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Alogic gateis a device that performs aBoolean function, alogical operationperformed on one or morebinaryinputs that produces a single binary output. Depending on the context, the term may refer to anideal logic gate, one that has, for instance, zerorise timeand unlimitedfan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate |
Key escrow(also known as a"fair" cryptosystem)[1]is an arrangement in which thekeysneeded to decryptencrypteddata are held inescrowso that, under certain circumstances, an authorizedthird partymay gain access to those keys. These third parties may include businesses, who may want access to employees' secure business-re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_recovery |
Open spectrum(also known asfree spectrum) is a movement to get theFederal Communications Commissionto provide moreunlicensedradio-frequencyspectrumthat is available for use by all. Proponents of the "commons model" of open spectrum advocate a future where all the spectrum is shared, and in which people useInternetproto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_spectrum |
Pirate decryptionis thedecryption, or decoding, ofpay TVor pay radio signals without permission from the original broadcaster. The term "pirate" is used in the sense ofcopyright infringement. TheMPAAand other groups which lobby in favour ofintellectual property(specificallycopyrightand trademark) regulations have label... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_decryption |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics,Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distributionis a generalization of thehypergeometric distributionwhere sampling probabilities are modified by weight factors. It can also be defined as theconditional distributionof two or morebinomially distributedvariables dependent upon their fixed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%27s_noncentral_hypergeometric_distribution |
Superoptimizationis the process where acompilerautomatically finds the optimal sequence for a loop-free sequence of instructions. Real-world compilers generally cannot produce genuinelyoptimalcode, and while most standardcompiler optimizationsonly improve code partly, a superoptimizer's goal is to find the optimal sequ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoptimizer |
Resource Public Key Infrastructure(RPKI), also known asResource Certification, is a specializedpublic key infrastructure(PKI) framework to support improved security for theInternet'sBGProutinginfrastructure.
RPKI provides a way to connect Internet number resource information (such asAutonomous Systemnumbers andIP addr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Public_Key_Infrastructure |
Apple Partition Map(APM) is apartitionscheme used to define the low-level organization of data on disks formatted for use with68kandPowerPCMacintoshcomputers. It was introduced with theMacintosh II.[1]
Disks using the Apple Partition Map are divided intological blocks, with 512 bytes usually belonging to eachblock. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map |
Standard formis a way of expressingnumbersthat are too large or too small to be conveniently written indecimal form, since to do so would require writing out an inconveniently long string of digits. It may be referred to asscientific formorstandard index form, orScientific notationin the United States. Thisbase tennota... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_notation |
Poly1305is auniversal hash familydesigned byDaniel J. Bernsteinin 2002 for use incryptography.[1][2]
As with any universal hash family, Poly1305 can be used as a one-timemessage authentication codeto authenticate a single message using a secret key shared between sender and recipient,[3]similar to the way that aone-ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly1305 |
Neural architecture search(NAS)[1][2]is a technique for automating the design ofartificial neural networks(ANN), a widely used model in the field ofmachine learning. NAS has been used to design networks that are on par with or outperform hand-designed architectures.[3][4]Methods for NAS can be categorized according to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_architecture_search |
Insoftware designandengineering, theobserver patternis asoftware design patternin which anobject, named thesubject, maintains a list of its dependents, calledobservers, and notifies them automatically of anystate changes, usually by calling one of theirmethods.
It is often used for implementing distributedevent-handli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_pattern |
Abiometric passport(also known as anelectronic passport,e-passportor adigital passport) is apassportthat has an embedded electronicmicroprocessorchip, which containsbiometricinformation that can be used to authenticate the identity of the passport holder. It usescontactless smart cardtechnology, including a microproces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-passport |
XScaleis amicroarchitectureforcentral processing unitsinitially designed byIntelimplementing theARM architecture(version 5)instruction set. XScale comprises several distinct families: IXP, IXC, IOP, PXA and CE (see more below), with some later models designed assystem-on-a-chip(SoC). Intel sold the PXA family toMarvell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XScale |
Latent semantic analysis(LSA) is a technique innatural language processing, in particulardistributional semantics, of analyzing relationships between a set of documents and the terms they contain by producing a set of concepts related to the documents and terms. LSA assumes that words that are close in meaning will oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis |
Infunctional analysis, a branch of mathematics, aclosed linear operatoror often aclosed operatoris alinear operatorwhose graph is closed (seeclosed graph property). It is a basic example of anunbounded operator.
Theclosed graph theoremsays a linear operatorf:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}betweenBanach spacesis a closed o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_linear_operator |
Data defined storage(also referred to as adata centric approach) is amarketingterm formanaging, protecting, and realizing the value from data by combining application, information andstoragetiers.[1]
This is a process in which users, applications, and devices gain access to a repository of capturedmetadatathat allows ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_defined_storage |
Templatesare a feature of theC++programming language that allowsfunctionsandclassesto operate withgeneric types. This allows a function or classdeclarationto reference via a genericvariableanother different class (built-in or newly declareddata type) without creating full declaration for each of these different classes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_(C%2B%2B) |
Incomputational complexity theory, acomputational resourceis a resource used by somecomputational modelsin the solution ofcomputational problems.
The simplest computational resources arecomputation time, the number of steps necessary to solve a problem, andmemory space, the amount of storage needed while solving the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_resource |
M-PESA(Mfor mobile,PESAisSwahilifor money) is amobile phone-based money transfer service, payments andmicro-financingservice, launched in 2007 byVodafoneandSafaricom, the largest mobile network operator inKenya.[1]It has since expanded toTanzania,Mozambique,DRC,Lesotho,Ghana,Egypt,Afghanistan,South AfricaandEthiopia. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Pesa |
Cryptographic primitivesare well-established, low-levelcryptographicalgorithmsthat are frequently used to buildcryptographic protocolsfor computer security systems.[1]These routines include, but are not limited to,one-way hash functionsandencryption functions.
When creatingcryptographic systems,designersuse cryptograp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_primitive |
Narrowcastingis the dissemination of information to a specialised audience, rather than to the broader public-at-large; it is the opposite ofbroadcasting. It may refer to advertising or programming via radio,podcast, newspaper, television, or theInternet. The term "multicast" is sometimes used interchangeably, althoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowcasting |
Inspecial relativity,four-momentum(also calledmomentum–energyormomenergy[1]) is the generalization of theclassical three-dimensional momentumtofour-dimensional spacetime. Momentum is a vector inthree dimensions; similarly four-momentum is afour-vectorinspacetime. Thecontravariantfour-momentum of a particle with relati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-momentum |
Acall gateis a mechanism in Intel'sx86 architecturefor changing theprivilege levelof a process when it executes a predefinedfunction callusing a CALL FAR instruction.
Call gates are intended to allow less privileged code to call code with a higher privilege level. This type of mechanism is essential in modern operatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_gate_(Intel) |
AKarnaugh map(KMorK-map) is a diagram that can be used to simplify aBoolean algebraexpression.Maurice Karnaughintroduced the technique in 1953[1][2]as a refinement ofEdward W. Veitch's 1952Veitch chart,[3][4]which itself was a rediscovery ofAllan Marquand's 1881logical diagram[5][6]orMarquand diagram.[4]They are also k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh_map |
Spectral regularizationis any of a class ofregularizationtechniques used inmachine learningto control the impact of noise and preventoverfitting. Spectral regularization can be used in a broad range of applications, from deblurring images to classifying emails into a spam folder and a non-spam folder. For instance, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_by_spectral_filtering |
Elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman(ECDH) is akey agreementprotocol that allows two parties, each having anelliptic-curvepublic–private key pair, to establish ashared secretover aninsecure channel.[1][2][3]This shared secret may be directly used as a key, or toderive another key. The key, or the derived key, can then be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve_Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman |
The generically namedMacintosh Processor Upgrade Card[1](code namedSTP[2]) is acentral processing unitupgrade card sold byApple Computer, designed for manyMotorola 68040-poweredMacintosh LC,QuadraandPerformamodels. The card contains aPowerPC 601CPU and plugs into the 68040 CPU socket of the upgraded machine.[3]The Proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Processor_Upgrade_Card |
Schröder's equation,[1][2][3]named afterErnst Schröder, is afunctional equationwith oneindependent variable: given the functionh, find the functionΨsuch that
∀xΨ(h(x))=sΨ(x).{\displaystyle \forall x\;\;\;\Psi {\big (}h(x){\big )}=s\Psi (x).}
Schröder's equation is an eigenvalue equation for thecomposition operatorCh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der%27s_equation |
In thetheory of computation, a branch oftheoretical computer science, adeterministic finite automaton(DFA)—also known asdeterministic finite acceptor(DFA),deterministic finite-state machine(DFSM), ordeterministic finite-state automaton(DFSA)—is afinite-state machinethat accepts or rejects a givenstringof symbols, by ru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton |
TheMD2 Message-Digest Algorithmis acryptographic hash functiondeveloped byRonald Rivestin 1989.[2]The algorithm is optimized for8-bitcomputers. MD2 is specified inIETF RFC1319.[3]The "MD" in MD2 stands for "Message Digest".
Even though MD2 is not yet fully compromised, the IETF retired MD2 to "historic" status in 2011... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD2_(cryptography) |
In mathematics, the notions of anabsolutely monotonic functionand acompletely monotonic functionare two very closely related concepts. Both imply very strong monotonicity properties. Both types of functions have derivatives of all orders. In the case of an absolutely monotonic function, the function as well as its de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely_and_completely_monotonic_functions_and_sequences |
Inmathematics,Farkas' lemmais a solvability theorem for a finitesystemoflinear inequalities. It was originally proven by the Hungarian mathematicianGyula Farkas.[1]Farkas'lemmais the key result underpinning thelinear programmingduality and has played a central role in the development ofmathematical optimization(alterna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farkas%27_lemma |
Quasi-set theoryis a formal mathematical theory for dealing with collections of objects, some of which may be indistinguishable from one another. Quasi-set theory is mainly motivated by the assumption that certain objects treated inquantum physicsare indistinguishable and don't have individuality.
TheAmerican Mathemat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-set_theory |
Tor[6]is a freeoverlay networkfor enablinganonymous communication. Built onfree and open-source softwareand more than seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, users can have theirInternet trafficrouted via a random path through the network.[7][8]
Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user'sInternetac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(network) |
Minimum message length(MML) is a Bayesian information-theoretic method for statistical model comparison and selection.[1]It provides a formalinformation theoryrestatement ofOccam's Razor: even when models are equal in their measure of fit-accuracy to the observed data, the one generating the most conciseexplanationof d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_message_length |
Madhava's sine tableis thetableoftrigonometric sinesconstructed by the 14th centuryKeralamathematician-astronomerMadhava of Sangamagrama(c. 1340 – c. 1425). The table lists thejya-sor Rsines of the twenty-fouranglesfrom 3.75°to 90° in steps of 3.75° (1/24 of aright angle, 90°). Rsine is just the sine multiplied by a se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava%27s_sine_table |
Laws of Form(hereinafterLoF) is a book byG. Spencer-Brown, published in 1969, that straddles the boundary betweenmathematicsandphilosophy.LoFdescribes three distinctlogical systems:
"Boundary algebra" is aMeguire (2011)term for the union of the primary algebra and the primary arithmetic.Laws of Formsometimes loosely r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Form |
Inmachine learning,instance-based learning(sometimes calledmemory-based learning[1]) is a family of learning algorithms that, instead of performing explicit generalization, compare new problem instances with instances seen in training, which have been stored in memory. Because computation is postponed until a new insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instance-based_learning |
TheGittins indexis a measure of the reward that can be achieved through a givenstochastic processwith certain properties, namely: the process has an ultimate termination state and evolves with an option, at each intermediate state, of terminating. Upon terminating at a given state, the reward achieved is the sum of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittins_index |
Instatistics, aquadratic classifieris astatistical classifierthat uses aquadraticdecision surfaceto separate measurements of two or more classes of objects or events. It is a more general version of thelinear classifier.
Statistical classificationconsiders a set ofvectorsof observationsxof an object or event, each of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_classifier |
Exceptionalitymay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptionality_(disambiguation) |
Inlinear algebra,eigendecompositionis thefactorizationof amatrixinto acanonical form, whereby the matrix is represented in terms of itseigenvalues and eigenvectors. Onlydiagonalizable matricescan be factorized in this way. When the matrix being factorized is anormalor realsymmetric matrix, the decomposition is called "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigendecomposition_of_a_matrix |
Inmathematics, askew gradientof aharmonic functionover asimply connected domainwith two real dimensions is avector fieldthat is everywhereorthogonalto thegradientof the function and that has the samemagnitudeas the gradient.
The skew gradient can be defined using complex analysis and theCauchy–Riemann equations.
Letf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_gradient |
Theiterative rational Krylov algorithm (IRKA), is an iterative algorithm, useful formodel order reduction(MOR) ofsingle-input single-output(SISO) linear time-invariantdynamical systems.[1]At each iteration, IRKA does an Hermite type interpolation of the original system transfer function. Each interpolation requires sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_rational_Krylov_algorithm |
Model-theoretic grammars, also known as constraint-based grammars, contrast withgenerative grammarsin the way they define sets of sentences: they state constraints on syntactic structure rather than providing operations for generating syntactic objects.[1]A generative grammar provides a set of operations such as rewrit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-theoretic_grammar |
Inlinear algebra, theFrobenius normal formorrational canonical formof asquarematrixAwith entries in afieldFis acanonical formfor matrices obtained by conjugation byinvertible matricesoverF. The form reflects a minimal decomposition of thevector spaceintosubspacesthat are cyclic forA(i.e.,spannedby some vector and its r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_normal_form |
Abinary recompileris acompilerthat takesexecutablebinary filesas input, analyzes their structure, applies transformations and optimizations, and outputs new optimized executable binaries.[1]
The foundation to the concepts of binary recompilation were laid out byGary Kildall[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]with the development of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_recompiler |
Nearest neighbor search(NNS), as a form ofproximity search, is theoptimization problemof finding the point in a given set that is closest (or most similar) to a given point. Closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dissimilarity function: the lesssimilarthe objects, the larger the function values.
Formally, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest_neighbor_search |
A Strange Loopis a musical with book, music, and lyrics byMichael R. Jackson, and winner of the 2020Pulitzer Prize for Drama.[1]First producedoff-Broadwayin 2019, then staged inWashington, D.C.in 2021,[2]A Strange Looppremiered on Broadway at theLyceum Theatrein April 2022.[3][4]The show wonBest MusicalandBest Book of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Strange_Loop |
Informal semanticsconservativityis a proposedlinguistic universalwhich states that anydeterminerD{\displaystyle D}must obey the equivalenceD(A,B)↔D(A,A∩B){\displaystyle D(A,B)\leftrightarrow D(A,A\cap B)}. For instance, theEnglishdeterminer "every" can be seen to be conservative by theequivalenceof the following two se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservativity |
Instatisticsandpsychometrics,reliabilityis the overall consistency of a measure.[1]A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions:
It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics) |
UML state machine,[1]formerly known asUML statechart, is an extension of themathematicalconcept of afinite automatonincomputer scienceapplications as expressed in theUnified Modeling Language(UML) notation.
The concepts behind it are about organizing the way a device, computer program, or other (often technical) proce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UML_state_machine |
In computerprogramming languages, arecursive data type(also known as arecursively defined,inductively definedorinductive data type) is adata typefor values that may contain other values of the same type. Data of recursive types are usually viewed asdirected graphs.[citation needed]
An important application of recursio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_data_type |
In statistics,response surface methodology(RSM) explores the relationships between severalexplanatory variablesand one or moreresponse variables. RSM is an empirical model which employs the use of mathematical and statistical techniques to relate input variables, otherwise known as factors, to the response. RSM became ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Response_surface_methodology |
Wiretapping, also known aswire tappingortelephone tapping, is themonitoringoftelephoneandInternet-based conversations by a third party, often by covert means. The wire tap received its name because, historically, the monitoring connection was an actual electrical tap on an analog telephone or telegraph line. Legal wire... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping |
Incryptography, apepperis a secret added to an input such as apasswordduringhashingwith acryptographic hash function. This value differs from asaltin that it is not stored alongside a password hash, but rather the pepper is kept separate in some other medium, such as a Hardware Security Module.[1]Note that theNational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(cryptography) |
In the study ofcomplex networks, a network is said to havecommunity structureif the nodes of the network can be easily grouped into (potentially overlapping) sets of nodes such that each set of nodes is densely connected internally. In the particular case ofnon-overlappingcommunity finding, this implies that the networ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_structure |
Subtraction(which is signified by theminus sign, –) is one of the fourarithmetic operationsalong withaddition,multiplicationanddivision. Subtraction is an operation that represents removal of objects from a collection.[1]For example, in the adjacent picture, there are5 − 2peaches—meaning 5 peaches with 2 taken away, re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtraction |
Invector calculus, thecurl, also known asrotor, is avector operatorthat describes theinfinitesimalcirculationof avector fieldin three-dimensionalEuclidean space. The curl at a point in the field is represented by avectorwhose length and direction denote themagnitudeand axis of the maximum circulation.[1]The curl of a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curl_(mathematics) |
Instatistics, afixed-effect Poisson modelis aPoisson regressionmodel used for staticpanel datawhen the outcome variable iscount data. Hausman, Hall, and Griliches pioneered the method in the mid 1980s. Their outcome of interest was the number of patents filed by firms, where they wanted to develop methods to control fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-effect_Poisson_model |
In themathematicalfield ofgraph theory, agraph homomorphismis a mapping between twographsthat respects their structure. More concretely, it is a function between the vertex sets of two graphs that maps adjacentverticesto adjacent vertices.
Homomorphisms generalize various notions ofgraph coloringsand allow the express... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_homomorphism |
In rail transportation, arolling highwayorrolling roadis a form ofcombined transportinvolving the conveying ofroad trucksby rail, referred to as Ro-La trains. The concept is a form ofpiggyback transportation.
The technical challenges to implement rolling highways vary from region to region. In North America, theloadi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_highway |
Metricationormetrificationis the act or process of converting to themetric systemof measurement.[1]All over the world, countries have transitioned from local and traditionalunits of measurementto the metric system. This process began inFrance during the 1790s, and has persistently advanced over two centuries, accumulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrication |
Fractional calculusis a branch ofmathematical analysisthat studies the several different possibilities of definingreal numberpowers orcomplex numberpowers of thedifferentiationoperatorD{\displaystyle D}Df(x)=ddxf(x),{\displaystyle Df(x)={\frac {d}{dx}}f(x)\,,}
and of theintegrationoperatorJ{\displaystyle J}[Note 1]Jf(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_calculus |
Indata miningandmachine learning,kq-flats algorithm[1][2]is an iterative method which aims to partitionmobservations intokclusters where each cluster is close to aq-flat, whereqis a given integer.
It is a generalization of thek-means algorithm. Ink-means algorithm, clusters are formed in the way that each cluster is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_q-flats |
Jungle computingis a form ofhigh performance computingthatdistributescomputational work acrosscluster,gridandcloud computing.[1][2]
The increasing complexity of the high performance computing environment has provided a range of choices beside traditional supercomputers andclusters. Scientists can now usegridandcloudin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_computing |
Inmathematics, thePythagorean theoremorPythagoras' theoremis a fundamental relation inEuclidean geometrybetween the three sides of aright triangle. It states that the area of thesquarewhose side is thehypotenuse(the side opposite theright angle) is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the other two sides.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem#Non-Euclidean_geometry |
Adultismis a bias or prejudice against children or youth.[1][2]It has been defined as "the power adults have over children", or the abuse thereof,[2]as well as "prejudice and accompanying systematic discrimination against young people",[3]and "bias towards adults... and the social addiction to adults, including their i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultism |
Theprinciple of least effortis a broadtheorythat covers diverse fields fromevolutionary biologytowebpage design. It postulates that animals, people, and even well-designed machines will naturally choose thepath of least resistanceor "effort". It is closely related to many other similar principles (seeprinciple of least... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_effort |
Incomputer science,radix sortis a non-comparativesorting algorithm. It avoids comparison by creating anddistributingelements into buckets according to theirradix. For elements with more than onesignificant digit, this bucketing process is repeated for each digit, while preserving the ordering of the prior step, until a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_sort |
Disease surveillanceis anepidemiologicalpractice by which the spread ofdiseaseis monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused byoutbreak,epidemic, andpandemicsituations, as well as increase knowledge about which facto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance |
Themean absolute difference(univariate) is ameasure of statistical dispersionequal to the averageabsolute differenceof two independent values drawn from aprobability distribution. A related statistic is therelative mean absolute difference, which is the mean absolute difference divided by thearithmetic mean, and equal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_absolute_difference |
Actuarial scienceis the discipline that appliesmathematicalandstatisticalmethods toassess riskininsurance,pension,finance,investmentand other industries and professions.
Actuariesare professionals trained in this discipline. In many countries, actuaries must demonstrate their competence by passing a series of rigorous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuarial_science |
Inmathematics, specificallyset theory, thecontinuum hypothesis(abbreviatedCH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes ofinfinite sets. It states:
There is no set whosecardinalityis strictly between that of theintegersand thereal numbers.
Or equivalently:
Any subset of the real numbers is either finite, or countably... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis |
Inmathematics, thefirst uncountable ordinal, traditionally denoted byω1{\displaystyle \omega _{1}}or sometimes byΩ{\displaystyle \Omega }, is the smallestordinal numberthat, considered as aset, isuncountable. It is thesupremum(least upper bound) of all countable ordinals. When considered as a set, the elements ofω1{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_uncountable_ordinal |
Incomputational complexity theory,L/polyis thecomplexity classoflogarithmic spacemachines with a polynomial amount ofadvice. L/poly is anon-uniformlogarithmic space class, analogous to the non-uniform polynomial time classP/poly.[1]
Formally, for aformal languageLto belong to L/poly, there must exist an advice functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L/poly |
Yan Tan Tetheraoryan-tan-tetherais a sheep-counting system traditionally used byshepherdsinYorkshire,Northern Englandand some other parts ofBritain.[1]The words may be derived from numbers inBrythonic Celticlanguages such asCumbricwhich had died out in most of Northern England by the sixth century, but they were common... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_tan_tethera |
Abilingual punis apuncreated by a word or phrase in one language sounding similar to a different word or phrase in another language. The result of a bilingual pun can be a joke that makes sense in more than one language (a joke that can be translated) or a joke which requires understanding of both languages (a joke spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_pun |
Significant figures, also referred to assignificant digits, are specificdigitswithin a number that is written inpositional notationthat carry both reliability and necessity in conveying a particular quantity. When presenting the outcome of a measurement (such as length, pressure, volume, or mass), if the number of digi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_place |
ISO 26262, titled "Road vehicles – Functional safety", is an international standard forfunctional safetyof electrical and/or electronic systems that are installed in serial production road vehicles (excluding mopeds), defined by theInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) in 2011, and revised in 2018.
Func... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_26262 |
The following is a comparison of notablefile systemdefragmentationsoftware: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_defragmentation_software |
SHA-3(Secure Hash Algorithm 3) is the latest[4]member of theSecure Hash Algorithmfamily of standards, released byNISTon August 5, 2015.[5][6][7]Although part of the same series of standards, SHA-3 is internally different from theMD5-likestructureofSHA-1andSHA-2.
SHA-3 is a subset of the broader cryptographic primitive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keccak |
Aternary computer, also calledtrinary computer, is one that usesternary logic(i.e.,base 3) instead of the more commonbinary system(i.e.,base 2) in its calculations. Ternary computers use trits, instead of binarybits.
Ternary computing deals with three discrete states, but the ternary digits themselves can be defined d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_computer |
Lists of filename extensionsinclude: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_filename_extensions |
Oikocredit(in fullOikocredit, Ecumenical DevelopmentCooperativeSociety U.A.[1]) is a cooperative society that offers loans or investment capital formicrofinanceinstitutions,cooperativesandsmall and medium-sized enterprisesin developing countries. It is one of the world's largest private financiers of the microfinance s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikocredit |
Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc[2005] EWHC 246was a judicial decision of the English High Court relating to theData Protection Act 1998.[1]
The claimant was seeking data from the bank, and he sought to advance two relatively novel lines of argument. The first was referred to in the case as the "once processed always proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_v_Lloyds_TSB_Bank_plc |
Security cultureis a set of practices used by activists, notablycontemporary anarchists, to avoid, or mitigate the effects of, policesurveillanceand harassment and state control.[1][2]
Security culture recognizes the possibility that anarchist spaces and movements are surveilled and/or infiltrated byinformantsorunderc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_culture |
Compartmentalizationorcompartmentalisationmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalization |
Matroska(styledMatroška) is a project to create acontainer formatthat can hold an unlimited number of video, audio, picture, or subtitle tracks in one file.[4]TheMatroska Multimedia Containeris similar in concept to other containers likeAVI,MP4, orAdvanced Systems Format(ASF), but is anopen standard.
Matroska file ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroska |
Incombinatorics, therule of divisionis a counting principle. It states that there aren/dways to do a task if it can be done using a procedure that can be carried out innways, and for each wayw, exactlydof thenways correspond to the wayw.
In a nutshell, the division rule is a common way to ignore "unimportant" differen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_division_(combinatorics) |
Atransformation languageis acomputer languagedesigned to transform some input text in a certainformal languageinto a modified output text that meets some specific goal[clarification needed].
Program transformation systemssuch asStratego/XT,TXL,Tom,DMS, andASF+SDFall have transformation languages as a major component.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_language |
Renewal theoryis the branch ofprobability theorythat generalizes thePoisson processfor arbitrary holding times. Instead ofexponentially distributedholding times, a renewal process may have anyindependent and identically distributed(IID) holding times that have finite expectation. A renewal-reward process additionally h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewal_theory |
Statistical language acquisition, a branch ofdevelopmentalpsycholinguistics, studies the process by which humans develop the ability to perceive, produce, comprehend, and communicate withnatural languagein all of its aspects (phonological,syntactic,lexical,morphological,semantic) through the use of general learning mec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_language_acquisition |
Inmachine learningandcomputer vision,M-theoryis a learning framework inspired by feed-forward processing in theventral streamofvisual cortexand originally developed for recognition and classification of objects in visual scenes. M-theory was later applied to other areas, such asspeech recognition. On certain image reco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory_(learning_framework) |
TheCommon Object Request Broker Architecture(CORBA) is astandarddefined by theObject Management Group(OMG) designed to facilitate the communication of systems that are deployed on diverseplatforms. CORBA enables collaboration between systems on different operating systems,programming languages, and computing hardware. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA |
SnapTag, invented by SpyderLynk, is a2D mobile barcodealternative similar to aQR code, but that uses an icon or company logo and code ring rather than a square pattern of black dots.[1][2]
Similar to a QR code, SnapTags can be used to take consumers to a brand’s website, but can also facilitatemobile purchases,[3]coup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SnapTag |
HTTP Public Key Pinning(HPKP) is an obsoleteInternet securitymechanism delivered via anHTTPheaderwhich allowsHTTPSwebsites to resistimpersonationby attackers using misissued or otherwise fraudulentdigital certificates.[1]A server uses it to deliver to theclient(e.g. aweb browser) a set of hashes ofpublic keysthat must ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning |
Themin-entropy, ininformation theory, is the smallest of theRényi familyof entropies, corresponding to themost conservativeway of measuring the unpredictability of a set of outcomes, as the negative logarithm of the probability of themost likelyoutcome. The various Rényi entropies are all equal for a uniform distribut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min-entropy |
Incomputer programming, thereturn type(orresult type) defines and constrains thedata typeof the valuereturnedfrom asubroutineormethod.[1]In manyprogramming languages(especiallystatically-typed programming languagessuch asC,C++,Java) the return type must be explicitly specified when declaring a function.
In the Java ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_type |
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