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Emancipation of minorsis a legal mechanism by which aminorbefore attaining theage of majorityis freed from control by their parents or guardians, and the parents or guardians are freed from responsibility for their child. Minors are normally consideredlegally incompetentto enter intocontractsand to handle their own aff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors |
Secretary of the Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB, commonly known asMarion's Case,[1]is a leading decision of theHigh Court of Australia,[2]concerning whether a child has the capacity to make decisions for themselves, and when this is not possible, who may make decisions for them regarding majo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%27s_Case |
Gillick competenceis a term originating inEngland and Walesand is used inmedical lawto decide whether a child (a person under 16 years of age) is able to consent to their own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge.
The standard is based on the 1985 judicial decision of theHouse of Lor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillick_competence |
Theage of consentis the age at which a person is considered to belegally competenttoconsenttosexual acts. Consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a person younger than the age of consent is unable to legally claim that the sexual activity was consensual, and such sexual activity may be consideredchil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent |
Astroturfingis the deceptive practice of hiding thesponsorsof an orchestrated message or organization (e.g., political, economic, advertising, religious, orpublic relations) to make it appear as though it originates from, and is supported by, unsolicitedgrassrootsparticipants.[1]It is a practice intended to give the st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing |
Freedom of the pressorfreedom of the mediais the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronicmedia, especiallypublished materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press |
Afront organizationis any entity set up by and controlled by another organization, such asintelligence agencies,organized crimegroups,terrorist organizations,secret societies, banned organizations, religious or political groups,advocacy groups, orcorporations. Front organizations can act for the parent group without th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization |
Journalismis the production and distribution ofreportson the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree of accuracy. The word, anoun, applies to theoccupation(professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism |
Journalistic ethics and standardscomprise principles ofethicsand good practice applicable tojournalists. This subset ofmedia ethicsis known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism".[1]The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements by professional journalism associations and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards |
Journalistic ethics and standardscomprise principles ofethicsand good practice applicable tojournalists. This subset ofmedia ethicsis known as journalism's professional "code of ethics" and the "canons of journalism".[1]The basic codes and canons commonly appear in statements by professional journalism associations and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_accountability |
Media biasoccurs whenjournalistsandnews producersshowbiasin how they report and cover news. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening ofthe standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article.[1]The direction and degree of media bias in various cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias |
Media manipulationrefers to orchestrated campaigns in which actors exploit the distinctive features of broadcasting mass communications or digital media platforms to mislead, misinform, or create a narrative that advance their interests and agendas.[1][2][3]
In practice, media manipulation tactics may include the use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation |
Prior restraint(also referred to asprior censorship[1]orpre-publication censorship) iscensorshipimposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression. It is in contrast to censorship that establishes general subject matter restrictions and reviews a particula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_restraint |
Propagandais communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or usingloaded languageto produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda |
State mediaare typically understood as media outlets that are owned, operated, or significantly influenced by the government.[1]They are distinguished frompublic service media, which are designed to serve the public interest, operate independently of government control, and are financed through a combination of public ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_media |
Transparency International e.V.(TI) is a Germanregistered associationfounded in 1993 by former employees of theWorld Bank. Based inBerlin, itsnonprofitand non-governmental purpose is to take action to combat global[1]corruptionwith civil societalanti-corruptionmeasures and toprevent criminal activitiesarising from corr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International |
Ineconomics, amarketistransparentif much is known by many about: What products and services orcapital assetsareavailable,market depth(quantity available), whatprice, and where. Transparency is important since it is one of the theoretical conditions required for afree marketto beefficient. Price transparency can, howeve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(market) |
Transparency of media ownershiprefers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information aboutmediaownership structures. A legal regime guaranteeing transparency of media ownership makes possible for the public as well as for media authorities to find out who effectively owns, controls and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Europe |
Transparency of media ownershiprefers to the public availability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information about media ownership structures to make possible for media authority and the wider public to ascertain who effectively owns and controls the media. Between 2011 and 2012, following some concerns on op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Croatia |
Transparency of media ownershiprefers to thepublicavailability of accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date information aboutmedia ownershipstructures, to make it possible for media authorities and the wider public to ascertain who effectively owns and controls the media. InRomania, transparency ofmedia ownershipis addres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_of_media_ownership_in_Romania |
Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churchesde jure:
Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:
Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:
Semi-Autonomous:
In theEastern Orthodox Church,Catholic Church,[1]and in the teachings of theChurch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_(religion) |
Inethics,evasionis an act ofdeceptionwhere a true statement isirrelevantor leads to afalse conclusion. For instance, a man knows that a woman is in a room in the building because he heard her, but in answer to a question as to whether she is present, says "I have not seen her", thereby avoiding bothlyingand making a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evasion_(ethics) |
Alieis an assertion that is believed to be false, typically used with the purpose ofdeceivingor misleading someone.[1][2][3]The practice of communicating lies is calledlying. A person who communicates a lie may be termed aliar. Lies can be interpreted as deliberately false statements or misleading statements, though no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lying_by_omission |
Marranosis a term forSpanish and Portuguese Jews, as well asNavarrese jews, who converted to Christianity, either voluntarily or bySpanish or Portuguese royal coercion, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but who continued to practiceJudaismin secrecy or were suspected of it. They are also calledcrypto-Jews, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrano |
Mesirah(ormesira,lit.'to hand over') is the action in which one Jew reports the conduct of another Jew to a non-rabbinic authority in a manner and under the circumstances forbidden byrabbiniclaw.[1]This may not necessarily apply to reporting legitimate crimes to responsible authority, but it does apply to turning over ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesirah |
Afallacyis the use ofinvalidor otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies.
Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify. They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content (informal fallacies). Informal f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting_ground_fallacy |
So help me Godis a phrase often used to give anoath, sometimes optionally as part of anoath of office. It is used in some jurisdictions as an oath for performing a public duty, such as an appearance in court. The phrase implies greater care than usual in the truthfulness of one's testimony or in the performance of one'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_help_me_God |
InIslam,taqiyya(Arabic:تقیة,romanized:taqiyyah,lit.'prudence')[1][2]is the practice of dissimulation and secrecy of religious belief and practice, primarily inShia Islam.[1][3][4][5][6]
Generally,taqiyyais regarded as the act of maintaining secrecy or mystifying one's beliefs when one's life or property is threatened.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya |
You can't have your cake and eat it (too)is a popular English idiomaticproverbor figure of speech.[1]The proverb literally means "you cannot simultaneously retain possession of a cake and eat it, too". Once the cake is eaten, it is gone. It can be used to say that one cannot have two incompatible things, or that one sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_can%27t_have_your_cake_and_eat_it |
The wordsPopery(adjectivePopish) andPapism(adjectivePapist, also used to refer to an individual) are mainly historical pejorative words in theEnglish languageforRoman Catholicism, once frequently used byProtestantsandEastern Orthodox Christiansto label their Roman Catholic opponents, who differed from them in accepting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Papism |
Attorney–client privilegeorlawyer–client privilegeis thecommon lawdoctrine oflegal professional privilegein the United States. Attorney–client privilege is "[a] client's right to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing confidential communications between theclientand the attorney."[1]
The a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney%E2%80%93client_privilege |
Due diligenceis the investigation or exercise of care that a reasonable business or person is normally expected to take before entering into an agreement orcontractwith another party or an act with a certainstandard of care.
Due diligence can be alegal obligation, but the term more commonly applies to voluntary invest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_diligence |
Agag order(also known as agagging orderorsuppression order) is an order, typically a legal order by acourtor government, restricting information or comment from being made public or passed on to any unauthorized third party. The phrase may sometimes be used of a private order by an employer or other institution.
Uses ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_order |
Incontractlaw, anon-compete clause(oftenNCC),restrictive covenant, orcovenant not to compete(CNC), is a clause under which one party (usually an employee) agrees not to enter into or start a similar profession or trade in competition against another party (usually the employer). In thelabor market, these agreements pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-compete_clause |
Aseverance packageis pay and benefits that employees may be entitled to receive when theyleave employmentat a company unwilfully. In addition to their remaining regular pay, it may include some of the following:
Packages are most typically offered for employees who arelaid offorretire. Severance pay was instituted to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severance_package |
Thedoctor–patient relationshipis a central part ofhealth careand the practice ofmedicine. A doctor–patient relationship is formed when a doctor attends to a patient's medical needs and is usually through consent.[1]This relationship is built on trust, respect, communication, and a common understanding of both the docto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%E2%80%93patient_relationship |
Medical privacy, orhealth privacy, is the practice of maintaining thesecurity and confidentialityofpatientrecords. It involves both the conversational discretion ofhealth care providersand the security ofmedical records. The terms can also refer to the physicalprivacyof patients from other patients and providers while ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_privacy |
Theclergy–penitent privilege,clergy privilege,confessional privilege,priest–penitent privilege,pastor–penitent privilege,clergyman–communicant privilege, orecclesiastical privilege, is a rule of evidence that forbids judicial inquiry into certain communications (spoken or otherwise) between clergy and members of their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest%E2%80%93penitent_privilege |
Asubpoena duces tecum(pronounced in English/səˈpiːnəˌdjuːsiːzˈtiːkəm/sə-PEE-nəDEW-seezTEE-kəm), orsubpoena for production of evidence, is acourt summonsordering the recipient to appear before the court and produce documents or other tangibleevidencefor use at ahearingortrial. In some jurisdictions, it can also be issue... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena_duces_tecum |
Asubpoena ad testificandumis acourt summonsto appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial. The use of awritfor purposes of compelling testimony originated in theecclesiastical courtsof Church during theHigh Middle Ages, especially in England. The use of the subpoena writ was gradually adopted over tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena_ad_testificandum |
Data protection (privacy) laws in Russiaare a rapidly developing branch inRussian legislationthat have mostly been enacted in the 2005 and 2006.[1]The Russian Federal Law on Personal Data (No. 152-FZ), implemented on July 27, 2006, constitutes the backbone of Russianprivacy lawsand requires data operators to take "all ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_protection_(privacy)_laws_in_Russia |
TheElectronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986(ECPA) was enacted by theUnited States Congressto extend restrictions on governmentwire tapsof telephone calls to include transmissions of electronic data by computer (18 U.S.C.§ 2510et seq.), added new provisions prohibiting access to stored electronic communications, i.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act |
Information privacy, data privacyordata protection lawsprovide a legal framework on how to obtain, use and store data of natural persons. The various laws around the world describe the rights of natural persons to control who is using their data. This includes usually the right to get details on which data is stored, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy_law |
Personality rights, sometimes referred to as theright of publicity, are rights for an individual to control the commercial use of their identity, such as name, image, likeness, or other unequivocal identifiers. They are generally considered asproperty rights, rather thanpersonal rights, and so the validity of personali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_rights |
ThePrivacy Act of 1974(Pub. L.93–579, 88Stat.1896, enactedDecember 31, 1974,5 U.S.C.§ 552a), aUnited States federal law, establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination ofpersonally identifiable informationabout individuals that is maintained in systems o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Act_of_1974 |
ThePrivacy Act 1988is anAustralian lawdealing withprivacy.
Section 14 of the Act stipulates a number ofprivacyrights known as the Australian Privacy Principles (APPs). These principles apply to Australian Government andAustralian Capital Territoryagencies or private sector organizations contracted to these governments,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Act_1988 |
Regulation of algorithms, oralgorithmic regulation, is the creation of laws, rules and public sector policies for promotion andregulationofalgorithms, particularly inartificial intelligenceandmachine learning.[1][2][3]For the subset of AI algorithms, the termregulation of artificial intelligenceis used. The regulatory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_algorithms |
Theright to be forgotten(RTBF[1]) is the right to haveprivate informationabout a person be removed from Internet searches and other directories in some circumstances. The issue has arisen from desires of individuals to "determine the development of their life in an autonomous way, without being perpetually or periodica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten |
Admissible evidence, in acourtoflaw, is anytestimonial,documentary, or tangibleevidencethat may be introduced to afactfinder—usually ajudgeorjury—to establish or to bolster a point put forth by a party to the proceeding. For evidence to be admissible, it must berelevantand "not excluded by the rules of evidence",[1]w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissible_evidence |
Deliberative process privilegeis thecommon-lawprinciple that the internal processes of the executive branch of a government are immune from normal disclosure or discovery in civil litigations,Freedom of Information Actrequests, etc.
The theory behind the protection is that by guaranteeing confidentiality, the governme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_process_privilege |
Aprivilege logis a document that describes documents or other items withheld from production in acivil lawsuitunder a claim that the documents are "privileged" from disclosure due to theattorney–client privilege,work product doctrine, joint defense doctrine, or some other privilege. Rule 26(b)(5)(A) of theFederal Rule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_log |
The titlesenior administration officialis a term used by theAmericanpress to indicate the identity of a source whileretaining his or her anonymity. As the title is subjective, the reporter writing the article is allowed to decide if a source should be called one.[1][2]Most reporters require the source to have "commissi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_administration_official |
Shield laws in the United Statesare designed to protectreporters' privilegeor to prevent prosecution when states’ laws differ, especially on the issue ofabortion.[1]Reporters’ privilege involves the right of media to refuse to testify as to the information and/or sources of information obtained during the news gatheri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_laws_in_the_United_States |
Banking secrecy,[1][2]alternatively known asfinancial privacy,banking discretion, orbank safety,[3][4]is aconditional agreementbetween a bank and its clients that all foregoing activities remain secure,confidential, and private.[5]Most often associated withbanking in Switzerland, banking secrecy is prevalent inLuxembou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_secrecy |
Black projectis an informal term used to describe a highlyclassified, top-secret military or defense project that is not publicly acknowledged bygovernment, military personnel, or contractors.
In the United States, the formal term for a black project is anunacknowledgedspecial access program(SAP). Black projects recei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_project |
Aclandestine cell systemis a method for organizing a group of people, such asresistancefighters,spies,mercenaries,organized crimemembers, orterrorists, to make it harder forpolice,militaryor other hostile groups to catch them. In a cell structure, each cell consists of a relatively small number of people, who know litt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system |
Concealment devicesordiversion safesare used to hide things for the purpose ofsecrecyorsecurity. They are made from an ordinary household object such as a book, a soda can, a candle, a can, or something as small as a coin. The idea is that such an inconspicuous object would not be expected to contain anything of worth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concealment_device |
Aconspiracy theoryis an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of aconspiracy(generally by powerful sinister groups, often political in motivation),[3][4][5]when other explanations are more probable.[3][6][7]The term generally has a negativeconnotation, implying that the appeal of a conspiracy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory |
Acovert operationorundercover operationis a military or police operation involving acovert agentor troops acting under an assumedcoverto conceal the identity of the party responsible.[1]
Under US law, theCentral Intelligence Agency(CIA) must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covert_operation |
Acover-upis an attempt, whether successful or not, toconcealevidence of wrongdoing, error, incompetence, or otherembarrassinginformation. Research has distinguished personal cover-ups (covering up one's own misdeeds) from relational cover-ups (covering up someone else's misdeeds).[1]
The expression is usually applied ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-up |
Deceptionis the act of convincing of one or many recipients of untrue information. The person creating the deception knows it to be false while the receiver of the information does not.[1]It is often done for personal gain or advantage.[2][3]
Deceit and dishonestycan also form grounds for civil litigation intort, orco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception |
"Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) was the official United States policy onmilitary service of homosexual people. Instituted during theClinton administration, the policy was issued underDepartment of DefenseDirective 1304.26 on December 21, 1993, and was in effect from February 28, 1994, until September 20, 2011.[1]The pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell |
Freedom of information lawsallow access by the general public to data held by national governments and, where applicable, by state and local governments. The emergence offreedom of informationlegislation was a response to increasing dissatisfaction with the secrecy surrounding government policy development and decision... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_legislation |
Anopen secretis information that was originally intended to be confidential but has at some point been disclosed and is known to many people.[1]Open secrets aresecretsin the sense that they are excluded from formal or official discourse, but they areopenin the sense that they are familiar and referred to in idioms and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_secret |
Thesociological aspects ofsecrecywere first studied byGeorg Simmelin the early-1900s. Simmel describes secrecy as the ability or habit of keeping secrets. He defines the secret as the ultimate sociological form for the regulation of theflowand distribution of information. Simmel put it best by saying "if human interact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrecy_(sociology) |
Secret passages, also commonly referred to ashidden passagesorsecret tunnels, are hidden routes used for stealthy travel, escape, or movement of people and goods. They are sometimes inside buildings leading tosecret rooms.
Others allow people to enter or exit buildings without being seen. Hidden passages and secret ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_passage |
Self-concealmentis a psychological construct defined as "a predisposition to activelyconcealfrom others personal information that one perceives asdistressingor negative".[1]Its opposite isself-disclosure.[1][2]
The concealed personal information (thoughts,feelings, actions, or events) is highly intimate, negative inva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-concealment |
"Somebody else's problem"or"someone else's problem"is an issue which is dismissed by a person on the grounds that they consider somebody else to be responsible for it.
A 1976 edition of the journalEkisticsused the phrase in the context of bureaucratic inaction onlow-income housing, describing "the principle ofsomebody... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Else%27s_Problem |
Smugglingis the illegal transportation of objects, substances, information or people, such as out of a house or buildings, into aprison, or across an internationalborder, in violation of applicablelawsor other regulations. More broadly, social scientists define smuggling as the purposeful movement across a border in co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling |
Sub rosa(Neo-Latinfor "under the rose") is aLatinphrase which denotes secrecy or confidentiality. Therosehas an ancient history as a symbol of secrecy.
InHellenisticand laterRoman mythology, roses were associated with secrecy becauseCupidgave a rose toHarpocrates(the Hellenistic god ofsilence) so that he would not rev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_rosa |
Biswamohan Paniis a formerdesign engineeratIntel. In November 2008 he was charged with stealing $1 billion worth oftrade secretsfrom Intel while he worked for its main rival,Advanced Micro Devices(AMD).[1][2]The information he allegedly obtained was believed to be related to Intel's then next-generationItaniummicroproc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biswamohan_Pani |
Adata breach, also known asdata leakage, is "the unauthorized exposure, disclosure, or loss ofpersonal information".[1]
Attackers have a variety of motives, from financial gain topolitical activism,political repression, andespionage. There are several technical root causes of data breaches, including accidental or int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_breach |
InCanada,trade secretsare generally considered to include information set out, contained or embodied in, but not limited to, a formula, pattern, plan, compilation, computer program, method, technique, process, product, device or mechanism; it may be information of any sort; an idea of a scientific nature, or of a liter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secrets_in_Canada |
This is a list of articles that list different types or classifications ofcommunication protocolsused incomputer networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_network_protocols |
Web3(also known asWeb 3.0)[1][2][3]is an idea for a new iteration of theWorld Wide Webwhich incorporates concepts such asdecentralization,blockchain technologies, and token-based economics.[4]This is distinct fromTim Berners-Lee's concept of theSemantic Web. Some technologists and journalists have contrasted it withWeb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web3 |
TheRSA Secret-Key Challengewas a series ofcryptographiccontests organised byRSA Laboratorieswith the intent of helping to demonstrate the relative security of differentencryption algorithms. The challenge ran from 28 January 1997 until May 2007.[1]
For each contest, RSA had posted on its website a block of ciphertext ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Secret-Key_Challenge |
Inmathematics, aGolomb ruleris asetof marks atintegerpositions along a ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart. The number of marks on the ruler is itsorder, and the largest distance between two of its marks is itslength. Translation and reflection of a Golomb ruler are considered trivial, so ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golomb_Ruler |
TheDES Challengeswere a series ofbrute force attackcontests created byRSA Securityto highlight the lack of security provided by theData Encryption Standard.
The first challenge began in 1997 and was solved in 96 days by theDESCHALL Project.[1]
DES Challenge II-1was solved bydistributed.netin 39 days in early 1998. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DES_Challenges |
Incryptography,key sizeorkey lengthrefers to the number ofbitsin akeyused by acryptographicalgorithm (such as acipher).
Key length defines the upper-bound on an algorithm'ssecurity(i.e. a logarithmic measure of the fastest known attack against an algorithm), because the security of all algorithms can be violated bybru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_size |
Incryptography, acustom hardware attackuses specifically designedapplication-specific integrated circuits(ASIC) to decipherencrypted messages.
Mounting a cryptographicbrute force attackrequires a large number of similar computations: typically trying onekey, checking if the resulting decryption gives a meaningful answ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_hardware_attack |
Logjamis asecurity vulnerabilityin systems that useDiffie–Hellman key exchangewith the same prime number. It was discovered by a team of computer scientists and publicly reported on May 20, 2015.[1]The discoverers were able to demonstrate their attack on 512-bit (US export-grade) DH systems. They estimated that a state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjam_(computer_security) |
Inmathematics, theRSA numbersare a set of largesemiprimes(numbers with exactly twoprime factors) that were part of theRSA Factoring Challenge. The challenge was to find the prime factors of each number. It was created byRSA Laboratoriesin March 1991 to encourage research intocomputational number theoryand the practical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_numbers |
LCS35is acryptographicchallenge and atime-lock puzzleset byRon Rivestin 1999. The challenge is to calculate the value
w=22t(modn){\displaystyle w=2^{2^{t}}{\pmod {n}}}
wheretis a specific 14-digit (or 47-bit) integer, namely 79685186856218, andnis a specific 616-digit (or 2048-bit) integer that is the product of two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCS35 |
"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage" was the solution to a challengeciphertextposed by the inventors of theRSAcipherin 1977. The problem appeared inMartin Gardner'sMathematical Games columnin the August 1977 issue ofScientific American.[1]It was solved in 1993–94 by a large, joint computer project co-ordinated byD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Words_are_Squeamish_Ossifrage |
Integer factorizationis the process of determining whichprime numbersdivide a given positiveinteger. Doing this quickly has applications incryptography. The difficulty depends on both the size and form of the number and itsprime factors; it is currently very difficult to factorize largesemiprimes(and, indeed, most numb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization_records |
TheChaocipher[1]is aciphermethod invented by John Francis Byrne in 1918 and described in his 1953 autobiographicalSilent Years.[2]He believed Chaocipher was simple, yet unbreakable. Byrne stated that the machine he used to encipher his messages could be fitted into acigar box. He offered cash rewards for anyone who co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaocipher |
In cryptography, ablock cipher mode of operationis an algorithm that uses ablock cipherto provideinformation securitysuch asconfidentialityorauthenticity.[1]A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group ofbitscalled ablock.[2]A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_Block_Chaining |
Transport Layer Security(TLS) is acryptographic protocoldesigned to provide communications security over a computer network, such as theInternet. Theprotocolis widely used inapplicationssuch asemail,instant messaging, andvoice over IP, but its use in securingHTTPSremains the most publicly visible.
The TLS protocol aim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security |
Ransomwareis a type ofmalwarethatencryptsthe victim'spersonal datauntil aransomis paid.[1][2][3][4][5]Difficult-to-tracedigital currenciessuch aspaysafecardorBitcoinand othercryptocurrenciesare commonly used for the ransoms, making tracing and prosecuting the perpetrators difficult. Sometimes the original files can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware |
Manyundeciphered writing systemsexist today; most date back several thousand years, although some more modern examples do exist. The term "writing systems" is used here loosely to refer to groups of glyphs which appear to have representational symbolic meaning, but which may include "systems" that are largelyartistic i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems |
Intelecommunication, acommercial codeis acodeonce used to save oncablegramcosts.[1]Telegraph(andtelex) charged per word sent, so companies which sent large volumes of telegrams developed codes to save money on tolls. Elaborate commercial codes which encoded complete phrases into single words were developed and publishe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_code_(communications) |
Great Western Railway telegraphic codeswere acommercial telegraph codeused to shorten thetelegraphicmessages sent between the stations and offices of the railway.
The codes listed below are taken from the 1939 edition of theTelegraph Message Codebook[1]unless stated otherwise.
TheGreat Western Railway(GWR) pioneered ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_telegraphic_codes |
Malware(aportmanteauofmalicious software)[1]is anysoftwareintentionally designed to cause disruption to acomputer,server,client, orcomputer network, leak private information, gain unauthorized access to information or systems, deprive access to information, or which unknowingly interferes with the user'scomputer securi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_file |
TheCommunications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act(CALEA), also known as the "Digital Telephony Act," is aUnited Stateswiretappinglaw passed in 1994, during thepresidency of Bill Clinton(Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001–1010).
CALEA's purpose is to enhance the ability oflaw enforcement ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Assistance_for_Law_Enforcement_Act |
Human rightsandencryptionare often viewed as interlinked.Encryptioncan be a technology that helps implement basichumanrights. In thedigital age, thefreedom of speechhas become more controversial; however, from a human rights perspective, there is a growing awareness that encryption is essential for a free, open, and tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_and_encryption |
Historic recurrenceis the repetition of similar events inhistory.[a][b]The concept of historic recurrence has variously been applied to overallhuman history(e.g., to the rises and falls ofempires), to repetitive patterns in the history of a givenpolity, and to any two specific events which bear a striking similarity.[4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_recurrence |
Thehistory of sciencecovers the development ofsciencefromancient timesto thepresent. It encompasses all three majorbranches of science:natural,social, andformal.[1]Protoscience,early sciences, and natural philosophies such asalchemyandastrologythat existed during theBronze Age,Iron Age,classical antiquityand theMiddle ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science |
Thehistory of technologyis the history of the invention of tools and techniques by humans. Technology includes methods ranging from simplestone toolsto the complexgenetic engineeringand information technology that has emerged since the 1980s. The termtechnologycomes from the Greek wordtechne, meaning art and craft, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology |
Stigler's lawconcerns the supposed tendency ofeponymousexpressions for scientific discoveries to honor people other than their respective originators.
Examples include:
Since that definition predated Boyce and Codd's own definition by some three years, it seems to me that BCNF ought by rights to be calledHeathnormal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_examples_of_Stigler%27s_law |
The following is a list of historically important scientificexperimentsand observations demonstrating something of great scientific interest, typically in an elegant or clever manner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experiments |
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