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Arace conditionorrace hazardis the condition of anelectronics,software, or othersystemwhere the system's substantive behavior isdependenton the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events, leading to unexpected or inconsistent results. It becomes abugwhen one or more of the possible behaviors is undesirable.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition#Computing |
.propertiesis afile extensionforfilesmainly used inJava-related technologies to store the configurable parameters of anapplication. They can also be used for storing strings forInternationalization and localization; these are known as Property Resource Bundles.
Each parameter is stored as a pair ofstrings, one storing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.properties |
Regulation of artificial intelligenceis the development of public sectorpoliciesand laws for promoting and regulatingartificial intelligence(AI). It is part of the broaderregulation of algorithms.[1][2]The regulatory and policy landscape for AI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions worldwide, including for internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence |
Cold startis a potential problem incomputer-basedinformation systemswhich involves a degree of automateddata modelling. Specifically, it concerns the issue that the system cannot draw anyinferencesforusersor items about which it has not yet gathered sufficient information.
The cold start problem is a well known and we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_start_(recommender_systems) |
Inphysicsandmathematics, arandom fieldis a random function over an arbitrary domain (usually a multi-dimensional space such asRn{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}). That is, it is a functionf(x){\displaystyle f(x)}that takes on a random value at each pointx∈Rn{\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}(or some other domain). I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_field |
Personal Digital Cellular(PDC) was a2Gmobiletelecommunicationsstandard used exclusively inJapan.[citation needed]
After a peak of nearly 80 million subscribers to PDC, it had 46 million subscribers in December 2005, and was slowly phased out in favor of 3G technologies likeW-CDMAandCDMA2000. At the end of March 2012, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular |
Agraphing calculatoris a class of hand-held calculator that is capable of plotting graphs and solving complex functions. While there are several companies that manufacture models of graphing calculators,Hewlett-Packardis a major manufacturer.
The following table compares general and technical information for Hewlett-P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_HP_graphing_calculators |
Thebandwagon effectis a psychological phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so.[1]More specifically, it is acognitive biasby whichpublic opinionor behaviours can alter due to particular actions and beliefs rallying amongst the public.[2]It is a psychologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect |
This is alist ofrelational database management systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems |
Aprocess flow diagram(PFD) is a diagram commonly used inchemicalandprocess engineeringto indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship betweenmajorequipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations. Another commonly used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_flow_diagram |
Inmathematics, aproductis the result ofmultiplication, or anexpressionthat identifiesobjects(numbers orvariables) to be multiplied, calledfactors. For example, 21 is the product of 3 and 7 (the result of multiplication), andx⋅(2+x){\displaystyle x\cdot (2+x)}is the product ofx{\displaystyle x}and(2+x){\displaystyle (2+... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(mathematics) |
Anenumerative definitionof a concept or term is a special type ofextensional definitionthat gives an explicit and exhaustive listing of all theobjectsthat fall under the concept or term in question. Enumerative definitions are only possible for finite sets and only practical for relatively small sets.
An example of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerative_definition |
Signal processingis anelectrical engineeringsubfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizingsignals, such assound,images,potential fields,seismic signals,altimetry processing, andscientific measurements.[1]Signal processing techniques are used to optimize transmissions,digital storageefficiency, correctin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_signal_processing |
Acountermeasureis a measure or action taken to counter or offset another one. As a general concept, it implies precision and is any technological or tactical solution or system designed to prevent an undesirable outcome in the process. The first known use of the term according to theMerriam-Websterdictionary was in 192... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countermeasure |
Incomputer programming,code bloatis the production ofprogram code(source codeormachine code) that is unnecessarily long, slow, or otherwise wasteful of resources. Code bloat can be caused by inadequacies in theprogramming languagein which the code is written, thecompilerused to compile it, or theprogrammerwriting it. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_bloat |
Reificationinknowledge representationis the process of turning apredicate[1]or statement[2]into an addressable object. Reification allows the representation of assertions so that they can be referred to or qualified byotherassertions, i.e., meta-knowledge.[3]
The message "John is six feet tall" is an assertion involvi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(knowledge_representation) |
"No Silver Bullet—Essence and Accident in Software Engineering" is a widely discussed paper onsoftware engineeringwritten byTuring AwardwinnerFred Brooksin 1986.[1]Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even oneorder of magnitude[tenfol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidental_complexity |
Aletter bankis a relative of theanagramwhere all the letters of one word (the "bank") can be used as many times as desired (minimum of once each) to make a new word or phrase. For example, IMPS is a bank of MISSISSIPPI and SPROUT is a bank ofSUPPORT OUR TROOPS. As a convention, the bank should have no repeat letters wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_bank |
Intheoretical computer science, thecircuit satisfiability problem(also known asCIRCUIT-SAT,CircuitSAT,CSAT, etc.) is thedecision problemof determining whether a givenBoolean circuithas an assignment of its inputs that makes the output true.[1]In other words, it asks whether the inputs to a given Boolean circuit can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_satisfiability |
Asolved gameis agamewhose outcome (win, lose ordraw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly. This concept is usually applied toabstract strategy games, and especially to games with full information and no element of chance; solving such a game may usecombinatorial game t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solved_game |
Java code coverage toolsare of two types: first, tools that add statements to theJavasource codeand require its recompilation. Second, tools that instrument thebytecode, either before or during execution. The goal is to find out which parts of the code are tested by registering the lines ofcode executedwhen running a t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_code_coverage_tools |
Local rigiditytheorems in the theory of discrete subgroups ofLie groupsare results which show that small deformations of certain such subgroups are always trivial. It is different fromMostow rigidityand weaker (but holds more frequently) thansuperrigidity.
The first such theorem was proven byAtle Selbergfor co-compact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_rigidity |
Inmathematics, afactorisationof afree monoidis a sequence ofsubsetsof words with the property that every word in the free monoid can be written as a concatenation of elements drawn from the subsets. The Chen–Fox–Lyndontheorem states that theLyndon wordsfurnish a factorisation. TheSchützenbergertheorem relates the def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoid_factorisation |
Physician–patient privilegeis a legal concept, related tomedical confidentiality, that protects communications between a patient and theirdoctorfrom being used against the patient in court. It is a part of therules of evidencein manycommon lawjurisdictions. Almost every jurisdiction that recognizes physician–patient pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician%E2%80%93patient_privilege |
JIT sprayingis a class ofcomputer security exploitthat circumvents the protection ofaddress space layout randomizationanddata execution preventionby exploiting the behavior ofjust-in-time compilation.[1]It has been used to exploit thePDFformat[2]andAdobe Flash.[3]
Ajust-in-time compiler(JIT) by definition produces cod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIT_spraying |
Conservation biologyis the study of the conservation of nature and ofEarth'sbiodiversitywith the aim of protectingspecies, theirhabitats, andecosystemsfrom excessive rates ofextinctionand the erosion of biotic interactions.[1][2][3]It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the pract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology |
TheNX bit(no-execute bit) is aprocessorfeature that separates areas of avirtual address space(the memory layout a program uses) into sections for storing data or program instructions. Anoperating systemsupporting the NX bit can mark certain areas of the virtual address space as non-executable, preventing the processor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_Bit |
Ingroup theory, aword metricon adiscrete groupG{\displaystyle G}is a way to measure distance between any two elements ofG{\displaystyle G}. As the name suggests, the word metric is ametriconG{\displaystyle G}, assigning to any two elementsg{\displaystyle g},h{\displaystyle h}ofG{\displaystyle G}a distanced(g,h){\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_metric |
Incomputational complexity theory, aprobabilistically checkable proof(PCP) is a type ofproofthat can be checked by arandomized algorithmusing a bounded amount of randomness and reading a bounded number of bits of the proof. The algorithm is then required to accept correct proofs and reject incorrect proofs with very hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probabilistically_checkable_proof |
Incomputing, aroundoff error,[1]also calledrounding error,[2]is the difference between the result produced by a givenalgorithmusing exactarithmeticand the result produced by the same algorithm using finite-precision,roundedarithmetic.[3]Rounding errors are due to inexactness in the representation ofreal numbersand the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-off_error |
Instatistical theory, aU-statisticis a class of statistics defined as the average over the application of a given function applied to all tuples of a fixed size. The letter "U" stands for unbiased.[citation needed]In elementary statistics, U-statistics arise naturally in producingminimum-variance unbiased estimators.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-statistic |
Inmathematics,generalised means(orpower meanorHölder meanfromOtto Hölder)[1]are a family of functions for aggregating sets of numbers. These include as special cases thePythagorean means(arithmetic,geometric, andharmonicmeans).
Ifpis a non-zeroreal number, andx1,…,xn{\displaystyle x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}}are positive real ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_mean |
Krippendorff's alpha coefficient,[1]named after academicKlaus Krippendorff, is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis. Since the 1970s,alphahas been used incontent analysiswhere textual units are categorized by trained readers, in counseling andsurvey researchwhere expert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krippendorff%27s_alpha |
Inmathematics, arational functionis anyfunctionthat can be defined by arational fraction, which is analgebraic fractionsuch that both thenumeratorand thedenominatorarepolynomials. Thecoefficientsof the polynomials need not berational numbers; they may be taken in anyfieldK. In this case, one speaks of a rational functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function |
There are many differentnumeral systems, that is,writing systemsfor expressingnumbers.
"Abaseis a natural number B whosepowers(B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system."[1]: 38The term is not equivalent toradix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems |
TCP Gender Changeris a method in computer networking for making an internalTCP/IPbasednetwork serveraccessible beyond its protectivefirewall.
It consists of two nodes, one resides on the internal thelocal area networkwhere it can access the desired server, and the other node runs outside of the local area network, whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Gender_Changer |
Clojure(/ˈkloʊʒər/, likeclosure)[17][18]is adynamicandfunctionaldialectof theprogramming languageLispon theJavaplatform.[19][20]
Like most other Lisps, Clojure'ssyntaxis built onS-expressionsthat are firstparsedintodata structuresby aLisp readerbefore beingcompiled.[21][17]Clojure's reader supports literal syntax form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clojure |
Clusteringcan refer to the following:
Incomputing:
Ineconomics:
Ingraph theory: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustering |
Incomputer science,2-satisfiability,2-SATor just2SATis acomputational problemof assigning values to variables, each of which has two possible values, in order to satisfy a system ofconstraintson pairs of variables. It is a special case of the generalBoolean satisfiability problem, which can involve constraints on more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-satisfiability |
Bluetooth Meshis a computermesh networkingstandardbased onBluetooth Low Energythat allows for many-to-many communication over Bluetooth radio. The Bluetooth Mesh specifications were defined in the Mesh Profile[1]and Mesh Model[2]specifications by theBluetooth Special Interest Group(Bluetooth SIG). Bluetooth Mesh was co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth_mesh#Implementations |
Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History(CRUSH) is anIBMpredictive analyticssystem that attempts to predict the location of future crimes.[1]It was developed as part of the Blue CRUSH program in conjunction withMemphis Police Departmentand theUniversity of MemphisCriminology and Research department.[2]In Memphi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Reduction_Utilising_Statistical_History |
The following tables provide acomparison ofcomputer algebra systems(CAS).[1][2][3]A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects, a language to implement them, and an environment in which to use the language.[4][5]A CAS may include a user interface and graph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_computer_algebra_systems |
Asoftware-defined perimeter(SDP), sometimes referred to as ablack cloud, is a method of enhancing computer security. The SDP framework was developed by theCloud Security Allianceto control access to resources based on identity. In an SDP, connectivity follows a need-to-know model, where both device posture and identity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_perimeter |
Automatic vectorization, inparallel computing, is a special case ofautomatic parallelization, where acomputer programis converted from ascalarimplementation, which processes a single pair ofoperandsat a time, to avectorimplementation, which processes one operation on multiple pairs of operands at once. For example, mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_vectorization |
Inmathematics, aLaurent polynomial(named
afterPierre Alphonse Laurent) in one variable over afieldF{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }is alinear combinationof positive and negative powers of the variable withcoefficientsinF{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }. Laurent polynomials inX{\displaystyle X}form aringdenotedF[X,X−1]{\display... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_polynomial |
Amobile broadband modem, also known aswireless modemorcellular modem, is a type ofmodemthat allows apersonal computeror arouterto receivewirelessInternet accessvia amobile broadbandconnection instead of usingtelephoneorcable televisionlines. A mobile Internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wirelessInterne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadband_modem |
In theanalysis of algorithms, themaster theorem for divide-and-conquer recurrencesprovides anasymptotic analysisfor manyrecurrence relationsthat occur in theanalysisofdivide-and-conquer algorithms. The approach was first presented byJon Bentley,Dorothea Blostein(née Haken), andJames B. Saxein 1980, where it was describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_theorem_(analysis_of_algorithms) |
In computing,directorimmediate mode[1][2]in an interactive programming system is the immediate execution ofcommands,statements, orexpressions. In many interactive systems, most of these can both be included in programs or executed directly in aread–eval–print loop(REPL).
Most interactive systems also offer the possibi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_mode |
Semiconductor device modelingcreates models for the behavior ofsemiconductor devicesbased on fundamental physics, such as the doping profiles of the devices. It may also include the creation ofcompact models(such as the well known SPICEtransistormodels), which try to capture the electrical behavior of such devices but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_modeling |
Incomputer programming,instrumentationis the act of modifying software so thatanalysiscan be performed on it.[1]
Generally, instrumentation either modifiessource codeorbinary code. Execution environments like the JVM provide separate interfaces to add instrumentation to program executions, such as theJVMTI, which enab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_(computer_programming) |
Cell Broadcast(CB) is a method of simultaneously sendingshort messagesto multiplemobile telephoneusers in a defined area. It is defined by theETSI's GSM committee and3GPPand is part of the2G,3G,4Gand5Gstandards.[1]It is also known as Short Message Service-Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB or CB SMS).[2][3]
Unlike Short Message S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_Broadcast |
TheMotorola 68000 series(also known as680x0,m68000,m68k, or68k) is a family of32-bitcomplex instruction set computer(CISC)microprocessors. During the 1980s and early 1990s, they were popular inpersonal computersandworkstationsand were the primary competitors ofIntel'sx86microprocessors. They were best known as the proc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/680x0 |
Inmathematics, ametric spaceis asettogether with a notion ofdistancebetween itselements, usually calledpoints. The distance is measured by afunctioncalled ametricordistance function.[1]Metric spaces are a general setting for studying many of the concepts ofmathematical analysisandgeometry.
The most familiar example o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_space |
Inmathematics, theessential spectrumof abounded operator(or, more generally, of adensely definedclosed linear operator) is a certain subset of itsspectrum, defined by a condition of the type that says, roughly speaking, "fails badly to be invertible".
In formal terms, letX{\displaystyle X}be aHilbert spaceand letT{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_spectrum |
The following is a list ofmobile telecommunicationsnetworks usingthird-generationUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) technology. This list does not aim to cover all networks, but instead focuses on networks deployed on frequencies other than 2100 MHz which is commonly deployed around the globe and on Multi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UMTS_networks |
Intheoretical computer scienceand mathematics,computational complexity theoryfocuses on classifyingcomputational problemsaccording to their resource usage, and explores the relationships between these classifications. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer. A computation problem is solvable by mechanica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_intractability |
1800s:Martineau·Tocqueville·Marx·Spencer·Le Bon·Ward·Pareto·Tönnies·Veblen·Simmel·Durkheim·Addams·Mead·Weber·Du Bois·Mannheim·Elias
Thesociology of the Internet(or thesocial psychology of the internet) involves the application of sociological or social psychological theory and method to theInternetas a source of infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sociology |
Inmathematics, theHilbert symbolornorm-residue symbolis a function (–, –) fromK××K×to the group ofnthroots of unityin alocal fieldKsuch as the fields ofrealsorp-adic numbers. It is related toreciprocity laws, and can be defined in terms of theArtin symboloflocal class field theory. The Hilbert symbol was introduced byD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_symbol |
Metropolis light transport(MLT) is aglobal illuminationapplication of aMonte Carlo methodcalled theMetropolis–Hastings algorithmto therendering equationfor generating images from detailed physical descriptions ofthree-dimensionalscenes.[1][2]
The procedure constructs paths from the eye to a light source usingbidirecti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_light_transport |
Apseudonym(/ˈsjuːdənɪm/; fromAncient Greekψευδώνυμος(pseudṓnumos)'falsely named') oralias(/ˈeɪli.əs/) is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning (orthonym).[1][2]This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym |
In themathematicaldiscipline oflinear algebra, amatrix decompositionormatrix factorizationis afactorizationof amatrixinto a product of matrices. There are many different matrix decompositions; each finds use among a particular class of problems.
Innumerical analysis, different decompositions are used to implement effi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_decomposition |
Adaptive management, also known asadaptive resource managementoradaptive environmental assessment and management, is a structured,iterativeprocess of robustdecision makingin the face ofuncertainty, with an aim to reducing uncertainty over time viasystem monitoring. In this way, decision making simultaneously meets one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management |
Avirtual communityis asocial networkof individuals who connect through specificsocial media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. Some of the most pervasive virtual communities areonline communitiesoperating undersocial networking services.
Howard Rhe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Community |
Acollaborative innovation network(CoIN) is a collaborative innovation practice that uses internet platforms to promote communication and innovation within self-organizing virtual teams.
Coins work across hierarchies and boundaries where members can exchange ideas and information directly and openly. This collaborative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_innovation_network |
TheScottish Book(Polish:Księga Szkocka) was a thick notebook used by mathematicians of theLwów School of MathematicsinPolandfor jotting down problems meant to be solved. The notebook was named after the "Scottish Café" where it was kept.
Originally, the mathematicians who gathered at the cafe would write down the prob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Book |
Inmachine learning,grokking, ordelayed generalization, is a transition togeneralizationthat occurs many training iterations after theinterpolation threshold, after many iterations of seemingly little progress, as opposed to the usual process where generalization occurs slowly and progressively once the interpolation th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grokking_(machine_learning) |
This is a list of notablelexer generatorsandparser generatorsfor various language classes.
Regular languagesare a category of languages (sometimes termedChomsky Type 3) which can be matched by a state machine (more specifically, by adeterministic finite automatonor anondeterministic finite automaton) constructed from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_parser_generators |
Inmathematics, thecanonical bundleof anon-singularalgebraic varietyV{\displaystyle V}of dimensionn{\displaystyle n}over a field is theline bundleΩn=ω{\displaystyle \,\!\Omega ^{n}=\omega }, which is then{\displaystyle n}thexterior powerof thecotangent bundleΩ{\displaystyle \Omega }onV{\displaystyle V}.
Over thecomplex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_class |
HarmonyOS(HMOS) (Chinese:鸿蒙;pinyin:Hóngméng;trans."Vast Mist") is adistributed operating systemdeveloped byHuaweiforsmartphones,tablets,smart TVs,smart watches,personal computersand othersmart devices. It has amicrokerneldesign with a single framework: the operating system selects suitable kernels from theabstraction l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarmonyOS |
"Further research is needed" (FRIN), "more research is needed" and other variants of similar phrases are commonly used inresearch papers. Theclichéis so common that it has attracted research, regulation and cultural commentary.
Someresearch journalshave banned the phrase "more research is needed" on the grounds that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_research_is_needed |
Digital cloningis an emerging technology, that involves deep-learning algorithms, which allows one to manipulate currently existingaudio,photos, andvideosthat are hyper-realistic.[1]One of the impacts of such technology is that hyper-realistic videos and photos makes it difficult for the human eye to distinguish what i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_cloning |
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface(ACPI) is anopen standardthatoperating systemscan use to discover and configurecomputer hardwarecomponents, to performpower management(e.g. putting unused hardware components to sleep), auto configuration (e.g.Plug and Playandhot swapping), and status monitoring. It was first r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI |
Theblack boxmodel of power converteralso called behavior model, is a method ofsystem identificationto represent the characteristics ofpower converter, that is regarded as a black box. There are two types of black box model of power converter - when the model includes the load, it is called terminated model, otherwise u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_box_model_of_power_converter |
Inmathematics,combinatorial topologywas an older name foralgebraic topology, dating from the time whentopological invariantsof spaces (for example theBetti numbers) were regarded as derived from combinatorial decompositions of spaces, such as decomposition intosimplicial complexes. After the proof of thesimplicial appr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_topology |
Ingraph theory, a branch of mathematics, askew-symmetric graphis adirected graphthat isisomorphicto its owntranspose graph, the graph formed by reversing all of its edges, under an isomorphism that is aninvolutionwithout anyfixed points. Skew-symmetric graphs are identical to thedouble covering graphsofbidirected grap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-symmetric_graph |
Inmathematics,cyclical monotonicityis a generalization of the notion ofmonotonicityto the case ofvector-valued function.[1][2]
Let⟨⋅,⋅⟩{\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle }denote the inner product on aninner product spaceX{\displaystyle X}and letU{\displaystyle U}be anonemptysubset ofX{\displaystyle X}. Acorre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclical_monotonicity |
Legal informaticsis an area withininformation science.
TheAmerican Library Associationdefinesinformaticsas "the study of thestructureandpropertiesofinformation, as well as the application oftechnologyto theorganization,storage,retrieval, and dissemination of information." Legal informatics therefore, pertains to the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence_to_legal_informatics |
Srizbi BotNetis considered one of the world's largestbotnets, and responsible for sending out more than half of all thespambeing sent by all the major botnets combined.[1][2][3]The botnets consist of computers infected by the Srizbitrojan, which sent spam on command. Srizbi suffered a massive setback in November 2008 w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srizbi_botnet |
TheComputer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986(CFAA) is aUnited Statescybersecuritybill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existingcomputer fraudlaw (18 U.S.C.§ 1030), which had been included in theComprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984.[1]Prior to computer-specific criminal laws, computer crimes were prosecuted asm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act |
In mathematics,exactnessmay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exactness_(disambiguation) |
8.0.2macOS30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)8.0.2Linux30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)8.0.2Android30 May 2024; 11 months ago(2024-05-30)
TheBerkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing[2](BOINC, pronounced/bɔɪŋk/– rhymes with "oink"[3]) is anopen-sourcemiddlewaresystem forvolunteer computing(a type ofd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOINC |
Igor Aleksandrovič Mel'čuk, sometimesMelchuk(Russian:Игорь Александрович Мельчук;Ukrainian:Ігор Олександрович Мельчук; born 1932) is a Soviet and Canadian linguist, a retired professor at the Department of Linguistics and Translation,Université de Montréal.
He graduated from the Moscow State University's Philological ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Mel%27%C4%8Duk |
Harrison Colyar White(March 21, 1930 – May 18, 2024) was an American sociologist who was the Giddings Professor of Sociology atColumbia University. White played an influential role in the “Harvard Revolution” insocial networks[1]and theNew York School of relational sociology.[2]He is credited with the development of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_White |
Apassword manageris a software program to preventpassword fatiguebyautomatically generating,autofillingand storingpasswords.[1][2]It can do this forlocal applicationsorweb applicationssuch asonline shopsorsocial media.[3]Web browserstend to have a built-in password manager. Password managers typically require a user to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_manager |
High-performance technical computing(HPTC) is the application ofhigh performance computing(HPC) to technical, as opposed to business or scientific, problems (although the lines between the various disciplines are necessarily vague). HPTC often refers to the application of HPC toengineeringproblems and includescomputati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_technical_computing |
Quantum mechanicsis the fundamental physicaltheorythat describes the behavior of matter and of light; its unusual characteristics typically occur at and below the scale ofatoms.[2]: 1.1It is the foundation of allquantum physics, which includesquantum chemistry,quantum field theory,quantum technology, andquantum informa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics |
Acryptographic protocolis an abstract or concreteprotocolthat performs asecurity-related function and appliescryptographicmethods, often as sequences ofcryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data structures and representations, at which point it can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_protocol |
This is alist of Unixdaemonsthat are found on variousUnix-likeoperating systems. Unix daemons typically have a name ending with ad. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_daemons |
Alearning cycleis a concept of how people learn from experience. A learning cycle will have a number of stages or phases, the last of which can be followed by the first.
In 1933 (based on work first published in 1910),John Deweydescribed five phases or aspects of reflective thought:
In between, as states of thinking,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_cycle |
Inproject management, thecone of uncertaintydescribes the evolution of the amount of best case uncertainty during a project.[1]At the beginning of a project, comparatively little is known about the product or work results, and so estimates are subject to large uncertainty. As more research and development is done, more... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_of_uncertainty |
Ininformation theory, thenoisy-channel coding theorem(sometimesShannon's theoremorShannon's limit), establishes that for any given degree of noise contamination of a communication channel, it is possible (in theory) to communicate discrete data (digitalinformation) nearly error-free up to a computable maximum rate thro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon's_theorem |
Jetonsorjettonsaretokensorcoin-like medals produced across Europe from the 13th through the 18th centuries. They were produced as counters for use in calculation on acounting board, a lined board similar to anabacus. Jetons for calculation were commonly used in Europe from about 1200 to 1700,[1]and remained in occasion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeton |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, apartitionof a non-negativeintegern, also called aninteger partition, is a way of writingnas asumofpositive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of theirsummandsare considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes acomposition.) For example,4can be partitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(number_theory) |
Information quality(InfoQ) is the potential of adata setto achieve a specific (scientific or practical) goal using a givenempirical analysis method.
Formally, the definition isInfoQ = U(X,f|g)where X is the data, f the analysis method, g the goal and U the utility function. InfoQ is different fromdata qualityandanalys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Quality_(InfoQ) |
Incomputer science,augmented Backus–Naur form(ABNF) is ametalanguagebased onBackus–Naur form(BNF) but consisting of its own syntax and derivation rules. The motive principle for ABNF is to describe aformal systemof a language to be used as a bidirectionalcommunications protocol. It is defined byInternet Standard 68("ST... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form |
Crowdmappingis a subtype ofcrowdsourcing[1][2]by whichaggregationof crowd-generated inputs such as captured communications andsocial mediafeeds are combined withgeographic datato create adigital mapthat is as up-to-date as possible[3]on events such aswars,humanitarian crises,crime,elections, ornatural disasters.[4][5]S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdmapping |
Onboardingororganizational socializationis the American term for the mechanism through which newemployeesacquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors to become effective organizational members and insiders. In other than American English, such as in British and Australasian dialects, this is referred to as "i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onboarding |
In the mathematical theory ofstochastic processes,variable-order Markov (VOM) modelsare an important class of models that extend the well knownMarkov chainmodels. In contrast to the Markov chain models, where eachrandom variablein a sequence with aMarkov propertydepends on a fixed number of random variables, in VOM mod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-order_Markov_model |
Concurrency refers to the ability of a system to execute multiple tasks through simultaneous execution or time-sharing (context switching), sharing resources and managing interactions. Concurrency improves responsiveness, throughput, and scalability in modern computing, including:[1][2][3][4][5]
Concurrency is a broad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science) |
TheUNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records(“MLETR”) is auniform model lawthat has been adopted by theUnited Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL) in 2017.[1]Its scope is to allow the use of transferable documents and instruments in electronic form. Transferable documents and instruments ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLES |
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