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Background
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most common malignancy and a major cause of death in men but, importantly, most patients will live for a decade or longer following diagnosis. Consequently, they face the prospect of experiencing symptoms, side-effects of treatment, and diminished quality of life [1]. Research on... | 17371571 | PMC1805773 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Biopsychosoc Med. 2007 Jan 10; 1:2 |
Background
It is widely recognised that nurturing from significant others, especially parents, play an important role in the development of adult personality and self-concept [1-4]. A number of theories which advocate this conception have been developed, for example, Transactional Analysis [5], Self-esteem Formation Th... | 17371574 | PMC1805774 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Biopsychosoc Med. 2007 Jan 22; 1:4 |
We are pleased to announce the launch of BioPsychoSocial Medicine [1], an open access, online, peer reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of the inter-relationships between the biological, psychological, social, and behavioral factors of health and illness.
BioPsychoSocial Medicine is the official jo... | 17371572 | PMC1805775 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Biopsychosoc Med. 2007 Jan 10; 1:1 |
Findings
Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the temporomandibular joints, the masticatory muscles, or both. TMD generally develops orofacial pain as an initial symptom, and approximately 10 % of all orofacial pain patients who complain of localized myalgia or tenderness in ... | 17371573 | PMC1805776 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:56 | no | Biopsychosoc Med. 2007 Jan 10; 1:3 |
Introduction
Research on urinary storage problems has focused on incontinence in women, but during recent years other urinary storage problems (urgency, frequency, and nocturia) and their treatment among both sexes has commanded attention worldwide [1]. According to the International Continence Society, overactive blad... | 17332843 | PMC1805814 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:24 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e195 |
Introduction
Percutaneous exposure incidents (PEIs) (needlestick, sharp injuries, as well as splashes leading to exposure of the skin or mucosa to blood) are a potential mode of exposure to - and transmission of blood-borne infectious diseases among healthcare workers. Such injuries are a major concern in hospitals eve... | 17332844 | PMC1805815 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:24 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e194 |
Introduction
Genome-wide association analyses are increasingly used to identify common genetic variants that determine susceptibility to disease [1], [2]. Several early successes have generated enthusiasm that such hypothesis-free massive-testing methods may succeed [3], whereas many years of candidate gene approaches ... | 17332845 | PMC1805816 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:24 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e196 |
Introduction
Flight in birds is guided primarily by vision since, with the exception of high frequency echolocation found only in bats [1], no other sensory modality can provide spatial information at sufficient speed and resolution to guide flight [2]. Among birds, the nocturnal habit is derived from day-time active a... | 17332846 | PMC1805817 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:24 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e198 |
Introduction
Chromosomes assume a non-random and conserved position in the interphase nucleus of higher eukaryotes. It is believed that this localization is correlated with their gene densities. For instance, the gene rich Chromosome 19 is predominantly central, while the gene poor Chromosome 18 is peripherally positio... | 17332847 | PMC1805818 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:24 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Feb 7; 2(2):e199 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 10: doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020137
Equation 1 contained typographical errors in the first and last lines. The correct equation is as follows:
Citation: (2007) Correction: The Role of Compensatory Mutations in the Emergence of Drug Resistance. PLoS Comput Biol 3(2)... | 0 | PMC1808010 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e46 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, volume 2, issue 5: doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020041
In the subsection “Initial probabilities” of the Results section, the first sentence was incorrect and should say:
These probabilities, denoted by P
0(RET) and P
0(LOSS) = 1 − P
0(RET), specify the probabilities of RET and LOSS for th... | 0 | PMC1808013 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e40 |
In PLoS Computational Biology, vol 2, issue 12: doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020156
In the Acknowledgments section of this Perspective, the spelling of the name of Pavel Pevzner was incorrect.
Citation: (2007) Correction: The genome: An outsider's view. PLoS Comput Biol 3(2): e47. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030047 | 0 | PMC1808015 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e47 |
Introduction
The understanding of lipid membrane structures and their role in cellular functions has developed significantly since the introduction of the classical fluid-mosaic model by Singer and Nicolson [1]. The fluid-mosaic model predicted that cellular membranes are fluid and characterized by random distribution ... | 17319738 | PMC1808021 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e34 |
Introduction
Working memory enables us to hold the trace of a fleeting stimulus for a few seconds after it is gone, thus enabling the manipulation of information over time. Recordings from neurons in monkeys performing working memory tasks reveal stimulus-selective spiking activity that persists after the removal of th... | 17319739 | PMC1808024 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e35 |
Introduction
C. elegans is a free-living soil nematode with a cosmopolitan distribution. Its short life cycle, self-fertilizing propagation, simple anatomy, and the ease of genetic and experimental manipulations made C. elegans an important model system in biology. Today, C. elegans is one of the best-studied organism... | 17319737 | PMC1808025 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:21:05 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e20 |
Major advances in genome science and molecular technologies provide new opportunities at the interface between basic biological research and medical practice. The unprecedented completeness, accuracy, and volume of genomic and molecular data necessitate a new kind of computational biology for translational research. Ke... | 17319736 | PMC1808026 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:19:24 | no | PLoS Comput Biol. 2007 Feb 23; 3(2):e12 |
Background
The epidemiological transition
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) currently contributes to almost one third of global mortality [1], and has been projected to become the leading cause of global burden of disease by 2020 [2]. In 2001 ischaemeic heart disease represented more than 12% and cerebrovascular diseases a... | 17316431 | PMC1808049 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:14 | no | Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2007 Feb 22; 5:3 |
Background
Since Gould's publication of Ontogeny and Phylogeny [14] a wave of renewed interest in the role of development in generating evolutionary novelties spread through biology. Heterochrony, evolutionary modifications in the rates and/or the timing (onset and offset) of development [2], become widely recognized a... | 17300728 | PMC1808050 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2007 Feb 14; 7:20 |
Background
Hydromorphone hydrochloride (HCl), which is available in immediate- and extended-release formulations, is a semi-synthetic opioid agonist that has been used widely for many years in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. A number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy and tolerability of hydromorphone i... | 17270058 | PMC1808051 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:57 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 2; 7:3 |
Background
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a disorder characterized by autoimmune-mediated platelet destruction and suboptimal platelet production [1-3] that results in a decrease in the number of circulating platelets and increases the risk of bleeding events. The estimated prevalence rate for ITP in the Unit... | 17316442 | PMC1808052 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:30 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Feb 22; 5:11 |
Background
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic rheumatic disease with a worldwide prevalence of up to 0.9% [1] and rates as high as 2.0% reported for some ethnic groups [2]. The sacroiliac joints are affected and, to a varying degree, the spinal column. The disease may also involve the peripheral joints and extra-... | 17274818 | PMC1808053 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:30 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Feb 2; 5:7 |
Background
Diabetic nephropathy is a major clinical complication of diabetes mellitus. Epidemiological evidence supporting a genetic contribution to this disease includes ethnicity differences [1], familial clustering [2,3] and the fact that only a subset of individuals with type 1 diabetes develops diabetic nephropath... | 17319955 | PMC1808054 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:38 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2007 Feb 23; 8:5 |
Background
Varicella virus vaccine live is a lyophilized preparation of live, attenuated VZV (Oka/Merck) [1]. The inherent lability of the live varicella virus (Oka/Merck) presents a formulation challenge in terms of stabilizing and preserving vaccine viability during manufacturing, storage and administration [2]. The ... | 17319952 | PMC1808055 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:21 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2007 Feb 23; 5:4 |
Background
An efficient system of cellular communication has evolved to ensure the ordered development, growth, maintenance and reproduction of multicellular organisms. This allows cells to respond to environmental stimuli as well as to each other by integrating the numerous extracellular and intercellular cues that th... | 17319972 | PMC1808056 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:19 | no | J Mol Signal. 2007 Feb 26; 2:2 |
Background
That the continuous remodeling process of bone formation and bone resorption can be measured by biochemical bone turnover markers is well-established; however, due to their substantial intra-subject variability, it remains controversial whether these indices are useful in the clinical setting. Being able to ... | 17316428 | PMC1808057 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 22; 8:13 |
Background
Tendinosis is a chronic degenerative tendon disorder occurring particularly among athletes and middle-aged people [1]. As its pathophysiology is still largely unknown, only symptomatic treatment options are available, with limited success rates [1,2]. A better understanding of the cellular processes involved... | 17319938 | PMC1808058 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 23; 8:16 |
Introduction
Primary acute retroviral syndrome develop in more than 50% of patients infected with HIV [1,2] and more commonly when HIV is sexually transmitted than intravenously [3]. Acute retroviral syndrome has also been reported in children infected through breastfeeding [4], but there are no reports so far describi... | 17316455 | PMC1808059 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:52 | no | AIDS Res Ther. 2007 Feb 23; 4:3 |
Background
β-catenin is a multifunctional protein involved in two apparently independent processes: cell-cell adhesion and signal transduction. β-catenin binds to both the cytoplasmic domain of cadherin and the amino-terminal domain of β-catenin and mediates cell adhesion. In addition to its function in cell-cell adhes... | 17309796 | PMC1808060 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:54 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2007 Feb 19; 5:21 |
Background
Diseases of cartilage, such as arthritis and degenerative disc disease, affect the majority of the general population, particularly with ageing. In recognition of the impact of musculo-skeletal disorders on society, 2000–2010 has been declared the bone and joint decade by the World Health Organization [1]. O... | 17316453 | PMC1808061 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:42 | no | BMC Genet. 2007 Feb 23; 8:4 |
Background
Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary infection is now recognized as a serious disease in a subset of apparently immunocompetent hosts [1-4]. Though initially described as a disease of Caucasian women, its reported incidence is increasing in other populations such as nonwhites and patients in urban ar... | 17319962 | PMC1808062 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:31 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2007 Feb 23; 7:2 |
Background
Genes in prokaryotes are often organized into operon structures. Each operon is a series of genes transcribed in a single mRNA, often identified by the presence of promoters and terminators. It has been reported that genes transcribed in a single operon are functionally related and make up a part of a metabo... | 17298663 | PMC1808063 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 13; 8:48 |
Background
Fish egg quality can be defined as the ability of the egg to be fertilized and subsequently develop into a normal embryo. The egg's potential to produce a viable and normal embryo can be affected by many environmental and biological factors acting at various steps of the oogenetic process (see [1,2] for revi... | 17313677 | PMC1808064 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Genomics. 2007 Feb 21; 8:55 |
Background
Recent advances in biomedical research methods have greatly accelerated the rate at which new information is published. As a result, there has been an increased interest in applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods to the domain of biomedical publications accessible in literature databases such as P... | 17291334 | PMC1808065 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:38 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2007 Feb 9; 8:50 |
Although the concept of “bone quality” is at least 15 years old [1], the term has recently sparked much discussion and debate among clinicians and clinical researchers [2–5]. At a recent National Institutes of Health conference on bone quality, the term was defined as: “The sum total of characteristics of the bone that... | 17341126 | PMC1808066 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:56 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 6; 4(3):e27 |
DESCRIPTION of CASE
A 52-year-old female presented to an otolaryngologist with a hoarse voice. An endocrine opinion was sought to exclude an underlying endocrinopathy. She had been investigated three years previously by a neurologist for right-sided facial pain. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan had shown a small... | 17341127 | PMC1808067 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:22:56 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Mar 6; 4(3):e29 |
Sexual Health and Antiretroviral Therapy
Currently more than 20 antiretrovirals are commercially available for treatment of HIV infection [1]. Using them in combination therapy, we are able to treat HIV-infected patients with highly potent regimens and suppress the virus below detectable levels. Correct adherence to th... | 17332849 | PMC1808068 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 10:20:54 | no | PLoS Clin Trials. 2007 Mar 2; 2(3):e8 |
The establishment and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype in birds and coincident infections in humans since 2003 have raised concerns that we may be facing an influenza pandemic caused by an H5N1 influenza virus. In this brief Opinion piece, we consider the pandemic threat po... | 17335350 | PMC1808069 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e40 |
Introduction
Transmission of the malarial parasite Plasmodium from the vertebrate host to the mosquito vector requires rapid sexual development within the mosquito midgut, which is triggered upon ingestion of male and female gametocytes by the mosquito during a blood meal. Gametocyte activation and gametogenesis occur ... | 17335349 | PMC1808070 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e30 |
Introduction
Host organisms employ a multitude of innate defense mechanisms against invading microbial pathogens. Functions of the innate immune system include control and destruction of pathogens and instruction of the developing adaptive immune response through expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other proinflam... | 17335348 | PMC1808071 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:22:00 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e29 |
Introduction
Anthrax is caused by a large, Gram-positive bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. Early work with animal models for anthrax established a central role for an exotoxin (anthrax toxin [AnTx]) in its pathogenesis [1,2]. AnTx is comprised of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal ... | 17335347 | PMC1808072 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 12:38:15 | no | PLoS Pathog. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e27 |
Introduction
For many decades biologists have been intrigued by the relation between body size and temperature. It was discovered that ectotherms—animals that maintain their body temperature by absorbing heat from the surrounding environment such as fish and all invertebrates—reproduce later at a larger size when reare... | 17335351 | PMC1808073 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e34 |
Introduction
Originally identified as the densely staining regions of interphase nuclei [1], heterochromatin is now more precisely defined by its molecular components. Some of the best studied constituents of heterochromatin are Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) and Su(var)3–9, which are both present in most eukaryotes. ... | 17335352 | PMC1808074 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:00:29 | no | PLoS Genet. 2007 Mar 2; 3(3):e38 |
There are many reasons for scientists to undertake research with colleagues in other countries. They may benefit from sharing knowledge and experience with colleagues from different backgrounds. They may obtain funding that is directed to transnational projects. They may gain access to more diverse facilities and parti... | 17326700 | PMC1808077 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e10 |
HIV is one of the biggest infectious killers worldwide, causing 8,000 deaths a day in 2005 [1]. In Latin America, an estimated 1.8 million people are living with HIV [1], and in 2005, about 66,000 people died of AIDS and 200,000 were newly infected with HIV [1].
In Peru, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has largely been concentr... | 17326701 | PMC1808078 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e11 |
Chest pain may be associated with coronary arteries that appear “normal.” Normal is defined here as no visible disease or luminal irregularities (less than 50%) as judged visually at coronary angiography. Normal angiography in patients with chest pain is five times more common in women than in men [1]. Among patients w... | 17326702 | PMC1808079 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e12 |
Introduction
Cryptococcosis is a deadly opportunistic infection caused by an encapsulated yeast, Cryptococcocus neoformans. The major predisposing factor is the profound cellular immune defect caused by HIV infection, but other T cell–related immune defects and immunosuppressive treatments can also be associated [1]. D... | 17284154 | PMC1808080 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:08 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 6; 4(2):e21 |
As society pours more resources into medical research, it will increasingly realize that the research “payback” always represents a mixture of false and true findings. This tradeoff is similar to the tradeoff seen with other societal investments—for example, economic development can lead to environmental harms while me... | 17326703 | PMC1808081 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:08 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e26 |
We know there is a lot of lack of replication in research findings, most notably in the field of genetic associations [1–3]. For example, a survey of 600 positive associations between gene variants and common diseases showed that out of 166 reported associations studied three or more times, only six were replicated con... | 17326704 | PMC1808082 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 11:32:08 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e28 |
In a new research article published in PLoS Medicine, Francoise Dromer and colleagues [1] report on a French national prospective study (the “CryptoA/D” study) of the factors influencing clinical presentation and outcome of patients with cryptococcosis (an infection caused by the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoforma... | 17284156 | PMC1808087 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 6; 4(2):e47 |
From the “Health for All” declaration made at Alma Alta in 1978 to the recently created Commission on Social Determinants of Health, a recurrent theme is health equity, whereby all segments of society should have equal access to and reap the benefits of health-enhancing interventions [1,2]. Since 1978, a substantial li... | 17284157 | PMC1808089 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 6; 4(2):e49 |
Introduction
Buruli ulcer disease is now the third most common mycobacterial disease in the world, behind tuberculosis and leprosy, and its incidence in Western African countries is among the highest in the world [1,2]. This debilitating and progressive disease, characterized by skin lesions and sometimes localization ... | 17326707 | PMC1808094 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e64 |
Introduction
Rapid advances in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of neoplasia have raised the possibility that molecular abnormalities may be used as “biomarkers” for cancer risk stratification and early detection as well as possible entry criteria for cancer-prevention trials [1–4]. Identification of inherited,... | 17326708 | PMC1808095 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e67 |
Introduction
Infections transmitted by the airborne route are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with tuberculosis (TB) alone causing 1.8 million deaths each year [1]. Outbreaks occur in prisons [2,3], homeless shelters [4,5], and schools [6], but it is health care facilities that may pose the greates... | 17326709 | PMC1808096 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e68 |
Introduction
Hypoglycemia is the limiting factor in the therapeutic management of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) [1]. Each year, about 25% of T1DM patients with intensive insulin therapy experience at least one episode of severe hypoglycemia defined by a hypoglycemic state requiring assistance of another person [2,3].... | 17326710 | PMC1808097 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e69 |
Introduction
Early reports from developing countries in Africa over three decades ago suggested that childhood asthma was uncommon and not associated with atopic sensitisation [1–6]. However, due to cultural and linguistic differences in this region it is often difficult to adopt a universally accepted asthma definitio... | 17326711 | PMC1808098 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e70 |
Whatever does not exist does not have a name (African proverb).
A new survey conducted by Emmanuel Addo-Yobo and colleagues, and published in PLoS Medicine [1], shows an increase in the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in children in Ghana between 1993 and 2003. In this essay, we discuss the context for thi... | 17326712 | PMC1808099 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:10 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e72 |
Airborne transmission of infections such as tuberculosis (TB) can be a major problem in health care establishments. Health care workers infected with TB can be unwitting disseminators of the infection, and expensive retrospective screening (of other health workers and patients) is required when the diagnosis is made. I... | 17326713 | PMC1808100 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e77 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 3, issue 12: doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030525
Figure 4 part C was incorrect in the original article. The corrected Figure 4 is shown here. | 0 | PMC1808101 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:06 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e80 |
In March 2005, we announced the appointment of an external advisory committee “to advise us on individual cases for which we are concerned about competing interests or broader ethical questions” [1]. Two years on, what has the committee achieved and how has it helped to shape policies at the journal?
The committee is ... | 17570743 | PMC1808102 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e81 |
In 2001, the chief of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Andrew Natsios, gave this justification to the US Congress for why the agency opposed giving antiretroviral therapy (ART) to Africans with HIV:
“If we had [HIV medicines for Africa] today, we could not distribute them. We could not a... | 17326715 | PMC1808103 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e83 |
PLoS Medicine is one of the few journals with a dedicated forum for neglected diseases, and the suggestion by its editors that journals should give preference to diseases based on their relative contributions to the global burden of disease is noteworthy as a positive step towards optimising the global research agenda ... | 17326716 | PMC1808104 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:07 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e84 |
In recent weeks, three noteworthy papers, published in PLoS Medicine, The Journal of Virology, and Nature Medicine, direct our attention to the gut as a critical target in HIV-1 infection and portal for therapeutic intervention.
In PLoS Medicine, Mehandru and colleagues report that over half of the CD4+ T cells in the... | 17326717 | PMC1808105 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e85 |
We thank the authors [1,2] for the two perspectives on our articles [3,4]. Our study estimated the prevalence of blindness in Mankien at 4%, which Kuper and Gilbert describe as being “beyond the range” of the studies reviewed by Pascolini et al. [5]. The review did not include any studies from the ten states that compo... | 17326718 | PMC1808106 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e86 |
We wholeheartedly agree with Paul Farmer and colleagues [1] that it is vitally important to examine social, as well as molecular, causes of disease. Unless we carefully consider the full range of factors that underlie a given problem, we may produce “solutions” with unintended and deleterious consequences. In this ligh... | 17326719 | PMC1808107 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e87 |
We thank Prof. Ravi Shankar for his thoughtful reflections [1] on our recommendations for education about drug and device promotion [2]. Prof. Shankar is one of the few who have published an evaluation of education about drug promotion [3], so we are pleased that he concurs with most of our recommendations. We agree wi... | 0 | PMC1808108 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e88 |
I read with interest the article by Mansfield et al. regarding educating health professionals about drug and device promotion [1]. Teaching about drug promotion is becoming increasingly important here in Nepal. During their pharmacology training at the Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, medical students are ... | 17326721 | PMC1808109 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e89 |
Impaired Counterregulation of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) unequivocally showed the benefits of good glycemic control in preventing the complications of diabetes. Despite the treatment advances of the past decade, today iatrogenic hypogl... | 17326722 | PMC1808112 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e99 |
In PLoS Medicine, volume 4, issue 1: doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040007
Table 2 included a column entitled “Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) by Sibship Size.” This should have read “Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) by Birth Order.” | 0 | PMC1808113 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 11:32:11 | no | PLoS Med. 2007 Feb 27; 4(2):e100 |
Introduction
Though synaptic plasticity is a feature of most excitatory synapses in the brain, how it functions in realistic contexts is largely unclear because its effects usually only manifest on the system level. The synaptic refinement of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the developing lateral geniculate nucleu... | 17341130 | PMC1808114 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:39 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 6; 5(3):e61 |
Introduction
Vitellogenin has versatile regulatory functions in honeybees, suggesting that this glycolipoprotein may be involved in the control of social life-history traits [1–5]. Vitellogenin is the common yolk precursor protein of oviparous taxa [6]. However, it appears to have evolved pleiotropic functions in the a... | 17341131 | PMC1808115 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:39 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 6; 5(3):e62 |
Introduction
In the retina, signals flow along parallel, spatially distributed pathways [1]. A major split occurs at the very first synapse: On bipolar cells and Off bipolar cells respond to light with the opposite sign. Retinal ganglion cells receive excitatory input from On or Off bipolars within their dendritic fiel... | 17341132 | PMC1808116 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 6; 5(3):e65 |
Introduction
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling controls a diverse set of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and specification of fate in vertebrate and invertebrate species. Disruption of signaling leads to developmental abnormalities and disease, including cancer... | 17341133 | PMC1808117 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 09:10:38 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 6; 5(3):e67 |
Students of the evolution of social behavior got a big boost with the publication of the newly sequenced honeybee genome in October 2006. The honeybee(Apis mellifera)belongs to the rarified cadre of insects that pool resources, divide tasks, and communicate with each other in highly structured colonies. Understanding h... | 20076664 | PMC1808118 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:22:01 | no | PLoS Biol. 2007 Mar 6; 5(3):e86 |
Introduction
Metallothioneins (MTs) constitute a superfamily of ubiquitous low molecular weight (<7–10 kDa), cysteine-rich proteins that bind heavy metal ions (mainly Cd, Zn and Cu) via metal-thiolate clusters [1]. Typically these proteins have 18 to 23 highly conserved cysteine residues and lack aromatic amino acids a... | 17356700 | PMC1808422 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e291 |
Introduction
Homeostasis of intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i is essential for cardiac function and integrity; its dysregulation is a hallmark of advanced heart failure [1], [2]. Voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+-channels (L-VDCCs) are the source of trigger Ca2+ entering cardiomyocytes [3]. Data derived from numerou... | 17356701 | PMC1808423 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e292 |
Introduction
Our planet is currently experiencing a severe anthropogenically driven extinction event, comparable in magnitude to prehistoric mass extinctions. Global extinction rates are now elevated up to a thousand times higher than the background extinction rates shown by the fossil record, and may climb another ord... | 17375184 | PMC1808424 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e296 |
Introduction
A variety of cancers can arise from reversible premalignant stages of hyperplasia and dysplasia, which might progress to primary and invasive tumors. Recent evidence indicates that the process is initiated by the cancer stem cells (CSCs) [1]–[3]. While CSCs have been identified in the hematopoietic and sol... | 17356702 | PMC1808425 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e293 |
Introduction
The publicly available genome sequence information of rice [1] opens a great opportunity for facilitating and integrating various genomics studies, for example, isolation of genetic determinants associated with traits of economic importance. Such discovery has not only promises to complement the molecular ... | 17372626 | PMC1808426 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e284 |
Introduction
Bats are substantially more vulnerable to collisions with wind turbines than birds, although the underlying reasons for collision mortalities remain unclear [1], [2]. The scale of the problem became apparent recently when, during a six-week period, an estimated 1,764 and 2,900 bat fatalities were recorded ... | 17372629 | PMC1808427 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e297 |
Introduction
Efforts to generate sequence from the rice (Oryza sativa) genome as a model for the Gramineae, the group that includes all major cereal crops, has produced draft sequences of the japonica and indica subspecies [1]–[3]. The current, map-based japonica genome sequence assembly covers over 95% of the genome [... | 17372628 | PMC1808428 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e294 |
Introduction
The biodiversity of ecosystems around the world is being altered by species loss due to extinction from human activities [1] and gain through intentional and accidental introductions [2]. Although a number of studies have recently considered the consequences of diversity loss for ecosystem functioning [see... | 17356703 | PMC1808429 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:25 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e295 |
Introduction
Neural stem cells are defined as clonogenic cells capable of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation into the three principle cell types of the CNS – neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. They have been isolated from the fetal [1]–[6] and adult [7]–[14] mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Anot... | 17356704 | PMC1808430 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e298 |
Introduction
Much effort in neuroscience is directed towards determining how neural activity in a specific set of neurons contributes to a particular neural computation, behavior, or pathological state. Over the last hundred years, thousands of studies have investigated the neural substrates necessary and sufficient fo... | 17375185 | PMC1808431 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21; 2(3):e299 |
Introduction
Asthma is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, where African-Americans bear a disproportionate burden of asthma hospitalization and have asthma mortality rates 3 to 4 times higher than whites[1]. The reasons for this disparity are unclear but are thought to be related to poor... | 17356698 | PMC1808432 | CC0 | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e289 |
Introduction
In living systems DNA provides information for the synthesis of RNAs and proteins. The secondary structure of nucleic acids through its defined physico-chemical characteristics such as the thermodynamic stability of the pairing between the two strands can influence its biological function. The thermodynami... | 17356699 | PMC1808433 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 15:30:26 | no | PLoS One. 2007 Mar 14; 2(3):e290 |
Background
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is rare neoplasm characterized by malignant proliferation of cells showing morphologic and immunophenotypic features similar to those of mature tissue histiocytes [1]. Most patients are adults (median age 46 years). Male predilection is found in some studies [1]. About one-third of c... | 17324277 | PMC1808440 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:42 | no | Diagn Pathol. 2007 Feb 26; 2:7 |
Background
Research indicating that juveniles who develop idiopathic scoliosis have a markedly elevated growth rate compared to controls fostered a popular belief that growth hormone influences the progression of scoliosis[1,2]. Serum levels of growth hormone in children with idiopathic scoliosis were found to be eleva... | 17316422 | PMC1808441 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:19 | no | Scoliosis. 2007 Feb 22; 2:3 |
Disease name
Cone rod dystrophies (CRDs)
Definition and diagnosis criteria
CRDs are inherited retinal dystrophies that belong to the pigmentary retinopathies group.
Functional signs and symptoms
• Decrease in the visual acuity is the earliest symptom
• Photophobia also occurs early
• Frequent dyschromatopsia
• Nig... | 17270046 | PMC1808442 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:02 | no | Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Feb 1; 2:7 |
Background
In 1995, a report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Atherosclerosis, American Heart Association (AHA), had described the characteristic components and pathogenic mechanisms of the various advanced atherosclerotic lesions [1]. This report provides a classification of human atherosclerot... | 17324272 | PMC1808443 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:12 | no | Thromb J. 2007 Feb 26; 5:4 |
Background
Biosynthesis of the purines AMP and GMP in Escherichia coli is a many-staged process supported by a complex network of enzymes. Some of the genes that encode these enzymes are arranged into operons (purF, purHD, purMN, purEK, guaBA, purB), while others are located in single cistrons (purT, purl, purC, purA, ... | 17326829 | PMC1808444 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:22 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Feb 27; 4:11 |
Background
Deuteronation
In nature, the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen is ~1/6600 [1], therefore the ratio of deuterated + heavy water (HOD + D2O) to water (H2O) is ~1/3300. In the atomic nucleus of hydrogen there is only one proton, while in deuterium there is one proton and neutron. One dissociation product of water ... | 17316427 | PMC1808445 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:21 | no | Theor Biol Med Model. 2007 Feb 22; 4:9 |
Background
Papillomavirus are non-enveloped, small double-stranded DNA viruses that target epithelial tissue for infection [1]. More than one hundred different types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been identified [2] and approximately one third of these types infect the anogenital epithelium. Infections by genita... | 17324266 | PMC1808446 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:18 | no | Virol J. 2007 Feb 26; 4:19 |
Review
Fatigue may be a clinically important, although subjective and quite unspecific characteristic of some chronic diseases, and major textbooks list diseases from different medical specialities like multiple sclerosis, heart failure, liver disease, adrenal insufficiency, anemia, renal failure, thyrotoxicosis, syste... | 17326844 | PMC1808447 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:29 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007 Feb 27; 5:12 |
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Loss of motor neurons results in muscle paralysis and ultimately death due to respiratory failure. 5–10% of ALS cases are familial inherited in an autosomal domina... | 17328801 | PMC1808448 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:07 | no | J Neuroinflammation. 2007 Feb 28; 4:9 |
Background
Individuals with cancer enter the health care system as users bringing their life stories, based on personal experiences, including those from disease or illness [1]. Increasing demands are being made for health-care to become user-oriented with increased attention to patients' perspectives and needs – and t... | 17309806 | PMC1808449 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:57 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2007 Feb 19; 7:23 |
Background
The insulin receptor (IR) is a heterotetrameric protein tyrosine kinase whose kinase activity is activated upon binding of insulin [1]. Several aspects of cell metabolism and physiology are controlled and regulated by insulin, and through interactions with the IR at the cell surface, insulin causes the modul... | 17309805 | PMC1808450 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Feb 19; 8:6 |
Background
Excitotoxic neuron death has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic, traumatic, and seizure-induced brain injury [1]. When glutamate receptor overactivation is intense, cell death is necrotic and characterized by a disturbance of cellular ion and volume homeostasis, leading to mitochondrial membrane... | 17326836 | PMC1808451 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:41 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2007 Feb 27; 8:7 |
Background
The repeated freeze-thaw events during cold season, freezing of soils in autumn and thawing in spring are typical for the tundra, boreal, and temperate soils [1-5]. The winter-spring fluxes of CO2 from permanently and seasonally frozen soils are essential part of annual carbon budget varying from 5 to 50% an... | 17309792 | PMC1808452 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 23:56:10 | no | Carbon Balance Manag. 2007 Feb 19; 2:2 |
Background
Plants have emerged as a safe and economical alternative to mainstream protein expression systems based on the large-scale culture of microbes or animal cells or on transgenic animals to produce biopharmaceuticals. Diverse, complex macromolecules such as antibodies [1,2] and vaccine components [3] have been ... | 17324250 | PMC1808453 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2007 Feb 26; 7:12 |
Background
Achilles tendinopathy is understood to be a failed healing response process involving separation of collagen bundles, increase of hydrophilic extracellular matrix, haphazard neovascularisation, and absence of inflammatory cells [1,2]. Patients present with pain and thickening of the tendon [3]. Tendinopathy ... | 17326834 | PMC1808454 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:21:30 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Feb 27; 8:19 |
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