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This is alist of misnamed theoremsinmathematics. It includestheorems(andlemmas, corollaries,conjectures, laws, and perhaps even the odd object) that are well known in mathematics, but which are not named for the originator. That is, these items on this list illustrateStigler's law of eponymy(which is not, of course, du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_misnamed_theorems |
Logologyis the study of all things related toscienceand itspractitioners—philosophical, biological,psychological,societal,historical,political,institutional,financial. The term "logology" isback-formedfrom the suffix "-logy", as in "geology", "anthropology", etc., in the sense of the "study of science".[1][2]
The word... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logology_(science_of_science)#Multiple_discovery |
TheMatilda effectis a bias against acknowledging the achievements ofwomen scientistswhose work is attributed to their male colleagues. This phenomenon was first described by suffragist and abolitionistMatilda Joslyn Gage(1826–1898) in her essay, "Woman as Inventor" (first published as a tract in 1870 and in theNorth A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect |
TheMatthew effect, sometimes called theMatthew principleorcumulative advantage,[1]is the tendency of individuals to accrue social or economic success in proportion to their initial level of popularity, friends, and wealth. It is sometimes summarized by the adage or platitude "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect |
The concept ofmultiple discovery(also known assimultaneous invention)[1][self-published source]is the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors.[2][page needed]The concept of multiple discovery opposes a traditi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_discovery |
This is a list ofpriority disputesinhistory of scienceand science-related fields (such asmathematics). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priority_disputes |
Stigler's law of eponymy, proposed byUniversity of ChicagostatisticsprofessorStephen Stiglerin his 1980 publication "Stigler's law ofeponymy",[1]states that "no scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer." Examples includeHubble's law, which was derived byGeorges Lemaîtretwo years beforeEdwin Hubble; t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigler%27s_law_of_eponymy |
Synchronicity(German:Synchronizität) is a concept introduced byCarl Jung, founder ofanalytical psychology, to describe events that coincide in time and appearmeaningfully related, yet lack a discoverablecausal connection.[1]Jung held that this was a healthy function of the mind, although it can become harmful withinpsy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicity |
Thetimeline of historic inventionsis a chronological list of particularly significant technologicalinventionsand theirinventors, where known.[a]This page lists nonincremental inventions that are widely recognized by reliable sources as having had a direct impact on the course of history that was profound, global, and e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions |
Transport Layer Security pre-shared key ciphersuites(TLS-PSK) is a set ofcryptographic protocolsthat providesecurecommunication based onpre-shared keys(PSKs). These pre-shared keys aresymmetric keysshared in advance among the communicating parties.
There are several cipher suites: The first set of ciphersuites use onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS-PSK |
Wi-Fi Protected Access(WPA) (Wireless Protected Access),Wi-Fi Protected Access 2(WPA2), andWi-Fi Protected Access 3(WPA3) are the three security certification programs developed after 2000 by theWi-Fi Allianceto secure wireless computer networks. The Alliance defined these in response to serious weaknesses researchers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access#WPA-Personal |
TheFederal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-2, (FIPS PUB 140-2),[1][2]is aU.S.governmentcomputer securitystandardused to approvecryptographic modules. The title isSecurity Requirements for Cryptographic Modules. Initial publication was on May 25, 2001, and was last updated December 3, 2002.
Its successo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_140-2 |
Hardware accelerationis the use ofcomputer hardwaredesigned to perform specific functions more efficiently when compared tosoftwarerunning on a general-purposecentral processing unit(CPU). Anytransformationofdatathat can be calculated in software running on a generic CPU can also be calculated in custom-made hardware, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_acceleration |
ATrusted Platform Module(TPM) is asecure cryptoprocessorthat implements theISO/IEC 11889standard. Common uses are verifying that theboot processstarts from a trusted combination of hardware and software and storing disk encryption keys.
A TPM 2.0 implementation is part of theWindows 11system requirements.[1]
The firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module |
Atrusted execution environment(TEE) is a secure area of amain processor. It helps the code and data loaded inside it be protected with respect toconfidentiality and integrity. Data confidentiality prevents unauthorized entities from outside the TEE from reading data, while code integrity prevents code in the TEE from b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Enclave |
The following is a list of products, services, and apps provided byGoogle. Active, soon-to-be discontinued, and discontinued products, services, tools, hardware, and other applications are broken out into designated sections.
Applications that are no longer in development and scheduled to be discontinued in the future... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_M |
TheApple–FBI encryption disputeconcerns whether and to what extent courts in theUnited Statescan compel manufacturers to assist in unlockingcell phoneswhosedataarecryptographically protected.[1]There is much debate over public access tostrong encryption.[2]
In 2015 and 2016,Apple Inc.received and objected to or challe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute |
In cryptography,security levelis a measure of the strength that acryptographic primitive— such as acipherorhash function— achieves. Security level is usually expressed as a number of "bitsof security" (alsosecurity strength),[1]wheren-bit security means that the attacker would have to perform 2noperations to break it,[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_level |
Time-based one-time password(TOTP) is a computer algorithm that generates a one-time password (OTP) using the current time as a source of uniqueness. As an extension of the HMAC-based one-time password algorithm HOTP, it has been adopted as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardRFC6238.[1]
TOTP is the corners... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_one-time_password |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science, analgorithm(/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ⓘ) is a finite sequence ofmathematically rigorousinstructions, typically used to solve a class of specificproblemsor to perform acomputation.[1]Algorithms are used as specifications for performingcalculationsanddata processing. More advanced algorithms can useco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm |
Acheck digitis a form of redundancy check used forerror detectionon identification numbers, such as bank account numbers, which are used in an application where they will at least sometimes be input manually. It is analogous to a binaryparity bitused to check for errors in computer-generated data. It consists of one or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_digit |
Inerror detection, theDamm algorithmis acheck digitalgorithmthat detects allsingle-digit errorsand alladjacent transposition errors. It was presented by H. Michael Damm in 2004,[1]as a part of his PhD dissertation entitledTotally Antisymmetric Quasigroups.
The Damm algorithm is similar to theVerhoeff algorithm. It too... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damm_algorithm |
Data degradationis the gradualcorruptionofcomputer datadue to an accumulation of non-critical failures in adata storage device. It is also referred to asdata decay,data rotorbit rot.[1]This results in a decline in data quality over time, even when the data is not being utilized. The concept of data degradation involves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_rot |
File verificationis the process of using analgorithmfor verifying the integrity of acomputer file, usually bychecksum. This can be done bycomparing two filesbit-by-bit, but requires two copies of the same file, and may miss systematic corruptions which might occur to both files. A more popular approach is to generate a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_verification |
TheFletcher checksumis analgorithmfor computing aposition-dependent checksumdevised by John G. Fletcher (1934–2012) atLawrence Livermore Labsin the late 1970s.[1]The objective of the Fletcher checksum was to provide error-detection properties approaching those of acyclic redundancy checkbut with the lower computational... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%27s_checksum |
Aframe check sequence(FCS) is anerror-detecting codeadded to aframein acommunication protocol. Frames are used to sendpayload datafrom a source to a destination.
All frames and the bits, bytes, and fields contained within them, are susceptible to errors from a variety of sources. The FCS field contains a number that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_check_sequence |
Parchive(aportmanteauofparity archive, and formally known asParity Volume Set Specification[1][2]) is anerasure codesystem that producesparfiles forchecksumverification ofdata integrity, with the capability to performdata recoveryoperations that can repair or regenerate corrupted or missing data.
Parchive was original... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchive |
sumis a legacy utility available on someUnixandUnix-likeoperating systems. This utility outputs a 16-bitchecksumof each argumentfile, as well as the number ofblocksthey take on disk.[1]Two different checksum algorithms are in use. POSIX abandonedsumin favor ofcksum.
Thesumprogram is generally only useful for historica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_(Unix) |
TheSYSV checksum algorithmwas a commonly used, legacychecksumalgorithm.
It has been implemented inUNIX System Vand is also available through thesumcommand line utility.
This algorithm is useless on a security perspective, and is weaker than the CRC-32cksumfor error detection.[1][2]
The main part of this algorithm is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSV_checksum |
TheBSD checksum algorithmwas a commonly used, legacychecksumalgorithm. It has been implemented in oldBSDand is also available through thesumcommand line utility.
This algorithm is useless from a security perspective, and is weaker than theCRC-32cksumfor error detection.[1][2]
Below is the relevant part of theGNUsum s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_checksum |
This is a list ofhash functions, includingcyclic redundancy checks,checksumfunctions, andcryptographic hash functions.
Adler-32is often mistaken for a CRC, but it is not: it is achecksum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XxHash |
Poly1305is auniversal hash familydesigned byDaniel J. Bernsteinin 2002 for use incryptography.[1][2]
As with any universal hash family, Poly1305 can be used as a one-timemessage authentication codeto authenticate a single message using a secret key shared between sender and recipient,[3]similar to the way that aone-ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly1305-AES |
The history of theInternetoriginated in the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnectcomputer networks. TheInternet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet, arose from research and development in theUnited Statesand involved international col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet |
Mass mediainclude the diverse arrays ofmediathat reach a large audience viamass communication.
Broadcast mediatransmit information electronically via media such asfilms,radio, recorded music, ortelevision.Digital mediacomprises bothInternetandmobilemass communication. Internet media comprise such services asemail,soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History |
Crimewareis a class ofmalwaredesigned specifically to automatecybercrime.[1]
Crimeware (as distinct fromspywareandadware) is designed to perpetrateidentity theftthroughsocial engineeringor technical stealth in order to access a computer user's financial and retail accounts for the purpose of taking funds from those ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimeware |
Data loss prevention(DLP)softwaredetects potentialdata breaches/data exfiltration transmissions and prevents them by monitoring,[1]detecting and blocking sensitive data whilein use(endpoint actions),in motion(network traffic), andat rest(data storage).[2]
The terms "data loss" and "data leak" are related and are often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_software |
Malware(aportmanteauofmalicious software)[1]is anysoftwareintentionally designed to cause disruption to acomputer,server,client, orcomputer network, leak private information, gain unauthorized access to information or systems, deprive access to information, or which unknowingly interferes with the user'scomputer securi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greynet |
Theinternationalized domain name(IDN)homograph attack(sometimes written ashomoglyph attack) is a method used by malicious parties to deceive computer users about what remote system they are communicating with, by exploiting the fact that many different characters look alike (i.e., they rely onhomoglyphsto deceive visit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDN_homograph_attack |
Anetwork enclaveis a section of an internalnetworkthat is subdivided from the rest of thenetwork.[1][2]
The purpose of a network enclave is to limit internal access to a portion of a network. It is necessary when the set of resources differs from those of the general network surroundings.[3][4]Typically, network encla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_enclave |
Network Security Toolkit(NST) is aLinux-based LiveDVD/USB Flash Drivethat provides a set offree and open-sourcecomputer securityandnetworkingtools to perform routine security and networking diagnostic and monitoring tasks. The distribution can be used as a network security analysis, validation and monitoring tool on se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Security_Toolkit |
TCP Gender Changeris a method in computer networking for making an internalTCP/IPbasednetwork serveraccessible beyond its protectivefirewall.
It consists of two nodes, one resides on the internal thelocal area networkwhere it can access the desired server, and the other node runs outside of the local area network, whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Gender_Changer |
ATCP sequence prediction attackis an attempt to predict the sequence number used to identify thepacketsin aTCP connection, which can be used to counterfeit packets.[1]
The attacker hopes to correctly guess the sequence number to be used by thesending host. If they can do this, they will be able to send counterfeit pac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_sequence_prediction_attack |
Thelist of security hacking incidentscovers important or noteworthy events in the history ofsecurity hackingandcracking.
Science Research Associates undertook to write a full APL system for theIBM 1500. They modeled their system afterAPL/360, which had by that time been developed and seen substantial use inside of IBM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_security_hacking_incidents |
Low Orbit Ion Cannon(LOIC) is anopen-sourcenetworkstress testinganddenial-of-service attackapplication written inC#. LOIC was initially developed by Praetox Technologies, however it was later released into thepublic domain[2]and is currently available on several open-source platforms.[3][4]
LOIC performs aDoS attack(o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Orbit_Ion_Cannon |
High Orbit Ion Cannon(HOIC) is anopen-sourcenetworkstress testinganddenial-of-service attackapplication designed to attack as many as 256URLsat the same time. It was designed to replace theLow Orbit Ion Cannonwhich was developed by Praetox Technologies and later released into thepublic domain. The security advisory for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Orbit_Ion_Cannon |
Acommunication channelrefers either to a physicaltransmission mediumsuch as a wire, or to alogical connectionover amultiplexedmedium such as a radio channel intelecommunicationsandcomputer networking. A channel is used forinformation transferof, for example, a digitalbit stream, from one or severalsendersto one or seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_channel |
Adata linkis a means ofconnecting one location to anotherfor the purpose of transmitting and receiving digital information (data communication). It can also refer to a set of electronics assemblies, consisting of a transmitter and a receiver (two pieces ofdata terminal equipment) and the interconnecting datatelecommuni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_link |
Intelecommunications, apoint-to-pointconnection refers to a communications connection between twocommunication endpointsornodes. An example is atelephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by one caller can only be heard by the other. This is contrasted with apoint-to-multipoin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(telecommunications) |
Transmitis a file transfer client program formacOSdeveloped byPanic Inc.Transmit istrialware; after a seven-day trial period, the product can only be used for seven-minute sessions until it is purchased. Transmit was originally built as anFTP clientand now supports a number of protocols includingSFTPandWebDAVand cloud ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmit_(file_transfer_tool) |
Inelectronicsandtelecommunications, aradio transmitteror justtransmitter(often abbreviated asXMTRorTXin technical documents) is anelectronic devicewhich producesradio waveswith anantennawith the purpose ofsignal transmissionto aradio receiver. The transmitter itself generates aradio frequencyalternating current, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter |
Transmissibilitymay have several meanings:
In most contexts, transmissibility is related topermeability.
In medicine, transmissibility is a synonym forbasic reproduction numberand refers totransmission. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissibility_(disambiguation) |
Electromagnetic radiation can be affected in several ways by the medium in which it propagates. It can bescattered,absorbed, andreflected and refractedat discontinuities in the medium. This page is an overview of the last 3. Thetransmittanceof a material and any surfaces is its effectiveness in transmittingradiant e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmittance |
Transmissivitymay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissivity_(disambiguation) |
Vint Hill Farms Station(VHFS) was aUnited States ArmyandNational Security Agency(NSA)signals intelligenceandelectronic warfarefacility located inFauquier County,Virginia, nearWarrenton. VHFS was closed in 1997 and the land was sold off in 1999. Today the site hosts various engineering and technology companies, as well ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Hill_Farms_Station |
In mathematics, aBeurling zeta functionis an analogue of theRiemann zeta functionwhere the ordinary primes are replaced by a set ofBeurling generalized primes: any sequence of real numbers greater than 1 that tend to infinity. These were introduced byBeurling(1937).
A Beurling generalized integer is a number that can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurling_zeta_function |
Inmathematics,singular integral operatorsof convolution typeare thesingular integral operatorsthat arise onRnandTnthrough convolution by distributions; equivalently they are the singular integral operators that commute with translations. The classical examples inharmonic analysisare theharmonic conjugation operatoron t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurling_transform |
Cryptanalysis of theLorenz cipherwas the process that enabled the British to read high-level German army messages duringWorld War II. The BritishGovernment Code and Cypher School(GC&CS) atBletchley Parkdecrypted many communications between theOberkommando der Wehrmacht(OKW, German High Command) in Berlin and their army... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher |
Irving John Good(9 December 1916 – 5 April 2009)[1][2]was a British mathematician who worked as acryptologistatBletchley ParkwithAlan Turing. After theSecond World War, Good continued to work with Turing on the design of computers andBayesian statisticsat theUniversity of Manchester. Good moved to the United States whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._J._Good |
Good–Turing frequency estimationis astatisticaltechnique for estimating theprobabilityof encountering an object of a hitherto unseen species, given a set of past observations of objects from different species. In drawing balls from an urn, the 'objects' would be balls and the 'species' would be the distinct colours of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation |
Tadeusz Walenty Pełczyński(codenames:Grzegorz,Adam,Wolf,Robak;Warsaw, 14 February 1892 – 3 January 1985, London) was aPolish Armymajor general(generał brygady),intelligence officerand chief of the General Staff's Section II (themilitary intelligencesection).[1]
During World War II, he became chief of staff of theHome ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski#Enigma |
The Imitation Gameis a 2014 Americanbiographicalthriller filmdirected byMorten Tyldumand written byGraham Moore, based on the 1983 biographyAlan Turing: The EnigmabyAndrew Hodges. The film's title quotes the name of the gamecryptanalystAlan Turingproposed for answering the question "Can machines think?", in his 1950 se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imitation_Game |
On 20 July 1944,Adolf Hitlerand his top military associates entered the briefing hut of theWolf's Lairmilitary headquarters, a series of concrete bunkers and shelters located deep in the forest ofEast Prussia, not far from the location of theWorld War IBattle of Tannenberg. Soon after, an explosion killed three officer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_20_July_plot |
TheLucy spy ring(German:Lucy-Spionagering) was an anti-NaziWorld War IIespionageoperation headquartered inSwitzerlandand run byRudolf Roessler, aGermanrefugee. Its story was only published in 1966, and very little is clear about the ring, Roessler, or the effort's sources or motives.
At the outbreak of World War II, R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_spy_ring |
Mercurywas a Britishcipher machineused by theAir Ministryfrom 1950 until at least the early 1960s. Mercury was an onlinerotor machinedescended fromTypex, but modified to achieve a longer cycle length using a so-calleddouble-drum basketsystem.
Mercury was designed by Wing Commander E. W. Smith and F. Rudd, who were awa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(cipher_machine) |
SIGCUM, also known asConverter M-228, was arotor cipher machineused to encryptteleprintertraffic by theUnited States Army. Hastily designed byWilliam FriedmanandFrank Rowlett, the system was put into service in January 1943 before any rigorous analysis of its security had taken place. SIGCUM was subsequently discovered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGCUM |
Thebomba, orbomba kryptologiczna(Polish for "bomb" or "cryptologic bomb"), was a special-purpose machine designed around October 1938 byPolish Cipher BureaucryptologistMarian Rejewskito break GermanEnigma-machineciphers.
How the machine came to be called a "bomb" has been an object of fascination and speculation. One ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography) |
Thebombe(UK:/bɒmb/) was anelectro-mechanicaldevice used by Britishcryptologiststo help decipher GermanEnigma-machine-encrypted secret messages duringWorld War II.[1]TheUS Navy[2]andUS Army[3]later produced their own machines to the same functional specification, albeit engineered differently both from each other and fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe |
Bletchley Parkis anEnglish country houseand estate inBletchley,Milton Keynes(Buckinghamshire), that became the principal centre ofAlliedcode-breaking during the Second World War. DuringWorld War II, the estate housed theGovernment Code and Cypher School(GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park |
Ultrawas the designation adopted byBritishmilitary intelligencein June 1941 for wartimesignals intelligenceobtained by breaking high-levelencryptedenemyradioandteleprintercommunications at theGovernment Code and Cypher SchoolatBletchley Park.[1]Ultraeventually became the standard designation among the westernAlliesfor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography) |
TheAdvanced Encryption Standard(AES), the symmetricblock cipherratified as a standard byNational Institute of Standards and Technologyof the United States (NIST), was chosen using a process lasting from 1997 to 2000 that was markedly more open and transparent than its predecessor, theData Encryption Standard(DES). This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process |
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization[1]is a program and competition byNISTto update their standards to includepost-quantum cryptography.[2]It was announced at PQCrypto 2016.[3]23 signature schemes and 59 encryption/KEMschemes were submitted by the initial submission deadline at the end of 2017[4]of which 69 total ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization |
Abest current practice, abbreviated asBCP,[1]is ade factolevel of performance in engineering and information technology. It is more flexible than astandard, since techniques and tools are continually evolving. TheInternet Engineering Task Forcepublishes Best Current Practice documents in a numbered document series. Ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_current_practice |
AnInternet Experiment Note(IEN) is a sequentially numbered document in a series of technical publications issued by the participants of the early development work groups that created the precursors of the modernInternet.
AfterDARPAbegan the Internet program in earnest in 1977, the project members were in need of commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Experiment_Note |
This is apartial list of RFCs(request for comments memoranda). ARequest for Comments(RFC) is a publication in a series from the principal technical development and standards-setting bodies for theInternet, most prominently theInternet Engineering Task Force(IETF).
While there are over 9,151RFCsas of February 2022, thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_RFCs |
Data degradationis the gradualcorruptionofcomputer datadue to an accumulation of non-critical failures in adata storage device. It is also referred to asdata decay,data rotorbit rot.[1]This results in a decline in data quality over time, even when the data is not being utilized. The concept of data degradation involves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_degradation |
Computer scienceis the study ofcomputation,information, andautomation.[1][2][3]Computer science spanstheoretical disciplines(such asalgorithms,theory of computation, andinformation theory) toapplied disciplines(including the design and implementation ofhardwareandsoftware).[4][5][6]
Algorithms anddata structuresare ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science |
Data integrityis the maintenance of, and the assurance of, data accuracy and consistency over its entirelife-cycle.[1]It is a critical aspect to the design, implementation, and usage of any system that stores, processes, or retrieves data. The term is broad in scope and may have widely different meanings depending on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_integrity |
Radiation hardeningis the process of makingelectronic componentsand circuits resistant to damage or malfunction caused by high levels ofionizing radiation(particle radiationand high-energyelectromagnetic radiation),[1]especially for environments inouter space(especially beyondlow Earth orbit), aroundnuclear reactorsand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hardening |
Software rot(bit rot,code rot,software erosion,software decay, orsoftware entropy) is the degradation, deterioration, or loss of the use or performance ofsoftwareover time.
TheJargon File, a compendium of hacker lore, defines "bit rot" as a jocular explanation for the degradation of a softwareprogramover time even if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_rot |
Data Integrity Field(DIF) is an approach to protectdata integrityincomputer data storagefromdata corruption. It was proposed in 2003 by theT10 subcommitteeof theInternational Committee for Information Technology Standards.[1]A similar approach for data integrity was added in 2016 to the NVMe 1.2.1 specification.[2]
P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field |
Incomputing,data recoveryis a process of retrieving deleted, inaccessible, lost, corrupted, damaged, overwritten or formatted data fromsecondary storage,removable mediaorfiles, when the data stored in them cannot be accessed in a usual way.[1]The data is most often salvaged from storage media such as internal or extern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_recovery_software |
RAID(/reɪd/;redundant array of inexpensive disksorredundant array of independent disks)[1][2]is a datastorage virtualizationtechnology that combines multiple physicaldata storagecomponents into one or more logical units for the purposes ofdata redundancy, performance improvement, or both. This is in contrast to the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID |
Ininformation theoryandcoding theory,Reed–Solomon codesare a group oferror-correcting codesthat were introduced byIrving S. ReedandGustave Solomonin 1960.[1]They have many applications, including consumer technologies such asMiniDiscs,CDs,DVDs,Blu-raydiscs,QR codes,Data Matrix,data transmissiontechnologies such asDSLan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed%E2%80%93Solomon_error_correction |
Incryptography,deniable authenticationrefers tomessage authenticationbetween a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event.[1][2][3]
In practice, deniable authentication between two parties can be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniable_authentication |
Theclosed-world assumption(CWA), in aformal system of logicused forknowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, conversely, what is not currently known to be true, is false. The same name also refers to alogicalformalization of this assumption byRaymond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_world_assumption |
Theclosed-world assumption(CWA), in aformal system of logicused forknowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, conversely, what is not currently known to be true, is false. The same name also refers to alogicalformalization of this assumption byRaymond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world_assumption |
TheKimball lifecycleis a methodology for developingdata warehouses, and has been developed byRalph Kimballand a variety of colleagues. The methodology "covers a sequence of high level tasks for the effectivedesign,developmentanddeployment" of a data warehouse orbusiness intelligencesystem.[1]It is considered a "bottom-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kimball_lifecycle |
Dimensional modeling(DM) is part of theBusiness Dimensional Lifecyclemethodology developed byRalph Kimballwhich includes a set of methods, techniques and concepts for use indata warehousedesign.[1]: 1258–1260[2]The approach focuses on identifying the keybusiness processeswithin a business and modelling and implementing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_modeling |
Ralph Kimball(born July 18, 1944[1]) is an author on the subject ofdata warehousingandbusiness intelligence. He is one of the original architects ofdata warehousingand is known for long-term convictions that data warehouses must be designed to be understandable and fast.[2][3]His bottom-up methodology, also known asdim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Kimball |
William H. Inmon(born 1945) is an Americancomputer scientist, recognized by many as the father of thedata warehouse.[1][2]Inmon wrote the first book, held the first conference (withArnie Barnett), wrote the first column in a magazine and was the first to offer classes in data warehousing. Inmon created the accepted def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Inmon |
TheChecking Integrated Circuit(CIC) is alockout chipdesigned byNintendofor theNintendo Entertainment System(NES)video game consolein 1985; the chip is part of a system known as 10NES, in which akey(which is stored in the game) is used by thelock(stored in the console) to check that the game is authentic and that the ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIC_(Nintendo) |
Fan translation(oruser-generatedtranslation) refers to the unofficialtranslationof various forms of written or multimedia products made byfans(fan labor), often into a language in which an official translated version is not yet available.[1]Generally, fans do not have formal training as translators[1]but they volunteer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_translation |
Amodchip(short formodification chip) is a small electronic device used to alter or disable artificial restrictions of computers or entertainment devices. Modchips are mainly used invideo game consoles, but also in someDVDorBlu-rayplayers. They introduce various modifications to its host system's function, including the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modchip |
NTSC-Cis aregional lockoutcreated in 2003 bySony Computer Entertainmentfor the official launch of itsPlayStation 2gaming system into themainland Chinesemarket.[1]
The system's original model, then calledPlayStation 2, was launched throughout 2000, 2001 and 2002 in Japan, North America, Europe, Oceania, Hong Kong, Taiw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC-C |
NTSC-Jor "System J" is the informal designation for theanaloguetelevisionstandard used inJapan. The system is based on the USNTSC(NTSC-M) standard with minor differences.[1]While NTSC-M is an officialCCIR[2][3][4]andFCC[5][6][7]standard, NTSC-J or "System J" are a colloquial indicators.
The system was introduced byNHK... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC-J |
NTSC(fromNational Television System Committee) is the first American standard foranalog television, published and adopted in 1941.[1]In 1961, it was assigned the designationSystem M. It is also known asEIAstandard 170.[2]
In 1953, a second NTSC standard was adopted,[3]which allowed forcolor televisionbroadcast compati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC |
Phase Alternating Line(PAL) is a color encoding system foranalog television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others beingNTSCandSECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analoguebroadcast television systemsB,D,G,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL |
Aparallel importis a non-counterfeitproductimported from another country without the permission of theintellectual propertyowner. Parallel imports are often referred to as agrey productand are implicated in issues ofinternational trade, andintellectual property.[1]
Parallel importing is based on concept ofexhaustion o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_import |
Import gamersare a subset of thevideo game playercommunity that take part in the practice of playingvideo gamesfrom another region, usually fromJapanwhere the majority of games for certain systems originate.
Some common reasons for importing include:
While many games consoles do not allow games from other countries t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_importing_in_video_games |
Ineconomics,vendor lock-in, also known asproprietary lock-inorcustomer lock-in, makes a customer dependent on avendorforproducts, unable to use another vendor without substantialswitching costs.
The use ofopen standardsand alternative options makes systems tolerant of change, so that decisions can be postponed until m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in |
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