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Moore's lawis the observation that the number oftransistorsin anintegrated circuit(IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is anobservationandprojectionof a historical trend. Rather than alaw of physics, it is anempirical relationship. It is anexperience-curve law, a type of law quantifying efficiency gains from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law |
Inmathematics, in particularabstract algebra, agraded ringis aringsuch that the underlyingadditive groupis adirect sum of abelian groupsRi{\displaystyle R_{i}}such thatRiRj⊆Ri+j{\displaystyle R_{i}R_{j}\subseteq R_{i+j}}. Theindex setis usually the set of nonnegativeintegersor the set of integers, but can be anymonoi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded_algebra |
Dreadlocks, also known asdreadsorlocs, are ahairstylemade of rope-like strands of matted hair. Dreadlocks can form naturally invery curly hair, or they can be created with techniques like twisting,backcombing, or crochet.[1][2][3][4]
The worddreadlocksis usually understood to come fromJamaican Creoledread, "member of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadlock |
Afab lab(fabrication laboratory) is a small-scaleworkshopoffering (personal)digital fabrication.[1][2]
A fab lab is typically equipped with an array of flexible computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials, with the aim to make "almost anything".[3]This includesprototyping... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fablab |
File bindersareutility softwarethat allow a user to "bind" multiple files together, resulting in a single executable. They are commonly used byhackersto insert other programs such asTrojan horsesinto otherwise harmless files, making them more difficult to detect.Malwarebuilders (such askeyloggersor stealers) often incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_binder |
WirelessHARTwithintelecommunicationsandcomputing, is awireless sensor networkingtechnology. It is based on theHighway Addressable Remote Transducer Protocol(HART). Developed as a multi-vendor,interoperablewireless standard, WirelessHART was defined for the requirements of process field device networks.
The protocol ut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WirelessHART |
COMMAND.COMis the defaultcommand-line interpreterforMS-DOS,Windows 95,Windows 98andWindows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run afterboot(init process). As a shell, COMMAND.COM has two distinct modes of operation:interactive modeandba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM |
Passingis the ability of a person to be regarded as a member of anidentity group or category, such asracial identity,ethnicity,caste,social class,sexual orientation,gender,religion, age ordisability status, that is often different from their own.[1][2][3][4]Passing may be used to increasesocial acceptance[1][2]to cope ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passing_(sociology) |
Therelational calculusconsists of two calculi, thetuple relational calculusand thedomain relational calculus, that is part of therelational modelfor databases and provide a declarative way to specify database queries. The raison d'être of relational calculus is the formalization ofquery optimization, which is finding m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_calculus |
Inmathematics,derivatorsare a proposed framework[1][2]pg 190-195forhomological algebragiving a foundation for bothabelianandnon-abelianhomological algebra and various generalizations of it. They were introduced to address the deficiencies ofderived categories(such as the non-functorialityof the cone construction) and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivator |
Incomputer science,algorithmic efficiencyis a property of analgorithmwhich relates to the amount ofcomputational resourcesused by the algorithm. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought of as analogous to engineeringproductivityfor a repeating or continuous process.
For maximum efficiency it is desirable to minimize reso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency |
Data degradationis the gradualcorruptionofcomputer datadue to an accumulation of non-critical failures in adata storage device. It is also referred to asdata decay,data rotorbit rot.[1]This results in a decline in data quality over time, even when the data is not being utilized. The concept of data degradation involves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_degradation |
Inmathematics,Church encodingis a means of representing data and operators in thelambda calculus. TheChurch numeralsare a representation of the natural numbers using lambda notation. The method is named forAlonzo Church, who first encoded data in the lambda calculus this way.
Terms that are usually considered primitiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_encoding |
a0,t+(a0,t)2−(a0,t)2=a0,t{\displaystyle a_{0,t}+(a_{0,t})^{2}-(a_{0,t})^{2}=a_{0,t}}sinceRx(t1,t2)=a0,min(t1,t2)+a0,t1a0,t2{\displaystyle R_{x}(t_{1},t_{2})=a_{0,min(t_{1},t_{2})}+a_{0,t_{1}}a_{0,t_{2}}}
Inprobability theory,statisticsand related fields, aPoisson point process(also known as:Poisson random measure,Pois... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_point_process |
Inmathematics,Young's inequality for productsis amathematical inequalityabout the product of two numbers.[1]The inequality is named afterWilliam Henry Youngand should not be confused withYoung's convolution inequality.
Young's inequality for products can be used to proveHölder's inequality. It is also widely used to e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_inequality_for_products |
Network,networkingandnetworkedmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking |
TheUnified Medical Language System(UMLS) is acompendiumof manycontrolled vocabulariesin thebiomedicalsciences (created 1986).[1]It provides a mapping structure among these vocabularies and thus allows one to translate among the various terminology systems; it may also be viewed as a comprehensivethesaurusandontologyof ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Medical_Language_System |
Innumber theorytheAgoh–Giuga conjectureon theBernoulli numbersBkpostulates thatpis aprime numberif and only if
It is named afterTakashi AgohandGiuseppe Giuga.
The conjecture as stated above is due toTakashi Agoh(1990); an equivalent formulation is due toGiuseppe Giuga, from 1950, to the effect thatpis prime if and on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoh%E2%80%93Giuga_conjecture |
Reputation management,refers to theinfluencing, controlling, enhancing, or concealing of an individual's or group'sreputation. It is a marketing technique used to modify a person's or a company's reputation in a positive way.[1]The growth of theinternetandsocial medialed to growth of reputationmanagementcompanies, with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_management |
This article lists thecompaniesworldwideengaged in the development of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing.Quantum computingand communication are two sub-fields ofquantum information science, which describes and theorizesinformation sciencein terms ofquantum physics. While the fundamental unit o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing_or_communication |
Inmathematics, areal-valued functionis calledconvexif theline segmentbetween any two distinct points on thegraph of the functionlies above or on the graph between the two points. Equivalently, a function is convex if itsepigraph(the set of points on or above the graph of the function) is aconvex set.
In simple terms, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_function |
ThePrivacy Act of 1974(Pub. L.93–579, 88Stat.1896, enactedDecember 31, 1974,5 U.S.C.§ 552a), aUnited States federal law, establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination ofpersonally identifiable informationabout individuals that is maintained in systems o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_Act_of_1974 |
Incomputer scienceandgraph theory,Karger's algorithmis arandomized algorithmto compute aminimum cutof a connectedgraph. It was invented byDavid Kargerand first published in 1993.[1]
The idea of the algorithm is based on the concept ofcontraction of an edge(u,v){\displaystyle (u,v)}in an undirected graphG=(V,E){\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karger%27s_algorithm |
In mathematics, especially inalgebraic geometryand the theory ofcomplex manifolds,coherent sheavesare a class ofsheavesclosely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space. The definition of coherent sheaves is made with reference to asheaf of ringsthat codifies this geometric information.
Coherent sheav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_sheaf |
Asmart mobis a group whose coordination and communication abilities have been empowered bydigital communication technologies.[1]Smart mobs are particularly known for their ability to mobilize quickly.[1]
The concept was introduced byHoward Rheingoldin his 2002 bookSmart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution.[2]Rheingold de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_mob |
TheRSA(Rivest–Shamir–Adleman)cryptosystemis apublic-key cryptosystem, one of the oldest widely used for secure data transmission. Theinitialism"RSA" comes from the surnames ofRon Rivest,Adi ShamirandLeonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977. An equivalent system was developed secretly in 1973 atGove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_algorithm |
Astandard normal deviateis anormally distributeddeviate. It is arealizationof astandard normal random variable, defined as arandom variablewithexpected value0 andvariance1.[1]Where collections of such random variables are used, there is often an associated (possibly unstated) assumption that members of such collections... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal_deviate |
Bluebuggingis a form ofBluetoothattack often caused by a lack of awareness. It was developed after the onset ofbluejackingandbluesnarfing. Similar to bluesnarfing, bluebugging accesses and uses all phone features[1]but is limited by the transmitting power of class 2 Bluetooth radios, normally capping its range at 10–15... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebugging |
Face validityis the extent to which a test issubjectivelyviewed as covering the concept it purports to measure. It refers to the transparency or relevance of a test as it appears to test participants.[1][2]In other words, a test can be said to have face validity if it "looks like" it is going to measure what it is supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_validity |
TheElGamal signature schemeis adigital signaturescheme which is based on the difficulty of computingdiscrete logarithms. It was described byTaher Elgamalin 1985.[1]
The ElGamal signature algorithm is rarely used in practice. A variant developed at theNSAand known as theDigital Signature Algorithmis much more widely us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElGamal_signature_scheme |
Ashell scriptis acomputer programdesigned to be run by aUnix shell, acommand-line interpreter.[1]The various dialects of shell scripts are considered to becommand languages. Typical operations performed by shell scripts include file manipulation, program execution, and printing text. A script which sets up the environm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script |
Data and information visualization(data viz/visorinfo viz/vis)[2]is the practice ofdesigningand creatinggraphicor visualrepresentationsof a large amount[3]of complex quantitative and qualitativedataandinformationwith the help of static, dynamic or interactive visual items. Typically based on data and information collec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization |
Anillegal numberis a number that represents information which is illegal to possess, utter, propagate, or otherwise transmit in somelegal jurisdiction. Any piece of digital information is representable as a number; consequently, if communicating a specific set of information is illegal in some way, then the number may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_number |
1Grefers to the first generation ofmobile telecommunicationsstandards, introduced in the 1980s. This generation was characterized by the use ofanalogaudio transmissions, a major distinction from the subsequent2Gnetworks, which were fullydigital. The term "1G" itself was not used at the time, but has since been retroact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G |
TheInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)[a]is an American501(c)(3)public charityprofessional organization forelectrical engineering,electronics engineering, and other related disciplines.
The IEEE has a corporate office inNew York Cityand an operations center inPiscataway, New Jersey. The IEEE was fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE |
TheMobile Broadband Allianceis aconsortiumof companies that have aligned to promote hardware with built-inHSPAbroadband.
The companies include the mobile operatorsVodafone,Orange, Telefónica Europe,T-Mobile,3Group,Telecom ItaliaandTeliaSonera, and the hardware manufacturersDell,Asus,Toshiba,Lenovo,Qualcomm,Ericsson,Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Broadband_Alliance |
AWalrasian auction, introduced byLéon Walras, is a type of simultaneousauctionwhere eachagentcalculates its demand for the good at every possible price and submits this to an auctioneer. The price is then set so that the total demand across all agents equals the total amount of the good. Thus, a Walrasian auction perfe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walrasian_auction |
Unix-like operating systems identify a user by a value called auser identifier, often abbreviated touser IDorUID. The UID, along with the group identifier (GID) and other access control criteria, is used to determine which system resources a user can access. Thepassword filemaps textual user names to UIDs. UIDs are sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_identifier |
Inlinear algebra, aHilbert matrix, introduced byHilbert(1894), is asquare matrixwith entries being theunit fractions
For example, this is the 5 × 5 Hilbert matrix:
The entries can also be defined by the integral
that is, as aGramian matrixfor powers ofx. It arises in theleast squaresapproximation of arbitrary funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_matrix |
Theactivation functionof a node in anartificial neural networkis a function that calculates the output of the node based on its individual inputs and their weights. Nontrivial problems can be solved using only a few nodes if the activation function isnonlinear.[1]
Modern activation functions include the logistic (sigm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_function |
Avicious circle(orcycle) is a complexchain of eventsthat reinforces itself through afeedback loop, with detrimental results.[1]It is a system with no tendency towardequilibrium(social,economic,ecological, etc.), at least in the short run. Each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one, in an example ofpositiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtuous_circle_and_vicious_circle |
Web server software allows computers to act asweb servers. The first web servers supported only static files, such asHTML(and images), but now they commonly allow embedding of server side applications.
Some web application frameworks include simple HTTP servers. For examplethe Django frameworkprovidesrunserver, andPH... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software |
OpenBTS(Open Base Transceiver Station) is a software-basedGSMaccess point, allowing standard GSM-compatiblemobile phonesto be used asSIPendpoints inVoice over IP(VoIP) networks. OpenBTS is open-source software developed and maintained byRange Networks. The public release of OpenBTS is notable for being the firstfree-so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBTS |
Diffie–Hellman(DH)key exchange[nb 1]is a mathematicalmethodof securely generating a symmetriccryptographic keyover a public channel and was one of the firstpublic-key protocolsas conceived byRalph Merkleand named afterWhitfield DiffieandMartin Hellman.[1][2]DH is one of the earliest practical examples of public key exc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_key_exchange |
Pattern search(also known as direct search, derivative-free search, or black-box search) is a family of numericaloptimizationmethods that does not require agradient. As a result, it can be used on functions that are notcontinuousordifferentiable. One such pattern search method is "convergence" (see below), which is bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_search_(optimization) |
This article lists concurrent andparallel programming languages, categorizing them by a definingparadigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages providesynchronizationconstructs whose behavior is defined by a parallelexecution model. Aconcurrent programming languageis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concurrent_and_parallel_programming_languages |
Withinsoftware engineering, themining software repositories[1](MSR) field[2]analyzes the rich data available in software repositories, such asversion controlrepositories,mailing listarchives,bug tracking systems,issue tracking systems, etc. to uncover interesting and actionable information aboutsoftwaresystems, projec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_Software_Repositories |
This article compares thesyntaxof many notableprogramming languages.
Programming languageexpressionscan be broadly classified into four syntax structures:
A language that supports thestatementconstruct typically has rules for one or more of the following aspects:
Some languages define a special character as a termin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax) |
BlackArchis apenetration testingdistributionbased onArch Linuxthat provides a large number ofsecuritytools. It is anopen-sourcedistrocreated specially for penetration testers and security researchers. The repository contains more than 2800 tools that can be installed individually or in groups. BlackArch Linux is compat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackArch |
In mathematics, theDixon elliptic functionssm and cm are twoelliptic functions(doubly periodicmeromorphic functionson thecomplex plane) that map from eachregular hexagonin ahexagonal tilingto the whole complex plane. Because these functions satisfy the identitycm3z+sm3z=1{\displaystyle \operatorname {cm} ^{3}z+\opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_elliptic_functions |
Aperipheral device, or simplyperipheral, is an auxiliaryhardwaredevice that acomputeruses to transfer information externally.[1]A peripheral is a hardware component that is accessible to and controlled by a computer but is not a core component of the computer.
A peripheral can be categorized based on the direction in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral |
Network-attached storage(NAS) is a file-levelcomputer data storageserver connected to acomputer networkproviding data access to aheterogeneousgroup of clients. In this context, the term "NAS" can refer to both the technology and systems involved, or a specializedcomputer appliancedevice unit built for such functionalit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustered_NAS |
Withinquality management systems(QMS) andinformation technology(IT) systems,change controlis a process—either formal or informal[1]—used to ensure that changes to a product or system are introduced in a controlled and coordinated manner. It reduces the possibility that unnecessary changes will be introduced to a system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_control |
Print Gallery(Dutch:Prentententoonstelling) is alithographprinted in 1956 by theDutchartistM. C. Escher. It depicts a man in a gallery viewing a print of a seaport, and among the buildings in the seaport is the very gallery in which he is standing, making use of theDroste effectwith visualrecursion.[1]The lithograph ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_Gallery_(M._C._Escher) |
TheEZ-Linkcard is a rechargeablecontactless smart cardandelectronic moneysystem that is primarily used as a payment method forpublic transportsuch as bus and rail lines inSingapore. A standard EZ-Link card is acredit-card-sizedstored-valuecontact-less smart-card that comes in a variety of colours, as well as limited ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ-link |
Inmodular arithmetic, theintegerscoprime(relatively prime) tonfrom the set{0,1,…,n−1}{\displaystyle \{0,1,\dots ,n-1\}}ofnnon-negative integers form agroupunder multiplicationmodulon, called themultiplicative group of integers modulon. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as thecongruence classes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of_integers_modulo_n |
Abiological networkis a method of representing systems as complex sets of binary interactions or relations between various biological entities.[1]In general, networks or graphs are used to capture relationships between entities or objects.[1]A typicalgraphingrepresentation consists of a set ofnodesconnected byedges.
A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_network |
Henry Robinson Palmer(1795–1844) was a British civil engineer who designed the world's secondmonorailand the first elevated railway. He is also credited as the inventor of corrugated metal roofing, which is one of the world's major building materials.
A son ofSamuel Palmerand his wife Elizabeth Walker, Henry Robinson ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Robinson_Palmer |
Apath(orfilepath,file path,pathname, or similar) is atext stringthat uniquely specifies an item in ahierarchical file system. Generally, a path is composed of directory names, special directory specifiers and optionally afilename, separated bydelimiting text. The delimiter varies by operating system and in theory can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing) |
Incryptographic protocoldesign,cryptographic agilityorcrypto-agilityis the ability to switch between multiplecryptographic primitives.
A cryptographically agile system implementing a particular standard can choose which combination of primitives to use. The primary goal of cryptographic agility is to enable rapid adap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_agility |
Segmented regression, also known aspiecewise regressionorbroken-stick regression, is a method inregression analysisin which theindependent variableis partitioned into intervals and a separate line segment is fit to each interval. Segmented regression analysis can also be performed on multivariate data by partitioning t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented_regression |
Autoassociative memory, also known asauto-association memoryor anautoassociation network, is any type of memory that is able to retrieve a piece of data from only a tiny sample of itself. They are very effective in de-noising or removing interference from the input and can be used to determine whether the given input i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoassociative_memory |
Diffeomorphometryis the metric study of imagery, shape and form in the discipline ofcomputational anatomy(CA) inmedical imaging. The study of images incomputational anatomyrely on high-dimensionaldiffeomorphismgroupsφ∈DiffV{\displaystyle \varphi \in \operatorname {Diff} _{V}}which generate orbits of the formI≐{φ⋅I∣φ∈Di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphometry |
L1-norm principal component analysis (L1-PCA)is a general method for multivariate data analysis.[1]L1-PCA is often preferred over standard L2-normprincipal component analysis(PCA) when the analyzed data may containoutliers(faulty values or corruptions), as it is believed to berobust.[2][3][4]
Both L1-PCA and standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L1-norm_principal_component_analysis |
Instatistics,resamplingis the creation of new samples based on one observed sample.
Resampling methods are:
Permutation tests rely on resampling the original data assuming the null hypothesis. Based on the resampled data it can be concluded how likely the original data is to occur under the null hypothesis.
Bootstrap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomization_test |
In the field ofmachine learningand specifically the problem ofstatistical classification, aconfusion matrix, also known aserror matrix,[1]is a specifictablelayout that allows visualization of the performance of an algorithm, typically asupervised learningone; inunsupervised learningit is usually called amatching matrix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_matrix |
Theattention economyrefers to the incentives of advertising-driven companies, in particular, to maximize the time and attention their users give to their product.[1][2]
Attention economicsis an approach to themanagement of informationthat treats humanattentionas a scarcecommodityand applieseconomic theoryto solve vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_economy |
Bluetoothis a short-rangewirelesstechnology standard that is used for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and buildingpersonal area networks(PANs). In the most widely used mode, transmission power is limited to 2.5milliwatts, giving it a very short range of up to 10 metres (33 ft). It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth |
Inmathematics, atopological spaceis, roughly speaking, ageometrical spacein whichclosenessis defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numericdistance. More specifically, a topological space is asetwhose elements are calledpoints, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_space |
In mathematics, aCarleman matrixis a matrix used to convertfunction compositionintomatrix multiplication. It is often used in iteration theory to find the continuousiteration of functionswhich cannot be iterated bypattern recognitionalone. Other uses of Carleman matrices occur in the theory ofprobabilitygenerating fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_matrix |
Acold caseis acrime, or a suspected crime, that has not yet been fully resolved and is not the subject of a currentcriminal investigation, but for which new information could emerge from new witness testimony, re-examined archives, new or retained material evidence, or fresh activities of a suspect. New technological m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_case |
Inprobability theory, themultinomial distributionis a generalization of thebinomial distribution. For example, it models the probability of counts for each side of ak-sided die rolledntimes. Fornindependenttrials each of which leads to a success for exactly one ofkcategories, with each category having a given fixed suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_distribution |
Ambiguityoccurs when a single word or phrase may be interpreted in two or more ways. Aslawfrequently involves lengthy, complex texts, ambiguity is common. Thus, courts have evolved various doctrines for dealing with cases in which legal texts are ambiguous.
In criminal law, therule of lenityholds that where a criminal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity_(law) |
RDF/XMLis a syntax,[1]defined by theW3C, to express (i.e.serialize) anRDFgraph as anXMLdocument. RDF/XML is sometimes misleadingly called simply RDF because it was introduced among the other W3C specifications defining RDF and it was historically the first W3C standard RDF serialization format.
RDF/XML is the primar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDF/XML |
Intelecommunications,long-term evolution(LTE) is astandardforwireless broadbandcommunication forcellularmobile devices and data terminals. It is considered to be a "transitional"4Gtechnology,[1]and is therefore also referred to as3.95Gas a step above3G.[2]
LTE is based on the2GGSM/EDGEand 3GUMTS/HSPAstandards. It impr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication) |
Aninformation infrastructureis defined by Ole Hanseth (2002) as "a shared, evolving, open, standardized, and heterogeneous installed base"[1]and by Pironti (2006) as all of the people, processes, procedures, tools, facilities, and technology which support the creation, use, transport, storage, and destruction of inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_infrastructure |
Attentionis amachine learningmethod that determines the importance of each component in a sequence relative to the other components in that sequence. Innatural language processing, importance is represented by"soft"weights assigned to each word in a sentence. More generally, attention encodes vectors calledtokenembeddi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning) |
Soramimi(空耳, "thought to have heard", or "pretending to have not heard"[1][2])is aJapaneseword that in the context of contemporary Japanese internet meme culture and its related slang is commonly used to refer to humorous homophonic reinterpretation, deliberately interpreting words as other similar-sounding words for c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soramimi |
CONFIG.SYSis the primaryconfiguration filefor theDOSandOS/2operating systems. It is a specialASCIItext file that contains user-accessible setup or configuration directives evaluated by the operating system'sDOS BIOS(typically residing inIBMBIO.COMorIO.SYS) during boot. CONFIG.SYS was introduced with DOS 2.0.[nb 1]
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOPL_(CONFIG.SYS_directive) |
Superconducting logicrefers to a class oflogic circuitsorlogic gatesthat use the unique properties ofsuperconductors, including zero-resistance wires, ultrafastJosephson junctionswitches, and quantization of magnetic flux (fluxoid). As of 2023, superconducting computing is a form ofcryogenic computing, as superconducti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_computing |
Interm logic(a branch ofphilosophical logic), thesquare of oppositionis adiagramrepresentingtherelationsbetween the four basiccategorical propositions.
The origin of the square can be traced back toAristotle's tractateOn Interpretationand its distinction between two oppositions:contradictionandcontrariety. However, Ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrary_(logic) |
DNS Floodis a type ofdenial-of-service attack. It is the process whereby the traffic on anetworkresource or machine is stopped for some time. The offender sends a great number of requests to the resource or machine so that it might become unavailable to those who might try to reach it. During aDNSflood the host that co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_Flood |
Intheoretical physics, agravitational anomalyis an example of agauge anomaly: it is an effect ofquantum mechanics— usually aone-loop diagram—that invalidates thegeneral covarianceof a theory ofgeneral relativitycombined with some other fields.[citation needed]The adjective "gravitational" is derived from the symmetry o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeo_anomaly |
Arace conditionorrace hazardis the condition of anelectronics,software, or othersystemwhere the system's substantive behavior isdependenton the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events, leading to unexpected or inconsistent results. It becomes abugwhen one or more of the possible behaviors is undesirable.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_hazard |
Incomputer science, acompiler-compilerorcompiler generatoris a programming tool that creates aparser,interpreter, orcompilerfrom some form of formal description of aprogramming languageand machine.
The most common type of compiler-compiler is called aparser generator.[1]It handles onlysyntactic analysis.
A formal des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler-compiler |
Unix time[a]is a date and time representation widely used incomputing. It measures time by the number of non-leap secondsthat have elapsed since 00:00:00UTCon 1 January 1970, the Unixepoch. For example, at midnight on 1 January 2010, Unix time was 1262304000.
Unix time originated as thesystem timeofUnixoperating syste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time |
The3B series computers[1][2]are a line of minicomputers[3]made between the late 1970s and 1993 byAT&T Computer Systems'Western Electricsubsidiary, for use with the company'sUNIXoperating system. The line primarily consists of the models 3B20, 3B5, 3B15, 3B2, and 3B4000. The series is notable for controlling a series of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3B20C |
In computing, aninterfaceis a shared boundary across which two or more separate components of acomputer systemexchange information. The exchange can be betweensoftware,computer hardware,peripheral devices,humans, and combinations of these.[1]Some computer hardware devices, such as atouchscreen, can both send and receiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_(computing) |
Linear logicis asubstructural logicproposed by FrenchlogicianJean-Yves Girardas a refinement ofclassicalandintuitionistic logic, joining thedualitiesof the former with many of theconstructiveproperties of the latter.[1]Although the logic has also been studied for its own sake, more broadly, ideas from linear logic have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_logic |
Inmathematicsandmathematical logic,Boolean algebrais a branch ofalgebra. It differs fromelementary algebrain two ways. First, the values of thevariablesare thetruth valuestrueandfalse, usually denoted by 1 and 0, whereas in elementary algebra the values of the variables are numbers. Second, Boolean algebra useslogical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic |
Incomputer networking,IP address spoofingorIP spoofingis the creation ofInternet Protocol(IP)packetswith a false sourceIP address, for the purpose of impersonating another computing system.[1]
The basic protocol for sending data over the Internet network and many othercomputer networksis theInternet Protocol(IP). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing |
Virtual crimecan be described as a criminal act conducted in avirtual world– usuallymassively multiplayer online role-playing games(MMORPGs). To grasp the definition of virtual crime, the modern interpretation of the term "virtual" must be assessed to portray the implications of virtual crime. In this sense, virtual cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_crime |
Anti–computer forensicsorcounter-forensicsare techniques used to obstructforensic analysis.
Anti-forensics has only recently[when?]been recognized as a legitimate field of study.
One of the more widely known and accepted definitions comes from Marc Rogers. One of the earliest detailed presentations of anti-forensics,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-computer_forensics |
Ininformation theoryandcoding theorywith applications incomputer scienceandtelecommunications,error detection and correction(EDAC) orerror controlare techniques that enablereliable deliveryofdigital dataover unreliablecommunication channels. Many communication channels are subject tochannel noise, and thus errors may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction |
Plan 9 from Bell Labsis adistributed operating systemwhich originated from the Computing Science Research Center (CSRC) atBell Labsin the mid-1980s and built onUNIXconcepts first developed there in the late 1960s. Since 2000, Plan 9 has beenfree and open-source. The final official release was in early 2015.
Under Plan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs |
Participatory culture, an opposing concept toconsumer culture, is a culture in which private individuals (the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers).[1]The term is most often applied to the production or creation of some type ofpublished media.
Recent advances in techno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_culture |
A number of countries have attempted to restrict the import ofcryptographytools.
Countries may wish to restrict import of cryptography technologies for a number of reasons:
TheElectronic Privacy Information Centerand Global Internet Liberty Campaign reports use a color code to indicate the level of restriction, with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrictions_on_the_import_of_cryptography |
Thegolden-section searchis a technique for finding anextremum(minimum or maximum) of a function inside a specified interval. For a strictlyunimodal functionwith an extremum inside the interval, it will find that extremum, while for an interval containing multiple extrema (possibly including the interval boundaries), it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden-section_search |
Earliest deadline first(EDF) orleast time to gois a dynamic priorityscheduling algorithmused inreal-time operating systemsto place processes in apriority queue. Whenever a scheduling event occurs (task finishes, new task released, etc.) the queue will be searched for the process closest to its deadline. This process is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earliest_deadline_first_scheduling |
Theactor modelincomputer scienceis amathematical modelofconcurrent computationthat treats anactoras the basic building block of concurrent computation. In response to amessageit receives, an actor can: make local decisions, create more actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message receive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model |
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