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Inmathematics, specificallyalgebraic geometry, aschemeis astructurethat enlarges the notion ofalgebraic varietyin several ways, such as taking account ofmultiplicities(the equationsx= 0andx2= 0define the same algebraic variety but different schemes) and allowing "varieties" defined over anycommutative ring(for example,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(mathematics) |
Quantile regressionis a type ofregression analysisused in statistics and econometrics. Whereas themethod of least squaresestimates the conditionalmeanof the response variable across values of the predictor variables, quantile regression estimates the conditionalmedian(or otherquantiles) of the response variable. [Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile_regression |
Principia Cyberneticais an international cooperation of scientists in the field ofcyberneticsandsystems science, especially known for their website, Principia Cybernetica. They have dedicated their organization to what they call "a computer-supported evolutionary-systemic philosophy, in the context of the transdiscipli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica |
Ingeometry, asimplex(plural:simplexesorsimplices) is a generalization of the notion of atriangleortetrahedronto arbitrarydimensions. The simplex is so-named because it represents the simplest possiblepolytopein any given dimension. For example,
Specifically, ak-simplexis ak-dimensionalpolytopethat is theconvex hullof ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex |
TheAdvanced Research Projects Agency for Health(ARPA-H) is an agency within theDepartment of Health and Human Services.[1]Its mission is to "make pivotal investments in break-through technologies and broadly applicable platforms, capabilities, resources, and solutions that have the potential to transform important area... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health |
TheDiffie–Hellman problem(DHP) is a mathematical problem first proposed byWhitfield DiffieandMartin Hellman[1]in the context ofcryptographyand serves as the theoretical basis of theDiffie–Hellman key exchangeand its derivatives. The motivation for this problem is that many security systems useone-way functions: mathema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_problem |
Incryptography, amusic cipheris analgorithmfor theencryptionof a plaintext into musical symbols or sounds. Music-based ciphers are related to, but not the same asmusical cryptograms. The latter were systems used by composers to create musicalthemesormotifsto represent names based on similarities between letters of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_cipher#Musical_Steganagraphy |
Theaccuracy paradoxis theparadoxicalfinding thataccuracyis not a good metric forpredictive modelswhenclassifyinginpredictive analytics. This is because a simple model may have a high level of accuracy but too crude to be useful. For example, if the incidence of category A is dominant, being found in 99% of cases, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_paradox |
Inelectronics, themetal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET,MOS-FET,MOS FET, orMOS transistor) is a type offield-effect transistor(FET), most commonly fabricated by thecontrolled oxidationofsilicon. It has an insulated gate, thevoltageof which determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET#Scaling |
Extreme learning machinesarefeedforward neural networksforclassification,regression,clustering,sparse approximation, compression andfeature learningwith a single layer or multiple layers of hidden nodes, where the parameters of hidden nodes (not just the weights connecting inputs to hidden nodes) need to be tuned. Thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_learning_machine |
TheSecurity of Information Act(French:Loi sur la protection de l’information, R.S.C. 1985, c. O-5),[1]formerly known as theOfficial Secrets Act, is an Act of theParliament of Canadathat addressesnational securityconcerns, including threats ofespionageby foreign powers andterrorist organizations, and the intimidation or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_Information_Act |
Scientific modellingis an activity that producesmodelsrepresentingempiricalobjects, phenomena, and physical processes, to make a particular part or feature of the world easier tounderstand,define,quantify,visualize, orsimulate. It requires selecting and identifying relevant aspects of a situation in the real world and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_modelling |
Privacy(UK:/ˈprɪvəsi/,US:/ˈpraɪ-/)[1][2]is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves orinformationabout themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively.
The domain of privacy partially overlaps withsecurity, which can include the concepts of appropriate use andprotection of information. Privac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy |
Incontrol theory, thecoefficient diagram method(CDM) is analgebraicapproach applied to apolynomialloop in theparameter space. A special diagram called a "coefficient diagram" is used as the vehicle to carry the necessary information and as the criterion of good design.[1]The performance of the closed-loop system is mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_diagram_method |
Product findersareinformation systemsthat help consumers to identify products within a large palette of similar alternative products. Product finders differ in complexity, the more complex among them being a special case ofdecision support systems. Conventional decision support systems, however, aim at specialized user... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_finder |
Box braidsare a type of hair-braiding style that is predominantly popular among African people and theAfrican diaspora. This type of hairstyle is a "protective style" (a style which can be worn for a long period of time to let natural hair grow and protect the ends of the hair) and is "boxy", consisting of square-shape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_braids |
Brevity codesare used inamateur radio, maritime, aviation, police, and military communications. They are designed to convey complex information with a few words or codes. Some areclassifiedfrom the public. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevity_code |
Amicrocellis a cell in amobile phone networkserved by a low powercellularbase station(tower), covering a limited area such as a mall, a hotel, or a transportation hub. A microcell is usually larger than apicocell, though the distinction is not always clear. A microcell uses power control to limit the radius of its cove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcell |
ERIL(Entity-Relationship and Inheritance Language) is avisual languagefor representing the data structure of a computer system.
As its name suggests, ERIL is based onentity-relationshipdiagrams andclass diagrams.
ERIL combines therelationalandobject-orientedapproaches todata modeling.
ERIL can be seen as a set of guid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERIL |
Insoftware engineering, asoftware development processorsoftware development life cycle(SDLC) is a process of planning and managingsoftware development. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improvedesignand/orproduct management. The meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodology |
"AI slop", often simply "slop", is a derogatory term for low-quality media, including writing and images, made usinggenerative artificial intelligencetechnology, characterized by an inherent lack of effort, logic, or purpose.[1][4][5]Coined in the 2020s, the term has a pejorative connotation akin to "spam".[4]
It has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_slop |
Ingame theory, a game is said to be apotential gameif the incentive of all players to change theirstrategycan be expressed using a single global function called thepotential function. The concept originated in a 1996 paper by Dov Monderer andLloyd Shapley.[1]
The properties of several types of potential games have sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_game#Bounded_Rational_Models |
Security Assertion Markup Language(SAML, pronouncedSAM-el,/ˈsæməl/)[1]is anopen standardfor exchangingauthenticationandauthorizationdata between parties, in particular, between anidentity providerand aservice provider. SAML is anXML-basedmarkup languagefor security assertions (statements that service providers use to m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Assertion_Markup_Language |
In situadaptive tabulation(ISAT) is analgorithmfor the approximation ofnonlinearrelationships. ISAT is based onmultiple linear regressionsthat are dynamically added as additional information is discovered. The technique is adaptive as it adds new linear regressions dynamically to a store of possible retrieval points.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Situ_Adaptive_Tabulation |
Adetached signatureis a type ofdigital signaturethat is kept separate from its signed data, as opposed to bundled together into a single file.
This approach offers several advantages, such as preventing unauthorized modifications to the original data objects. However, there is a risk that the detached signature could ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detached_signature |
Instatistics, thegeneralizedcanonical correlationanalysis(gCCA), is a way of making sense ofcross-correlationmatrices between the sets of random variables when there are more than two sets. While a conventional CCA generalizesprincipal component analysis(PCA) to two sets of random variables, a gCCA generalizes PCA to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_canonical_correlation |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security#Mitigation |
Experimental mathematicsis an approach tomathematicsin which computation is used to investigate mathematical objects and identify properties and patterns.[1]It has been defined as "that branch of mathematics that concerns itself ultimately with the codification and transmission of insights within the mathematical commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_mathematics |
Inmachine learning, thekernel embedding of distributions(also called thekernel meanormean map) comprises a class ofnonparametricmethods in which aprobability distributionis represented as an element of areproducing kernel Hilbert space(RKHS).[1]A generalization of the individual data-point feature mapping done in class... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_embedding_of_distributions |
Inmachine learningandnatural language processing, thepachinko allocation model (PAM)is atopic model. Topic models are a suite of algorithms to uncover the hidden thematic structure of a collection of documents.[1]The algorithm improves upon earlier topic models such aslatent Dirichlet allocation(LDA) by modeling correl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachinko_allocation |
Development testingis asoftware developmentprocess that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum ofdefectprevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs.
Depending on the organization's expectations for software development, development testing might incl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_testing |
Inintegral geometry(otherwise called geometric probability theory),Hadwiger's theoremcharacterises thevaluationsonconvex bodiesinRn.{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}It was proved byHugo Hadwiger.
LetKn{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} ^{n}}be the collection of all compact convex sets inRn.{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}.}Ava... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadwiger%27s_theorem |
CmapToolsisconcept mappingsoftware developed by theFlorida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition(IHMC).[1]It allows users to easily create graphical nodes representing concepts, and to connect nodes using lines and linking words to form anetwork of interrelated propositionsthat represent knowledge of a topic.[2]The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CmapTools |
Inmathematicsandcomputer programming, theorder of operationsis a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a givenmathematical expression.
These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called itsprecedence, and a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations |
Incomputer science, aunionis avaluethat may have any of multiple representations or formats within the same area ofmemory; that consists of avariablethat may hold such adata structure. Someprogramming languagessupport aunion typefor such adata type. In other words, a union type specifies the permitted types that may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_type |
Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC) is the ability of electrical equipment and systems to function acceptably in theirelectromagnetic environment, by limiting the unintentional generation, propagation and reception of electromagnetic energy which may cause unwanted effects such aselectromagnetic interference(EMI) or eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_compatibility |
Demonstratives(abbreviatedDEM) arewords, such asthisandthat, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typicallydeictic, their meaning depending on a particularframe of reference, and cannot be understood without context. Demonstratives are often used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative |
ISO/IEC 9126Software engineering — Product qualitywas aninternational standardfor theevaluationofsoftware quality. It has been replaced byISO/IEC 25010:2011.[1]
The fundamental objective of the ISO/IEC 9126 standard is to address some of the well-known human biases that can adversely affect the delivery and perception... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126 |
TheStream Control Transmission Protocol(SCTP) is acomputer networkingcommunications protocolin thetransport layerof theInternet protocol suite. Originally intended forSignaling System 7(SS7) message transport in telecommunication, the protocol provides the message-oriented feature of theUser Datagram Protocol(UDP), whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol |
Aweb hosting serviceis a type ofInternet hosting servicethat hostswebsitesfor clients, i.e. it offers the facilities required for them to create and maintain a site and makes it accessible on theWorld Wide Web. Companies providing web hosting services are sometimes calledweb hosts.
Typically, web hosting requires the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_hosting_service |
Meno(/ˈmiːnoʊ/;Ancient Greek:Μένων,Ménōn) is aSocratic dialoguewritten byPlatoaround 385 BC., but set at an earlier date around 402 BC.[1]Menobegins the dialogue by asking Socrates whethervirtue(inAncient Greek:ἀρετή,aretē) can be taught, acquired by practice, or comes bynature.[2]In order to determine whether virtue i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meno |
Thetheory of belief functions, also referred to asevidence theoryorDempster–Shafer theory(DST), is a general framework for reasoning with uncertainty, with understood connections to other frameworks such asprobability,possibilityandimprecise probability theories. First introduced byArthur P. Dempster[1]in the context o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dempster%E2%80%93Shafer_theory |
Instatisticsandmachine learning,ensemble methodsuse multiple learning algorithms to obtain betterpredictive performancethan could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.[1][2][3]Unlike astatistical ensemblein statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble consis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_learning |
Inintegrated circuits,optical interconnectsrefers to any system of transmitting signals from one part of an integrated circuit to another using light. Optical interconnects have been the topic of study due to the high latency and power consumption incurred by conventional metalinterconnectsin transmitting electrical si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_interconnect |
In software quality assurance,performance testingis in general a testing practice performed to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload.[1]It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_performance_testing |
Inmathematics(in particular,functional analysis),convolutionis amathematical operationon twofunctionsf{\displaystyle f}andg{\displaystyle g}that produces a third functionf∗g{\displaystyle f*g}, as theintegralof the product of the two functions after one is reflected about the y-axis and shifted. The termconvolutionref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution |
Instatistics,explained variationmeasures the proportion to which a mathematical model accounts for the variation (dispersion) of a given data set. Often, variation is quantified asvariance; then, the more specific termexplained variancecan be used.
The complementary part of the total variation is calledunexplainedorre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explained_variance |
Time delay neural network(TDNN)[1]is a multilayerartificial neural networkarchitecture whose purpose is to 1) classify patterns with shift-invariance, and 2) model context at each layer of the network.
Shift-invariant classification means that the classifier does not require explicit segmentation prior to classificati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_delay_neural_network |
TheRule Interchange Format(RIF) is aW3C Recommendation. RIF is part of the infrastructure for thesemantic web, along with (principally)SPARQL,RDFandOWL. Although originally envisioned by many as a "rules layer" for the semantic web, in reality the design of RIF is based on the observation that there are many "rules l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format |
Named-entity recognition(NER) (also known as(named)entity identification,entity chunking, andentity extraction) is a subtask ofinformation extractionthat seeks to locate and classifynamed entitiesmentioned inunstructured textinto pre-defined categories such as person names, organizations, locations,medical codes, time ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named-entity_recognition |
Inmathematics, asetiscountableif either it isfiniteor it can be made inone to one correspondencewith the set ofnatural numbers.[a]Equivalently, a set iscountableif there exists aninjective functionfrom it into the natural numbers; this means that each element in the set may be associated to a unique natural number, or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countability |
JSON-LD(JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) is a method of encodinglinked datausingJSON. One goal for JSON-LD was to require as little effort as possible from developers to transform their existing JSON to JSON-LD.[1]JSON-LD allows data to be serialized in a way that is similar to traditional JSON.[2]It was ini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-LD |
Most real databases contain data whose correctness is uncertain. In order to work with such data, there is a need to quantify the integrity of the data. This is achieved by using probabilistic databases.
Aprobabilistic databaseis anuncertain databasein which thepossible worldshave associatedprobabilities. Probabilisti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistic_database |
Cascadingis a particular case ofensemble learningbased on the concatenation of severalclassifiers, using all information collected from the output from a given classifier as additional information for the next classifier in the cascade. Unlike voting or stacking ensembles, which are multiexpert systems, cascading is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_classifiers |
Multimodal learningis a type ofdeep learningthat integrates and processes multiple types of data, referred to asmodalities, such as text, audio, images, or video. This integration allows for a more holistic understanding of complex data, improving model performance in tasks like visual question answering, cross-modal r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal_learning |
Inmathematics, particularlylinear algebra, anorthonormal basisfor aninner product spaceV{\displaystyle V}with finitedimensionis abasisforV{\displaystyle V}whose vectors areorthonormal, that is, they are allunit vectorsandorthogonalto each other.[1][2][3]For example, thestandard basisfor aEuclidean spaceRn{\displaystyle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthonormal_basis |
In mathematics, theindicator vector,characteristic vector, orincidence vectorof asubsetTof asetSis the vectorxT:=(xs)s∈S{\displaystyle x_{T}:=(x_{s})_{s\in S}}such thatxs=1{\displaystyle x_{s}=1}ifs∈T{\displaystyle s\in T}andxs=0{\displaystyle x_{s}=0}ifs∉T.{\displaystyle s\notin T.}
IfSiscountableand its elements are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_vector |
Acryptographickeyis calledephemeralif it is generated for each execution of a key establishment process.[1]In some cases ephemeral keys are used more than once, within a single session (e.g., in broadcast applications) where the sender generates only one ephemeral key pair per message and theprivate keyis combined sepa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeral_key |
Arandomness test(ortest for randomness), in data evaluation, is a test used to analyze the distribution of a set of data to see whether it can be described asrandom(patternless). Instochastic modeling, as in somecomputer simulations, the hoped-for randomness of potential input data can be verified, by a formal test fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_test |
Incomputer graphics,mipmaps(alsoMIP maps) orpyramids[1][2][3]are pre-calculated,optimizedsequences ofimages, each of which is a progressively lowerresolutionrepresentation of the previous. The height and width of each image, or level, in the mipmap is a factor of two smaller than the previous level. Mipmaps do not have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipmap |
Incomputing, theExecutable and Linkable Format[2](ELF, formerly namedExtensible Linking Format) is a common standardfile formatforexecutablefiles,object code,shared libraries, andcore dumps. First published in the specification for theapplication binary interface(ABI) of theUnixoperating system version namedSystem V Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_linkable_format |
Inprobabilitytheory, aCauchy processis a type ofstochastic process. There aresymmetricandasymmetricforms of the Cauchy process.[1]The unspecified term "Cauchy process" is often used to refer to the symmetric Cauchy process.[2]
The Cauchy process has a number of properties:
The symmetric Cauchy process can be descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_process |
Inmachine learning, a common task is the study and construction ofalgorithmsthat can learn from and make predictions ondata.[1]Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions,[2]through building amathematical modelfrom input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_set |
"Somebody else's problem"or"someone else's problem"is an issue which is dismissed by a person on the grounds that they consider somebody else to be responsible for it.
A 1976 edition of the journalEkisticsused the phrase in the context of bureaucratic inaction onlow-income housing, describing "the principle ofsomebody... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Else%27s_Problem |
Cladistics(/kləˈdɪstɪks/klə-DIST-iks; fromAncient Greekκλάδοςkládos'branch')[1]is an approach tobiological classificationin whichorganismsare categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recentcommon ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically sharedderivedcharacteristics (synapom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics |
Inmathematics, anasymptotic expansion,asymptotic seriesorPoincaré expansion(afterHenri Poincaré) is aformal seriesof functions which has the property thattruncatingthe series after a finite number of terms provides an approximation to a given function as the argument of the function tends towards a particular, often in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_expansion |
Agent miningis a research field that combines two areas of computer science:multiagent systemsanddata mining. It explores how intelligent computer agents can work together to discover, analyze, and learn from large amounts of data more effectively than traditional methods.[1][2]
The interaction and the integration bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_mining |
TheUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) is a3Gmobile cellular system for networks based on theGSMstandard.[1]UMTS useswideband code-division multiple access(W-CDMA) radio access technology to offer greater spectral efficiency and bandwidth tomobile network operatorscompared to previous2Gsystems likeGPRSandC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDD |
Radio jammingis the deliberate blocking of or interference withwireless communications.[1][2]In some cases, jammers work by the transmission ofradio signalsthat disrupttelecommunicationsby decreasing thesignal-to-noise ratio.[3]
The concept can be used inwireless data networksto disrupt information flow.[4]It is a com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_jamming |
Theampere-turn(symbolA⋅t) is theMKS(metre–kilogram–second) unit ofmagnetomotive force(MMF), represented by adirect currentof oneampereflowing in a single-turn loop.[1]Turnsrefers to thewinding numberof an electrical conductor composing anelectromagnetic coil.
For example, a current of2 Aflowing through a coil of 10 tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere-turn |
The concept of anobligatory passage point(OPP) was developed by sociologistMichel Callonin a seminal contribution toactor–network theory: Callon, Michel (1986), "Elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St Brieuc Bay".InJohn Law(Ed.),Power, Action and Belief: A New Soci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligatory_passage_point |
This list includesSQLreserved words– akaSQL reserved keywords,[1][2]as theSQL:2023specifies and someRDBMSshave added.
A dash (-) means that the keyword is not reserved. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words |
Alayerin a deep learning model is a structure ornetwork topologyin the model's architecture, which takes information from the previous layers and then passes it to the next layer.
The first type of layer is theDense layer, also called thefully-connected layer,[1][2][3]and is used for abstract representations of input ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_(deep_learning) |
Inmathematics,signal processingandcontrol theory, apole–zero plotis a graphical representation of arationaltransfer functionin thecomplex planewhich helps to convey certain properties of the system such as:
A pole-zero plot shows the location in the complex plane of thepoles and zerosof thetransfer functionof adynamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole%E2%80%93zero_plot |
Instatisticsandoptimization,errorsandresidualsare two closely related and easily confused measures of thedeviationof anobserved valueof anelementof astatistical samplefrom its "true value" (not necessarily observable). Theerrorof anobservationis the deviation of the observed value from the true value of a quantity of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics |
Transport Layer Security pre-shared key ciphersuites(TLS-PSK) is a set ofcryptographic protocolsthat providesecurecommunication based onpre-shared keys(PSKs). These pre-shared keys aresymmetric keysshared in advance among the communicating parties.
There are several cipher suites: The first set of ciphersuites use onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLS-PSK |
Agraphics processing unit(GPU) is a specializedelectronic circuitdesigned fordigital image processingand to acceleratecomputer graphics, being present either as a discretevideo cardor embedded onmotherboards,mobile phones,personal computers,workstations, andgame consoles. GPUs were later found to be useful for non-grap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit |
Inmathematics, theMoyal product(afterJosé Enrique Moyal; also called thestar productorWeyl–Groenewold product, afterHermann WeylandHilbrand J. Groenewold) is an example of aphase-space star product. It is an associative, non-commutative product,★, on the functions onR2n{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2n}}, equipped with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyal_product |
Web testingissoftware testingthat focuses onweb applications. Complete testing of a web-based system before going live can help address issues before the system is revealed to the public. Issues may include the security of the web application, the basic functionality of the site, its accessibility to disabled and fully... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_testing |
Decision tablesare a concise visual representation for specifying which actions to perform depending on given conditions. Decision table is the term used for aControl tableorState-transition tablein the field ofBusiness process modeling; they are usually formatted as the transpose of the way they are formatted inSoftwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_table |
Incomputing, thedesktop metaphoris aninterface metaphorwhich is a set of unifying concepts used bygraphical user interfacesto help users interact more easily with the computer.[1]The desktop metaphor treats thecomputer monitoras if it is the top of the user'sdesk, upon whichobjectssuch asdocumentsandfoldersof documents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor |
Approaches tosupercomputer architecturehave taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Earlysupercomputerarchitectures pioneered bySeymour Crayrelied on compact innovative designs and localparallelismto achieve superior computational peak performance.[1]However, in time the demand for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer_architecture |
Deep reinforcement learning(DRL) is a subfield ofmachine learningthat combines principles ofreinforcement learning(RL) anddeep learning. It involves training agents to make decisions by interacting with an environment to maximize cumulative rewards, while usingdeep neural networksto represent policies, value functions,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-to-end_reinforcement_learning |
DigiNotarwas a Dutchcertificate authority, established in 1998 and acquired in January 2011 byVASCO Data Security International, Inc.[1][2]The company was hacked in June 2011 and it issued hundreds of fakecertificates, some of which were used forman-in-the-middle attackson IranianGmailusers. The company was declared ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DigiNotar |
Rheology(/riːˈɒlədʒi/; fromGreekῥέω(rhéō)'flow'and-λoγία(-logia)'study of') is the study of the flow ofmatter, primarily in afluid(liquidorgas) state but also as "softsolids" or solids under conditions in which they respond withplasticflow rather than deformingelasticallyin response to an applied force.[1]Rheology is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheology |
Instatistics,additive smoothing, also calledLaplacesmoothing[1]orLidstonesmoothing, is a technique used to smooth count data, eliminating issues caused by certain values having 0 occurrences. Given a set of observation countsx=⟨x1,x2,…,xd⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\langle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{d}\rangle }from ad{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_smoothing |
Morphological typologyis awayof classifying the languages of the world that groups languages according to their commonmorphologicalstructures. The field organizes languages on the basis of how those languages formwordsby combiningmorphemes.Analyticlanguages contain very littleinflection, instead relying on features lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_richness |
Instatistics,hypotheses suggested by a given dataset, when tested with the same dataset that suggested them, are likely to be accepted even when they are not true. This is becausecircular reasoning(double dipping) would be involved: something seems true in the limited data set; therefore we hypothesize that it is true... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_theorizing |
Inmathematics, thefactorialof a non-negativeintegern{\displaystyle n},denotedbyn!{\displaystyle n!},is theproductof all positive integers less than or equalton{\displaystyle n}.The factorialofn{\displaystyle n}also equals the product ofn{\displaystyle n}with the next smaller factorial:n!=n×(n−1)×(n−2)×(n−3)×⋯×3×2×1=n×(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial |
Collective consciousness,collective conscience, orcollective conscious(French:conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.[1]In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness |
Inmathematics, amultipleis theproductof any quantity and aninteger.[1]In other words, for the quantitiesaandb, it can be said thatbis a multiple ofaifb=nafor some integern, which is called themultiplier. Ifais notzero, this is equivalent to saying thatb/a{\displaystyle b/a}is an integer.
Whenaandbare both integers, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submultiple |
In mathematics, apseudo-finite fieldFis an infinite model of thefirst-ordertheoryoffinite fields. This is equivalent to the condition thatFisquasi-finite(perfect with a uniqueextensionof every positive degree) andpseudo algebraically closed(every absolutelyirreducible varietyoverFhas a point defined overF). Everyhyper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-finite_field |
Thespectrumof alinear operatorT{\displaystyle T}that operates on aBanach spaceX{\displaystyle X}is a fundamental concept offunctional analysis. The spectrum consists of allscalarsλ{\displaystyle \lambda }such that the operatorT−λ{\displaystyle T-\lambda }does not have a boundedinverseonX{\displaystyle X}. The spectrum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_of_spectrum_(functional_analysis) |
TheAND gateis a basic digitallogic gatethat implements thelogical conjunction(∧) frommathematical logic– AND gates behave according to theirtruth table. A HIGH output (1) results only if all the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If any of the inputs to the AND gate are not HIGH, a LOW (0) is outputted. The function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gate |
Ingame theory, atrigger strategyis any of a class of strategies employed in a repeated non-cooperative game. A player using a trigger strategy initially cooperates but punishes the opponent if a certain level of defection (i.e., the trigger) is observed.
The level ofpunishmentand the sensitivity of the trigger vary w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_strategy |
Inmathematics, thequantum Markov chainis a reformulation of the ideas of a classicalMarkov chain, replacing the classical definitions of probability withquantum probability.
Very roughly, the theory of a quantum Markov chain resembles that of ameasure-many automaton, with some important substitutions: the initial stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Markov_chain |
Disinformation attacksare strategic deception campaigns[1]involvingmedia manipulationandinternet manipulation,[2]to disseminatemisleading information,[3]aiming toconfuse, paralyze, andpolarizeanaudience.[4]Disinformationcan be considered an attack when it involves orchestrated and coordinated efforts[5]to build an adve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation_attack |
Inmathematics,Chebyshev distance(orTchebychev distance),maximum metric, orL∞metric[1]is ametricdefined on areal coordinate spacewhere thedistancebetween twopointsis the greatest of their differences along any coordinate dimension.[2]It is named afterPafnuty Chebyshev.
It is also known aschessboard distance, since in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_distance |
Incryptography,forward secrecy(FS), also known asperfect forward secrecy(PFS), is a feature of specifickey-agreement protocolsthat gives assurances thatsession keyswill not be compromised even if long-term secrets used in the session key exchange are compromised, limiting damage.[1][2][3]ForTLS, the long-term secret is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy |
Insoftware engineering,inversion of control(IoC) is a design principle in which custom-written portions of acomputer programreceive theflow of controlfrom an external source (e.g. aframework). The term "inversion" is historical: asoftware architecturewith this design "inverts" control as compared toprocedural programmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_of_control |
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