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Thecalculus of variations(orvariational calculus) is a field ofmathematical analysisthat uses variations, which are small changes infunctionsandfunctionals, to find maxima and minima of functionals:mappingsfrom a set offunctionsto thereal numbers.[a]Functionals are often expressed asdefinite integralsinvolving function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_variations |
Probabilistic latent semantic analysis(PLSA), also known asprobabilistic latent semantic indexing(PLSI, especially in information retrieval circles) is astatistical techniquefor the analysis of two-mode and co-occurrence data. In effect, one can derive a low-dimensional representation of the observed variables in terms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_latent_semantic_indexing |
David Meir Bleiis a professor in the Statistics and Computer Science departments atColumbia University. Prior to fall 2014 he was an associate professor in the Department ofComputer ScienceatPrinceton University. His work is primarily inmachine learning.
His research interests includetopic modelsand he was one of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blei |
Andrew Yan-Tak Ng(Chinese:吳恩達; born April 18, 1976[2]) is a British-Americancomputer scientistandtechnology entrepreneurfocusing onmachine learningandartificial intelligence(AI).[3]Ng was a cofounder and head ofGoogle Brainand was the former Chief Scientist atBaidu, building the company's Artificial Intelligence Group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng |
Michael Irwin JordanForMemRS[6](born February 25, 1956) is an American scientist, professor at theUniversity of California, Berkeley, research scientist at theInriaParis, and researcher inmachine learning,statistics, andartificial intelligence.[7][8][9]
Jordan was elected a member of theNational Academy of Engineering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I._Jordan |
L2 Syntactical Complexity Analyzer(L2SCA) developed byXiaofei Luat thePennsylvania State University, is acomputationaltool which producessyntactic complexityindices of written English language texts.[1]Along withCoh-Metrix, the L2SCA is one of the most extensively used computational tool to compute indices ofsecond lan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L2_Syntactic_Complexity_Analyzer |
Cloakingis asearch engine optimization(SEO) technique in which the content presented to thesearch engine spideris different from that presented to the user'sbrowser. This is done by delivering content based on theIP addressesor theUser-AgentHTTPheader of the user requesting the page. When a user is identified as a sear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloaking |
Acontent farmorcontent millis an organization, focused on generating a large amount of webcontent, often specifically designed to satisfyalgorithmsfor maximal retrieval bysearch engines, a practice known assearch engine optimization(SEO). Such organizations often employfreelancecreators or useartificial intelligence(AI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_farm |
Doorway pages(bridge pages,portal pages,jump pages,gateway pagesorentry pages) are web pages that are created for the deliberate manipulation of search engine indexes (spamdexing). A doorway page will affect the index of asearch engineby inserting results for particular phrases while sending visitors to a different pag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorway_pages |
Hidden textiscomputertextthat is displayed in such a way as to be invisible or unreadable. Hidden text is most commonly achieved by setting thefontcolour to the same colour as the background, rendering the text invisible unless the user highlights it.
Hidden text can serve several purposes. Often, websites use it to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_text |
On theWorld Wide Web, alink farmis any group ofwebsitesthat allhyperlinkto other sites in the group for the purpose of increasingSEOrankings.[1]In graph theoretic terms, a link farm is aclique. Although some link farms can be created by hand, most are created throughautomated programsand services. A link farm is a for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_farm |
Web scraping,web harvesting, orweb data extractionisdata scrapingused forextracting datafromwebsites.[1]Web scraping software may directly access theWorld Wide Webusing theHypertext Transfer Protocolor a web browser. While web scraping can be done manually by a software user, the term typically refers to automated proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping |
SmartScreen(officially calledWindows SmartScreen,Windows Defender SmartScreenandSmartScreen Filterin different places) is acloud-basedanti-phishingandanti-malwarecomponent included in several Microsoft products:
SmartScreen as a business unit includes the intelligence platform, backend, serving frontend, UX, policy, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SmartScreen |
Microsoft Defender Antivirus(formerlyWindows Defender) is anantivirus softwarecomponent ofMicrosoft Windows. It was first released as a downloadable free anti-spyware program forWindows XPand was shipped withWindows VistaandWindows 7. It has evolved into a full antivirus program, replacingMicrosoft Security Essentialsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Defender |
Ascraper siteis awebsitethat copies content from other websites usingweb scraping. The content is then mirrored with the goal of creating revenue, usually through advertising and sometimes by selling user data.
Scraper sites come in various forms: Some provide little if any material or information and are intended to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraper_site |
Trademark stuffingis a form ofkeyword stuffing, an unethicalsearch engine optimizationmethod used bywebmastersand Internet marketers in order to manipulatesearch engineranking results served by websites such asGoogle,Yahoo!andMicrosoft Bing. A key characteristic of trademark stuffing is the intent of the infringer to c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark_stuffing |
White fontingis the practice of inserting hidden keywords into the body of an electronic document, in order to influence the actions of a search program reviewing that document. The name white fonting comes from the practice of adding keywords to a webpage, using a white font on a white background, in an effort to hide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_fonting |
Open-source governance(also known asopen governanceandopen politics) is apolitical philosophywhich advocates the application of the philosophies of theopen-sourceandopen-contentmovements todemocraticprinciples to enable any interested citizen to add to the creation of policy, as with awikidocument. Legislation is democ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_politics |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Symbolic interactionismis asociologicaltheory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to humans' particular use of shared language to create common symbols and meanings, f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism |
Acommunity of practice(CoP) is a group of people who "share a concern or a passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly".[1]The concept was first proposed bycognitive anthropologistJean Laveand educational theoristEtienne Wengerin their 1991 bookSituated Learning.[2]Wenger sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice |
Acadastreorcadaster(/kəˈdæstər/kə-DAS-tər) is a comprehensive recording of thereal estateorreal property'smetes-and-boundsof a country.[1][2]Often it is represented graphically in acadastral map.
In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadastral_map |
This is a list of notable commercialsatellite navigationsoftware (also known asGPSsoftware) for various devices, with a specific focus onmobile phones, tablets, tablet PCs, (Android, iOS, Windows). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_commercial_GPS_software |
Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Bosnian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, German (Germany), Estonian, English (United States), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Latin America), Basque, Filipino, French (France), Galician, Croatian, Zulu, Icelandic, Italian, Swahili, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Norwegian, Uzbek, Po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_map_services |
Counter-mappingis creating maps that challenge "dominant power structures, to further seemingly progressive goals".[1]Counter-mapping is used in multiple disciplines to reclaim colonized territory. Counter-maps are prolific in indigenous cultures, "counter-mapping may reify, reinforce, and extend settler boundaries eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-mapping |
This article contains a list of notablewikis, which arewebsitesthat usewiki software, allowing users to collaboratively edit content and view old versions of the content. These websites useseveral different wiki software packages.
550,069[citation needed] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wikis |
Neogeography(literally "new geography") is the use of geographical techniques and tools for personal and community activities or by a non-expert group of users.[1]Application domains of neogeography are typically not formal or analytical.[2]
From the point of view of human geography,neogeographycould be also defined a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogeography |
Participatory 3D modelling(P3DM) is a community-basedmappingmethod which integrates local spatial knowledge with data on elevation of the land and depth of the sea to produce stand-alone, scaled andgeo-referencedrelief models. Essentially based on local spatial knowledge, land use and cover, and other features are depi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_3D_modelling |
Participatory GIS(PGIS) orpublic participation geographic information system(PPGIS) is aparticipatoryapproach tospatial planningand spatial information andcommunications management.[1][2]
PGIS combinesParticipatory Learning and Action(PLA) methods withgeographic information systems(GIS).[3]PGIS combines a range of geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_GIS |
Participatory GIS(PGIS) orpublic participation geographic information system(PPGIS) is aparticipatoryapproach tospatial planningand spatial information andcommunications management.[1][2]
PGIS combinesParticipatory Learning and Action(PLA) methods withgeographic information systems(GIS).[3]PGIS combines a range of geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation_GIS |
Avirtual globeis athree-dimensional(3D)softwaremodel or representation ofEarthor another world. A virtual globe provides the user with the ability to freely move around in the virtual environment by changing the viewing angle and position. Compared to a conventionalglobe, virtual globes have the additional capability o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_globe |
Volunteered geographic information(VGI) is the harnessing of tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily by individuals.[1][2]VGI is a special case of the larger phenomenon known asuser-generated content,[3]and allows people to have a more active role in activities such asurban plann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteered_geographic_information |
OpenStreetMap(abbreviatedOSM) is a free,openmap databaseupdated and maintained by a community ofvolunteersviaopen collaboration.[5]Contributors collect data fromsurveys, trace fromaerial photo imageryorsatellite imagery, and import from other freely licensedgeodatasources. OpenStreetMap isfreely licensedunder theOpen D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_OpenStreetMap_Team |
Civic intelligenceis an "intelligence" that is devoted to addressing public or civic issues. The term has been applied to individuals and, more commonly, to collective bodies, like organizations, institutions, or societies.[1]Civic intelligence can be used in politics by groups of people who are trying to achieve a com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_intelligence |
Group decision-making(also known ascollaborative decision-makingorcollective decision-making) is a situation faced when individuals collectively make a choice from the alternatives before them. The decision is then no longer attributable to any single individual who is a member of the group. This is because all the ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_decision-making |
Collective effervescenceis a sociological concept coined byÉmile Durkheim. According to Durkheim, a community or society may at times come together and simultaneously communicate the same thought and participate in the same action. Such an event then causes collective effervescence which excites individuals and serves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_effervescence |
Collective memoryis the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of asocial groupthat is significantly associated with the group's identity.[1][2][3]The English phrase "collective memory" and the equivalent French phrase "la mémoire collective" appeared in the second half of the nineteenth century. The philos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_memory |
Crowd psychology(ormob psychology) is a subfield ofsocial psychologywhich examines how the psychology of a group of people differs from the psychology of any one person within the group. The study of crowd psychology looks into the actions andthought processesof both the individual members of thecrowdand of the crowd a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_psychology |
TheGlobal Consciousness Project(GCP, also called theEGG Project) is aparapsychologyexperiment begun in 1998 as an attempt to detect possible interactions of "globalconsciousness" with physical systems. The project monitors a geographically distributed network ofhardware random number generatorsin a bid to identify ano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Consciousness_Project |
Group dynamicsis a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within asocial group(intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision-making behaviour, tracking the spread of diseases in society, creating effective the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_behaviour |
Ahive mind,group mind,group ego,mind coalescence, orgestalt intelligenceinscience fictionis aplot devicein which multiple minds, or consciousnesses, are linked into a singlecollective consciousnessorintelligence.[1][2]
This term may be used interchangeably withhive mind.[3][4]"Hive mind" tends to describe a group mind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction) |
The idea of aknowledge ecosystemis an approach toknowledge managementwhich claims to foster the dynamic evolution ofknowledgeinteractions between entities to improvedecision-makingand innovation through improved evolutionary networks ofcollaboration.[1][2]
In contrast to purely directivemanagementefforts that attempt ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_ecosystem |
Open-source intelligence(OSINT) refers to the systematic collection, evaluation, and analysis of publicly available information from open sources to produce actionable intelligence. These sources include, but are not limited to, traditional media (newspapers, radio, television), government publications, academic resear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_intelligence |
Social commerce[1]is a subset ofelectronic commercethat involvessocial mediaand online media that supports social interaction, and user contributions to assist online buying and selling of products and services.[2]
More succinctly, social commerce is the use ofsocial network(s) in the context of e-commerce transaction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_commerce |
Social epistemologyrefers to a broad set of approaches that can be taken inepistemology(the study ofknowledge) that construes human knowledge as a collective achievement. Another way of characterizing social epistemology is as the evaluation of the social dimensions of knowledge or information.[1]
As a field of inquir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology |
Stigmergy(/ˈstɪɡmərdʒi/STIG-mər-jee) is a mechanism of indirectcoordination, through the environment, between agents or actions.[1]The principle is that the trace left in theenvironmentby an individual action stimulates the performance of a succeeding action by the same or different agent. Agents that respond to traces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmergy |
Raymond Bernard Cattell(20 March 1905 – 2 February 1998) was a British-Americanpsychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure.[1][2]His work also explored the basic dimensions ofpersonalityandtemperament, the range of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions ofmotivation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cattell#Innovations_and_accomplishments |
Athink tank, orpublic policy institute, is aresearch institutethat performsresearchandadvocacyconcerning topics such associal policy,political strategy,economics,military,technology, andculture. Most think tanks arenon-governmental organizations, but some are semi-autonomous agencies within a government, and some are a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank |
“Anti-rival good” is aneologismsuggested bySteven Weber. According to his definition, it is the opposite of arival good. The more people share an anti-rival good, the more utility each person receives. Examples includesoftwareand other information goods created through the process ofcommons-based peer production.
An a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-rival_good |
TheCarr–Benkler wagerbetweenYochai BenklerandNicholas Carrconcerned the question whether the most influential sites on the Internet will bepeer-producedorprice-incentivizedsystems.
Thewagerwas proposed by Benkler in July 2006 in a comment to a blog post where Carr criticized Benkler's views about volunteer peer-produc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%E2%80%93Benkler_wager |
Co-creation, in the context of abusiness, refers to aproduct or service designprocess in which input fromconsumersplays a central role from beginning to end. Less specifically, the term is also used for any way in which a business allows consumers to submit ideas, designs or content. This way, the firm will not run out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-creation |
Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaboratorsis a 2010 non-fiction book byClay Shirky, originally published in with the subtitle "Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age". The book is an indirect sequel to Shirky'sHere Comes Everybody, which covered the impact ofsocial media.Cognitive Surplu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Surplus |
Software developmentis the process ofdesigningandimplementingasoftwaresolution tosatisfyauser. The process is more encompassing thanprogramming, writingcode, in that it includes conceiving the goal, evaluating feasibility, analyzingrequirements,design,testingandrelease. The process is part ofsoftware engineeringwhich a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_software_development_model |
Common ownershiprefers to holding the assets of an organization,enterprise, or community indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or groups of members as common property. Forms of common ownership exist in everyeconomic system. Common ownership of themeans of productionis a central goal ofsocialis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ownership |
Theopen-source software movementis a social movement that supports the use ofopen-source licensesfor some or all software, as part of the broader notion ofopen collaboration.[1]The open-source movement was started to spread the concept/idea ofopen-source software.
Programmerswho support the open-source-movement philos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivations_of_open_source_programmers |
Aplanned economyis a type ofeconomic systemwhereinvestment,productionand the allocation ofcapital goodstakes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may usecentralized,decentralized,participatoryorSoviet-typeforms ofeconomic planning.[1][2]The level ofcentralizationordecen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics) |
Distributed manufacturing, also known asdistributed production,cloud producing, distributed digital manufacturing,andlocal manufacturing, is a form of decentralized manufacturing practiced by enterprises using a network of geographically dispersed manufacturing facilities that are coordinated usinginformation technolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_manufacturing |
Afab lab(fabrication laboratory) is a small-scaleworkshopoffering (personal)digital fabrication.[1][2]
A fab lab is typically equipped with an array of flexible computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials, with the aim to make "almost anything".[3]This includesprototyping... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fablab |
Agift economyorgift cultureis a system of exchange wherevaluablesare not sold, but rather given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.[1]Social norms and customs govern giving a gift in a gift culture; although there is some expectation of reciprocity, gifts are not given in an explicit exchange... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_economy |
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizationsis a book byClay Shirkypublished by Penguin Press in 2008 on the effect of theInterneton moderngroup dynamicsand organization. The author considers examples such asWikipedia,MySpace, and othersocial mediain his analysis. According to Shirky, the book is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_Everybody_(book) |
The term "knowledge commons" refers to information, data, and content that is collectively owned and managed by a community of users,[1]particularly over theInternet. What distinguishes a knowledge commons from acommonsof shared physical resources is that digital resources arenon-subtractible;[2]that is, multiple users... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_commons |
Mass collaborationis a form ofcollective actionthat occurs when large numbers of people work independently on a single project, often modular in its nature.[1]Such projects typically take place on the internet usingsocial softwareandcomputer-supported collaborationtoolssuch aswikitechnologies, which provide a potential... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_collaboration |
Non-formal learningincludes various structuredlearningsituations which do not either have the level ofcurriculum,institutionalization,accreditationorcertificationassociated with 'formal learning', but have more structure than that associated with 'informal learning', which typically take place naturally and spontaneous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonformal_learning |
Open collaborationrefers to any "system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants who cooperate voluntarily to create a product (or service) ofeconomic value, which is made freely available to contributors and noncontributors alike."[1]It is prominently observed inope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_collaboration |
One of the most visible approaches topeer learningcomes out ofcognitive psychology, and is applied within a "mainstream"educationalframework: "Peer learning is an educational practice in which students interact with other students to attain educational goals."[1]Other authors including David Boud describe peer learning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_learning |
Peer reviewis the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers).[1]It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevantfield. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review |
Production for useis a phrase referring to the principle of economic organization and production taken as a defining criterion for asocialist economy. It is held in contrast toproduction for profit. This criterion is used to distinguish communism fromcapitalism, and is one of the fundamental defining characteristics of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_for_use |
Aprosumeris an individual who bothconsumesandproduces. The term is aportmanteauof the wordsproducerandconsumer. Research has identified six types of prosumers: DIY prosumers, self-service prosumers, customizing prosumers, collaborative prosumers, monetised prosumers, and economic prosumers.[1]
The termsprosumerandpros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosumer |
Open business[1]is an approach toenterprisethat draws on ideas fromopennessmovements likefree software,open source,open contentand open tools and standards. The approach places value ontransparency, stakeholder inclusion, and accountability.
Open business structures make contributors and non-contributors visible so th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_business |
Open manufacturing, also known asopen production,maker manufacturingormaterial peer productionand with the slogan "Design Global, Manufacture Local" is a new model ofsocioeconomicproduction in which physical objects are produced in an open, collaborative and distributed manner[1][2]and based onopen designandopen-source... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_manufacturing |
Theopen music modelis an economic and technological framework for therecording industrybased on research conducted at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. It predicts that the playback of prerecorded music will be regarded as aservicerather than asindividually sold products, and that the only system for thedigital... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_music_model |
Peer-to-peer(P2P) computing or networking is adistributed applicationarchitecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged,equipotentparticipants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network ofnodes.[1]In addition, apersonal area network(PAN) is also in nature a type ofdecentrali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes |
Broadcastingis thedistributionofaudioaudiovisualcontent to dispersed audiences via a electronicmass communications medium, typically one using theelectromagnetic spectrum(radio waves), in aone-to-manymodel.[1]Broadcasting began withAM radio, which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread ofvacuum tuberadio tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting |
Narrowcastingis the dissemination of information to a specialised audience, rather than to the broader public-at-large; it is the opposite ofbroadcasting. It may refer to advertising or programming via radio,podcast, newspaper, television, or theInternet. The term "multicast" is sometimes used interchangeably, althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowcasting |
Open innovationis a term used to promote anInformation Agemindset toward innovation that runs counter to thesecrecyandsilo mentalityof traditional corporate research labs. The benefits and driving forces behind increased openness have been noted and discussed as far back as the 1960s, especially as it pertains to inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Innovation |
Placemakingis a multi-faceted approach to theplanning, design and management of public spaces. Placemaking capitalizes on a local community's assets, inspiration, and potential, with the intention of creating public spaces that improveurban vitalityand promote people's health, happiness, and well-being. It is political... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placemaking |
TheCity Repair Projectis a501(c)(3)non-profit organization based inPortland, Oregon. Its focus is education and activism for community building. The organizational motto is "The City Repair Project is group of citizen activists creating public gathering places and helping others to creatively transform the places where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_repair_project |
Open-source software development (OSSD)is the process by whichopen-source software, or similar software whosesource codeis publicly available, is developed by anopen-source software project. These are software products available with its source code under anopen-source licenseto study, change, and improve its design. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_development |
Collaborative intelligenceis distinguished from collective intelligence in three key ways: First, in collective intelligence there is a central controller who poses the question, collects responses from a crowd of anonymous responders, and uses an algorithm to process those responses to achieve a (typically) "better th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_intelligence |
Acollaborative innovation network(CoIN) is a collaborative innovation practice that uses internet platforms to promote communication and innovation within self-organizing virtual teams.
Coins work across hierarchies and boundaries where members can exchange ideas and information directly and openly. This collaborative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_Innovation_Networks |
Thecollaborative human interpreter(CHI) is a proposed software interface forhuman-based computation(first proposed as a programming language on the blog Google Blogoscoped, but implementable via anAPIin virtually any programming language) specially designed for collecting
and making use ofhuman intelligencein acompute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_human_interpreter |
Ahuman-based computation gameorgame with a purpose(GWAP[1]) is ahuman-based computationtechnique of outsourcing steps within a computational process to humans in an entertaining way (gamification).[2][3]
Luis von Ahnfirst proposed the idea of "human algorithm games", or games with a purpose (GWAPs), in order to harnes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_with_a_purpose |
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613),[1]meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematicalcalculations, beforeelectronic calculatorsbecame available.Alan Turingdescribed the "human computer" as someone who is "supposed to be following fixed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computer |
Human–computer information retrieval(HCIR) is the study and engineering ofinformation retrievaltechniques that bring human intelligence into thesearchprocess. It combines the fields ofhuman-computer interaction(HCI) and information retrieval (IR) and creates systems that improve search by taking into account the human ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Computer_Information_Retrieval |
Social computingis an area ofcomputer sciencethat is concerned with the intersection ofsocial behaviorand computational systems. It is based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology. Thus,blogs,email,instant messaging,social network services,wikis,socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_computing |
Insociology, asocial organizationis a pattern ofrelationshipsbetween and amongindividualsandgroups.[1][2]Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion,leadership,structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on.[3][4]
Because of these cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization |
Collective intelligence(CI) is shared orgroupintelligence(GI) thatemergesfrom thecollaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears inconsensus decision making. The term appears insociobiology,political scienceand in context of masspeer reviewandcrowdsourcingapplications. It may involvec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiotic_intelligence |
This is alist ofdigital libraryprojects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects |
Wikisourceis an online wiki-baseddigital libraryoffree-contenttextual sourcesoperated by theWikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole; it is also the name for each instance of that project, one for each language. The project's aim is to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource |
Insocial dynamics,critical massis a sufficient number of adopters of a new idea, technology or innovation in a social system so that the rate of adoption becomes self-sustaining and creates further growth. The point at which critical mass is achieved is sometimes referred to as a threshold within thethreshold modelofst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass_(sociodynamics) |
Crowd manipulationis the intentional or unwitting use of techniques based on the principles ofcrowd psychologyto engage, control, or influence the desires of acrowdin order to direct its behavior toward a specific action.[1]
History suggests that the socioeconomic and political context and location influence dramatica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_manipulation |
Ahappeningis a performance, event, orsituationart, usually asperformance art. The term was first used byAllan Kaprowin 1959 to describe a range of art-related events.[1]
Allan Kaprowfirst coined the term "happening" in the spring of 1959 at an art picnic atGeorge Segal's farm to describe the art pieces being performed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening |
Improv Everywhere(often abbreviatedIE) is a comedicperformance artgroup based inNew York City, formed in 2001 by Charlie Todd. Its slogan is "We Cause Scenes".
The group carries outpranks, which they call "missions", in public places. The stated goal of these missions is to cause scenes of "chaos and joy." Some of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improv_Everywhere |
Azapis a form of politicaldirect actionthat came into use in the 1970s in the United States. Popularized by the earlygay liberationgroupGay Activists Alliance, a zap was a raucous public demonstration designed to embarrass a public figure or celebrity while calling the attention of both gays and straights to issues of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zap_(action) |
"Flash Crowd" is a1973English-languagenovellabyscience fiction authorLarry Niven,[1]one of a series about the social consequence of inventing an instant, practically freedisplacement booth.[2]
One consequence not foreseen by the builders of the system was that with the almost immediate reporting of newsworthy events, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Crowd |
Laurence van Cott Niven(/ˈnɪvən/; born April 30, 1938) is an Americanscience fiction writer.[2]His 1970 novelRingworldwon theHugo,Locus,Ditmar, andNebulaawards. WithJerry Pournellehe wroteThe Mote in God's Eye(1974) andLucifer's Hammer(1977). TheScience Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Americagave him the 2015Damon Knigh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven |
TheBartle taxonomy of player typesis a classification ofvideo gameplayers (gamers) based on a 1996 paper byRichard Bartle[1]according to their preferred actions within the game. The classification originally described players ofmultiplayer online games(includingMUDsandMMORPGs), though now it also refers to players ofsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartle_taxonomy_of_player_types |
Adark pattern(also known as a "deceptivedesign pattern") is auser interfacethat has been carefully crafted to trick users into doing things, such as buying overpriced insurance with their purchase or signing up for recurring bills.[1][2][3]User experiencedesigner Harry Brignull coined theneologismon 28 July 2010 with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_pattern |
Egoboo/ˈiːɡoʊbuː/is acolloquial expressionfor thepleasurereceived frompublic recognitionof voluntary work.
The term was in use inscience fiction fandomas early as 1947, when it was used (spelled "ego boo") in a letter fromRick Snearypublished in theletter columnofThrilling Wonder Stories.[1]It was originally simply us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoboo |
Thegamification of learningis aneducational approachthat seeks to motivate students by usingvideo game designand game elements in learning environments.[1][2]The goal is to maximize enjoyment and engagement by capturing the interest of learners and inspiring them to continue learning.[3]Gamification, broadly defined, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamification_of_learning |
GNS theoryis an informal field of study developed byRon Edwardswhich attempts to create a unifiedtheoryof howrole-playing gameswork. Focused on player behavior, in GNS theory participants in role-playing games organize their interactions around three categories of engagement: Gamism, Narrativism and Simulation.
The th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNS_theory |
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