate during migration and gangliogenesis. In chicken embryos, migrating neural crest cells express catecholamines at Hamburger/Hamilton Stage (St.) 19, and these cells form the primary sympathetic chain dorsolate... | 17309801 | PMC1805739 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:45 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2007 Feb 19; 7:10 |
Background
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide [1]. Despite recent success after the introduction of combination therapy with IFN-α and Ribavirin, about 60% of patients with HCV genotype 4 fail to respond [2,3]. Resistance to antiviral therapy remains a serious p... | 17300723 | PMC1805740 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 14; 4:16 |
Background
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases has an important role in biological processes related to signal transduction, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The PKC-β 1 and 2 isoforms? have been implicated in several biological pathways and could serve as targets for cancer chemotherapy [1,... | 17313671 | PMC1805741 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:08 | no | Biol Direct. 2007 Feb 21; 2:8 |
Background
Insulin resistance (IR) and/or compensatory hyperinsulinemia are usually associated with obesity and are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes in both adults and children [1-8]. Furthermore, it is now clear that polycystic ovary syndrome [9] nonalcoholic liver disease [10] sleep d... | 17300718 | PMC1805742 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007 Feb 14; 6:4 |
Background
Northeastern Mexico presents a high diversity of plant associations, including a variety of scrubland types (Tamaulipan, xerophyllous, rosetophyllous and piedmont communities) [1][2][3], chaparral [4], mixed pine-oak forest [3][5], conifer forest [3][6][7][8], halophytic grasslands [9], and alpine meadows [7... | 17263889 | PMC1805743 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2007 Jan 30; 3:8 |
Background
Identifying disease outbreaks early is critical for efficient infectious disease control. Currently, spatial data are collected but often not well utilised in routine infectious disease surveillance. As outbreaks are often characterised by the degree of spatial diffusion of cases, spatio-temporal surveillanc... | 17300714 | PMC1805744 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007 Feb 14; 7:4 |
Background
Meeting the information needs of busy physicians at the point of care is an important challenge in medicine. Finding the best evidence to answer clinical questions is one of the basic steps in evidence-based medicine (EBM) practice [1]. To be most effective, the practice of EBM must occur in real-time at the... | 17313680 | PMC1805745 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007 Feb 21; 7:5 |
Background
DEN viruses, of which there exist four distinct serotypes (DEN-1, -2, -3 and -4), belonging to the family Flaviviridae, are transmitted to humans by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Infection with DEN viruses poses a significant public health threat to ~40% of the global population. DEN virus infections, of which... | 17302980 | PMC1805746 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 15; 7:10 |
Background
Surveys show that an overwhelming numbers of clients wish to contact their clinicians by email [1,2]. Despite the client's wishes, very few clinicians maintain email contact with their clients [3,4]. Providers' resistance to the use of email may be due to lack of training, the need to modify processes of car... | 17302991 | PMC1805747 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:04 | no | Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2007 Feb 16; 2:7 |
Background
The epidemic of heroin addiction has fuelled the global spread of HIV, a phenomenon that is clearly visible in many parts of Asia [1]. The growth of this dual epidemic calls for the development of effective public health responses, which include the introduction of harm reduction measures targeting injection... | 17300735 | PMC1805748 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:05 | no | Harm Reduct J. 2007 Feb 15; 4:8 |
Background
One of the most intriguing problems in evolutionary biology is the evolution of cooperation, and in particular of altruism (i.e. helping others at own costs). How can such behaviours evolve under competition-driven Darwinian selection? Social insects in which individuals (workers) forego at least some of the... | 17316424 | PMC1805749 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:25 | no | Front Zool. 2007 Feb 22; 4:7 |
After the publication of the study [1] we noticed a substantial error in our published article. In the original article [1] the dosage units were erroneously described in μg instead of mg. All references to μg quantities should be replaced with mg quantities throughout the manuscript. Also the LD50 should be g/kg inste... | 0 | PMC1805750 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2007 Feb 22; 5:3 |
Background
Allergic rhinitis, in particular seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) or hay fever, is a common allergic condition [1]. World-wide, SAR afflicts 10 – 40% of individuals [2], with approximately 20% affected in the United States, 13% in Western Europe [3] and 16.1% in Australia [4]. SAR is an immune response to a ... | 17302969 | PMC1805751 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | Chin Med. 2007 Feb 15; 2:2 |
The field of organosilicon chemistry has a rich and varied history, and has long since made the progression from chemical esoterica to its position as a mainstay of modern synthetic chemistry. In his 1980 Tilden lectures [1], Professor Ian Fleming of Cambridge University, himself one of the major practitioners of the d... | 17288600 | PMC1805752 | CC BY | 2021-02-20 23:14:57 | no | Beilstein J Org Chem. 2007 Feb 8; 3:4 |
Background
Polyploidization is a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes, especially in plants where most or all angiosperms are current polyploids or have polyploid origins [1-3]. The last few years have witnessed new insights into the evolutionary and ecological significance of both auto- and allo-polyploidy in plants [4... | 17313678 | PMC1805753 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 21; 8:56 |
Background
The protozoan parasite Leishmania sp. is responsible for significant worldwide human morbidity and mortality, and the clinical features of diseases vary depending on the causative species. The genus Leishmania belongs to the family of trypanosomatids with, among others, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi, respo... | 17319967 | PMC1805754 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:29 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 24; 8:57 |
Background
Escherichia coli, the best-studied representative of gamma-proteobacteria, can adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions. One source of this capability is the presence of numerous aerobic and anaerobic respiratory systems. To adapt to different growth conditions, this bacterium alter the compositio... | 17313674 | PMC1805755 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 21; 8:54 |
Background
The development of cervical cancer is a multi-step process. This process starts with infection of the epithelial layer with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade I, II and III, representing reversible stages of disease, is believed to develop towards neoplasm. ... | 17311676 | PMC1805756 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 20; 8:53 |
Background
Diplomonads are a diverse group of small mitochondrion-lacking diplokaryotic flagellates found in anaerobic or micro-aerophilic environments [1]. Most research on diplomonads has focused on Giardia lamblia (syn. Giardia intestinalis, Giardia duodenalis), which is a major cause of water-borne enteric disease ... | 17298675 | PMC1805757 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:54 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 14; 8:51 |
Background
Malaria pathogenesis poses a major hindrance to development in many parts of the world with more than 500 million people suffering from the disease and at least one million dying from P. falciparum infection each year [1]. Disease severity has been associated with the accumulation of infected erythrocytes (I... | 17286864 | PMC1805758 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:55 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 7; 8:45 |
Background
The basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic cells play an important role in cortical activation and arousal (see for review, [1,2]). Recently recorded and labeled using the juxtacellular technique, the cholinergic neurons discharge maximally in association with cortical activation during active waking and rapid eye... | 17316437 | PMC1805759 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2007 Feb 22; 8:15 |
Background
The Cox proportional hazards model [1] has been the standard tool for multivariate assessments of the influence of prognostic/predictive factors for censored survival data. It may encounter serious difficulties with departures from the proportional hazards assumption, even when the departures are not readily... | 17311683 | PMC1805760 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Cancer. 2007 Feb 20; 7:31 |
Background
Precise knowledge of axillary lymph node status is essential in the treatment of operable carcinoma of the breast for a number of reasons. In the first instance it permits the accurate staging of the cancer and aids in the selection of optimal adjuvant therapy. In fact it can be considered to be one of the m... | 17300717 | PMC1805761 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:11 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 14; 4:4 |
Background
In an era dominated by information, the need to digest research findings into public domain data repositories is key to enhancing scientific enquiry [1]. The approach to characterizing the human genome through assemblies of research by numerous groups across the world represented a watershed model for inform... | 17306022 | PMC1805762 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:59 | no | Malar J. 2007 Feb 16; 6:17 |
Background
Microarrays have been used for the last decade to analyze the global gene expression programs of different biological processes and disease states. During that time, e.g. the methodologies for background adjustment [1], normalization [2] and probe set summaries [3] have been improved and it is likely that fu... | 17288599 | PMC1805763 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 8; 8:48 |
Background
Sequence alignment and inference of the phylogenies is a standard procedure for analyzing biological sequences. Based on the reconstructed phylogenetic relationship, the evolutionary histories of sampled species, individuals, or strains can be inferred. Traditionally researchers are used to assigning numbers... | 17319966 | PMC1805764 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:36 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 24; 8:63 |
Background
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is an oncogenic retrovirus etiologically associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) [1,2]. The mechanisms behind leukemogenesis are not yet fully understood but it seems that several events in HTLV-I-infected cells are required for the developme... | 17306025 | PMC1805765 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:06 | no | Retrovirology. 2007 Feb 16; 4:14 |
Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care
Osteopathic Medicine and Primary Care is dedicated to the rapid and universal dissemination of peer-reviewed research and scholarly work related to osteopathic and allopathic clinical practice. The scope of primary care covered by the journal includes all aspects of family medicine... | 17371581 | PMC1805770 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Jan 12; 1:1 |
Background
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the most rigorous form of research and are commonly used to evaluate the effectiveness of medical interventions. An RCT compares an intervention to either a placebo, gold standard, or both. Selecting the optimal placebo group is essential for valid compariso... | 17371579 | PMC1805771 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Jan 12; 1:3 |
Background
Osteopathic philosophy maintains that: (1) the body is a unit and the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit; (2) the body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance; (3) structure and function are reciprocally interrelated; and (4) rational treatment is based on an understanding... | 17371578 | PMC1805772 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:03 | no | Osteopath Med Prim Care. 2007 Jan 12; 1:2 |
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