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Instatistics,economics, andeconophysics, theking effectis the phenomenon in which the top one or two members of a ranked set show up as clearoutliers. These top one or two members are unexpectedly large because they do not conform to the statisticaldistributionorrank-distributionwhich the remainder of the set obeys.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_effect |
Ineconomics, theLorenz curveis a graphical representation of thedistribution of incomeor ofwealth. It was developed byMax O. Lorenzin 1905 for representinginequalityof thewealth distribution.
The curve is agraphshowing the proportion of overall income or wealth assumed by the bottomx%of the people, although this is no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_curve |
Lotka's law,[1]named afterAlfred J. Lotka, is one of a variety of special applications ofZipf's law. It describes the frequency of publication by authors in any given field.
LetX{\displaystyle X}be the number of publications,Y{\displaystyle Y}be the number of authors withX{\displaystyle X}publications, andk{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotka%27s_law |
Menzerath's law, also known as theMenzerath–Altmann law(named afterPaul MenzerathandGabriel Altmann), is alinguisticlaw according to which the increase of the size of a linguistic construct results in a decrease of the size of its constituents, and vice versa.[1][2]
For example, the longer a sentence (measured in term... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzerath%27s_law |
ThePareto principle(also known as the80/20 rule, thelaw of the vital fewand theprinciple of factor sparsity[1][2]) states that for many outcomes, roughly 80% of consequences come from 20% of causes (the "vital few").[1]
In 1941,management consultantJoseph M. Jurandeveloped the concept in the context of quality control... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle |
Price's laworPrice's square root lawis abibliometrichypothesis proposed byDerek J. de Solla Pricesuggesting that in any scientific field, half of the published research comes from the square root of the total number of authors in that field.
The law specifically states that if n represents the total number of authors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%27s_law |
Theprinciple of least effortis a broadtheorythat covers diverse fields fromevolutionary biologytowebpage design. It postulates that animals, people, and even well-designed machines will naturally choose thepath of least resistanceor "effort". It is closely related to many other similar principles (seeprinciple of least... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_effort |
Rank–size distributionis the distribution of size by rank, in decreasing order of size. For example, if a data set consists of items of sizes 5, 100, 5, and 8, the rank-size distribution is 100, 8, 5, 5 (ranks 1 through 4). This is also known as therank–frequency distribution, when the source data are from afrequency d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank-size_distribution |
Letter frequencyis the number of timeslettersof thealphabetappear on average inwritten language. Letterfrequency analysisdates back to theArabmathematicianAl-Kindi(c. AD 801–873), who formally developed the method to breakciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance inEuropewith the development ofmovable typein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency |
Studies that estimate and rank themost common words in Englishexamine texts written in English. Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against theOxford English Corpus(OEC), a massivetext corpusthat is written in the English language.
In total, the texts in the Oxford English Corpus con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_common_words_in_English |
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" is an English-languagepangram– asentencethat contains all the letters of thealphabet. The phrase is commonly used fortouch-typingpractice, testingtypewritersandcomputer keyboards, displaying examples offonts, and other applications involving text where the use of all lette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog |
Apalindrome(/ˈpæl.ɪn.droʊm/) is a word,number, phrase, or other sequence of symbols that reads the same backwards as forwards, such asmadamorracecar, the date "22/02/2022" and the sentence: "A man, a plan, a canal –Panama". The 19-letterFinnishwordsaippuakivikauppias(asoapstonevendor) is the longest single-word palind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindrome#Longest_palindromes |
Anapostolic nunciatureis a top-leveldiplomatic missionof theHoly Seethat is equivalent to anembassy. However, it neither issues visas nor hasconsulates.
The head of the apostolic nunciature is called anuncio, an ecclesiastical diplomatic title. A papal nuncio (officially known as an apostolic nuncio) is a permanent di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature |
Apapal legateorapostolic legate(from theancient Romantitlelegatus) is a personal representative of thePopeto foreign nations, to some other part of theCatholic Church, or to representatives of a state or monarchy. A legate is empowered in matters ofCatholic faithand for the settlement ofecclesiasticalmatters.
The lega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate |
The following is a sortablelist of the heads of the diplomatic mission of the Holy See. An apostolic nuncio (also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is anecclesiasticaldiplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of theHoly Seeto astateor to an international organization. A nuncio ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See |
AGooglewhackwas a contest to find aGoogle Searchquery that returns a single result. A Googlewhack must consist of two words found in a dictionary and was only considered legitimate if both of the search terms appear in the result. Published googlewhacks were short-lived since when published to a website, the new number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googlewhack |
Inlinguistics, aprotologismis a newly used or coinedword, anonce word, that has been repeated but has not gained acceptance beyond its original users or been published independently of the coiners.[1][2]The word may be proposed, may be extremely new, or may be established only within a very limited group of people.[3][... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protologism |
Aword listis a list of words in alexicon, generally sorted by frequency of occurrence (either bygraded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled bylexical frequency analysiswithin a giventext corpus, and is used incorpus linguisticsto investigate genealogies and evolution of languages and texts. A word whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_list |
Inabstract algebra, analternative algebrais analgebrain which multiplication need not beassociative, onlyalternative. That is, one must have
for allxandyin the algebra.
Everyassociative algebrais obviously alternative, but so too are some strictlynon-associative algebrassuch as theoctonions.
Alternative algebras are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_algebra |
Ring homomorphisms
Algebraic structures
Related structures
Algebraic number theory
Noncommutative algebraic geometry
Free algebra
Clifford algebra
Inmathematics, aClifford algebra[a]is analgebragenerated by avector spacewith aquadratic form, and is aunitalassociative algebrawith the additional structure of a dis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_algebra |
Inmathematics, acomposition algebraAover afieldKis anot necessarily associativealgebraoverKtogether with anondegeneratequadratic formNthat satisfies
for allxandyinA.
A composition algebra includes aninvolutioncalled aconjugation:x↦x∗.{\displaystyle x\mapsto x^{*}.}The quadratic formN(x)=xx∗{\displaystyle N(x)=xx^{*}}... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_algebra |
Inmathematics,differential algebrais, broadly speaking, the area of mathematics consisting in the study ofdifferential equationsanddifferential operatorsasalgebraic objectsin view of deriving properties of differential equations and operators without computing the solutions, similarly aspolynomial algebrasare used for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_algebra |
Ring homomorphisms
Algebraic structures
Related structures
Algebraic number theory
Noncommutative algebraic geometry
Free algebra
Clifford algebra
Inmathematics, especially in the area ofabstract algebraknown asring theory, afree algebrais the noncommutative analogue of apolynomial ringsince its elements may be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_algebra |
Inmathematics, ageometric algebra(also known as aClifford algebra) is analgebrathat can represent and manipulate geometrical objects such asvectors. Geometric algebra is built out of two fundamental operations, addition and the geometric product. Multiplication of vectors results in higher-dimensional objects calledmul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_algebra |
Inidempotent analysis, thetropical semiringis asemiringofextended real numberswith the operations ofminimum(ormaximum) and addition replacing the usual ("classical") operations of addition and multiplication, respectively.
The tropical semiring has various applications (seetropical analysis), and forms the basis oftro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-plus_algebra |
In the theory ofalgebras over a field,mutationis a construction of a newbinary operationrelated to the multiplication of the algebra. In specific cases the resulting algebra may be referred to as ahomotopeor anisotopeof the original.
LetAbe an algebra over afieldFwith multiplication (not assumed to beassociative) den... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation_(algebra) |
Ring homomorphisms
Algebraic structures
Related structures
Algebraic number theory
Noncommutative algebraic geometry
Free algebra
Clifford algebra
Infunctional analysis, a branch ofmathematics, anoperator algebrais analgebraofcontinuouslinear operatorson atopological vector space, with the multiplication given b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_algebra |
Inalgebra,Zariski's lemma, proved byOscar Zariski(1947), states that, if afieldKisfinitely generatedas anassociative algebraover another fieldk, thenKis afinite field extensionofk(that is, it is also finitely generated as avector space).
An important application of the lemma is a proof of the weak form ofHilbert's Nul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski%27s_lemma |
Inmathematics,categorificationis the process of replacingset-theoretictheoremswithcategory-theoreticanalogues. Categorification, when done successfully, replacessetswithcategories,functionswithfunctors, andequationswithnatural isomorphismsof functors satisfying additional properties. The term was coined byLouis Crane.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorification |
Inmathematics, especially (higher)category theory,higher-dimensional algebrais the study ofcategorifiedstructures. It has applications in nonabelianalgebraic topology, and generalizesabstract algebra.
A first step towards defining higher dimensional algebras is the concept of2-categoryofhigher category theory, followe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-dimensional_algebra |
In mathematics, aLien-algebrais a generalization of aLie algebra, a vector space with a bracket, to higher order operations. For example, in the case of a Lie 2-algebra, the Jacobi identity is replaced by anisomorphismcalled aJacobiator.[1]
Thisalgebra-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_n-algebra |
Module theoryis the branch of mathematics in whichmodulesare studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject.
See also:Glossary of linear algebra,Glossary of ring theory,Glossary of representation theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_module_theory |
Inmathematics, anon-emptycollectionofsetsR{\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}}is called aδ-ring(pronounced "delta-ring") if it isclosedunderunion,relative complementation, and countableintersection. The name "delta-ring" originates from the German word for intersection, "Durchschnitt", which is meant to highlight the ring's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-ring |
Inmathematics, afield of setsis amathematical structureconsisting of a pair(X,F){\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {F}})}consisting of asetX{\displaystyle X}and afamilyF{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}ofsubsetsofX{\displaystyle X}called analgebra overX{\displaystyle X}that contains theempty setas an element, and is closed under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_sets |
ADynkin system,[1]named afterEugene Dynkin, is acollectionofsubsetsof another universalsetΩ{\displaystyle \Omega }satisfying a set ofaxiomsweaker than those of𝜎-algebra. Dynkin systems are sometimes referred to as𝜆-systems(Dynkin himself used this term) ord-system.[2]These set families have applications inmeasure th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_system |
Inmeasure theoryandprobability, themonotone class theoremconnects monotone classes and𝜎-algebras. The theorem says that the smallestmonotone classcontaining analgebra of setsG{\displaystyle G}is precisely the smallest𝜎-algebracontainingG.{\displaystyle G.}It is used as a type oftransfinite inductionto prove many othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotone_class |
Inmathematics, aπ-system(orpi-system) on asetΩ{\displaystyle \Omega }is acollectionP{\displaystyle P}of certainsubsetsofΩ,{\displaystyle \Omega ,}such that
That is,P{\displaystyle P}is a non-empty family of subsets ofΩ{\displaystyle \Omega }that isclosedunder non-empty finiteintersections.[nb 1]The importance ofπ-syst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-system |
Inmathematical analysisand inprobability theory, aσ-algebra("sigma algebra") is part of the formalism for definingsets that can be measured. Incalculusandanalysis, for example, σ-algebras are used to define the concept of sets withareaorvolume. In probability theory, they are used to define events with a well-defined p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3-algebra |
Inmathematics, particularlymeasure theory, a𝜎-ideal, orsigma ideal, of aσ-algebra(𝜎, read "sigma") is asubsetwith certain desirableclosureproperties. It is a special type ofideal. Its most frequent application is inprobability theory.[citation needed]
Let(X,Σ){\displaystyle (X,\Sigma )}be ameasurable space(meaningΣ{... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-ideal |
Inmathematics, a nonempty collection ofsetsis called a𝜎-ring(pronouncedsigma-ring) if it isclosedunder countableunionandrelative complementation.
LetR{\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}}be a nonemptycollection of sets. ThenR{\displaystyle {\mathcal {R}}}is a𝜎-ringif:
These two properties imply:⋂n=1∞An∈R{\displaystyle \bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-ring |
The term "information algebra" refers to mathematical techniques ofinformation processing. Classicalinformation theorygoes back toClaude Shannon. It is a theory of information transmission, looking at communication and storage. However, it has not been considered so far that information comes from different sources and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_algebra |
Inmathematics, specificallyalgebraic geometry, aschemeis astructurethat enlarges the notion ofalgebraic varietyin several ways, such as taking account ofmultiplicities(the equationsx= 0andx2= 0define the same algebraic variety but different schemes) and allowing "varieties" defined over anycommutative ring(for example,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(mathematics) |
Inalgebraic geometry, aprojective varietyis analgebraic varietythat is a closedsubvarietyof aprojective space. That is, it is the zero-locus inPn{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{n}}of some finite family ofhomogeneous polynomialsthat generate aprime ideal, the defining ideal of the variety.
A projective variety is aproject... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_scheme |
In themathematicaldiscipline ofalgebraic geometry,Serre's theorem on affineness(also calledSerre's cohomological characterization of affinenessorSerre's criterion on affineness) is a theorem due toJean-Pierre Serrewhich gives sufficient conditions for aschemeto beaffine, stated in terms ofsheaf cohomology.[1]The theore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serre%27s_theorem_on_affineness |
Inmathematics, the (right)Ziegler spectrumof aringRis atopological spacewhose points are (isomorphism classes of)indecomposablepure-injectiverightR-modules. Itsclosed subsetscorrespond to theories of modules closed under arbitrary products and direct summands. Ziegler spectra are named after Martin Ziegler, who first d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziegler_spectrum |
Inmathematics, specificallyring theory, a leftprimitive idealis theannihilatorof a (nonzero)simpleleftmodule. A right primitive ideal is defined similarly. Left and right primitive ideals are always two-sided ideals.
Primitive ideals areprime. Thequotientof aringby a left primitive ideal is a leftprimitive ring. Forco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_spectrum |
Inmathematics, there is an ample supply ofcategorical dualitiesbetween certaincategoriesoftopological spacesand categories ofpartially ordered sets. Today, these dualities are usually collected under the labelStone duality, since they form a natural generalization ofStone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_duality |
Inmathematics, anEn{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{n}}-algebrain asymmetric monoidalinfinity categoryCconsists of the following data:
subject to the requirements that the multiplication maps are compatible with composition, and thatμ{\displaystyle \mu }is an equivalence ifm=1{\displaystyle m=1}. An equivalent definiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_n-ring |
TheQ-codeis a standardised collection of three-letter codes that each start with the letter "Q". It is anoperating signalinitially developed for commercialradiotelegraphcommunication and later adopted by other radio services, especiallyamateur radio. To distinguish the use of a Q-code transmitted as a question from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_code |
Z Code(likeQ CodeandX Code) is a set of operating signals used inCW,TTYandRTTYradio communication.
There are at least three sets of Z codes.
Many of the old C&W codes are derived frommnemonics
The old C&W Z codes are not widely used today.
There are other sets of codes internally used byRussia's military and other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_code |
Acontinuous waveorcontinuous waveform(CW) is anelectromagnetic waveof constantamplitudeandfrequency, typically asine wave, that formathematical analysisis considered to be of infinite duration.[1]It may refer to e.g. alaserorparticle acceleratorhaving a continuous output, as opposed to apulsedoutput.
By extension, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_wave |
Radiois the technology ofcommunicatingusingradio waves.[1][2][3]Radio waves areelectromagnetic wavesoffrequencybetween 3hertz(Hz) and 300gigahertz(GHz). They are generated by anelectronic devicecalled atransmitterconnected to anantennawhich radiates the waves. They can be received by other antennas connected to aradio ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio |
From early in the 20th century, the radio frequency of500 kilohertz(500 kHz) was aninternational calling and distress frequencyforMorse codemaritime communication. For much of its early history, this frequency was referred to by its equivalentwavelength,600 meters, or, using the earlier frequency unit name, 500kilocycl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_kHz |
The earlyhistory of radiois thehistory of technologythat produces and usesradio instrumentsthat useradio waves. Within thetimeline of radio, many people contributed theory and inventions in what becameradio. Radio development began as "wireless telegraphy". Later radio history increasingly involves matters ofbroadcast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio |
Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose[1](/boʊs/;[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)[3]was apolymathwith interests inbiology,physicsand writing science fiction.[4]He was a pioneer in the investigation of radiomicrowaveoptics, made significant contributions to botany, and was a major force behind ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose |
This is alist of people on stamps of Ireland, including the years when they appeared on a stamp.
Because no Irishstampswere designed prior to 1929, the first Irish stamps issued by theProvisional Government of Irelandwere the then-current Britishdefinitivepostage stamps bearing a portrait ofGeorge Vthat wereoverprinte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_Ireland |
This is a list of people and other topics appearing on the cover ofTimemagazine in the 1920s.Timewas first published in 1923. AsTimebecame established as one of the United States' leadingnews magazines, an appearance on the cover ofTimebecame an indicator of notability, fame or notoriety. Such features were accompanied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s) |
TheFriendship Radiosport Games (FRG)is an internationalmulti-sport eventthat includes competitions in the various sports collectively referred to asradiosport. The Friendship Radiosport Games began in 1989 as a result of asister cityagreement betweenKhabarovsk, RussiaandPortland, Oregon, United States. Since then, pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Radiosport_Games |
Procedural signsorprosignsare shorthand signals used inMorse codetelegraphy, for the purpose of simplifying and standardizing procedural protocols for landline and radio communication. The procedural signs are distinct from conventionalMorse code abbreviations, which consist mainly ofbrevity codesthat convey messages t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code |
Telegraphyis the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thusflag semaphoreis a method of telegraphy, whereaspigeon postis not. Ancientsignallingsystems, although sometimes quite extensive and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy |
Atelegraphist(British English),telegrapher(American English), ortelegraph operatoris a person who uses atelegraph keyto send and receiveMorse codemessages in atelegraphysystem. These messages, also called telegrams, can be transmittedelectronically by land lines, orwirelesslybyradio.
During theFirst World War, theRoya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphist |
Awire signalis abrevity codeused by telegraphers to save time and cost when sending long messages. The best-known code was the92 Codeadopted byWestern Unionin 1859. The code was designed to reducebandwidthconsumption overtelegraph lines, thus speeding transmissions by utilizing a numerical code system for frequently us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92_Code |
ThePhillips Codeis abrevity code(shorthand) compiled and expanded in 1879 byWalter P. Phillips(then of theAssociated Press) for the rapid transmission oftelegraphmessages, including press reports.
It was compiled in 1879 byWalter P. Phillips, who explained that he was in large part putting down the collective experien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Code |
TheR-S-T systemis used byamateur radio operators,shortwave listeners, and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The code is a three digit number, with one digit each for conveying an assessment of the signal's readability, strength, and tone.[1][2]The code was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-S-T_system |
TheAllied military phonetic spelling alphabetsprescribed the words that are used to represent each letter of the alphabet, when spelling other words out loud, letter-by-letter, and how the spelling words should be pronounced for use by theAllies of World War II. They are not a "phonetic alphabet" in the sense in which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_military_phonetic_spelling_alphabets |
TheAPCO phonetic alphabet, a.k.a.LAPD radio alphabet,is the term for an old competingspelling alphabetto theICAO radiotelephony alphabet, defined by theAssociation of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International[1]from 1941 to 1974, that is used by theLos Angeles Police Department(LAPD) and other local and stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCO_radiotelephony_spelling_alphabet |
TheInternational Code of Signals(INTERCO) is an international system of signals and codes for use byvesselsto communicate important messages regarding safety of navigation and related matters. Signals can be sent byflaghoist,signal lamp("blinker"),flag semaphore, radiotelegraphy, and radiotelephony. The International... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Signals |
TheFinnish Defence Forcesswitched over to theNATO phonetic alphabetin 2005, but the Finnish one is used for Å, Ä, Ö and digits.[1]International operations use only the NATO alphabet.
On the Finnish rail network the Finnish Armed Forces spelling alphabet was used until May 31, 2020 and starting on July 1 the railways s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Armed_Forces_radio_alphabet |
German orthographyis theorthographyused inwritingtheGerman language, which is largelyphonemic. However, it shows many instances of spellings that are historic or analogous to other spellings rather than phonemic. The pronunciation of almost every word can be derived from its spelling once the spelling rules are known, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_alphabet |
TheGreek spelling alphabetis aspelling alphabet(or "phonetic alphabet") forGreek, i.e. an accepted set of easily differentiated names given to the letters of the alphabet for the purpose of spelling out words. It is used mostly on radio voice channels by theGreek army, thenavyand thepolice. The names for some Greek let... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_spelling_alphabet |
TheJapanese radiotelephony alphabet(和文通話表,wabuntsūwahyō, literally "Japanese character telecommunication chart")is a radiotelephonyspelling alphabet, similar in purpose to the NATO/ICAO radiotelephony alphabet, but designed to communicate the Japanesekanasyllables rather thanLatin letters. The alphabet was sponsored by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_radiotelephony_alphabet |
TheKorean spelling alphabet(Korean:한국어 표준 음성 기호;RR:hangugeo pyojun eumseong giho; also한글 통화표;hangeul tonghwapyo) is a spelling alphabet for theKorean language, similar to theNATO phonetic alphabet.
ThisHangul-related article is astub. You can help Wikipedia byexpanding it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_spelling_alphabet |
TheRussian spelling alphabetis aspelling alphabet(or "phonetic alphabet") forRussian,i.e.a set of names given to the alphabet letters for the purpose of unambiguous verbal spelling. It is used primarily by theRussian army,navyand thepolice. The large majority of the identifiers are common individualfirst names, with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_spelling_alphabet |
TheSwedish Armed Forces' radio alphabetwas aradiotelephony alphabetmade up of Swedish two-syllable male names with the exception of Z which is just the name of the letter as pronounced in Swedish.
TheSwedish Armed Forcesare since 2006 instructed to use theNATO alphabetinstead of the original Swedish alphabet, along wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Armed_Forces_radio_alphabet |
Themilitary time zonesare a standardized, uniform set oftime zonesfor expressing time across different regions of the world, named after theNATO phonetic alphabet. The Zulu time zone (Z) is equivalent toCoordinated Universal Time(UTC) and is often referred to asthemilitary time zone. The military time zone system ensur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_time_zones |
This is alist of heritage NATO country codes. Up to and including the seventh edition ofSTANAG1059, these were two-letter codes (digrams). The eighth edition, promulgated 19 February 2004, and effective 1 April 2004, replaced all codes with new ones based on theISO 3166-1 alpha-2codes. Additional codes cover gaps in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_country_codes |
Radiotelephony procedure(alsoon-air protocolandvoice procedure) includes various techniques used to clarify, simplify and standardize spoken communications overtwo-way radios, in use by the armed forces, incivil aviation, police and fire dispatching systems,citizens' band radio(CB), andamateur radio.
Voice procedure c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephony_procedure |
Procedure words(abbreviated toprowords) are words or phrases limited toradiotelephony procedureused to facilitatecommunicationby conveying information in a condensed standard verbal format.[1]Prowords are voice versions of the much olderprocedural signs for Morse codewhich were first developed in the 1860s forMorse tel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure_word |
Aspelling alphabet(also called by various other names) is a set of words used to represent thelettersof analphabetinoral communication, especially over atwo-way radioortelephone. The words chosen to represent the letters sound sufficiently different from each other to clearly differentiate them. This avoids any confusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_alphabet |
Incommunicationsandinformation processing,codeis a system of rules to convertinformation—such as aletter,word, sound, image, orgesture—into another form, sometimesshortenedorsecret, for communication through acommunication channelor storage in astorage medium. An early example is an invention oflanguage, which enabled ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding |
InCWMorse codeoperations,QSKorfull break-in operationdescribes an operating mode in which the transmitting station can detect signals from other stations between the elements (dots and dashes) or letters of the Morse transmission. This allows other stations to interrupt the transmitting station between individual codin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSK_operation_(full_break-in) |
Words per minute, commonly abbreviated asWPM(sometimes lowercased aswpm), is a measure ofwordsprocessed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing,readingorMorse codesending and receiving.
Since words vary in length, for the purpose of measurement of text entry the definition of each "word" is oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_per_minute |
AT&T Corporation, an abbreviation for its former name, theAmerican Telephone and Telegraph Company, was an Americantelecommunicationscompany that provided voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses, consumers, and government agencies.
During theBell System's long histor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation |
Electrical telegraphyispoint-to-pointdistance communicating via sending electric signals over wire, a system primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electricaltelecommunicationssystem and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems calledtelegraphs, that were devised ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph |
TheImperial Wireless Chainwas a strategic international communications network of powerful long rangeradiotelegraphystations, created by theBritish governmentto link the countries of theBritish Empire. The stations exchanged commercial and diplomatic text message traffic transmitted at high speed byMorse codeusingpaper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chain |
Radioteletype(RTTY)[a]is atelecommunicationssystem consisting originally of two or moreelectromechanicalteleprintersin different locations connected byradiorather than a wired link. Radioteletype evolved from earlier landline teleprinter operations that began in the mid-1800s.[1]TheUS Navy Departmentsuccessfully tested... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioteletype |
Inmathematical analysis,asymptotic analysis, also known asasymptotics, is a method of describinglimitingbehavior.
As an illustration, suppose that we are interested in the properties of a functionf(n)asnbecomes very large. Iff(n) =n2+ 3n, then asnbecomes very large, the term3nbecomes insignificant compared ton2. The f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_analysis |
Inmathematics, asingular perturbationproblem is a problem containing a small parameter that cannot be approximated by setting the parameter value to zero. More precisely, the solution cannot be uniformly approximated by anasymptotic expansion
asε→0{\displaystyle \varepsilon \to 0}. Hereε{\displaystyle \varepsilon }is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_perturbation |
Incomputational complexity theory, theelement distinctness problemorelement uniqueness problemis the problem of determining whether all the elements of a list are distinct.
It is a well studied problem in many different models of computation. The problem may be solved bysortingthe list and then checking if there are a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_uniqueness_problem |
Inmathematics, the concepts ofessential infimumandessential supremumare related to the notions ofinfimum and supremum, but adapted tomeasure theoryandfunctional analysis, where one often deals with statements that are not valid forallelements in aset, but ratheralmost everywhere, that is, except on aset of measure zero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_infimum_and_essential_supremum |
Inphysicsandengineering, theenvelopeof anoscillatingsignalis asmooth curveoutlining its extremes.[1]The envelope thus generalizes the concept of a constantamplitudeinto aninstantaneous amplitude. The figure illustrates a modulatedsine wavevarying between anupper envelopeand alower envelope. The envelope function may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(waves) |
Incalculus, aone-sided limitrefers to either one of the twolimitsof afunctionf(x){\displaystyle f(x)}of arealvariablex{\displaystyle x}asx{\displaystyle x}approaches a specified point either from the left or from the right.[1][2]
The limit asx{\displaystyle x}decreases in value approachinga{\displaystyle a}(x{\display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-sided_limit |
Inmathematicsand, specifically,real analysis, theDini derivatives(orDini derivates) are a class of generalizations of thederivative. They were introduced byUlisse Dini, who studied continuous but nondifferentiable functions.
Theupper Dini derivative, which is also called anupper right-hand derivative,[1]of acontinuous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini_derivative |
Inmathematics, thelimitof asequenceofsetsA1,A2,…{\displaystyle A_{1},A_{2},\ldots }(subsetsof a common setX{\displaystyle X}) is a set whose elements are determined by the sequence in either of two equivalent ways:(1)by upper and lower bounds on the sequence that converge monotonically to the same set (analogous toconv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-theoretic_limit |
Incomputer science, theAkra–Bazzi method, orAkra–Bazzi theorem, is used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the mathematicalrecurrencesthat appear in theanalysisofdivide and conquer algorithmswhere the sub-problems have substantially different sizes. It is a generalization of themaster theorem for divide-and-conquer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akra%E2%80%93Bazzi_method |
Incomputer science, thecomputational complexityor simplycomplexityof analgorithmis the amount of resources required to run it.[1]Particular focus is given tocomputation time(generally measured by the number of needed elementary operations) andmemory storagerequirements. The complexity of aproblemis the complexity of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_complexity |
Borel, then an unknown young man, discovered that his summation method gave the 'right' answer for many classical divergent series. He decided to make a pilgrimage to Stockholm to seeMittag-Leffler, who was the recognized lord of complex analysis. Mittag-Leffler listened politely to what Borel had to say and then, plac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel_summation |
In the mathematics ofconvergentanddivergent series,Euler summationis a summation method. That is, it is a method for assigning a value to a series, different from the conventional method of taking limits of partial sums. Given a series Σan, if itsEuler transformconverges to a sum, then that sum is called theEuler sumof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_summation |
Inmathematical analysis,Cesàro summation(also known as theCesàro mean[1][2]orCesàro limit[3]) assigns values to someinfinite sumsthat arenot necessarily convergentin the usual sense. The Cesàro sum is defined as the limit, asntends to infinity, of the sequence of arithmetic means of the firstnpartial sums of the series... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A0ro_summation |
Inmathematical analysisandanalytic number theory,Lambert summationis a summability method for summing infinite series related toLambert seriesspecially relevant in analytic number theory.
Define the Lambert kernel byL(x)=log(1/x)x1−x{\displaystyle L(x)=\log(1/x){\frac {x}{1-x}}}withL(1)=1{\displaystyle L(1)=1}. Note ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_summation |
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