text stringlengths 16 172k | source stringlengths 32 122 |
|---|---|
Clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting, also known asagent cultivation, refers to the recruitment of human agents, commonly known asspies, who work for a foreign government, or within a host country's government or other target of intelligence interest for the gathering ofhuman intelligence. The work of detecting and "dou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment_of_spies |
Coded anti-piracy(CAP) is an anti-copyright infringementtechnology which marks each film print of amotion picturewith a distinguishing pattern of dots, used as aforensic identifierto identify the source of illegal copies.
They are not to be confused withcue marks, which are black or white circles usually in the upper ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coded_anti-piracy |
Fictitiousorfake entriesare deliberately incorrect entries inreference workssuch asdictionaries,encyclopedias, maps, and directories, added by the editors ascopyright trapsto reveal subsequentplagiarismorcopyright infringement. There are more specific terms for particular kinds of fictitious entry, such as Mountweazel,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictitious_entry |
Printer tracking dots, also known asprinter steganography,DocuColor tracking dots,yellow dots,secret dots, or amachine identification code(MIC), is adigital watermarkwhich many colorlaser printersandphotocopiersproduce on every printed page that identifies the specific device that was used to print the document. Develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Identification_Code |
Traitor tracingschemes help trace the source of leaks when secret or proprietary data is sold to many customers.
In a traitor tracing scheme, each customer is given a different personal decryption key.
(Traitor tracing schemes are often combined withconditional accesssystems so that, once the traitor tracing algorithm ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traitor_tracing |
Awatermarkis an identifying image or pattern inpaperthat appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper.[1]Watermarks have been used onpostage stamps,currency, and other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark |
Honeypotsare security devices whose value lie in being probed and compromised. Traditional honeypots are servers (or devices that expose server services) that wait passively to be attacked.Client Honeypotsare active security devices in search of malicious servers that attack clients. The client honeypot poses as a clie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_honeypot_/_honeyclient |
Incartography, atrap streetis afictitious entryin the form of a misrepresented street on a map, often outside the area the map nominally covers, for the purpose of "trapping" potential plagiarists of the map who, if caught, would be unable to explain the inclusion of the "trap street" on their map as innocent. On maps ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_street |
Internet background noise(IBN, also known asInternet background radiation, by analogy with naturalbackground radiation) consists of datapacketson theInternetwhich are addressed toIP addressesorportswhere there is no network device set up to receive them.Network telescopesobserve the Internet background radiation.
Thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_background_noise |
Active measures(Russian:активные мероприятия,romanized:aktivnye meropriyatiya) is a term used to describepolitical warfareconducted by theSoviet Unionand theRussian Federation. The term, which dates back to the 1920s, includes operations such asespionage,propaganda,sabotageandassassination, based on foreign policy obje... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_measures |
Afalse flagoperation is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actual source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term "false flag" originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone's allegiance.[1][2]The term was originally used to desc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_flag |
TheHundred Flowers Campaign, also termed theHundred Flowers Movement(Chinese:百花齐放;pinyin:Bǎihuā Qífàng) and theDouble Hundred Movement(双百方针;Shuāngbǎi Fāngzhēn), was a period from 1956 to 1957 in thePeople's Republic of Chinaduring which theChinese Communist Party(CCP), led byMao Zedong, proposed to "let one hundred flo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign |
The Inner Line(Russian:Внутренняя Линия) was a secretcounter-intelligencebranch of theRussian All-Military Union(ROVS), the leadingRussianWhite émigréorganization. GeneralAlexander Kutepovis credited with setting it up in the mid-1920s.[1][2]An alternative account sees the Inner Line as a group secretly established byS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Line |
Political warfareis the use of hostile political means to compel an opponent to do one's will. The termpoliticaldescribes the calculated interaction between a government and a target audience, including another state's government, military, and/or general population. Governments use a variety of techniques to coerce ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_warfare |
Roman Vatslavovich Malinovsky(Russian:Рома́н Ва́цлавович Малино́вский; 18 March 1876 – 5 November 1918) was a prominentBolshevikpolitician before theRussian revolution, while at the same time working as the best-paid agent for theOkhrana, the Tsarist secret police. They codenamed him 'Portnoi' (the tailor).
He was a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Malinovsky |
In law enforcement, asting operationis adeceptiveoperation designed to catch a person attempting to commit a crime. A typical sting will have anundercoverlaw enforcementofficer, detective, or co-operative member of the public play a role as criminal partner or potential victim and go along with a suspect's actions to g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_operation |
"Syndicate–2"was adisinformation operationdeveloped and carried out by theState Political Directorate, aimed at eliminatingSavinkov's anti–Soviet underground.
The interest of the famous terroristBoris Savinkovto participate in underground anti–Soviet activities prompted the extraordinary commissioners to develop a pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicate%E2%80%932 |
TheTagantsev conspiracy(or the case of thePetrograd Military Organization) was a non-existentmonarchistconspiracy fabricated by theSoviet secret policein 1921 to both decimate and terrorize potentialSoviet dissidentsagainst the rulingBolshevikregime.[1]As its result, more than 800 people, mostly from scientific and art... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy |
Variousanti-spam techniquesare used to preventemail spam(unsolicited bulk email).
No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each hastrade-offsbetween incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) as opposed to not rejecting all spam email (false negatives) – and the associated costs in ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques_(e-mail) |
Smtp-sinkis a utility program in thePostfix Mailsoftware package that implements a "black hole" function. It listens on the named host (or address) and port. It acceptsSimple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) messages from the network and discards them. The purpose is to support measurement of client performance. It is not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail-sink |
Incognitive linguistics,conceptual metaphor, orcognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, orconceptual domain, in terms of another. An example of this is the understanding ofquantityin terms ofdirectionality(e.g. "the price of peace isrising") or the understanding of time in terms of money (e.g. "Ispe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor |
Horatio Alger Jr.(/ˈældʒər/; January 13, 1832 – July 18, 1899) was an American author who wroteyoung adult novelsabout impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to middle-class security and comfort through good works. His writings were characterized by the "rags-to-riches" narrative, which had a formativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Alger_myth |
Neurath's boat(orNeurath's ship) is asimileused inanti-foundationalaccounts ofknowledge, especially in thephilosophy of science. It was first formulated byOtto Neurath. It is based in part on theShip of Theseuswhich, however, is standardly used to illustrate other philosophical questions, to do with problems ofidentity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurathian_bootstrap |
Robert Anson Heinlein(/ˈhaɪnlaɪn/HYNE-lyne;[2][3][4]July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an Americanscience fictionauthor,aeronautical engineer, andnaval officer. Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers",[5]he was among the first to emphasize scientific accuracy in his fiction, and was thus a pioneer of the su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein |
"By His Bootstraps" is a 20,000 wordscience fictionnovellaby American writerRobert A. Heinlein. It plays with some of the inherentparadoxesthat would be caused bytime travel.
The story was published in the October 1941 issue ofAstounding Science Fictionunder thepen nameAnson MacDonald; the same issue has "Common Sense... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_His_Bootstraps |
Rugged individualism, derived fromindividualism, is a term that indicates that an individual is self-reliant and independent from outside (usually government or some other form of collective) assistance or support. While the term is often associated with the notion oflaissez-faireand associated adherents, it was actual... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugged_individualism |
Instatistics, thejackknife(jackknife cross-validation) is across-validationtechnique and, therefore, a form ofresampling.
It is especially useful forbiasandvarianceestimation. The jackknife pre-dates other common resampling methods such as thebootstrap. Given a sample of sizen{\displaystyle n}, a jackknifeestimatorcan ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackknife_(statistics) |
TheNelson–Aalen estimatoris anon-parametric estimatorof thecumulative hazard ratefunction in case ofcensored dataorincomplete data.[1]It is used insurvival theory,reliability engineeringandlife insuranceto estimate the cumulative number of expected events. An "event" can be the failure of a non-repairable component, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%E2%80%93Aalen_estimator |
Survival analysisis a branch ofstatisticsfor analyzing the expected duration of time until one event occurs, such as death inbiological organismsand failure in mechanical systems.[1]This topic is calledreliability theory,reliability analysisorreliability engineeringinengineering,duration analysisorduration modellingine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_analysis#Discrete-time_survival_models |
Instatistics,censoringis a condition in which thevalueof ameasurementorobservationis only partially known.
For example, suppose a study is conducted to measure the impact of a drug onmortality rate. In such a study, it may be known that an individual's age at death isat least75 years (but may be more). Such a situati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censoring_(statistics) |
Indata analysisinvolving geographical locations,geo-imputationorgeographical imputationmethods are steps taken to replacemissing valuesfor exact locations with approximate locations derived from associated data. They assign a reasonable location or geographic based attribute (e.g.,census tract) to a person by using bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-imputation |
Instatistics,maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) is a method ofestimatingtheparametersof an assumedprobability distribution, given some observed data. This is achieved bymaximizingalikelihood functionso that, under the assumedstatistical model, theobserved datais most probable. Thepointin theparameter spacethat maximize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_information_maximum_likelihood |
In statistical models applied topsychometrics,congeneric reliabilityρC{\displaystyle \rho _{C}}("rho C")[1]a single-administration test score reliability (i.e., the reliability of persons over items holding occasion fixed) coefficient, commonly referred to ascomposite reliability,construct reliability, andcoefficient o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congeneric_reliability |
Instatistics,consistencyof procedures, such as computingconfidence intervalsor conductinghypothesis tests, is a desired property of their behaviour as the number of items in the data set to which they are applied increases indefinitely. In particular, consistency requires that as the dataset size increases, the outcome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistency_(statistics) |
Instatistics,homogeneityand its opposite,heterogeneity, arise in describing the properties of adataset, or several datasets. They relate to the validity of the often convenient assumption that the statistical properties of any one part of an overall dataset are the same as any other part. Inmeta-analysis, which combine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity_(statistics) |
Repeatabilityortest–retest reliability[1]is the closeness of the agreement between the results of successivemeasurementsof the samemeasure, when carried out under the same conditions of measurement.[2]In other words, the measurements are taken by a single person orinstrumenton the same item, under the same conditions, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-retest_reliability |
Instatisticsandresearch,internal consistencyis typically a measure based on thecorrelationsbetween different items on the same test (or the same subscale on a larger test). It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same generalconstructproduce similar scores. For example, if a respondent expressed a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_consistency |
Level of measurementorscale of measureis a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned tovariables.[1]PsychologistStanley Smith Stevensdeveloped the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement:nominal,ordinal,interval, andratio.[1][2]This framework of dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levels_of_measurement |
Reliability engineeringis a sub-discipline ofsystems engineeringthat emphasizes the ability of equipment to function without failure. Reliability is defined as the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its intended function adequately for a specified period of time, OR will operate in a defined en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_theory |
Accuracy and precisionare two measures ofobservational error.Accuracyis how close a given set ofmeasurements(observationsor readings) are to theirtrue value.Precisionis how close the measurements are to each other.
TheInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) defines a related measure:[1]trueness, "the close... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy |
ANOVA gaugerepeatabilityandreproducibilityis ameasurement systems analysistechnique that uses ananalysis of variance(ANOVA)random effects modelto assess a measurement system.
The evaluation of a measurement system isnotlimited togaugebut to all types ofmeasuring instruments,test methods, and other measurement systems.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANOVA_gauge_R%26R |
In logic,contingencyis the feature of a statement making it neither necessary nor impossible.[1][2]Contingency is a fundamental concept ofmodal logic. Modal logic concerns the manner, ormode, in which statements are true. Contingency is one of three basic modes alongside necessity and possibility. In modal logic, a con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy) |
Corroborating evidence, also referred to ascorroboration, is a type of evidence in lawful command.
Corroborating evidence tends to support a proposition that is already supported by some initial evidence, therefore confirming the proposition. For example, W, a witness, testifies that she saw X drive his automobile int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroboration |
Reproducible builds, also known asdeterministic compilation, is a process ofcompilingsoftware which ensures the resultingbinary codecan bereproduced.Source codecompiled using deterministic compilation will always output the same binary.[1][2][3]
Reproducible builds can act as part of achain of trust;[1]the source code... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducible_builds |
Ahypothesis(pl.:hypotheses) is a proposedexplanationfor aphenomenon. Ascientifichypothesis must be based onobservationsand make atestableandreproduciblepredictionaboutreality, in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought.
If a hypothesis is repeatedly independently demonstrated byexperimentto be true, it b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis |
Pathological scienceis an area of research where "people are tricked into false results ... by subjective effects,wishful thinkingor threshold interactions."[1][2]The term was first used byIrving Langmuir,Nobel Prize-winningchemist, during a 1953colloquiumat theKnolls Research Laboratory.[3]Langmuir said a pathological... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_science |
Pseudoscienceconsists of statements,beliefs, or practices that claim to be bothscientificand factual but are incompatible with thescientific method.[Note 1]Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated orunfalsifiable claims; reliance onconfirmation biasrather than rigorous attempts at refutation; ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience |
ReScience Cis a journal created in 2015 by Nicolas Rougier and Konrad Hinsen with the aim of publishing researchers' attempts to replicate computations made by other authors, using independently written,free and open-source software(FOSS), with an open process ofpeer review.[1]The journal states that requiring the repl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReScience_C |
Inacademic publishing, aretractionis a mechanism by which apublished paperin anacademic journalis flagged for being seriously flawed to the extent that their results and conclusions can no longer be relied upon. Retracted articles are not removed from the published literature but marked as retracted. In some cases it m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing |
Testabilityis a primary aspect ofscience[1]and thescientific method. There are two components to testability:
In short, ahypothesisistestableif there is a possibility of deciding whether it is true or false based onexperimentationby anyone. This allows anyone to decide whether atheorycan besupportedorrefutedbydata. Ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testability |
Instatistical inference, the concept of aconfidence distribution(CD) has often been loosely referred to as a distribution function on the parameter space that can represent confidence intervals of all levels for a parameter of interest. Historically, it has typically been constructed by inverting the upper limits of lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_distribution |
Nonparametric statisticsis a type of statistical analysis that makes minimal assumptions about the underlyingdistributionof the data being studied. Often these models are infinite-dimensional, rather than finite dimensional, as inparametric statistics.[1]Nonparametric statistics can be used fordescriptive statisticsors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_statistics |
Pseudoreplication(sometimesunit of analysis error[1]) has many definitions. Pseudoreplication was originally defined in 1984 byStuart H. Hurlbert[2]as the use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or
replicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoreplication |
Non-uniform random variate generationorpseudo-random number samplingis thenumericalpractice of generatingpseudo-random numbers(PRN) that follow a givenprobability distribution.
Methods are typically based on the availability of auniformly distributedPRN generator. Computational algorithms are then used to manipulate a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_random_variate_generation |
Arandom permutationis asequencewhere any order of its items is equally likely atrandom, that is, it is apermutation-valuedrandom variableof a set of objects. The use of random permutations is common ingames of chanceand inrandomized algorithmsincoding theory,cryptography, andsimulation. A good example of a random permu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_permutation |
Surrogate data testing[1](or themethod of surrogate data) is a statisticalproof by contradictiontechnique similar topermutation tests[2]andparametric bootstrapping. It is used to detectnon-linearityin atime series.[3]The technique involves specifying anull hypothesisH0{\displaystyle H_{0}}describing alinear processand ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_data_testing |
Inmachine learning,ensemble averagingis the process of creating multiple models (typicallyartificial neural networks) and combining them to produce a desired output, as opposed to creating just one model. Ensembles of models often outperform individual models, as the various errors of the ensemble constituents "average... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_averaging_(machine_learning) |
Bayesian structural time series(BSTS) model is astatisticaltechnique used forfeature selection, time series forecasting,nowcasting, inferring causal impact and other applications. The model is designed to work withtime seriesdata.
The model has also promising application in the field of analyticalmarketing. In particu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_structural_time_series |
Mixture of experts(MoE) is amachine learningtechnique where multiple expertnetworks(learners) are used to divide a problem space into homogeneous regions.[1]MoE represents a form ofensemble learning.[2]They were also calledcommittee machines.[3]
MoE always has the following components, but they are implemented and com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture_of_experts |
CatBoost[6]is anopen-sourcesoftware librarydeveloped byYandex. It provides agradient boostingframework which, among other features, attempts to solve for categorical features using a permutation-driven alternative to the classical algorithm.[7]It works onLinux,Windows,macOS, and is available inPython,[8]R,[9]and models... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catboost |
LightGBM, short forLight Gradient-Boosting Machine, is afree and open-sourcedistributedgradient-boostingframework formachine learning, originally developed byMicrosoft.[4][5]It is based ondecision treealgorithms and used forranking,classificationand other machine learning tasks. The development focus is on performance ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightGBM |
Instatistics,cumulative distribution function(CDF)-based nonparametric confidence intervalsare a general class ofconfidence intervalsaroundstatistical functionalsof a distribution. To calculate these confidence intervals, all that is required is anindependently and identically distributed(iid) sample from the distribu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDF-based_nonparametric_confidence_interval |
Parametric statisticsis a branch of statistics which leverages models based on a fixed (finite) set ofparameters.[1]Converselynonparametric statisticsdoes not assume explicit (finite-parametric) mathematical forms for distributions when modeling data. However, it may make some assumptions about that distribution, such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_statistics |
Instatistics, asemiparametric modelis astatistical modelthat hasparametricandnonparametriccomponents.
A statistical model is aparameterized familyof distributions:{Pθ:θ∈Θ}{\displaystyle \{P_{\theta }:\theta \in \Theta \}}indexed by aparameterθ{\displaystyle \theta }.
It may appear at first that semiparametric models ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_model |
Theapproximate counting algorithmallows the counting of a large number of events using a small amount of memory. Invented in 1977 byRobert MorrisofBell Labs, it usesprobabilistic techniquesto increment thecounter. It was fully analyzed in the early 1980s byPhilippe FlajoletofINRIARocquencourt, who coined the nameappr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_counting_algorithm |
Atlantic City algorithmis aprobabilisticpolynomial timealgorithm(PP Complexity Class) that answers correctly at least 75% of the time (or, in some versions, some other value greater than 50%). The term "Atlantic City" was first introduced in 1982 byJ. Finnin an unpublished manuscript entitledComparison of probabilistic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_algorithm |
Incomputer science,bogosort[1][2](also known aspermutation sortandstupid sort[3]) is asorting algorithmbased on thegenerate and testparadigm. The function successively generatespermutationsof its input until it finds one that is sorted. It is not considered useful for sorting, but may be used for educational purposes, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogosort |
HyperLogLogis an algorithm for thecount-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in amultiset.[1]Calculating theexactcardinalityof the distinct elements of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperLogLog |
Incomputer scienceandgraph theory,Karger's algorithmis arandomized algorithmto compute aminimum cutof a connectedgraph. It was invented byDavid Kargerand first published in 1993.[1]
The idea of the algorithm is based on the concept ofcontraction of an edge(u,v){\displaystyle (u,v)}in an undirected graphG=(V,E){\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karger%27s_algorithm |
Incomputing, aLas Vegas algorithmis arandomized algorithmthat always givescorrectresults; that is, it always produces the correct result or it informs about the failure. However, the runtime of a Las Vegas algorithm differs depending on the input. The usual definition of a Las Vegas algorithm includes the restriction t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_algorithm |
Incomputing, aMonte Carlo algorithmis arandomized algorithmwhose output may be incorrect with a certain (typically small)probability. Two examples of such algorithms are theKarger–Stein algorithm[1]and the Monte Carlo algorithm forminimum feedback arc set.[2]
The name refers to theMonte Carlo casinoin thePrincipality ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_algorithm |
Principle of deferred decisionsis a technique used in analysis ofrandomized algorithms.
Arandomized algorithmmakes a set of random choices. Theserandomchoices may be intricately related making it difficult to analyze it. In many of these casesPrinciple of Deferred Decisionsis used. The idea behind the principle is tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_deferred_decision |
Inanalysis of algorithms,probabilistic analysis of algorithmsis an approach to estimate thecomputational complexityof analgorithmor a computational problem. It starts from an assumption about a probabilistic distribution of the set of all possible inputs. This assumption is then used to design an efficient algorithm or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_analysis_of_algorithms |
Theprobabilistic roadmap[1]planner is amotion planningalgorithm in robotics, which solves the problem of determining a path between a starting configuration of the robot and a goal configuration while avoiding collisions.
The basic idea behind PRM is to take random samples from theconfiguration spaceof the robot, test... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_roadmap |
Incomputational complexity theory,Yao's principle(also calledYao's minimax principleorYao's lemma) relates the performance ofrandomized algorithmsto deterministic (non-random) algorithms. It states that, for certain classes of algorithms, and certain measures of the performance of the algorithms, the following two quan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_algorithms_as_zero-sum_games |
Inmachine learning, aneural network(alsoartificial neural networkorneural net, abbreviatedANNorNN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks.[1][2]
A neural network consists of connected units or nodes calledartificial neurons, which loosely model theneuronsin the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning) |
Incomputer science, asuffix automatonis an efficientdata structurefor representing thesubstring indexof a given string which allows the storage, processing, and retrieval of compressed information about all itssubstrings. The suffix automaton of a stringS{\displaystyle S}is the smallestdirected acyclic graphwith a dedi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix_automaton |
Incomputer science, ahashed array tree(HAT) is adynamic arraydata-structure published by Edward Sitarski in 1996,[1]maintaining an array of separate memory fragments (or "leaves") to store the data elements, unlike simple dynamic arrays which maintain their data in one contiguous memory area. Its primary objective is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashed_array_tree |
In computer science, atrie(/ˈtraɪ/,/ˈtriː/ⓘ), also known as adigital treeorprefix tree,[1]is a specializedsearch treedata structure used to store and retrieve strings from a dictionary or set. Unlike abinary search tree, nodes in a trie do not store their associated key. Instead, each node'spositionwithin the trie dete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_tree |
Indistributed data storage, aP-Gridis a self-organizing structuredpeer-to-peersystem, which can accommodate arbitrary key distributions (and hence support lexicographic key ordering and range queries), still providing storageload-balancingand efficient search by using randomized routing.
P-Grid abstracts atrieand reso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Grid |
Incomputer science, theCommentz-Walter algorithmis astring searching algorithminvented byBeate Commentz-Walter.[1]Like theAho–Corasick string matching algorithm, it can search for multiple patterns at once. It combines ideas from Aho–Corasick with the fast matching of theBoyer–Moore string-search algorithm. For a text... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentz-Walter_algorithm |
Inmathematics, adynamical systemis a system in which afunctiondescribes thetimedependence of apointin anambient space, such as in aparametric curve. Examples include themathematical modelsthat describe the swinging of a clockpendulum,the flow of water in a pipe, therandom motion of particles in the air, andthe number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-time_dynamical_system |
ABrownian bridgeis a continuous-timegaussian processB(t) whoseprobability distributionis theconditional probability distributionof a standardWiener processW(t) (a mathematical model ofBrownian motion) subject to the condition (when standardized) thatW(T) = 0, so that the process is pinned to the same value at botht= 0 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_bridge |
Instatisticsand inprobability theory,distance correlationordistance covarianceis a measure ofdependencebetween two pairedrandom vectorsof arbitrary, not necessarily equal,dimension. The population distance correlation coefficient is zero if and only if the random vectors areindependent. Thus, distance correlation meas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_covariance |
Inphysics,Brownian dynamicsis a mathematical approach for describing thedynamicsof molecular systems in thediffusive regime. It is a simplified version ofLangevin dynamicsand corresponds to the limit where no average acceleration takes place. This approximation is also known asoverdampedLangevin dynamics or as Langevin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_dynamics |
Brownian motorsarenanoscaleormolecular machinesthat usechemical reactionsto generate directed motion in space.[1]The theory behind Brownian motors relies on the phenomenon ofBrownian motion, random motion ofparticlessuspended in afluid(aliquidor agas) resulting from theircollisionwith the fast-movingmoleculesin the flu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motor |
Inscience,Brownian noise, also known asBrown noiseorred noise, is the type ofsignal noiseproduced byBrownian motion, hence its alternative name ofrandom walknoise. The term "Brown noise" does not come fromthe color, but afterRobert Brown, who documented the erratic motion for multiple types of inanimate particles in wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_noise |
In thephilosophy of thermal and statistical physics, theBrownian ratchetorFeynman–Smoluchowski ratchetis an apparentperpetual motionmachine of thesecond kind(converting thermal energy into mechanical work), first analysed in 1912 as athought experimentby Polish physicistMarian Smoluchowski.[1]It was popularised by Amer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_ratchet |
ABrownian surfaceis afractal surfacegenerated via afractalelevationfunction.[1][2][3]
The Brownian surface is named afterBrownian motion.
For instance, in the three-dimensional case, where two variablesXandYare given as coordinates, the elevation function between any two points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) can be set to have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_surface |
Inprobability theory, theBrownian tree, orAldous tree, orContinuum Random Tree (CRT)[1]is a randomreal treethat can be defined from aBrownian excursion. The Brownian tree was defined and studied byDavid Aldousin three articles published in 1991 and 1993. This tree has since then been generalized.
This random tree has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_tree |
Inprobability theory, theBrownian webis an uncountable collection of one-dimensional coalescingBrownian motions, starting from every point in space and time. It arises as the diffusive space-time scaling limit of a collection of coalescingrandom walks, with one walk starting from each point of the integer lattice Z at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_web |
Rotational Brownian motionis the random change in the orientation of apolar moleculedue to collisions with other molecules. It is an important element of theories ofdielectricmaterials.
Thepolarizationof a dielectric material is a competition betweentorquesdue to the imposedelectric field, which tend to align the mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotational_Brownian_motion |
Thediffusion equationis aparabolic partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the macroscopic behavior of many micro-particles inBrownian motion, resulting from the random movements and collisions of the particles (seeFick's laws of diffusion). In mathematics, it is related toMarkov processes, such asrando... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_equation |
Ageometric Brownian motion (GBM)(also known asexponential Brownian motion) is a continuous-timestochastic processin which thelogarithmof the randomly varying quantity follows aBrownian motion(also called aWiener process) withdrift.[1]It is an important example of stochastic processes satisfying astochastic differential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Brownian_motion |
Inmathematics– specifically, instochastic analysis– anItô diffusionis a solution to a specific type ofstochastic differential equation. That equation is similar to theLangevin equationused inphysicsto describe theBrownian motionof a particle subjected to a potential in aviscousfluid. Itô diffusions are named after the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%B4_diffusion |
In physics, aLangevin equation(named afterPaul Langevin) is astochastic differential equationdescribing how a system evolves when subjected to a combination of deterministic and fluctuating ("random") forces. The dependent variables in a Langevin equation typically are collective (macroscopic) variables changing only s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin_equation |
Inprobability theory, thearcsine lawsare a collection of results for one-dimensionalrandom walksand Brownian motion (theWiener process). The best known of these is attributed toPaul Lévy(1939).
All three laws relate path properties of the Wiener process to thearcsine distribution. A random variableXon [0,1] is arcsine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_arcsine_law |
In themathematicaltheory ofstochastic processes,local timeis a stochastic process associated withsemimartingaleprocesses such asBrownian motion, that characterizes the amount of time a particle has spent at a given level. Local time appears in variousstochastic integrationformulas, such asTanaka's formula, if the integ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_time_(mathematics) |
Themany-body problemis a general name for a vast category of physical problems pertaining to the properties of microscopic systems made of many interacting particles.
Microscopichere implies thatquantum mechanicshas to be used to provide an accurate description of the system.Manycan be anywhere from three to infinity ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-body_problem |
TheMarangoni effect(also called theGibbs–Marangoni effect) is themass transferalong aninterfacebetween two phases due to agradientof thesurface tension. In the case of temperature dependence, this phenomenon may be calledthermo-capillary convection[1]orBénard–Marangoni convection.[2]
This phenomenon was first identifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marangoni_effect |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.