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Background
Waterpipe smoking is becoming increasingly a worldwide phenomenon, with populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) being especially affected [1]. This centuries-old tobacco use method comes under many different names (e.g., shisha, hookah, narghile, arghile), shapes, and sizes, depending on the re... | 15294023 | PMC514554 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 4; 4:32 |
Background
Despite improvements in obstetric care in the UK over the past fifty years, it is estimated that around one in five pregnancies will end in miscarriage (fetal death before 24 weeks) [1,2]. The personal and public health impact of pregnancy loss is a neglected area in medical research and strategies of preven... | 15298712 | PMC514555 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:47 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 7; 4:35 |
Background
Developments in information and communication technology occur at an astonishing rate. The World Wide Web (WWW) doubled in size during the first 6 months of 2000 and by 2005 the number of Internet users is likely to pass the one billion mark [1]. This has had huge implications for medical practice throughout... | 15306029 | PMC514556 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 12; 4:37 |
Background
Although the extent and severity of the deformity in obstetrical palsy may vary from patient to patient, shoulder is the most frequently affected joint. Many clinical and radiological classification systems had been described to address the problem and tailor the solution at the shoulder [1-5]. Among deformi... | 15291961 | PMC514557 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:43 | no | BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004 Aug 3; 5:25 |
Background
Vitiligo is an important skin disease having major impact on the quality of life of patients suffering from vitiligo. Appearance of skin can condition an individual self-image, and any pathological alteration can have psychological consequences [1,2]. Many vitiligo patients feel distressed and stigmatized by... | 15294022 | PMC514558 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Aug 4; 4:8 |
Background
Evaluation of the importance of various processes determining community structure and function is an important topic in ecology. Unlike just a decade or so ago, few studies today question whether or not community assembly is strictly random, recognizing the role of both stochastic and deterministic processes... | 15298711 | PMC514559 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Aug 6; 4:10 |
Background
The cost-benefit paradigm is central to functional biology and to ecological and evolutionary theory because fitness costs and benefits associated with a trait determine its equilibrium value in a population. If the trait offers fitness benefits to the population rather than costs, then selection should lead... | 15304198 | PMC514560 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:14 | no | BMC Ecol. 2004 Aug 10; 4:11 |
Background
Epidemiological studies show that incidence rates of estrogen-dependent diseases such as cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary are among the highest in Western, industrialized countries, while rates are much lower in China and Japan [1,2]. These disparities may be attributable, in part, to differences... | 15294021 | PMC514561 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Aug 4; 4:10 |
Background
Baclofen is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analog that has inhibitory effects on spinal cord reflexes and brain. Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy consists of long-term delivery of baclofen to the intrathecal space. Intrathecal baclofen has been used to treat spasticity due to cerebral palsy, brain or spi... | 15301690 | PMC514562 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:27:54 | no | BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 9; 4:6 |
Background
"The ideal preceptor should be like Captain Picard from Star Trek, who has a good grasp of situations but lets his subordinates push themselves to their limits without interfering/imposing his views and methods"! (survey comment)
Medical care is being delivered primarily in the ambulatory setting in an incr... | 15298710 | PMC514563 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Aug 6; 4:12 |
Background
Diagnostic procedures are increasingly expected by consumers to ensure their health; "certainty" has become a product [1]. Assuming that test results are certain, only a minority is aware about false positive and false negative alarms. Previous research has shown that even physicians have great difficulties ... | 15301689 | PMC514564 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:54 | no | BMC Med Educ. 2004 Aug 10; 4:13 |
Background
Not so long ago, in 1998, Sherman declared: "Of all the human afflictions, the greatest toll has been exacted by malaria. Even today, malaria, which is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium, disables and kills more people than any other infectious disease." [1]
In line with the pioneering mo... | 15285781 | PMC514565 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:05:45 | no | Malar J. 2004 Jul 30; 3:29 |
Background
Plasmodium falciparum infection remains a major health problem worldwide. Its complex life cycle has hampered standard methods for the study of pathogenesis. New approaches to elucidate parasite biology using whole genomic methods have provided insight into gene function, transcriptional regulation and stage... | 15296511 | PMC514566 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:27 | no | Malar J. 2004 Aug 5; 3:30 |
Introduction
The mitigation of primary and metastatic tumors by radiofrequency ablation is a developing research area. The goal of ablation is to necrose treatment volumes by raising the temperature of targeted tissues. Ablation probes are inserted percutaneously, laparoscopically, or during surgery into cancerous tumo... | 15298708 | PMC514567 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:31 | no | Biomed Eng Online. 2004 Aug 6; 3:27 |
Background
Echocardiography or Ultrasound Cardiography (UCG) is a key investigation in cardiology. Its non-invasive nature makes it a widely acceptable and safe form of investigation. In many cases it has surpassed cardiac catheterisation in diagnostic yield and has become the investigation of choice.
The rapid develo... | 15307890 | PMC514568 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Aug 12; 2:12 |
Background
Osteoporosis is characterised by low bone mass and a deterioration in bone tissue micro-architecture, leading to increasing bone weakness and consequently risk of fracture. The most common clinical complications of osteoporosis are hip fracture, vertebral deformity and wrist fracture. According to bone densi... | 15291959 | PMC514569 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:12 | no | Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2004 Aug 3; 2:41 |
Background
LPS, a major constituent of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, potently stimulates host innate immune response [1]. LPS-induced activation of monocytes/macrophages leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (T... | 15312234 | PMC514570 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:42 | no | Nucl Recept. 2004 Aug 16; 2:4 |
Background
Treatment with the suicide gene/ prodrug activating system herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase/ ganciclovir (HSV-TK/ GCV) is highly efficient in animal models of malignant glioma [1-3]. In contrast, clinical trials employing the HSV-TK/ GCV system and a retroviral vector have demonstrated only a lim... | 15294018 | PMC514571 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 4; 2:7 |
Introduction
The need for a safe and effective prophylaxis or treatment for dengue virus (DEN) infection, a category A mosquito-borne human pathogen, is a critical global priority. DEN causes dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), which is associated with heterologous secondary DEN infection and affe... | 15301687 | PMC514572 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 9; 2:8 |
Background
Even with the dramatic advances in our understanding of the biological processes that determine health and illness, it has never been more clear that rates of disease morbidity and premature mortality reflect people's behavioral practices. [1] The benefits, both for individuals and the societies in which the... | 15279674 | PMC514573 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:47 | no | Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004 Jul 27; 1:11 |
Introduction
By its nature, translational research crosses boundaries between basic science and clinical application. It places researchers in new contexts and ushers in a range of new contacts and relationships. Crossing these boundaries contributes directly to the creativity and social impact of translational medicin... | 15301694 | PMC514574 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:24 | no | J Transl Med. 2004 Aug 9; 2:28 |
Background
The mutation responsible for the callipyge trait is located within an imprinted gene cluster on the distal end of ovine chromosome 18 [1-3]. The callipyge phenotype is associated with an altered carcass composition including a 30–40% increase in muscle mass, a 6–7% decrease in carcass fat, decreased organ we... | 15298706 | PMC514575 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:55 | no | BMC Biol. 2004 Aug 6; 2:17 |
Introduction
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-1) is the first discovered human retroviral pathogen [1]. It has been firmly implicated with the etiology of an aggressive malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and of a neurological progressive inflammatory syndrome called tropical spastic paraparesis or ... | 15310405 | PMC514576 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:36 | no | Retrovirology. 2004 Aug 13; 1:20 |
Background
A need to integrate, visualize and mine large amount of protein structure data is accelerating. In order to accommodate visualization of data originating from several sources and make analysis of protein structure and structural parameters easier, we developed Sting Millennium Suite (SMS). SMS is a web-based... | 15301693 | PMC514601 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 9; 5:107 |
Background
The biological functions of 16S, 23S and 5S rRNAs, tRNAs, telomerase RNA, Group I and II introns, RNaseP, and other structural RNAs are dictated by their three-dimensional structures. Thus, an accurate depiction of an RNA's secondary and tertiary structure is fundamental for our understanding of the mechanis... | 15296519 | PMC514602 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 5; 5:105 |
Background
Gene silencing is a powerful tool with which to study protein function. Gene inactivations in mice have revolutionised the way we study both basic biology and a plethora of disease types [1,2]. Gene silencing in human cells has, until recently, proven difficult to achieve [3]. Research with plants, flies and... | 15291968 | PMC514603 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Aug 3; 5:9 |
Background
Brain development, particularly in human, involves complex changes in shape and structure over time. During a period of approximately 4 weeks (from 26 to 56 days of development; Carnegie stages CS12 to CS23) the major subregions of the human brain are established and development proceeds from a simple neuroe... | 15298700 | PMC514604 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | BMC Neurosci. 2004 Aug 6; 5:27 |
Background
Gabapentin (Neurotonin®) and pregabalin (S(+)-3-isobutyl GABA) were both originally designed as GABA mimetics (Figure 1A), with the intention that they would be able to cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with GABAergic systems and enhance GABA mediated inhibition. Although gabapentin appears to have ... | 15294026 | PMC514605 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 4; 4:14 |
Background
It has been well established that the amygdala is important in the acquisition and maintenance of fear/anxiety-related behaviors [1]. Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors have recently been found in the adult rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) using whole cell and intracellular electrophysiology [2,3]. Reverse... | 15301692 | PMC514606 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:05 | no | BMC Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 9; 4:16 |
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a major health problem worldwide despite enormous efforts to control its spread. As of December 2002, the estimated number of people living with HIV is 42 millions [1]. In year 2002 alone, the HIV epidemic claimed more than 3 million lives and an estimat... | 15298719 | PMC514607 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:30 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 6; 4:25 |
Background
Owing to the lack of data concerning age dependent dietary exposure to bovine material in food in the UK, mathematical models used in the study of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD) have postulated an age risk function for contamination where the influence of age dependent dietary exposure to conta... | 15304199 | PMC514608 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:31 | no | BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 10; 4:26 |
Background
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma in Alabama is high (16.9 and 8.6 per 100,000 men and women, respectively, in 1998) [1]. The average annual incidence rate in Alabama during 1996 was 15.5 per 100,000 for men and 8.8 per 100,000 for women, indicating that the incidence in men is increasing. This is consiste... | 15310399 | PMC514609 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 13; 4:47 |
Background
The frequency of malignant neoplasms in children has been found to vary among countries. For example, in children in Canada, the United States, and Europe, the three most common cancers are leukemias, tumors of the central nervous system (CNST), and lymphomas [1-3], whereas in children in Latin America, the ... | 15310396 | PMC514610 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:03 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 13; 4:50 |
Background
Impaired exercise capacity, dyspnoea and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQL) are common complaints of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A major exercise-limiting factor in COPD is peripheral muscle dysfunction characterised by atrophic muscles and reduced fatigue resistanc... | 15310394 | PMC514611 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:10 | no | BMC Pulm Med. 2004 Aug 13; 4:5 |
Background
In order to locate the disease variants involved in complex common disease it is now generally accepted that very large sample numbers will be required [1-4]. Not only do the sample collections need to provide high quality gDNA, for the purpose of accurate genotyping, they also need to be sustainable. If, fo... | 15279678 | PMC514612 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Jul 27; 4:15 |
Introduction
The success of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), although the gold standard for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease, is limited by poor long-term vein graft patency [1]. Early vein graft thrombosis (within 1 month) occurs in up to 15% of vein grafts due to graft spasm or technical er... | 15268762 | PMC514613 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Jul 21; 2:8 |
Introduction
Reconstruction of eyelid defects after tumor excision should aim at obtaining full globe protection without visual disruption and restoring the area to an appearance as close to normal as possible [1]. Reconstruction of the eyelids requires special considerations and complete understanding of the specializ... | 15306033 | PMC514614 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:35 | no | Int Semin Surg Oncol. 2004 Aug 11; 1:5 |
Background
Duodenal Neuroendocrine tumors constitute 5% of all gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors [1,2]. Most of these show well-differentiated features and are classified as carcinoids or somatostatinomas [3-6]. Occurrence of carcinoma is rare, and carcinomas with anaplastic character, which are classified as smal... | 15310407 | PMC514615 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Aug 15; 2:28 |
Background
The study of reproduction and its artificial manipulation is important in many fields. For example, in sea urchins, an animal's testes can be dissected and sperm is activated by exposure to seawater. Eggs can be released by injecting KCl into the perivisceral cavity, and mixing eggs and sperm in vitro produc... | 15296510 | PMC514616 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:43 | no | Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2004 Aug 5; 2:60 |
Background
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are phospholipid growth factors which are present in normal serum and plasma. These lipids elicit diverse responses from a wide range of cell types, including enhanced cell survival, cell proliferation, induction of cytoskeletal changes and chemot... | 15298705 | PMC514652 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Aug 6; 5:12 |
Background
Biological relevance
Pseudoknots have been shown to be functionally relevant in many RNA mediated processes. Examples are the self-splicing group I introns [1], ribosomal RNAs, or RNaseP. Recently, pseudoknots were located in prion proteins of humans, and confirmed for many other species [2]. With the curren... | 15294028 | PMC514697 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:41 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 4; 5:104 |
Background
While similarity (homology) of DNA sequence between organisms can be used to propose potential gene functions, transcriptional regulation, and protein pathways (e.g., [1]), there are often major differences in the protein products, functions, and pathway involvement of genes with nearly identical sequences [... | 15304201 | PMC514698 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 10; 5:108 |
Background
In a relatively short time microarrays have become a well established technique, widely used by researchers. Microarrays offer nothing less than to be able to monitor simultaneously the expression levels for thousands of genes.
The RNA molecules from the biological sample are called targets, and the polymer... | 15310390 | PMC514699 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 14; 5:111 |
Background
Knowledge about the metabolic network of an organism is essential for understanding its physiology and phenotypic behavior. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic network at the system level is particularly important for both biotechnological and biomedical research and is now made possible by rapid ... | 15312235 | PMC514700 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 16; 5:112 |
Background
The genome projects have increased our knowledge of genomic sequences for several organisms. Taking advantage of this knowledge, the microarrays technologies allow the characterization of a whole-genome expression by showing the relative transcript levels of thousand of genes in one experiment [1]. Numerous ... | 15324460 | PMC514701 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:46 | no | BMC Bioinformatics. 2004 Aug 23; 5:114 |
Background
Multiple large-scale analytical techniques to assess gene expression in defined cell populations have been developed. These include microarray analysis, EST enumeration, SAGE and MPSS. Each of these techniques offers unique advantages and disadvantages. Technique selection largely depends on the expertise of... | 15304200 | PMC514702 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:29 | no | BMC Dev Biol. 2004 Aug 10; 4:10 |
Background
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.28, AADC) catalyzes the second enzymatic step in synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, which are found in neurons of all animals (Figure 1). Alteration in the normal expression of these transmitters is associated with human neurological dis... | 15287963 | PMC514703 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Aug 2; 4:24 |
Background
Biliary atresia (BA) is a cholestatic disease of infancy characterized by the destruction of the biliary tree. [1-3] Both the intra-and extra-hepatic biliary ducts demonstrate evidence of a progressive destruction. This results in cholestasis, hepatic fibrosis and eventually cirrhosis. BA is associated with ... | 15285784 | PMC514704 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:54 | no | BMC Gastroenterol. 2004 Jul 31; 4:14 |
Background
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an integral part of multi-modality approach in the management of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). It is required both for the local control (to ensure microscopically free margins during surgery) and distant or systemic control [1-5]. In the past few years, considera... | 15310398 | PMC514705 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 13; 4:48 |
Background
The successful treatment and prevention of estrogen-dependent breast cancer in women by tamoxifen is attributed to its estrogen receptor (ER) occupancy [reviewed in [1,2]]. In the N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) induced breast cancer model in rats, tumor growth is estrogen dependent and tamoxifen is considerably m... | 15310397 | PMC514706 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:02 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 13; 4:49 |
Background
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a common retinal neovascular disorder of premature infants. It is of variable severity, usually heals with mild or no sequelae, but may progress in some infants to partial vision loss or blindness from retinal detachments or severe retinal scar formation [1]. ROP remains a... | 15298714 | PMC514707 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:00 | no | BMC Pediatr. 2004 Aug 7; 4:15 |
Background
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts, and various cognitive impairments. The life-time prevalence is about 1%, and genetic factors were known to play a critical role in its pathogenesis [1]. Based on the fact that phencyclidine (PCP) indu... | 15296513 | PMC514708 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:33:01 | no | BMC Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 6; 4:21 |
Background
Influenza has the potential to cause serious complications (chiefly viral and bacterial pneumonia, with attendant mortality and morbidity), especially in the older adult (>= 65) population and in those with comorbid illness [1-3]. Influenza vaccination is demonstratively safe, effective [4-6], and cost-effec... | 15306030 | PMC514709 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:28:46 | no | BMC Public Health. 2004 Aug 11; 4:36 |
Background
Gene therapy protocols would strongly benefit from the development of a one step technique that would allow cells to be genetically modified through the introduction of several therapeutic genes. In order to induce the translation and expression of exogenous cDNAs, carried by a single vector, researchers hav... | 15279677 | PMC514710 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:57 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Jul 27; 4:16 |
Background
Biosensors based on GFP-fusion proteins are powerful tools for observing real-time events within living cells. Insertion of GFP within another protein has produced biosensors capable of signaling intracellular events through intrinsic fluorescence changes [1,2], fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) ... | 15317651 | PMC514711 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:56 | no | BMC Biotechnol. 2004 Aug 18; 4:17 |
Background
The regulation of cellular ion concentrations is an essential process in all organisms, necessary to sustain a multitude of physiological processes including pH balance and ion homeostasis. This process is accomplished mainly through membrane ion transporters. In Escherichia coli, among the membrane proteins... | 15306028 | PMC514712 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:59 | no | BMC Struct Biol. 2004 Aug 11; 4:9 |
Background
It is generally believed that a major portion of post-traumatic neuronal necrosis after brain injury does not result from diffuse primary injury, but rather from a secondary process. The injury appears to trigger a cascade of molecular events that lead to gradual vascular and neuronal tissue degeneration, th... | 15310392 | PMC514713 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:45 | no | BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004 Aug 13; 4:11 |
Background
Pneumonia (with influenza) is the leading infectious disease cause of death in the United States and the sixth leading cause of death overall [1] According to national mortality data from the CDC blacks suffer disproportionately from this disease, with blacks having a higher incidence of pneumonia and a 1.4 ... | 15304197 | PMC514714 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:28 | no | BMC Health Serv Res. 2004 Aug 10; 4:20 |
Background
Lymphatic filariasis, identified as one of the leading causes of permanent disability worldwide, has been targeted for global elimination [1,2]. Interrupting transmission and controlling morbidity are the twin pillars of the global filariasis elimination programme [3]. Mass drug administration (MDA) for cont... | 15287989 | PMC514715 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Filaria J. 2004 Aug 3; 3:6 |
Background
This study is an observational epidemiological investigation of breast cancer incidence in Massachusetts. It examines geographic variations over a ten year period using both purely spatial and space-time models to determine whether observed fluctuations in incidence rates are random or whether fluctuations r... | 15291960 | PMC514716 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:01 | no | Int J Health Geogr. 2004 Aug 3; 3:17 |
Background
Livers of pig are used in a wide range of experimental settings related to problems encountered in human medicine such as fulminant hepatic failure [1,2] and graft survival in liver transplantation [3]. Bioartificial liver support systems, which combine living cells of the liver in an extracorporeal circuit,... | 15306034 | PMC514717 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:24 | no | Comp Hepatol. 2004 Aug 12; 3:4 |
Background
Primary cardiac tumors are rare disorders, with an incidence of 0.02% at autopsy. Three quarters of the primary tumors of the heart are benign, half of which are myxomas [1].
As noninvasive cardiac imaging becomes widely available, with increasing resolution provided by echocardiography, computed tomography... | 15310408 | PMC514718 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Aug 13; 2:13 |
Background
Anti-ischemic therapy, in particular beta-blockers, is the most commonly employed drug for the control of myocardial ischemia in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Its widespread use also in patients with suspected coronary artery disease has important practical, clinical diagnostic and prognostic... | 15320951 | PMC514719 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:29 | no | Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2004 Aug 20; 2:14 |
Review
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells that induce primary antigen specific T cell responses [1] and exhibit all functional properties required to present exogenous antigen (Ag) to immunologically naïve T cells. These properties include: a) uptake of exogenous Ag via receptor-mediated end... | 15287985 | PMC514720 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:37:44 | no | J Immune Based Ther Vaccines. 2004 Aug 2; 2:8 |
Background
The natural history of Hürthle cell carcinoma (HCC) is not well understood. It accounts for <5% of all differentiated thyroid malignancies. Hürthle cells are characterised by eosinophilic cytoplasm with trabecular/follicular growth pattern. [1]. Oncocytes are seen in follicular cell carcinoma but in HCC onco... | 15306032 | PMC514721 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:38 | no | World J Surg Oncol. 2004 Aug 11; 2:27 |
Introduction
Fatty acids (FAs) belong to a physiologically important class of molecules involved in energy storage, membrane structure, and various signaling pathways. Different FAs have different physical properties that determine their unique functions. Among the most abundant in animal cells as well as the most stud... | 15340492 | PMC514883 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e257 |
Introduction
Exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs) were identified about a decade ago as short oligonucleotide sequences that enhance exon recognition by the splicing machinery (reviewed in Blencowe 2000 and Cartegni et al. 2002). Sequences with ESE activity have been identified in both plants and animals and have been foun... | 15340491 | PMC514884 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:13 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e268 |
Introduction
The development of higher eukaryotes depends on the establishment of complex spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression. Thus, an important key to understanding development is to decode the transcriptional control of patterned gene expression.
The segmentation gene network of Drosophila has long been one ... | 15340490 | PMC514885 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e271 |
Health food stores have long hawked fish oil capsules as a cure-all for everything from migraines to heart disease. And though such claims are often weak on scientific evidence, fish oil, it turns out, is no snake oil. A recent review of scientific studies concludes that omega-3 fatty acids can indeed protect against h... | 0 | PMC514886 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e293 |
A fundamental principle guiding the publication of scientific results is that the data supporting any scholarly work must be made fully available to the research community, in a form that allows the basic conclusions to be evaluated independently. In the context of molecular biology, this has typically meant that autho... | 15340489 | PMC514887 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:27:50 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e317 |
To build the complex body plan of higher organisms, thousands of genes must act in a coordinated fashion, becoming active at the right time and in the right place to define structures like head, thorax, and abdomen, or cell types like skin, muscle, and bone. One of the central questions for developmental biologists is ... | 0 | PMC514888 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e319 |
Identifying the causative mutation for a disease can be the first step to a potential cure. This task is not always trivial. Often the initial strategy is to look for the variations within a mutated gene that alter its protein coding sequence, as these mutations often alter the gene's function. However, in a growing nu... | 0 | PMC514889 | CC BY | 2021-01-05 08:21:14 | no | PLoS Biol. 2004 Sep 31; 2(9):e323 |
Background
In an era of cost containment, the need for rigorous examination of the cost-effectiveness of drugs, as well as their clinical effectiveness, is widely recognized not only by governments but also by the pharmaceutical industry [1-4]. Messages framed differently, but with the same basic content, have reached ... | 15312236 | PMC514891 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Aug 17; 5(1):8 |
Background
The superfamily of proteins containing the C-type (Ca-dependent) lectin-like domain (CTLD) is a large group of extracellular proteins characterized by evolutionary flexibility and functional versatility [1,2]. Its members have been extensively studied because of their involvement in diverse physiological pro... | 15285787 | PMC514892 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:43 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 1; 5:51 |
Background
CXC and CC chemokines are small soluble proteins expressed and secreted by a number of cell types during the initial host response to injury, allergens, antigens, or invading microorganisms [1]. These ligands selectively attract leukocytes to inflammatory foci via facilitation of cellular adhesion, transendo... | 15296517 | PMC514893 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 22:25:48 | no | BMC Immunol. 2004 Aug 5; 5:17 |
Background
Salmonella express flagellar (H), polysaccharide (O) and capsular (Vi) antigens which determine strain pathogenicity and therefore variation of these antigens has formed the basis for Salmonella serotyping. The Kauffmann-White scheme, first published in 1929, divides Salmonella into more than 2500 serotypes ... | 15298703 | PMC514894 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:38:06 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Aug 6; 4:31 |
Background
Most of the existing computational methods for RNA secondary structure prediction fold an already completely synthesized RNA molecule. This is done either by minimizing its free energy (e.g. done by MFOLD [1-3] and by the programs of the VIENNA package [4-8]) or by maximizing the probability under a model wh... | 15298702 | PMC514895 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:48:01 | no | BMC Mol Biol. 2004 Aug 6; 5:10 |
Background
The emergency department (ED) is intended to treat medical urgencies or emergencies, but a large proportion of visits are due to problems that could be treated in the primary care setting [1,2]. ED services are available 24 hours a day while primary care facilities have limited service hours. In the Israeli ... | 15298721 | PMC514896 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:00 | no | BMC Fam Pract. 2004 Aug 7; 5:16 |
Background
The use of prescribed psychotropic drugs by older persons has been a subject of interest for several decades [1,2]. Psychotropic drugs are defined as substances that act directly on the central nervous system, affecting mood, cognition, and behavior, and usually include anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, ... | 15310409 | PMC514897 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:13 | no | BMC Nurs. 2004 Aug 13; 3:3 |
Introduction
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often regarded by the general public as a controversial procedure for the treatment of mental disorders. This is despite evidence of its safety and efficacy [1], and its benefit over anti-depressants in patients resistant to conventional medications and those with life th... | 15306035 | PMC514898 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:36:21 | no | Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Aug 12; 3:14 |
Patterns of drug prescription
Despite tremendous advances in the science and technology of drug development, as well the emergence of guidance and consensus building among scientists, many clinicians, pharmacists, and consumers remain uninformed regarding the scientific basis of establishing bioequivalence, the generic... | 15312237 | PMC514911 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:47:31 | no | Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2004 Aug 16; 5(1):7 |
Background
The isolation of unique DNA probes from the sub-telomeric regions of all chromosomes has opened up a field of cytogenetics research that was previously inaccessible to conventional karyotyping protocols [1]. Since then a number of studies have shown that cryptic structural abnormalities (deletions, duplicati... | 15310400 | PMC515177 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:07 | no | BMC Med Genet. 2004 Aug 13; 5:21 |
Background
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy complicate approximately 10–16% of pregnancies and are leading causes of maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide [1-3]. Definitions, classifications, assessment and management of hypertensive disorders vary considerably in the literature and from cou... | 15298717 | PMC515178 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:03 | no | BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2004 Aug 6; 4:17 |
Background
Retroviruses
Retroviruses are viruses that are found throughout the animal kingdom, including in chickens, mice, cats, sheep, goats, cattle, primates, fish and humans. The first retro viruses were identified as cell free oncogenic factors in chickens. Subsequently, many of the oncogenic retroviruses have bee... | 15310406 | PMC515179 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:08 | no | Genet Vaccines Ther. 2004 Aug 13; 2:9 |
Background
Night sleep duration of Japanese children aged 10–18 y has become shorter by one hour during the last 30 years in Japan [1]. The so called "24-hour society", which is currently in progress in Japan, seems to change environmental conditions surrounding children. For example, mobile phones are used by more tha... | 15304196 | PMC515180 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:39:12 | no | J Circadian Rhythms. 2004 Aug 11; 2:4 |
Background
Many Drosophila melanogaster homologs of the proteins required for both DNA replication and repair have been identified and in several cases purified to apparent homogeneity. These include DNA polymerase α holoenzyme [1,2], DNA polymerase δ(pol δ) [2-4], replication protein A (RP-A; [5]), replication factor ... | 15310391 | PMC515284 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:26:23 | no | BMC Biochem. 2004 Aug 13; 5:13 |
Background
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GNEFs) are components of signaling pathways that link transmembrane receptors to intracellular GTPase family members regulating a wide variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and apoptosis. C3G (RapGEF1) is an ubiquitously expressed ... | 15320955 | PMC515295 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:31:37 | no | BMC Cell Biol. 2004 Aug 20; 5:31 |
Background
The shorebirds and allies (Aves: Charadriiformes; [1]) present an exceptional group for studying numerous evolutionary hypotheses. Their remarkable diversity of social mating system, parental care, sexual dimorphism, ecology and life-history make them an ideal group for unravelling the mechanisms of, for exa... | 15329156 | PMC515296 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:01 | no | BMC Evol Biol. 2004 Aug 24; 4:28 |
Background
The Indian subcontinent is regarded as a natural genetic laboratory, owing to the co-existence and interaction of socio-culturally, linguistically, ethnically and genetically diversified endogamous populations in a geographical terrain. It is believed that the earliest humans leaving Africa for Eurasia might... | 15317657 | PMC515297 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Aug 19; 5:23 |
Background
The type 1 diabetes, previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is the consequence of progressive and selective destruction of pancreatic β cells by an immune-mediated process [1], resulting in an absolute lack of insulin [2]. It is well established that this self-destruction is primarily ... | 15331022 | PMC515298 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:30:34 | no | BMC Genet. 2004 Aug 24; 5:24 |
Background
Defensins constitute a large family of small, cysteine-rich, cationic peptides that are capable of killing a broad spectrum of pathogens, including various bacteria, fungi, and certain enveloped viruses [1-5]. These peptides play a critical role in host defense and disease resistance by protecting the hosts ... | 15310403 | PMC515299 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:42 | no | BMC Genomics. 2004 Aug 13; 5:56 |
Background
Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia is frequently polymicrobial, with gram-negative bacilli predominating [1]. Because delays in antimicrobial treatment can lead to adverse outcomes, the choice of empirical therapy is vital. Many effective antimicrobial agents are available, but the treatment of nosocomial pneumo... | 15320954 | PMC515300 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:38 | no | BMC Microbiol. 2004 Aug 22; 4:32 |
Background
For many years the vast majority of gene expression studies have employed non-quantitative or semi-quantitative RNA gel blots and RT-PCR analysis. Real-time PCR technology has removed many of the difficulties associated with quantitative gene expression studies [1], and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR... | 15317655 | PMC515301 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:51 | no | BMC Plant Biol. 2004 Aug 18; 4:14 |
Background
Cluster randomised trials are those where research subjects are not allocated to treatments independently, but as a group. For example, in a study of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice, practices were allocated to counselling or control and patients aged 40–79 years who attended du... | 15310402 | PMC515302 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004 Aug 13; 4:21 |
Background
Acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis (HD) is a common clinical problem in critically ill patients that is independently associated with increased mortality[1]. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS) is the clinical phenomenon of acute central nervous system dysfunction attributed to cerebral edema that... | 15318947 | PMC515303 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:32:50 | no | BMC Nephrol. 2004 Aug 19; 5:9 |
Background
The S100 protein family consists of at least 21 small, acidic, Ca2+-binding proteins with different expression patterns and apparently diverse functional and biological properties [1]. The S100A4 protein has been associated with increased metastatic capacity of cancer cells [2-4], but how S100A4 exerts the m... | 15318945 | PMC515304 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:02:59 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 19; 4:52 |
Background
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) [1]. Current treatments (e.g. chemo-and radiotherapy) have been relatively unsuccessful and no significant improvement in the prognosis has been recorded over the last 20 years [1]. Cancer cells are ca... | 15331018 | PMC515305 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:01 | no | BMC Cancer. 2004 Aug 24; 4:54 |
Background
Although a rare disease, uveal melanoma of the eye is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with an incidence rate of up to 1.0 per 100,000 person years (age-standardized, world standard) in Europe [1]. Only a few consistent risk factors have been identified for this disease. One set of u... | 15318944 | PMC515306 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:03:49 | no | BMC Ophthalmol. 2004 Aug 19; 4:11 |
Background
The term anetoderma (anetos = slack) refers to a circumscribed area of slack skin associated with a loss of dermal substance on palpation and a loss of elastic tissue on histological examination [1].
In the past, cases of primary anetoderma were divided into the Jadassohn-Pellizari type, in which the lesion... | 15318943 | PMC515307 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:15 | no | BMC Dermatol. 2004 Aug 19; 4:9 |
Background
Throughout the world, there is an increasing awareness of mental illness as a significant cause of morbidity [1]. This awareness has increased with the steady decline of morbidity due to nutritional disorders, communicable diseases and other forms of physical illness, especially in countries undergoing epide... | 15320952 | PMC515308 | CC BY | 2021-01-04 16:29:56 | no | BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2004 Aug 20; 4:3 |
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