context stringlengths 158 2.13k | question stringlengths 13 202 | answers.text list | answers.answer_start list | feat_id list | feat_title list | feat_metadata.split list | feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop list | start_logits list | end_logits list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting s... | What was the downside to the slow recovery of the recession? | [
"more prone to boom-and-bust cycles"
] | [
230
] | [
"748d48211893efa6d95cdb6a4c32ef16dc9aeed1"
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"Economic_inequality"
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Today, Warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in Poland and East-Central Europe. The city is home to the Children's Memorial Health Institute (CMHI), the highest-reference hospital in all of Poland, as well as an active research and education center. While the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology it is ... | what is the last facility mentioned named? | [
"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology"
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Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George L... | Which of the following is not an astronaut: McDivitt, Low, or Schweickart? | [
"Low"
] | [
319
] | [
"03ef658451ce822a2c18e33741c2c14557744ebe"
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The division process starts when the proteins FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 assemble into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma. The Min system manages the placement of the Z-ring, ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly. The protein MinD... | What do the proteins NOT want to form? | [
"filaments"
] | [
363
] | [
"823ca81f61e32fc198d50f48281da1a1810f360c"
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"Chloroplast"
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Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms pro... | Where did Luther need to return from? | [
"Wartburg"
] | [
36
] | [
"e8b26e0b079e4cdbde7a2dc8cdeba4405c624f79"
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"Martin_Luther"
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Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.[citation needed] Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachel... | Who of the mentioned teachers must abide by a stricter requirement? | [
"Teachers in state schools"
] | [
267
] | [
"1cfe50258b9cdc152f4cb00e61cc0d9552b63d8a"
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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the f... | How many absoprtion bands does Oxygen present? | [
"Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands"
] | [
0
] | [
"043ef74e2c1f4b8dab9addf30f58fae78bb14071"
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"Oxygen"
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Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation. After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he now faced a battle against not only the established Church but also t... | What kind of church was Luther against? | [
"established"
] | [
291
] | [
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"Martin_Luther"
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Luther's Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that "the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions". Francis Blackburne in 1765 argued that John Jortin misread this and other passages from Luther, while Gottfried Fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it ... | Who read the passage first? | [
"John Jortin"
] | [
209
] | [
"457be62d7b17c0e838a0b4ea35bd3e01c5ee5313"
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"Martin_Luther"
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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. ... | What type of electricity does Kenya primarily use? | [
"hydroelectric"
] | [
59
] | [
"933dd33f9f45ecde61c31167a2c3231226f051fa"
] | [
"Kenya"
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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the im... | Where did Robert Seamans work? | [
"NASA"
] | [
505
] | [
"d0c2dd869c168a9894f29f5c7d1ee12aca159366"
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"Apollo_program"
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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional ... | What type of educational practice did Luther disdain. | [
"learned by rote"
] | [
556
] | [
"3f2d6c7b26a50ffceefa8c81022f5fa32d0cd195"
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"Martin_Luther"
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A steam turbine consists of one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing. The rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge. Steam acts upon these blades, producing rotary motion. The stator consists ... | Which of the following is not mounted on a drive shaft, rotors or stators? | [
"rotors"
] | [
40
] | [
"9c53bafcad0e0df1be4de27c0c885745222a5f16"
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"Steam_engine"
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"validation"
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Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. Rubisco cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar. It ca... | An unknown organism that is in room with normal atmospheric conditions and a light source may perform what? | [
"photosynthesis"
] | [
235
] | [
"97a5de2d5ab719d6df1dc1bbbe3057d2fd8668a5"
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"Chloroplast"
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"validation"
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The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What is the body's response following a physical barrier breach? | [
"innate immune system"
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254
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A 2000 study found that 42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress, twice the figure for the average profession. A 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers. | How was teacher anxiety realized? | [
"A 2012 study"
] | [
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"53e4ce951aeab3a2712aa0966d73ec3e2c62ca11"
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Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November... | If you want to see a torrential downpour should you visit in the summer or the winter? | [
"Summers"
] | [
475
] | [
"9a613bf5ff0428f54b031b252371ec5e4ebdf66b"
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"Jacksonville,_Florida"
] | [
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It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | What was GR able to refute the existence of while it corrected the calculation for something else? | [
"Vulcan"
] | [
170
] | [
"92cb85334b0520da5d72a88ec3db59627d776cd8"
] | [
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Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George L... | what period in time is mentioned first? | [
"December 1968"
] | [
44
] | [
"d7f4d85f77c3bb122ee836d03085669b8f1ebf63"
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One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosyn... | What is the output of photosynthesis? | [
"sugar and oxygen (O2)"
] | [
261
] | [
"a21bb7b7fa98a5cc43c85aafb3093f6fecbe5056"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
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Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nat... | What is the central business district of Poland's capital? | [
"Śródmieście"
] | [
36
] | [
"b65a09f100d8a91f50b72d9241a90511bf1487ff"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
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It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines u... | How do you increase efficiency with cylinders? | [
"divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage"
] | [
415
] | [
"006e6c7148939a7559c69d2da606c5d541a0266f"
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Like many other mainline Protestant denominations in the United States, the United Methodist Church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades. At the time of its formation, the UMC had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations. In 1975, membership dropped below 10 million for the fir... | What is the largest number of congregations UMC ever had? | [
"42,000"
] | [
242
] | [
"d069c7b51bef7339b266ecb21796e8cd885b25c3"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | What did Grey Street get for it's looks? | [
"Google Street View awards"
] | [
583
] | [
"357ac25841efd41a9ac36cd3c65ea66dc383584a"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
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Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms pro... | Who was more likely to urge restraint, Martin Luther or Andreas Karlstadt? | [
"Martin Luther"
] | [
587
] | [
"3633dd6e5b2f92bc10d6e30fe7547ad71a0fe9c8"
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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his fri... | Why was the parentage of Jochi not clear? | [
"she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife"
] | [
206
] | [
"3065d71bafd7a54135c7850fca35ccc7f5a79088"
] | [
"Genghis_Khan"
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"validation"
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The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of milit... | What does the Church support as a result of conscription? | [
"supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war"
] | [
119
] | [
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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble... | His concession rested on Kennedy's support for Webb and Kennedy's involvement in the Cuban Missile crisis? | [
"Wiesner"
] | [
490
] | [
"8db179f8b7ef137715143f2943dd195b35692120"
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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antige... | Where do antibodies move around? | [
"in blood plasma and lymph"
] | [
586
] | [
"52937030e1a5d35f0032c3ab93204278f78180ca"
] | [
"Immune_system"
] | [
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Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards a... | Who had fewer touchdowns, Manning or Osweiler? | [
"Manning"
] | [
0
] | [
"f1a84c7a116913bf69c6a924e4257662b90f2d0e"
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"Super_Bowl_50"
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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional ... | Who was not expected to read the Large Catechism, pastors, teachers or the people? | [
"the people"
] | [
240
] | [
"6c18c8714c26ec4076ac5d362862dd0667e8e2e7"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. ... | What is close to Oklaria? | [
"Nairobi"
] | [
241
] | [
"2d0b7a5ce8ac7905564ddf60805ecc2485111f04"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | The energy from the movement of what particles is harnessed to create ATP energy in chloroplasts? | [
"hydrogen ions"
] | [
708
] | [
"71f4069baf0d872a871ae4381dfeb471fba6e3a7"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is "remembered" by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific "non-self" antigens during a process ca... | What is indexed? | [
"pathogen"
] | [
574
] | [
"8f20776e0c4135a733eeaf2b6babc4b75efad95a"
] | [
"Immune_system"
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"validation"
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North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about ... | What size was the CSM? | [
"oversized"
] | [
301
] | [
"10ca6fea3da89ff259a66d82bb4b8810083a81c4"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine ... | What is important in the golf? | [
"tourism"
] | [
600
] | [
"5cdc80d1e1291ba37193b9f00412c76ac8db06df"
] | [
"Jacksonville,_Florida"
] | [
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In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | What extent of corridors do you find? | [
"abundance"
] | [
153
] | [
"c2a9b5b67cb5f7c6a4a0a2eb2211a7ebb2ae12b3"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw President... | Before 2002, who picked the President of Warsaw? | [
"the City council"
] | [
416
] | [
"4c90a11f6b8b9986eb0f49dd4bdd4564f75a59e5"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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In 2010 the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles (3,000,000 km2) of rainforest, compared to 734,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) in 2005. The 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation di... | What is 1900000 kilometers squared in miles squared? | [
"734,000"
] | [
217
] | [
"dc8e96c46efe733307da671f7d275ca371af7634"
] | [
"Amazon_rainforest"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.740 milli... | What distinguishes Warsaw among Poland's cities? | [
"largest"
] | [
88
] | [
"b6699237b71af49ad207f2bb6ade705d1ab7c392"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
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The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors. The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, ... | Which Collegiate Division starts with a word that contains the letter y? | [
"Physical Sciences"
] | [
240
] | [
"8c4b3e68b2b6cdb6e0c60a7b1d4e4cc609e0171d"
] | [
"University_of_Chicago"
] | [
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The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of Fresno, much of the neighborhood is a "county island" within Fresno County. Largely developed in ... | What is the name of the invite only facility within the neightborhood? | [
"Sunnyside Country Club"
] | [
438
] | [
"f5cf1840c2c14468d2e0255ebc7663c32fdcadcd"
] | [
"Fresno,_California"
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However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | What helped discover new findings? | [
"quantum mechanics"
] | [
283
] | [
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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doct... | What agreement was reached? | [
"to remain silent if his opponents did"
] | [
207
] | [
"21181d59639b03ed38a9df8444b82c5fef35da4c"
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"Martin_Luther"
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Luther was a prolific hymn-writer, authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("A Mighty Fortress Is Our God"), based on Psalm 46, and "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come"), based on Luke 2:11–12. Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and lait... | Luther created many things which are a type of? | [
"music"
] | [
280
] | [
"2267029cf34afeb690b57aecc5b74f3c49b062cb"
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"Martin_Luther"
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The Apollo astronauts were chosen from the Project Mercury and Gemini veterans, plus from two later astronaut groups. All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans. Crews on all development flights (except the Earth orbit CSM development flights) through the first two landings on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12, in... | Who helped prepare? | [
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] | [
521
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Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level. Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity; weak pol... | What is the management like? | [
"weak"
] | [
366
] | [
"70ecbd4fb9b6ea02b20f67c6a43dc00d2b539287"
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"Kenya"
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In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the popula... | What did Khan call his followers? | [
"Mongol"
] | [
247
] | [
"0b63e7f9fce7fa807bbde5968f10fb04dc1e162b"
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"Genghis_Khan"
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It also became clear that Apollo would outgrow the Canaveral launch facilities in Florida. The two newest launch complexes were already being built for the Saturn I and IB rockets at the northernmost end: LC-34 and LC-37. But an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar m... | What, besides Kennedy's death, is mentioned to have happened in the 64th year of the previous century? | [
"President Johnson issued an executive order"
] | [
722
] | [
"e2362f753a1005330355bb5a2f6594981c477fd1"
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Westwood One will carry the game throughout North America, with Kevin Harlan as play-by-play announcer, Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts as color analysts, and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters. Jim Gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage. | What duo does not function as sideline reporters? | [
"Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts"
] | [
104
] | [
"9f024516454ff89824038d4cad494892415f4e53"
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"Super_Bowl_50"
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During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the pre... | What group of people suffers from inequality? | [
"female"
] | [
899
] | [
"b689941ecdc0b2be422841ae82d1929ba9e2d400"
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"Economic_inequality"
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The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by r... | What are zeolite molecular sieves called? | [
"non-cryogenic technologies"
] | [
715
] | [
"61c4afd11635a8bf86c54c0eba3ca08ce9d69a1c"
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The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching. If they do not en... | Of the three important aspects listed in the passage regarding enthusiasm, which one relates to an action? | [
"teaching"
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190
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CBS broadcast Super Bowl 50 in the U.S., and charged an average of $5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game. The Super Bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halfti... | What is the roman numeral for 47? | [
"XLVII"
] | [
286
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"358a8a280016e322104c9dc62be82e83bb37a2f9"
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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble... | Who was John F Kennedy? | [
"the President"
] | [
102
] | [
"65b0feeb730bf09755719a0eca4f9cd0a798aee2"
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"Apollo_program"
] | [
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Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who w... | Some Kenyan athlethes decide to compete for other countries when participating in the Olympics, such as the island of? | [
"Bahrain"
] | [
724
] | [
"9cf37bf09c0dd50373355bcd02d5bbcc4e28a011"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pum... | Unlike those before him, Thomas Newcomen's steam engine successfully used what? | [
"a piston"
] | [
565
] | [
"12fbb757f3e8f47e3a89811ca371c8466312258b"
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"Steam_engine"
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The chloroplastidan chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants. They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll... | What supplies the chloroplastidan chloroplasts with nutrients? | [
"green algae and land plants"
] | [
167
] | [
"c357e2f2dfd6e4caedd1c44a16769f805614bdc9"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
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"validation"
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Plastoglobuli (singular plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)), are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across. They are surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts, but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress, or when i... | What is formed when lipids disolved in a volatile solution is subjected to a body of water? | [
"lipid monolayer"
] | [
178
] | [
"c950f269c39b1f14464b412dc3555862d2e6840f"
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"Chloroplast"
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"validation"
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Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, partic... | Which cells arrive to an infection first, neutrophils or pathogens? | [
"pathogens"
] | [
98
] | [
"ae7481565177a36c08a2a0dd8e6da7b91a3b6843"
] | [
"Immune_system"
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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my ... | Who religious figure does Luther follow the word of in his religious beliefs. | [
"Christ"
] | [
242
] | [
"b5e9b13d086a63bf44803e07d47bf50fd0e3ad83"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
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Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the... | What fossil fuel is mentioned in this process | [
"coal"
] | [
347
] | [
"0bb8f44113356302ca843f032a272dbbb58c668d"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Recently, chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops. Since, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen. This makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivatio... | How can change come upon plants? | [
"plastid transformation"
] | [
250
] | [
"2646be80bad1b71ffb3b44eadbf0d423a0cc9ee9"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | Which shape minimizes surface area? | [
"vertical columns"
] | [
259
] | [
"aacee1e6bc2215e2cef16a9365792aa8408266ff"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. ... | What is unusual in a traditional ceremony of religion? | [
"unfermented grape juice"
] | [
548
] | [
"ad5b49757733d7a4891769bfce5d27f140375445"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of milit... | what faith does the first group mentioned align itself with? | [
"Methodist"
] | [
11
] | [
"91c75d0329a5f23619d729e6feabe46ef3426b2a"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in r... | Who has the same life expectancy? | [
"Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78)"
] | [
518
] | [
"d8e912cc372097105d5c3a1366c64079b917a6ca"
] | [
"Economic_inequality"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples. | What is important in the traditions of Hinduism? | [
"emphasis on spiritual mentorship"
] | [
134
] | [
"e9b45547a2bcfcd4dc5d3b16bab5971183660e7d"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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] | [
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The Daily Mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the UK government's benefits agency was checking claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone" – as, it claimed, subscription to sports channels would betray a man's presence in the househ... | How would assistance change under conservative rule? | [
"buy only \"essentials"
] | [
663
] | [
"dd48a7074200c3d77a9ff4a0bd8e7591a11e0857"
] | [
"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The "West Side" of Fresno, also often called "Southwest Fresno", is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. The neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway (which divides it from Downtown Fresno), west of the 41 freeway and south of Nielsen Ave (or the newly constructed 180 Freeway), and extends to the city limi... | Why is the west side also called southwest Fresno? | [
"southwest of the 99 freeway"
] | [
135
] | [
"3f2250e06d77aa2e1e31bca81866b6514759bf3d"
] | [
"Fresno,_California"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allege... | Who had special powers that Genghis had a rift with? | [
"shaman"
] | [
298
] | [
"63245cb712fbb6b09c684b16429c910fe7c2c2c9"
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"Genghis_Khan"
] | [
"validation"
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The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilitie... | Who are the lesson plans designed to help? | [
"students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities"
] | [
196
] | [
"3a3771ed54490e85dff0ac0c56b71c57593b49b2"
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"validation"
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The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the Waki Commission, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its du... | What was going on when the contravention took place? | [
"conducting counter-insurgency operations"
] | [
428
] | [
"24321daa92ae06ca8fee2fba3c93f5575643ce6f"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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A fine tribute to the fall of Warsaw and history of Poland can be found in the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in the Katyń Museum which preserves the memory of the crime. The Warsaw Uprising Museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre, the Warsaw Fotoplastikon. The Museum of Independen... | Where is history preserved? | [
"Museum"
] | [
95
] | [
"270acbe8d307be4b07a84ccefb0de96a3be9f7b1"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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Luther dedicated himself to the Augustinian order, devoting himself to fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession. Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my ... | He was steered toward Christ and away from his constant reflection? | [
"Luther"
] | [
139
] | [
"ce08931fd8f59ac88cef0d408e9759016e7d14b6"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the... | The Mocama do not belong to which larger group? | [
"Europeans"
] | [
464
] | [
"18f789db9d1b7d0a91e0fd58b645a7f24089f12e"
] | [
"Jacksonville,_Florida"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become... | What was a drawback of Watt's engine? | [
"large compared to the amount of power they produced"
] | [
523
] | [
"b96ecea941db0c6432bf669019c6030030036e0d"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an Engl... | He translated the Bible into German from what? | [
"Latin"
] | [
61
] | [
"fdee6a372aee89d672f05082392827329c691f59"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappr... | What aren't teachers supposed to do to discipline their students? | [
"sarcasm and attempts to humiliate"
] | [
387
] | [
"5b51b6f515fcf61c1713122fe076b89d076dca01"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned... | When was the most force needed? | [
"The S-IC first stage"
] | [
293
] | [
"fff921873d1316bd83fbf7a546e78b3e9c27494d"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications. The most significant buildings are St. John's Cathedral (14th century), the temple is a typical example of the so-called Masovian gothic style, St. Mary's Church (1411), a town house of Burbach family (14th ce... | What is the newer important baroque structure? | [
"Sigismund's Column"
] | [
843
] | [
"a7f09b513cb579331dd00b362df2a8a39f557272"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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-9.640625,
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Looking beyond the manned lunar landings, NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts would... | Which single word is the "L" in "SLA" referring to? | [
"Lunar"
] | [
229
] | [
"5638e08f2269f8ee25c70af69b4e06b5bd7323a2"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on loc... | Which Newcastle film starred a bassist who was born Gordon Sumner? | [
"Stormy Monday"
] | [
521
] | [
"05c7758fb0213c34b0ba0296df66fdc0863e33f5"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidogly... | Which of the following is not a pigment: phycobilins, thylakoids, or cyanobacteria? | [
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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his fri... | What tribe did Borte live with for awhile by force? | [
"Merkits"
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231
] | [
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In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK. There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK. It incorporates a flagship Debenhams store as... | The department store created by Emerson Bainbridge is now known as what? | [
"John Lewis"
] | [
348
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The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city and the late German-born British scholar of arch... | Which street was not voted the finest in England, Grey Street or Osborne Road? | [
"Osborne Road"
] | [
676
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Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer... | what industries are part of the main area of manufacturing in mombasa that aren't related to food? | [
"the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits"
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361
] | [
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Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities. Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.[citation needed] Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachel... | What is the lowest level of education available? | [
"Nursery"
] | [
13
] | [
"394448dcd9123395a6b16dd2c87e08918e9b69b4"
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Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a ... | What denomination is primarily discussed in this article? | [
"Methodist"
] | [
452
] | [
"3b1bfb8431eab52629eca79a55cfb2cb3b8b90ed"
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"United_Methodist_Church"
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There are concentrations of pubs, bars and nightclubs around the Bigg Market and the Quayside area of the city centre. There are many bars on the Bigg Market, and other popular areas for nightlife are Collingwood Street, popularly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars, Neville Str... | What general options do you have for nightlife in this area? | [
"pubs, bars and nightclubs"
] | [
28
] | [
"2344e71a94b70f1964a7c8b6359b48987cb242f6"
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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples. | What another way of considering a guru? | [
"spiritual teacher"
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16
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where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated. This formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area (the matrix diagonals of the tensor) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to th... | Pressure is a type of? | [
"forces"
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163
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Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started with his learning of the execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn "Ein n... | Luther wrote? | [
"hymns"
] | [
9
] | [
"1433d4a8d22ab049f1e358831599ed0821906bd5"
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"Martin_Luther"
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However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modific... | Photons have features associated with both particles and what else? | [
"wave"
] | [
477
] | [
"26e8159158d23d9f0002805e31a14bd75364387d"
] | [
"Force"
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The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of ex... | WHat did the bridge connect besides Gateshead and Tyne? | [
"Newcastle"
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475
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In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th ... | How does one get to the Castle Keep? | [
"Stairs"
] | [
199
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-7.10546875... | [
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-3.681640625,
-7.679... |
In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or... | Which of the following is not a common shape for helicoids: large sheets, circular, or tube-like bridges? | [
"circular"
] | [
70
] | [
"fd0dd32824fd3ce8b165f83a3a11408ad36e1836"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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-1... | [
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Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints. In the Church of England's Calendar of Saints he is commemorated on 31 October. | When is Luther honored in the US? | [
"18 February"
] | [
22
] | [
"2691041ea348642ab7b98a824e43a2acdedf921a"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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-2.134765625,
-7.45312... |
Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with... | Are angiosperms C3 or C4 plants? | [
"C3"
] | [
173
] | [
"4daf03217e56f57435f4077715ec4030c8911d6f"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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-10,
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-8.8046875,
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-8.3984375,
-8.21875,
-8.0703125,
-8.65625,
-6.88671875... | [
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-10.0390625... |
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