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The reflectance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in reflecting radiant energy . It is the fraction of incident electromagnetic power that is reflected at the boundary. Reflectance is a component of the response of the electronic structure of the material to the electromagnetic field of light, and is in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectance |
Reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) is a spectroscopic technique which measures the difference in reflectance of two beams of light that are shone in normal incident on a surface with different linear polarizations . [ 1 ] It is also known as reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). [ 2 ]
It is calculated as:
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectance_difference_spectroscopy |
Reflected-wave switching [ 1 ] is a signalling technique used in backplane computer buses such as PCI .
A backplane computer bus is a type of multilayer printed circuit board that has at least one (almost) solid layer of copper called the ground plane, and at least one layer of copper tracks that are used as wires for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflected-wave_switching |
The reflected binary code ( RBC ), also known as reflected binary ( RB ) or Gray code after Frank Gray , is an ordering of the binary numeral system such that two successive values differ in only one bit (binary digit).
For example, the representation of the decimal value "1" in binary would normally be " 001 ", and "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflected_binary_code |
Reflectins are a family of intrinsically disordered proteins evolved by a certain number of cephalopods including Euprymna scolopes and Doryteuthis opalescens to produce iridescent camouflage and signaling. The recently identified protein family is enriched in aromatic and sulfur -containing amino acids , and is utiliz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectin |
Reflecting instruments are those that use mirrors to enhance their ability to make measurements. In particular, the use of mirrors permits one to observe two objects simultaneously while measuring the angular distance between the objects. While reflecting instruments are used in many professions, they are primarily ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_instrument |
In computer security , a reflection attack is a method of attacking a challenge–response authentication system that uses the same protocol in both directions. That is, the same challenge–response protocol is used by each side to authenticate the other side. The essential idea of the attack is to trick the target into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_attack |
In physics and electrical engineering the reflection coefficient is a parameter that describes how much of a wave is reflected by an impedance discontinuity in the transmission medium. It is equal to the ratio of the amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave, with each expressed as phasors . For example, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_coefficient |
In mathematics , a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f ( a − x ) and f ( x ) . It is a special case of a functional equation . It is common in mathematical literature to use the term "functional equation" for what are specifically reflection formulae.
Reflection form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_formula |
Reflection high-energy electron diffraction ( RHEED ) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materials characterization methods that also rely on diffraction of high-energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_high-energy_electron_diffraction |
In set theory , a branch of mathematics , a reflection principle says that it is possible to find sets that, with respect to any given property, resemble the class of all sets. There are several different forms of the reflection principle depending on exactly what is meant by "resemble". Weak forms of the reflection pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_principle |
In the theory of probability for stochastic processes , the reflection principle for a Wiener process states that if the path of a Wiener process f ( t ) reaches a value f ( s ) = a at time t = s , then the subsequent path after time s has the same distribution as the reflection of the subsequent path about the value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_principle_(Wiener_process) |
A reflective crack is a type of failure in asphalt pavement, one of the most popular road surface types. Asphalt pavement is impacted by traffic and thermal loading. Due to loading, cracks can appear on pavement surface that can reduce the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) dramatically.
The pavement can be maintained by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_crack |
Reflective disclosure is a model of social criticism proposed and developed by philosopher Nikolas Kompridis . It is partly based on Martin Heidegger's insights into the phenomenon of world disclosure , which Kompridis applies to the field of political and social philosophy . The term refers to practices through which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_disclosure |
Reflective equilibrium is a state of balance or coherence among a set of beliefs arrived at by a process of deliberative mutual adjustment among general principles and particular judgements . Although he did not use the term, philosopher Nelson Goodman introduced the method of reflective equilibrium as an approach to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium |
Reflective surfaces , or ground-based albedo modification ( GBAM ), is a solar radiation management method of enhancing Earth's albedo (the ability to reflect the visible , infrared , and ultraviolet wavelengths of the Sun , reducing heat transfer to the surface). The IPCC described GBAM as "whitening roofs, changes in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_surfaces_(climate_engineering) |
Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) is a physical method based on the interference of white light at thin films, which is used to investigate molecular interaction.
The underlying measuring principle corresponds to that of the Michelson interferometer .
White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectometric_interference_spectroscopy |
Reflectometry is a general term for the use of the reflection of waves or pulses at surfaces and interfaces to detect or characterize objects, sometimes to detect anomalies as in fault detection and medical diagnosis . [ 1 ]
There are many different forms of reflectometry. They can be classified in several ways: by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectometry |
A reflex radio receiver , occasionally called a reflectional receiver , is a radio receiver design in which the same amplifier is used to amplify the high-frequency radio signal (RF) and low-frequency audio (sound) signal (AF). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It was first invented in 1914 by German scientists Wilhelm Schloemilch and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_receiver |
In abstract algebra , a module M over a ring R is called torsionless if it can be embedded into some direct product R I . Equivalently, M is torsionless if each non-zero element of M has non-zero image under some R -linear functional f :
This notion was introduced by Hyman Bass . [ citation needed ]
A module is torsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_module |
In the area of mathematics known as functional analysis , a reflexive space is a locally convex topological vector space for which the canonical evaluation map from X {\displaystyle X} into its bidual (which is the strong dual of the strong dual of X {\displaystyle X} ) is a homeomorphism (or equivalently, a TVS isomor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_space |
Reflexogenous (reflexogenic) zone (or the receptive field of a reflex ) is the area of the body stimulation of which causes a definite unconditioned reflex . [ 1 ] : vol. II, p. 103 For example, stimulation of the mucosa of the nasopharynx elicits a sneezing reflex, and stimulation of the tracheae and bronchi elicits a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexogenous_zone |
Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [ 1 ] and laboratory [ 2 ] distillations . It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.
The term reflux [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux |
The Reformatsky reaction (sometimes transliterated as Reformatskii reaction ) is an organic reaction which condenses aldehydes or ketones with α-halo esters using metallic zinc to form β-hydroxy-esters: [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
The organozinc reagent, also called a 'Reformatsky enolate', is prepared by treating an alpha-halo ester... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatsky_reaction |
Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending ( RBOB ) is a gasoline futures contract traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). It is the benchmark futures contract for wholesale gasoline in the United States. [ 1 ]
Edwin Drake was the first to discover RBOB gasoline but discarded it as a byproduct on his q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformulated_Blendstock_for_Oxygenate_Blending |
Refraction networking , also known as decoy routing , is a research anti-censorship approach that would allow users to circumvent a censor without using any individual proxy servers. [ 1 ] Instead, it implements proxy functionality at the core of partner networks, such as those of Internet service providers , outside t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction_networking |
A. R. Forouhi and I. Bloomer deduced dispersion equations for the refractive index, n , and extinction coefficient, k , which were published in 1986 [ 1 ] and 1988. [ 2 ] The 1986 publication relates to amorphous materials, while the 1988 publication relates to crystalline. Subsequently, in 1991, their work was include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index_and_extinction_coefficient_of_thin_film_materials |
A refractometer is a laboratory or field device for the measurement of an index of refraction ( refractometry ). The index of refraction is calculated from the observed refraction angle using Snell's law . For mixtures, the index of refraction then allows the concentration to be determined using mixing rules such as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractometer |
In materials science , a refractory (or refractory material ) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat or chemical attack and that retains its strength and rigidity at high temperatures . [ 1 ] They are inorganic , non-metallic compounds that may be porous or non-porous, and their crystallinity varies w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory |
In planetary science , any material that has a relatively high equilibrium condensation temperature is called refractory . [ 1 ] The opposite of refractory is volatile .
The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_(planetary_science) |
Refractory metals are a class of metals that are extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear . The expression is mostly used in the context of materials science , metallurgy and engineering . The definition of which elements belong to this group differs. The most common definition includes five elements: two of the fift... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_metals |
Refractoriness is the fundamental property of any object of autowave nature (especially excitable medium ) not responding to stimuli, if the object stays in the specific refractory state . In common sense, refractory period is the characteristic recovery time, a period that is associated with the motion of the image po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_period_(physiology) |
A refrigerant is a working fluid used in the cooling, heating, or reverse cooling/heating cycles of air conditioning systems and heat pumps , where they undergo a repeated phase transition from a liquid to a gas and back again. Refrigerants are heavily regulated because of their toxicity and flammability , [ 1 ] as wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerant |
Refrigeration is any of various types of cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is ejected to a place of higher temperature). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Refrigeration is an artificial, or human-made, cooling method. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Refrigeration ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration |
A refuge is a concept in ecology , in which an organism obtains protection from predation by hiding in an area where it is inaccessible or cannot easily be found. Due to population dynamics , when refuges are available, populations of both predators and prey are significantly higher, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and significantly more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuge_(ecology) |
In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia ) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation ( allopatry ) can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting.
Present examples of refugial animal species are t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology) |
Refuse-derived fuel ( RDF ) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial waste or commercial waste.
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition:
"Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refuse-derived_fuel |
RegTransBase is database of regulatory interactions and transcription factor binding sites in prokaryotes [ 1 ]
This Biological database -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This biophysics -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegTransBase |
Regelation is the phenomenon of ice melting under pressure and refreezing when the pressure is reduced. This can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice, with a heavy weight attached to it. The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally, permitting the wire to pass through the entire block... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regelation |
Regeneration in biology is the process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes , cells , organisms , and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. [ 1 ] Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Regeneration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(biology) |
In ecology regeneration is the ability of an ecosystem – specifically, the environment and its living population – to renew and recover from damage. It is a kind of biological regeneration .
Regeneration refers to ecosystems replenishing what is being eaten, disturbed, or harvested. Regeneration's biggest force is pho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(ecology) |
Regeneration refers to rethinking and reinventing business models , supply chains , and lifestyles to sustain and improve the earth's natural environment and avoid the depletion of natural resources. [ 1 ] Regeneration includes widespread environmental practices such as reusing , recycling , restoring, and the use of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(sustainability) |
Regeneration in humans is the regrowth of lost tissues or organs in response to injury. This is in contrast to wound healing , or partial regeneration, which involves closing up the injury site with some gradation of scar tissue. Some tissues such as skin, the vas deferens , and large organs including the liver can reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_in_humans |
A regenerative circuit is an amplifier circuit that employs positive feedback (also known as regeneration or reaction ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Some of the output of the amplifying device is applied back to its input to add to the input signal, increasing the amplification. [ 3 ] One example is the Schmitt trigger (which is also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_circuit |
Regenerative cooling is a method of cooling gases in which compressed gas is cooled by allowing it to expand and thereby take heat from the surroundings. The cooled expanded gas then passes through a heat exchanger where it cools the incoming compressed gas. [ 1 ]
In 1857, Siemens introduced the regenerative cooling c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_cooling |
A regenerative heat exchanger , or more commonly a regenerator , is a type of heat exchanger where heat from the hot fluid is intermittently stored in a thermal storage medium before it is transferred to the cold fluid. To accomplish this the hot fluid is brought into contact with the heat storage medium, then the flui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_heat_exchanger |
Regenerative medicine deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human or animal cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". [ 1 ] This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_medicine |
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American biotechnology company headquartered in Westchester County, New York . The company was founded in 1988. [ 2 ] Originally focused on neurotrophic factors and their regenerative capabilities, giving rise to its present name; the company has since expanded operations into the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals |
In general relativity , Regge–Wheeler–Zerilli equations are a pair of equations that describe gravitational perturbations of a Schwarzschild black hole , named after Tullio Regge , John Archibald Wheeler and Frank J. Zerilli. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The perturbations of a Schwarzchild metric is classified into two types, namely, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regge–Wheeler–Zerilli_equations |
Regia is a classical building type, a place where a governing authority resides. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is among the ancient building types. Others are the tholos , the temple, the theater, the dwelling, and the shop. Buildings according to this type may be rectangular in plan with an interior courtyard . [ 3 ]
This architect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_(architecture) |
Regime shifts are large, abrupt, persistent changes in the structure and function of ecosystems , the climate , financial and economic systems or other complex systems . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks . Regimes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regime_shift |
The Regiment of the North Pole , a medieval outdated astronomy term, is a rule saying how to find the celestial North Pole by the stars. It was used in former centuries when, because of precession , the star Polaris was much further from the celestial North Pole than it is now.
As at AD2000 precession epoch , the rule... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_of_the_North_Pole |
Regina is a suite of mathematical software for 3-manifold topologists . It focuses upon the study of 3-manifold triangulations and includes support for normal surfaces and angle structures. [ 1 ]
This topology-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
This scientific software article is a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_(program) |
In mathematics , the Regiomontanus's angle maximization problem , is a famous optimization problem [ 1 ] posed by the 15th-century German mathematician Johannes Müller [ 2 ] (also known as Regiomontanus ). The problem is as follows:
If the viewer stands too close to the wall or too far from the wall, the angle is smal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiomontanus'_angle_maximization_problem |
The region connection calculus ( RCC ) is intended to serve for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning . RCC abstractly describes regions (in Euclidean space , or in a topological space ) by their possible relations to each other. RCC8 consists of 8 basic relations that are possible between two regions:
From... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_connection_calculus |
The Regional Positioning and Timing System ( Turkish : Bölgesel Konumlama ve Zamanlama Sistemi ), shortly BKZS , is a space-based project of the Turkish Armed Forces on global positioning and time transfer by satellite navigation system .
The aim of the project is to provide positioning and timing information, which T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Positioning_and_Timing_System_(Turkey) |
A Regional Red List is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale. Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species within a political managemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Red_List |
The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) Regional Scale Nodes (RSN) component is an electro-optically cabled underwater observatory that directly connects to the global Internet . It is the largest cable-linked seabed observatory in the world , and also the first of its kind in the U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Scale_Nodes |
Regional Science Policy & Practice (RSPP) , since 2019 publish six issues per year, is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Regional Science Association International . It was established in 2008 and covers regional science topics from disciplines such as planning, economics , ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Science_Policy_and_Practice |
This article lists the main regional associations for road authorities from around the world. Many of these are associated with the World Road Association . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_associations_of_road_authorities |
In the field of developmental biology , regional differentiation is the process by which different areas are identified in the development of the early embryo . [ 1 ] The process by which the cells become specified differs between organisms .
In terms of developmental commitment, a cell can either be specified or it c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_differentiation |
Regional geochemistry is the study of the spatial variation in the chemical composition of materials at the surface of the Earth , on a scale of tens to thousands of kilometres. Important parameters to consider when designing or evaluating a geochemical survey are:
Garrett et al. (2008) describe how the discipline has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_geochemistry |
In organic chemistry , regioselectivity is the preference of chemical bonding or breaking in one direction over all other possible directions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can often apply to which of many possible positions a reagent will affect, such as which proton a strong base will abstract from an organic molecule , or where on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regioselectivity |
A register is a grille with moving parts, capable of being opened and closed and the air flow directed, which is part of a building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The placement and size of registers is critical to HVAC efficiency. Register dampers are also important, and can serve a safety ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating) |
The Register of Antarctic Marine Species , also known as RAMS , is a taxonomic database that provides a list of marine species found in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Its purpose is to provide authoritative and comprehensive information on the diversity of marine life in the region, which prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_of_Antarctic_Marine_Species |
In computer security , a register spring is a sort of trampoline . It is a bogus return pointer or Structured Exception Handling (SEH) pointer which an exploit places on the call stack , directing control flow to existing code (within a dynamic-link library (DLL) or the static program binary). This target code in turn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_spring |
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals ( REACH ) is a European Union regulation dating from 18 December 2006, [ 1 ] amended on 16 December 2008 by Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. [ 2 ] REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances , and their potential impacts on both human h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals |
The Registry of Standard Biological Parts is a collection of genetic parts that are used in the assembly of systems and devices in synthetic biology . The registry was founded in 2003 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The registry, as of 2018, contains over 20,000 parts. Recipients of the genetic parts inc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Standard_Biological_Parts |
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS ) is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference to the validity or usefulness of the studies reported. Until 2001 it was maintained by US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry_of_Toxic_Effects_of_Chemical_Substances |
The Regius Chair of Astronomy is one of eight Regius Professorships at the University of Edinburgh , and was founded in 1785. Regius Professorships are those that have in the past been established by the British Crown , and are still formally appointed by the current monarch, although they are advertised and recruited ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Astronomy_(Edinburgh) |
A reglet is found on the exterior of a building along a masonry wall, chimney or parapet that meets the roof . It is a groove cut within a mortar joint that receives counter-flashing meant to cover surface flashing used to deflect water infiltration. Reglet can also refer to the counter-flashing itself when it is appli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reglet |
Philosophers
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Regnal numbers are ordinal numbers , often written as Roman numerals , used to distinguish among persons with the same name who held the same office. Most importantly, they are used to distinguish monarchs or popes . An ordinal is the number placed after a monarch's regnal name to differentiate bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_number |
In decision theory , regret aversion (or anticipated regret ) describes how the human emotional response of regret can influence decision-making under uncertainty . When individuals make choices without complete information, they often experience regret if they later discover that a different choice would have produced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret_(decision_theory) |
In mathematics , and more specifically in computer algebra and elimination theory , a regular chain is a particular kind of triangular set of multivariate polynomials over a field, where a triangular set is a finite sequence of polynomials such that each one contains at least one more indeterminate than the preceding o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_chain |
In computer science and mathematics , more precisely in automata theory , model theory and formal language , a regular numerical predicate is a kind of relation over integers. Regular numerical predicates can also be considered as a subset of N r {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} ^{r}} for some arity r {\displaystyle r} . One... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_numerical_predicate |
In computer algebra , a regular semi-algebraic system is a particular kind of triangular system of multivariate polynomials over a real closed field.
Regular chains and triangular decompositions are fundamental and well-developed tools for describing the complex solutions of polynomial systems. The notion of a regul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_semi-algebraic_system |
In chemistry , a regular solution is a solution whose entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, but is non-ideal due to a nonzero enthalpy of mixing . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Such a solution is formed by random mixing of components of similar molar volume and without strong specific interac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_solution |
Martin Hairer 's theory of regularity structures provides a framework for studying a large class of subcritical parabolic stochastic partial differential equations arising from quantum field theory . [ 1 ] The framework covers the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation , the Φ 3 4 {\displaystyle \Phi _{3}^{4}} equation and the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularity_structure |
In physics , especially quantum field theory , regularization is a method of modifying observables which have singularities in order to make them finite by the introduction of a suitable parameter called the regulator . The regulator, also known as a "cutoff", models our lack of knowledge about physics at unobserved... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(physics) |
Regulated Product Submission (RPS) is a Health Level Seven (HL7) standard designed to facilitate the processing and review of regulated product information. [ 1 ] RPS is being developed in response to performance goals that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is to achieve by 2012, as outlined in the Prescripti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulated_Product_Submissions |
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. [ 1 ] Specialists in the field are known as biotechnologists .
The term biotechnology was first used by Kár... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_biotechnologies |
The regulation of chemicals is the legislative intent of a variety of national laws or international initiatives such as agreements, strategies or conventions . These international initiatives define the policy of further regulations to be implemented locally as well as exposure or emission limits. Often, regulatory a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_chemicals |
Regulation of gene expression , or gene regulation , [ 1 ] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products ( protein or RNA ). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression |
The regulation of genetic engineering varies widely by country. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering |
The regulation of therapeutic goods , defined as drugs and therapeutic devices , varies by jurisdiction. In some countries, such as the United States, they are regulated at the national level by a single agency. In other jurisdictions they are regulated at the state level, or at both state and national levels by variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods |
Generally, in progression to cancer, hundreds of genes are silenced or activated. Although silencing of some genes in cancers occurs by mutation, a large proportion of carcinogenic gene silencing is a result of altered DNA methylation (see DNA methylation in cancer ). DNA methylation causing silencing in cancer typic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_transcription_in_cancer |
In automatic control , a regulator is a device which has the function of maintaining a designated characteristic. It performs the activity of managing or maintaining a range of values in a machine. The measurable property of a device is managed closely by specified conditions or an advance set value; or it can be a var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_(automatic_control) |
A combined sewer is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff together to a sewage treatment plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated sto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_(sewer) |
In genetics , a regulator gene , regulator , or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. Regulatory sequences , which encode regulatory genes, are often at the five prime end (5') to the start site of transcription of the gene they regulate. In addition, these sequenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_gene |
Regulatory B cells (Bregs or B reg cells) represent a small population of B cells that participates in immunomodulation and in the suppression of immune responses. The population of Bregs can be further separated into different human or murine subsets such as B10 cells , marginal zone B cells , Br1 cells, GrB + B cells... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_B_cell |
A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism. Regulation of gene expression is an essential feature of all living organisms and viruses.
In DNA , regulation of gene expression normally happens at the level... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequence |
Regulome refers to the whole set of regulatory components in a cell . [ 1 ] Those components can be regulatory elements, genes , mRNAs , proteins , and metabolites . The description includes the interplay of regulatory effects between these components, and their dependence on variables such as subcellular localization ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulome |
In molecular genetics , a regulon is a group of genes that are regulated as a unit, generally controlled by the same regulatory gene that expresses a protein acting as a repressor or activator . This terminology is generally, although not exclusively, used in reference to prokaryotes , whose genomes are often organized... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulon |
RegulonDB is a database of the regulatory network of gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12 . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] RegulonDB also models the organization of the genes in transcription units, operons and regulons . A total of 120 sRNAs with 231 total interactions which all together regulate 192 genes are also included. Regul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RegulonDB |
In three-dimensional space, a regulus R is a set of skew lines , every point of which is on a transversal which intersects an element of R only once, and such that every point on a transversal lies on a line of R .
The set of transversals of R forms an opposite regulus S . In R 3 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} the u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulus_(geometry) |
Regurgitation is the expulsion of material from the pharynx , or esophagus , usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood. [ 1 ]
Regurgitation is used by a number of species to feed their young. [ 2 ] This is typically in circumstances where the young are at a fixed location and a parent must fora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion) |
Rehabilitation engineering is the systematic application of engineering sciences to design, develop, adapt, test, evaluate, apply, and distribute technological solutions to problems confronted by individuals with disabilities. These individuals may have experienced a spinal cord injury, brain trauma, or any other debi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering |
In physics , the Rehbinder effect is the reduction in the hardness and ductility of a material, particularly metals, by a surfactant film. [ 1 ] The effect is named for Soviet scientist Piotr Aleksandrovich Rehbinder [ ru ] , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] who first described the effect in 1928. [ 4 ]
A proposed explanation for this eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehbinder_effect |
Reheapification is a term promoted by some C++ textbooks [ 1 ] to describe the process of fixing a binary search tree heap data structure , after a node is either removed or added. Other authors [ 2 ] refer to the process of bubble up or bubble down .
This computing article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reheapification |
Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating is a developing method for dating fired-clay ceramics . [ 1 ] This new concept relies on a key property of ceramic materials, in which they expand and gain mass over time. After a ceramic specimen is removed from the kiln at the time of production, it immediately begins to recombine chemica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehydroxylation_dating |
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