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Collective wisdom, also called group wisdom andco-intelligence, is shared knowledge arrived at by individuals and groups with collaboration.
Collective intelligence, which is sometimes used synonymously with collective wisdom, is more of a shared decision process than collective wisdom. Unlike collective wisdom, colle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_wisdom |
Theconventional wisdomorreceived opinionis the body of ideas or explanations generally accepted by the public and/or by experts in a field.[1]
The term "conventional wisdom" dates back to at least 1838, as a synonym for "commonplace knowledge".[2][n 1]It was used in a number of works, occasionally in a benign[3]or neu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_wisdom |
Dispersed knowledgeineconomicsis the notion that no singleagenthas information as to all of the factors which influencepricesandproductionthroughout the system.[1]The term has been both expanded upon and popularized by American economistThomas Sowell.[2]
Each agent in a market for assets, goods, or services possesses ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge |
Dollar votingis an analogy that refers to the theoretical impact ofconsumer choiceon producers' actions by means of the flow of consumer payments to producers for their goods and services.
In some principles textbooks of the mid-20th century, the term "dollar voting" was used to describe the process by which consumers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_voting |
TheDunning–Kruger effectis acognitive biasin which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by the psychologistsDavid DunningandJustin Krugerin 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect |
TheDelphi methodorDelphi technique(/ˈdɛlfaɪ/DEL-fy; also known asEstimate-Talk-EstimateorETE) is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactiveforecastingmethod that relies on a panel of experts.[1][2][3][4][5]Delphi has been widely used for business forecasting and ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method |
Ensemble forecastingis a method used in or withinnumerical weather prediction. Instead of making a single forecast of the most likely weather, a set (or ensemble) of forecasts is produced. This set of forecasts aims to give an indication of the range of possible future states of the atmosphere.
Ensemble forecasting is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_forecasting |
In the field ofhuman factors and ergonomics,human reliability(also known ashuman performanceorHU) is the probability that a human performs a task to a sufficient standard.[1]Reliabilityofhumanscan be affected by many factors such asage, physicalhealth,mental state,attitude,emotions, personal propensity for certain mist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_reliability |
Inprobability theory, thelaw of large numbersis amathematical lawthat states that theaverageof the results obtained from a large number of independent random samples converges to the true value, if it exists.[1]More formally, the law of large numbers states that given a sample of independent and identically distributed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers |
Insoftware development,Linus's lawis the assertion that "given enough eyeballs, allbugsare shallow".
The law was formulated byEric S. Raymondin his essay and bookThe Cathedral and the Bazaar(1999), and was named in honor ofLinus Torvalds.[1][2]
A more formal statement is: "Given a large enoughbeta-testerand co-develop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%27s_law |
Anexpertis somebody who has a broad and deepunderstandingandcompetencein terms ofknowledge,skillandexperiencethroughpracticeandeducationin a particular field or area of study. Informally, an expert is someone widely recognized as areliablesource oftechniqueor skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked_expertise |
Vox populi(/ˌvɒksˈpɒpjʊli,-laɪ/VOKSPOP-yuu-lee, -lye[1]) is aLatinphrase (originallyVox populi, vox Dei– "The voice of the people is the voice of God") that literally means "voice of the people." It is used in English in the meaning "the opinion of the majority of the people."[1][2]Injournalism,vox poporman on the str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_populi |
Amazon Mechanical Turk(MTurk) is acrowdsourcingwebsite with which businesses can hire remotely located "crowdworkers" to perform discrete on-demand tasks that computers are currently unable to do as economically. It is operated underAmazon Web Services, and is owned byAmazon.[1]Employers, known asrequesters,post jobs k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk |
Google Opinion Rewardsis aloyalty programdeveloped by Google. It was initially launched as a surveymobile appforAndroidandiOSdeveloped byGoogle. The app allows users to answer surveys and earn rewards. On Android, users earnGoogle Playcredits which can be redeemed by buying paid apps fromGoogle Play. On iOS, users are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Opinion_Rewards |
Common Voiceis acrowdsourcingproject started byMozillato create a free and openspeech corpus. The project is supported byvolunteerswho record sample sentences with amicrophoneand review recordings of other users. The transcribed sentences are collected in a voice database available under thepublic domainlicenseCC0.[1]T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Voice |
Inabstract algebra, aBoolean algebraorBoolean latticeis acomplementeddistributive lattice. This type ofalgebraic structurecaptures essential properties of bothsetoperations andlogicoperations. A Boolean algebra can be seen as a generalization of apower setalgebra or afield of sets, or its elements can be viewed as gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(structure) |
Boolean algebrais a mathematically rich branch ofabstract algebra.Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophydefines Boolean algebra as 'the algebra of two-valued logic with only sentential connectives, or equivalently of algebras of sets under union and complementation.'[1]Just asgroup theorydeals withgroups, andlinear algeb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebras_canonically_defined |
TheBoyer–Moore majority vote algorithmis analgorithmfor finding themajorityof a sequence of elements usinglinear timeand a constant number of words of memory. It is named afterRobert S. BoyerandJ Strother Moore, who published it in 1981,[1]and is a prototypical example of astreaming algorithm.
In its simplest form, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyer%E2%80%93Moore_majority_vote_algorithm |
Themajority problem, ordensity classification task, is the problem of finding one-dimensionalcellular automatonrules that accurately performmajority voting.
Using local transition rules, cells cannot know the total count of all the ones in system. In order to count the number of ones (or, by symmetry, the number of z... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_problem_(cellular_automaton) |
Inargumentation theory, anargumentum ad populum(Latinfor 'appeal to the people')[1]is afallacious argumentwhich is based on claiming a truth or affirming something is good or correct because many people think so.[2]
Other names for the fallacy include:
Argumentum ad populumis a type ofinformal fallacy,[1][14]specific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_the_majority |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Arrow's impossibility theoremis a key result insoci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem |
Condorcet's jury theoremis apolitical sciencetheorem about therelative probabilityof a given group of individuals arriving at a correct decision. The theorem was first expressed by theMarquis de Condorcetin his 1785 workEssay on the Application of Analysis to the Probability of Majority Decisions.[1]
The assumptions o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Themajority criterionis avoting system criterionapp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion |
Themajority loser criterionis a criterion to evaluatesingle-winner voting systems.[1][2][3][4]The criterion states that if a majority of voters give a candidate no support, i.e.do not list that candidate on their ballot, that candidate must lose (unless no candidate is accepted by a majority of voters).
Either of theC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion |
Themutual majority criterionis a criterion for evaluatingelectoral systems. It is also known as themajority criterion for solid coalitionsand thegeneralized majority criterion. This criterion requires that whenever amajorityof voters prefer a group of candidates above all others, then the winner must be a candidate fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion |
Majoritarian democracyis a form ofdemocracybased upon a principle ofmajority rule.[1]Majoritarian democracy contrasts withconsensus democracy, rule by as many people as possible.[1][2][3][4]
Arend Lijphartoffers what is perhaps the dominant definition of majoritarian democracy. He identifies that majoritarian democrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy |
No independence before majority rule(abbreviatedNIBMAR) was a policy adopted by theBritish governmentrequiring the implementation ofmajority rulein a colony, rather than rule by thewhite colonial minority, beforethe empiregrantedindependenceto its colonies.[when?]It was sometimes reinterpreted by some commentators asno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_independence_before_majority_rule |
Mob ruleorochlocracyormobocracyis apejorativeterm describing an oppressivemajoritarianform ofgovernmentcontrolled by the common people through theintimidationof authorities. Ochlocracy is distinguished fromdemocracyor similarly legitimate and representative governments by the absence or impairment of a procedurally civ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracy |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Quadratic voting (QV)is avoting systemthat encourag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_voting |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
This article discusses the methods and results of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system_criterion |
InInternet culture, the1% ruleis a generalrule of thumbpertaining to participation in anInternet community, stating that only 1% of the users of a website actively create new content, while the other 99% of the participants onlylurk. Variants include the1–9–90 rule(sometimes90–9–1 principleor the89:10:1 ratio),[1]which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%25_rule |
TheBradley effect, less commonly known as theWilder effect,[1][2]is a theory concerning observed discrepancies between voter opinion polls and election outcomes in some United States government elections where awhiteand anon-whitecandidate run against each other.[3][4][5]The theory proposes that some white voters who i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_effect |
Consensus decision-makingis agroup decision-makingprocess in which participants work together to develop proposals for actions that achieve a broad acceptance.Consensusis reached when everyone in the groupassentsto a decision (or almost everyone; seestand aside) even if some do not fully agree to or support all aspects... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_decision-making |
Democracy(fromAncient Greek:δημοκρατία,romanized:dēmokratía,dēmos'people' andkratos'rule')[1]is aform of governmentin whichpolitical poweris vested in thepeopleor thepopulationof a state.[2][3][4]Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitiveelectionswhile more expansive or maximalis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy |
Injournalism,mainstream media(MSM) is a term and abbreviation used to refer collectively to the various largemass news mediathat influence many people and both reflect and shape prevailing currents of thought.[1]The term is used to contrast withalternative media.
The term is often used for largenews conglomerates, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_media |
ThePact of Forgetting(Spanish:Pacto del Olvido) is the political decision by both leftist and rightist parties of Spain to avoid confronting directly the legacy ofFrancoismafter the death ofFrancisco Francoin 1975.[1]The Pact of Forgetting was an attempt to move on from theCivil Warand subsequent repression and to conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_forgetting |
"Shy Tory factor" is a name given by Britishopinion pollingcompanies to a phenomenon first observed bypsephologistsin the early 1990s. They observed that the share of the electoral vote won by theConservative Party(known colloquially as theTories) was significantly higher than the equivalent share in opinion polls.[1]T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shy_Tory_Factor |
Insocial science researchsocial-desirability biasis a type ofresponse biasthat is the tendency ofsurveyrespondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.[1]It can take the form of over-reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad" or undesirable behavior. The tendency poses a seri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_desirability_bias |
Thespiral of silence theoryis apolitical scienceandmass communicationtheory which states that an individual'sperceptionof the distribution ofpublic opinioninfluences that individual's willingness to express their own opinions.[1][2]Also known as the theory of public opinion, the spiral of silence theory claims individu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_of_silence |
Member forCook(2007–2024)
Prime Minister of Australia(2018–2022)
Tenure
Royal Commissions
Elections
"The quiet Australians" is an expression that was used by Australian politicianScott Morrisonwhen hisLiberal/National Coalitionunexpectedly won the2019 Australian federal electionon 18 May 2019, meaning Morrison wou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quiet_Australians |
InCanada, avisible minority(French:minorité visible) is defined by theGovernment of Canadaas "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[1]The term is used primarily as a demographic category byStatistics Canada, in connection with that country'sEmployment Equitypolic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
This article discusses the methods and results of c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems |
Anelectionis a formalgroup decision-makingprocess whereby apopulationchooses an individual or multiple individuals to holdpublic office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modernrepresentative democracyhas operated since the 17th century.[1]Elections may fill offices in thelegislature, sometimes in theex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
This is a list ofelectoral systemsby country in alp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Thematrix voteis a voting procedure which can be us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_vote |
Condorcet methods
Positional voting
Cardinal voting
Quota-remainder methods
Approval-based committees
Fractional social choice
Semi-proportional representation
By ballot type
Pathological response
Strategic voting
Paradoxes ofmajority rule
Positive results
Insocial choice theoryandpolitics, aspoiler effecth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_effect |
Psephology(/sɪˈfɒlədʒi/; from Greekψῆφος,psephos, 'pebble') is the study of elections and voting.[1]Psephology attempts to bothforecastand explainelectionresults.
The term is more common in Britain and in those English-speaking communities that rely heavily on the British standard of the language.[citation needed]
Ps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephology |
Adultismis a bias or prejudice against children or youth.[1][2]It has been defined as "the power adults have over children", or the abuse thereof,[2]as well as "prejudice and accompanying systematic discrimination against young people",[3]and "bias towards adults... and the social addiction to adults, including their i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultism |
Adolescence(fromLatinadolescere'to mature') is a transitional stage ofphysicalandpsychologicaldevelopmentthat generally occurs during the period frompubertytoadulthood(typically corresponding to theage of majority).[1][2]Adolescence is usually associated with theteenageyears,[3][4]but its physical, psychological or cul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence |
Age of candidacyis the minimum age at which a person canlegallyhold certain elected government offices. In many cases, it also determines the age at which a person may beeligible to standfor an election or be grantedballot access.
International electoral standards which are defined in the International Public Human Ri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_candidacy |
Theage of criminal responsibilityis the age below which a child is deemed incapable of having committed acriminal offence. In legal terms, it is referred to as adefence/defense of infancy, which is a form ofdefenseknown as anexcuseso thatdefendantsfalling within the definition of an "infant" are excluded fromcriminalli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility |
Legalcapacityis a quality denoting either the legal aptitude of a person to have rights and liabilities (in this sense also calledtransaction capacity), or the personhood itself in regard to an entity other than a natural person (in this sense also calledlegal personality).[1]
Capacity covers day-to-day decisions, inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_(law) |
Thelegal drinking ageis the minimum age at which a person canlegallyconsumealcoholic beverages. The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries. These laws vary between countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances. Most laws ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drinking_age |
Thesmoking ageis the minimum legal age required to purchase or usetobaccoorcannabisproducts. Most countries have laws that forbid sale of tobacco products to persons younger than certain ages, usually theage of majority.
This article does not discuss laws thatregulate electronic cigarettes.
It is illegal to sell or g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_smoking_age |
Thelegal working ageis the minimum age required by law in each country orjurisdictionfor a young person who has not yet reached theage of majorityto be allowed to work. Activities that aredangerous, harmful to the healthor that may affect the morals or well-being ofminorsfall into this category.
Otherwise a bunch at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_working_age |
Marriageable ageis the minimumlegal ageofmarriage. Age and other prerequisites to marriage vary between jurisdictions, but in the vast majority of jurisdictions, the marriageable age as a right is set at theage of majority. Nevertheless, most jurisdictions allowmarriage at a younger agewith parental or judicial appro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriageable_age |
Secular coming-of-age ceremonies, sometimes calledcivil confirmations, are ceremonies arranged by organizations that aresecular, which is to say, not aligned to anyreligion. Their purpose is to prepareadolescentsfor their life asadults. Secularcoming of ageceremonies originated in the 19th century, when non-religious p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony |
A legalvoting ageis the minimum age that a person is allowed tovotein ademocratic process. Forgeneral electionsaround the world, theright to voteis restricted to adults, and most nations use 18 years of age as their voting age, but for other countries their voting age ranges between 16 and 21 (with the sole exception o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_age |
Theyouth rightsmovement (also known asyouth liberation) seeks to grant therightstoyoung peoplethat are traditionally reserved foradults. This is closely akin to the notion ofevolving capacitieswithin thechildren's rightsmovement, but the youth rights movement differs from the children's rights movement in that the latt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_rights |
Youth suffrageis theright to votefor young people. It forms part of the broaderuniversal suffrageandyouth rightsmovements. Mostdemocracieshave lowered thevoting ageto between 16 and 18, while some advocates for children's suffrage hope to remove age restrictions entirely.[1]
According to advocates, the "one man, one v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_suffrage |
Youthis the time oflifewhen one is young. The word, youth, can also mean the time betweenchildhoodandadulthood(maturity), but it can also refer to one's peak, in terms of health or the period of life known as being ayoung adult.[1][2]Youth is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, vigor, spirit, etc., characterist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth |
Inrobust statistics,robust regressionseeks to overcome some limitations of traditionalregression analysis. A regression analysis models the relationship between one or moreindependent variablesand adependent variable. Standard types of regression, such asordinary least squares, have favourable properties if their under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminated_normal_distribution |
Inconvex geometryandvector algebra, aconvex combinationis alinear combinationofpoints(which can bevectors,scalars, or more generally points in anaffine space) where allcoefficientsarenon-negativeand sum to 1.[1]In other words, the operation is equivalent to a standardweighted average, but whose weights are expressed as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_combination |
Amixed Poisson distributionis aunivariatediscreteprobability distributionin stochastics. It results from assuming that the conditional distribution of a random variable, given the value of the rate parameter, is aPoisson distribution, and that therate parameteritself is considered as a random variable. Hence it is a sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_Poisson_distribution |
Bayesian hierarchical modellingis astatistical modelwritten in multiple levels (hierarchical form) that estimates theparametersof theposterior distributionusing theBayesian method.[1]The sub-models combine to form the hierarchical model, andBayes' theoremis used to integrate them with the observed data and account for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_hierarchical_modeling |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, themarginal distributionof asubsetof acollectionofrandom variablesis theprobability distributionof the variables contained in the subset. It gives the probabilities of various values of the variables in the subset without reference to the values of the other variables. This contrasts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_distribution |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, the conditional probability distribution is a probability distribution that describes the probability of an outcome given the occurrence of a particular event. Given twojointly distributedrandom variablesX{\displaystyle X}andY{\displaystyle Y}, theconditional probability distributiono... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_probability_distribution |
Instatistics,overdispersionis the presence of greater variability (statistical dispersion) in a data set than would be expected based on a givenstatistical model.
A common task in appliedstatisticsis choosing aparametric modelto fit a given set of empirical observations. This necessitates an assessment of thefitof the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdispersion |
Instatistics, anexpectation–maximization(EM)algorithmis aniterative methodto find (local)maximum likelihoodormaximum a posteriori(MAP) estimates ofparametersinstatistical models, where the model depends on unobservedlatent variables.[1]The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which create... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM-algorithm |
Instatistics, themean integrated squared error (MISE)is used indensity estimation. The MISE of anestimateof an unknownprobability densityis given by[1]
whereƒis the unknown density,ƒnis its estimate based on asampleofnindependent and identically distributedrandom variables.
Here, E denotes theexpected valuewith resp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_integrated_squared_error |
Ahistogramis a visual representation of thedistributionof quantitative data. To construct a histogram, the first step is to"bin" (or "bucket")the range of values— divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how many values fall into each interval. The bins are usually specified as conse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram |
Kernel density estimationis anonparametrictechnique fordensity estimationi.e., estimation ofprobability density functions, which is one of the fundamental questions instatistics. It can be viewed as a generalisation ofhistogramdensity estimation with improved statistical properties. Apart from histograms, other types o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate_kernel_density_estimation |
Inmachine learning, thekernel embedding of distributions(also called thekernel meanormean map) comprises a class ofnonparametricmethods in which aprobability distributionis represented as an element of areproducing kernel Hilbert space(RKHS).[1]A generalization of the individual data-point feature mapping done in class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_embedding_of_distributions |
Instatistical classification, two main approaches are called thegenerativeapproach and thediscriminativeapproach. These computeclassifiersby different approaches, differing in the degree ofstatistical modelling. Terminology is inconsistent,[a]but three major types can be distinguished:[1]
The distinction between these... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_model |
Thepandemonium effectis a problem that may appear when high-resolution detectors (usually germaniumsemiconductor detectors) are used inbeta decaystudies. It can affect the correct determination of the feeding to the different levels of thedaughter nucleus. It was first introduced in 1977.[1]
Typically, when a parent n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemonium_effect |
Ascintillation counteris an instrument for detecting and measuringionizing radiationby using theexcitationeffect of incident radiation on ascintillatingmaterial, and detecting the resultant light pulses.
It consists of ascintillatorwhich generates photons in response to incident radiation, a sensitivephotodetector(usu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation_counter |
Apreferential attachment processis any of a class of processes in which some quantity, typically some form of wealth or credit, is distributed among a number of individuals or objects according to how much they already have, so that those who are already wealthy receive more than those who are not.
"Preferential attac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_advantage |
TheMatthew effect, sometimes called theMatthew principleorcumulative advantage,[1]is the tendency of individuals to accrue social or economic success in proportion to their initial level of popularity, friends, and wealth. It is sometimes summarized by the adage or platitude "the rich get richer and the poor get poorer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_inequality_theory |
Dominant narratives, sometimes calleddominant cultural narratives, are frequently-repeated stories that are shared in society through various social and cultural institutions.[1]The term is most frequently used inpedagogy, the study of education. Dominant narratives are often discussed in tandem withcounternarratives.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominant_narrative |
Doomscrollingordoomsurfingis the act of spending an excessive amount of time reading large quantities ofnews, particularly negative news, on thewebandsocial media.[1][2]The concept was coined around 2020, particularly in the context of theCOVID-19 pandemic.
Surveys and studies suggest doomscrolling is predominant amon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling |
Egotismis defined as the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself and generally features an inflated opinion of one's personal features andimportancedistinguished by a person's amplified vision of one's self and self-importance. It often includes intellectual, physical, social, and other overestimations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotism |
Anempathy gap, sometimes referred to as anempathy bias, is a breakdown or reduction inempathy(the ability to recognize, understand, and share another's thoughts and feelings) where it might otherwise be expected to occur. Empathy gaps may occur due to a failure in the process of empathizing[1]or as a consequence of sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_gap |
Famous for being famousis aparadoxicalterm, often usedpejoratively, for someone who attainscelebritystatus for no clearly identifiable reason—as opposed to fame based onachievement,skill, ortalent—and appears to generate their own fame, or someone who achieves fame through a family or relationship association with an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_for_being_famous |
First World privilegeis any advantages accrued by an individual by virtue of being a national of aFirst World country.
First-World privilege is often explicitly maintained by legal means such asimmigrationlaws andtrade barriers.[1]Further, very few nations have laws that prevent explicit discrimination on the basis of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_privilege |
TheKardashian Index(K-Index), named after media personalityKim Kardashian, is a satirical measure of the discrepancy between a scientist'ssocial mediaprofile andpublicationrecord.[1][2]Proposed by Neil Hall in 2014, the measure compares the number of followers aresearch scientisthas onTwitterto the number ofcitationst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashian_index |
Theknowledge gap hypothesisis amass communicationtheory created by Philip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice. N Olien in 1970.[1]The theory is based on how a member of society processes information frommass mediadifferently based on education level andsocioeconomic status(SES). Since there is already a pre-exi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis |
Thelaw of trivialityisC. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly give disproportionate weight to trivial issues.[1]Parkinson provides the example of a fictional committee whose job was to approve the plans for anuclear power plantspending the majority of its time on discussions a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_triviality |
TheOrtega hypothesisholds that average or mediocrescientistscontribute substantially to the advancement ofscience.[1]According to this hypothesis, scientific progress occurs mainly by the accumulation of a mass of modest, narrowly specialized intellectual contributions. On this view, major breakthroughs draw heavily up... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortega_hypothesis |
Overconsumptiondescribes a situation whereconsumersoveruse their availablegoods and servicesto where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them.[1]Inmicroeconomics, this is the point where themarginal costof a consumer is greater than theirmarginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overconsumption |
Social privilegeis an advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups, often to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based onsocial class,wealth,education,caste,age,height,skin color,physical fitness,nationality,geographic location,cultural differences,ethnicorraci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_hazard |
Heterodox
Rational expectationsis an economic theory that seeks to infer themacroeconomicconsequences of individuals' decisions based on all available knowledge. It assumes that individuals' actions are based on the best available economic theory and information.
The concept of rational expectations was first introdu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_expectations |
Social invisibilityis the condition in which a group of people isseparatedor systematicallyignoredby the majority of a society. As a result, those who are marginalized feel neglected or being invisible in the society. It can includedisadvantaged, elderly homes, childorphanages,homelesspeople or anyone who experiences a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_invisibility |
In probability theory and statistics, aMarkov chainorMarkov processis astochastic processdescribing asequenceof possible events in which theprobabilityof each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event. Informally, this may be thought of as, "What happens next depends only on the state of affairsnow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_chains |
Inmathematics, thetransfer operatorencodes information about aniterated mapand is frequently used to study the behavior ofdynamical systems,statistical mechanics,quantum chaosandfractals. In all usual cases, the largest eigenvalue is 1, and the corresponding eigenvector is theinvariant measureof the system.
The transf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_operator |
Inmatrix theory, thePerron–Frobenius theorem, proved byOskar Perron(1907) andGeorg Frobenius(1912), asserts that areal square matrixwith positive entries has a uniqueeigenvalueof largest magnitude and that eigenvalue is real. The correspondingeigenvectorcan be chosen to have strictly positive components, and also asse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perron%E2%80%93Frobenius_theorem |
Asearch engineis asoftware systemthat provideshyperlinkstoweb pagesand other relevant information onthe Webin response to a user'squery. The userinputsa query within aweb browseror amobile app, and thesearch resultsare often a list of hyperlinks, accompanied by textual summaries and images. Users also have the option o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engines |
Eigenis a high-levelC++libraryoftemplate headersforlinear algebra,matrixandvectoroperations, geometrical transformations,numerical solversand related algorithms.
Eigen isopen-source softwarelicensed under theMozilla Public License2.0 since version 3.1.1. Earlier versions were licensed under theGNU Lesser General Publi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigen_(C%2B%2B_library) |
Thesandbox effect(orsandboxing) is a theory about the wayGoogleranks web pages in its index. It is the subject of much debate—its existence has been written about[1][2]since 2004,[3]but not confirmed, with several statements to the contrary.[4]
According to the theory of the sandbox effect, links that may normally be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_penalty |
Google Pigeonis thecode name[1]given to one ofGoogle's localsearch algorithmupdates. This update was released on July 24, 2014.[2]It is aimed to increase the ranking of local listings in a search.
The changes will also affect the search results shown inGoogle Mapsalong with the regular Google search results.
As of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pigeon |
TheGoogle Knowledge Graphis aknowledge basefrom whichGoogleserves relevant information in an infobox beside itssearch results. This allows the user to see the answer in a glance, as aninstant answer. The data is generated automatically from a variety of sources, covering places, people, businesses, and more.[1][2]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Knowledge_Graph |
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