page_content stringlengths 12 2.63M | metadata unknown |
|---|---|
B., 270β271 |
| Functional groups, within community | inbreeding and, 95 | Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), |
| structure, 363 ... | {
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See also | 297β298, 298, 390 |
| Generalists, in mutualism, 338, 344 | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate | Great Plains ... | {
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See also Agriculture |
| Gypsum, color of soil and, 75<br>Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), 182, 183, | Heterozygous | disturbances from, long-lasting |
| 185, 185, 322, 428 | individuals, 87, 87 ... | {
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gratiosa, 284 | diapause, 150 | Intraspecific population regulation, 235β258 |
| Hyla versicolor (gray tree frog), 159, | herbivore, 143β144 ... | {
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See Intertropical convergence zone |
| as unitary organisms, 168β169 | laboratory experiments supporting, | (ITCZ) |
| Indu... | {
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John, 228 | Larus glaucescens (glaucous-winged gull), | size, 218β219 |
| K-strategists, 229β230 | 314β315 | reproduction in, 209β212, 210, 212 |
| Kubiske, Mark, 121β122, 124 | La... | {
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A., 29 | hibernation of, 158β159 | whale), 182 |
| Linear regression models, 26 | home range for, 249 | Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark tree), |
| Linkage density (LD), 361, 362 ... | {
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saccharum (sugar maple), 402β403, 403 | Merkle, Jerod, 298 |
| Longwave radiation, 33, 33β34 | dispersal of seeds, 181 | Merriam's kangaroo rat (Dipodomys |
| Lorenz, Konrad, 29 | Margulis, Lynn, 331 ... | {
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(weasel), 222 | Neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX), 267, |
| atomospheric, 39, 39β40 | M. nivalis, 163, 311β312, 312 | 267β268 |
| soil, and ho... | {
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|
| Numerical response, of predator, 306<br>Nutrients | Operative environmental temperature, 154<br>Ophiostoma novi-ulmi (Dutch elm disease), | See also Solar radiation<br>availability of light, plant adaptations |
| animal needs for, varied, 143, 143β144 ... | {
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(mistletoe), 333 | interdependence of, 116β117 |
|------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------... | {
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strobus (white pine), 333 | Podzolization, 80 |
| Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (common | succession process and, 402, 410β411, 411 | Poikilotherms ... | {
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(mesquite), 428 |
| birthrate and survivorship determining net | proximity to large water bodies and, | Protective armor, 318 |
| reproductive rate, 196β197, 197 | 41β42 | Protective mutualism, 342β343 |
... | {
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See also PAR (photosynthetically | female choice of mate based on | in soil formation, 74 |
| active radiation); Solar radiation | resources, 228, 229 | Roundworms |
| longwave, 33, 33β34 ... | {
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See Seawater |
| Reich, Peter, 120 | Robinson, Beren, 93β94, 94 | Salvelinus fontinalis (brook trout), 284 |
| Reid, Jane M., 225, 2012 | Rock dove/pigeon (Columba livia), 275 | Samples, 23 |... | {
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Scott, 246β247 | moisture-holding capacity of soil, 77, 77 |
| solar radiation and, 35, 35 | Silt, 75, 75 | pH levels of, 78 |
| water depth and temperatures, 56β57 | Silverston, Jonathan, 199 |... | {
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| 62, 62β63 |
| Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), | Tenebrionid beetle, 85, 85 | wavelength of radiation emissions, 33, |
| 288β289, 289, 384, 384β385 | Stillman, Jonathon, 153 | 3... | {
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speciosus, 289, 289β290 |
| Spodosol, 79 | 404β405 | Tamias striatus (chipmunk), 159 |
| Sponges, as modular organisms, 169, 169 | secondary, 405β407, 405β407 | Taniguchi, Yoshinori, 284 ... | {
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See also Soil | Tinbergen, L., 309β310 | Tuna (Thunnus spp.), 155, 160β161 |
| constraints of, 69β70 | Tinbergen, Niko, 29 | Turd... | {
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See Freshwater ecosystems | White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus),<br>347β348 |
| Uroleucon ambrosiae (aphid), 322 | gleization and soil formation, 80 | White mangrove (Laguncularia |
| Ursus americanus (black bear), 144, 159, ... | {
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403, **403** Yellow-necked mouse (*Apodemus flavicollis*), **278**, 311β312
Yellow-pine chipmunk (*Tamias amoenus*), **289**, 289β290
Yellowstone National Park, 297β298 predator reintroduction and trophic cascade, 396β397, **397β398** Yield, definition of, 326 Yom-Tov, Yoram, 163
#### Z
Y
*Zea mays* (corn), *... | {
"Header 1": "Yellow birch (*Betula alleghaniensis*),",
"token_count": 427,
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Prof. Pravin Chandra Trivedi (b. 3 March, 1953), Ph.D., Post-Doct. (U.S.A.), F.L.S. (London), F.B.5., F.P.5.!., F.B.R.S., F.M.A., F.E.5., F.N.R.S., F.I.A.T., Professor, Department of Botany, has a brilliant academic career standing first in all examinations. Prof. Trivedi served as Head, Department of Botany and Co-ord... | {
"Header 1": "Text Book of MICROBIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY",
"token_count": 863,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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P.C. Trivedi Sonali Pandey Seema Bhadauria
. **Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors** Jaipur 302 003 (Raj.) India
*First Published in 2010 by* Prem C. Bakliwal for Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors 807," Vyas Building, Chaura Rasta Jaipur 302 003 (Raj.) India
Phone: 0141-2578159
e-mail: aavishkarbooks@hotmail.... | {
"Header 1": "**TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Micro-organisms are the oldest inhabitants of earth. They are masters in versality and adaptability to the changing environment. They will definitely prove to be most costeffective partners in our efforts for sustainable development. The microorganisms influence the man in several ways. The diversity of their activitie... | {
"Header 1": "**PREFACE**",
"token_count": 465,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| | Preface ... | {
"Header 1": "**CONTENTS**",
"token_count": 1977,
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Microbiology is one of the most applied of all the biological sciences which did not exist as a true science before the later part of 19th century.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that is the organism which are of microscopic dimensions. These organisms are too small to be clearly perceived by the unaided... | {
"Header 1": "**INTRODUCTION**",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Microbiology is the study of living organisms of microscopic size. The term microbiology was given by French chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-95).
Microbiology is said to have its roots in the great expansion a:r:td development of the biological sciences that took place after 1850. The term microbe was first used by Sedil... | {
"Header 1": "**HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY**",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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| | |
| | Autoclave developed. | | |
| | Gram stain developed. ... | {
"Header 1": "**HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY**",
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The suspected microorganism must always be found in diseased but never in healthy individuals.
- 2. The microorganism must be isolated in a pure culture (one free of all other types of microbes) on a nutrient medium.
- 3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
- ... | {
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*rimosus* by Finlay, Hobby and collaborators in 1950.
A dramatic turn in microbiology research was signaled by the death of Robert Koch in 1910 and advent of world war I. The Pasteur Institute was closed, and the german laboratories converted for production of blood components used to treat war infections. Thus came ... | {
"Header 1": "**HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY**",
"token_count": 1961,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| |
| 1966 | Peyton Rous | Viral oncogenesis (avian sarcoma) | |
| 1968 | Holley, Khurana<br>and Nirenberg ... | {
"Header 1": "**HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY**",
"token_count": 749,
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Evolution means an unfolding or unrolling a gradual or orderly change from one condition to another. The planets and stars, the earth's topography the chemical compounds of the universe and chemical elements and their sub-atomic particles have undergone gradual and orderly changes is termed as inorganic evolution. The ... | {
"Header 1": "**EVOLUTION OF MICROORGANISM**",
"token_count": 1985,
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} |
(H<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, Nitrogen formed nitrides, oxides, dicarbon, CO<sub>2</sub> and CO) more and more complex organic compounds were formed gradually under the influence of electric charges, UV rays or corpuscular radiations.
Step-1: Origin of organic compounds.
Step-2: Formation of macr... | {
"Header 1": "**EVOLUTION OF MICROORGANISM**",
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#### (C) BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OR BIOGENY
There are two hypothesis regarding the origin of primitive prokaryotic cell:
- (a) Horowitz (1945) and Orgel (1973) proposed that nucleoprotein molecules formed aggregates in the hot soup of primitive sea. These got surrounded by nutrient shells and limiting membrane and f... | {
"Header 1": "**EVOLUTION OF MICROORGANISM**",
"token_count": 1585,
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A classification system based on the scheme of assigning individuals to group and assigning these to progressively more inclusive and broader groups is called a hierarchial scheme of classification. The formal system of organizing, classifying and naming living things is called taxonomy (Gr. Taxis = arrangement + nomas... | {
"Header 1": "**CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM**",
"token_count": 1751,
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This system places all living things (except the viruses) into five kingdoms based on cellular organisation and nutritional patterns (i) the procaryotae or monera (ii) The protista (iii) The myceteae or fungi (iv) The plantae (v) The animalia (Table 1)
TABLE 1 Whittaker Five Kingdom Concept
| ProΒ£e!!l: ... | {
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"token_count": 1962,
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TABLE 2 Major Differential Features Among Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
| Characteristic | Bacteria | Archaea | Eukarya |
|----------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------... | {
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Fluorescent labelled antibodies prepared from antisera are also used in a similar but more sensitive procedure.
- 5. Phage typing: Bacteriophages, or phages (viruses that attack bacteria) can also be used to classify bacteria. The pattern of strains attacked by a set' of bacteriophages is called phage typing. The diver... | {
"Header 1": "**CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM**",
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Thus on identical sequence means identical organisms and a similar sequence means closely related organisms, comparing DNA base sequences is the ultimate tool of taxonomy. The substantial length of DNA sequence can be measured by Maxam and Gilbert method or measured sequenced by Sangers. By the advancement of technolog... | {
"Header 1": "**CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM**",
"token_count": 2032,
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DNA sequencing techniques were devised by molecular biologists and have been applied primarily to genetic problems with dramatic success, but to date the application of these techniques to taxonomic problems has been minimal. However, as the techniques are more widely applied, and a rapidly expanding library of seque... | {
"Header 1": "**CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM**",
"token_count": 2017,
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After character analysis, an association coefficient a function that measures the agreement between characters possessed by two organism is calculated for each pair of organisms in the group. The simple matching coefficient (Ssm) is the proportion of the characters that match regardless of the whether the attribute i... | {
"Header 1": "**CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM**",
"token_count": 738,
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Bacterial systematics has undergone several changes and is continuously in a state of flux as our knowledge of microorganism is far from complete and new information is being added every day. In 1923 David Bergey, professor of bacteriology at the University of Pennsylvania and four colleagues published a classification... | {
"Header 1": "**NOMENCLATVRE AND BERGEY'S MANUAL**",
"token_count": 1769,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The Plallctolllycetes,<br>Spirochaetes, Fibrobacteres,<br>Bacteriodetes, and Fusobacteria | | | | |
| Phylum Planc... | {
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Irregular, Non sporing, gram-positive (Human pathogen, soil organism with pleomorphic morphology)
For example: Cornynebacterium, Microbacterium, Actinomyces
Section 16. The mycobacteria (terrestrial, important animal pathogen, shows acid fast reaction)
Family: Mycobacteriaceae e.g. Mycobacterium
Section 17. Noc... | {
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Thermomonospora and Related Genera (conidia borne in pairs)
e.g. *Thermomonospora, Nocardiopsis*
Section 32. Thermoactinomycetes (conidia borne in short chains)
e.g. *11wrmoactinomyces*
Section 33. Othera Genera
e.g. *Pasteuria, Saccharothrix, Kibdelosporangium*
As seen from Table 1, Volume 1 of second of B... | {
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"token_count": 1921,
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Proteobacteria
Class I : Alpha Proteobacteria
Order : RhodospiriUales
*Rhodospirillum Azospirillum Acetobacter*
*Glucanobacter*
Order : Rickettsiales
*Rickettsia Ehrlichia Holospora*
Order: Rhodobacteriales
*Rhodobacter*
Order : Sphingomanadales
*Sphingomonas*
*Zygomonas*
Order: Caulobacteriales... | {
"Header 1": "**NOMENCLATVRE AND BERGEY'S MANUAL**",
"token_count": 2013,
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The word bacterium (Gk. Bakterion = little rod) originally applied by microscopists for rod shaped organism, belonging to the lowest order of the plant life or "microscopic unicellular plants without chlorophyll that reproduce by fission".
Antony Von Leuvenhoek (1632 - 1723), the dutch dry goods merchant of Holland, ... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"token_count": 1667,
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The term cocci has originated from a greek word; kokkos = grain or kernel. It is the simplest form of bacteria in which bacteria appears like a minute sphere (0.5~ - 1.25~ in diameter) they lack flagella. On the basis of arrangements cocci are further classified as follows:
- 1. Micrococci: When a bacterium appears s... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 3": "(1) EllipsoidaVSphericaVCocci",
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M ring is attached to plasma membrane BACI'ERIA 79
while P and L ring structurally form a bearing for the flagellar rod to pass through outer membrane. The flagellum of gram positive bacterium lacks the outer set of rings. The main function of basal body is (i) to synthesize the polymers of flagellum (ii) regulation ... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 3": "(1) EllipsoidaVSphericaVCocci",
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Teichoic acid or acidic polysaccharide are mainly present in gram positive bacteria and are found associated with peptidoglycan by a single terminal covalent bond. Teichoic acid is a negatively charged substituted polysaccharide polymer made up of ribitol and glycerol residues joined through diphosphoester linkages. It... | {
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"Header 3": "(1) EllipsoidaVSphericaVCocci",
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Under Electron microscopy it appears as a light area with a delicate fibrillar structure. Its size measures, about 1000~ in length and 3 nm in diameter. Its molecular weight is nearly 5 x 109β’ It has about 4000 genome whose replication is by semiconservative method. The bacterial chromosome differ from eukaryote chromo... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 3": "(1) EllipsoidaVSphericaVCocci",
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#### REPRODUCTION IN BACTERIA
Bacteria generally reproduce very commonly by vegetative and asexual mode of reproduction. No sexual reproduction was reported by many microbiologist but electron microscopic study reports the unidirectional genetic recombination among certain bacteria.
Reproduction in bacteria inclu... | {
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"Header 3": "(1) EllipsoidaVSphericaVCocci",
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It is of following types : Increase font size like Vegetative Reproduction.
- (1) By Conidia
- (2) By Oidiospores
- (3) By Sporangiospores
- (4) By Motile spores
- (5) By Endospores
#### (1) By Conidia
Many bacterial species viz *Streptomyces* produces small minute disc like rounded
bodies in chains at the tip ... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "(ii) Asexual Reproduction:",
"token_count": 1992,
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These are as follows :
- (i) No death of mice occur while injecting the RII bacterial strain in mic~.
- (ii) Death of mice occur while injecting the SIll strain of bacteria.
- (iii) No death occur in mice while injecting it with the heat killed (heated at 85<sup>0</sup> q SIll strain.
- (iv) Death of mice occurred wh... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "(ii) Asexual Reproduction:",
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*hjphimuriu11l.* The stram A was unable to synthesize the amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan (Phe-, Try-) but could synthesize methionine and Histidine (Phe- Try- Met+ His+). The other strain was unable to synthesize methionine and histidine but able to synthesize phenylalanine and tryptophan (Phe+ Try+ Mer His"... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "(ii) Asexual Reproduction:",
"token_count": 2021,
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It produces corky growth on the leaf and outer wall of the fruit.
- (4) Many harmful bacteria are responsible for the reduction of soil fertility or denitrification. ego *Bacillus denitrijicalls, Thiobacilills denitrificalls* and *Micrococcus dellitrificalls* are very harmful to the agriculture because the convert the... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "(ii) Asexual Reproduction:",
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Viruses may be generalized to define as 'very small sized etiological agents of disease that are capable of passing through filters that retain even bacteria, increase only in the presence of living cells, and give rise to new strains by mutation'.
Mayer (1886) showed that the juice from the infected plants of tobacc... | {
"Header 1": "**VIRUSES**",
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Algae: Virus like particles have been reported in *Aulacomonas subnzarina, Chara, Corralina, Oedogonium* spp., *Uronema gigas.* Bacteriophage like virus particles have been found in *Chiorella* and have been called chlorellophages.
Fungi: Killer phenotypes associated with the strains of *Saccharomyces cerervisiae* ... | {
"Header 1": "**VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2007,
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1 : Size and shape of various viruses
#### (II) HELICAL SYMMETRY
The helical capsid consist of monomers arranged in a helix around a single rotational axis. The monomers curve into a helix because they are thicker at one end than the other. Helical capsids may be naked (e.g. the tobacco mosaic virus) or surrounded ... | {
"Header 1": "**VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 1220,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
It is an example of complex viruses with capsids and attached structures. $T_4$ bacteriophage is tadpole shaped, with head and tail regions. Head capsid is 95 x 65 nm and has the form of a prolate icosahedron. It is made up of about 2,000 similar subunits and is packed with circular double stranded DNA (500 nm long).... | {
"Header 1": "**VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Bacteriophages of the T-even Series (T2, T4, T6)",
"token_count": 2002,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
In *E.coli* such sites are located in outer lipoprotein layer of peptidoglycan layer.
- (2) Adsorption: When the contact is made between tail fibres and bacterium, it becomes unfolded from the tail. Unfolding and release of tail fibres from whiskers are governed by certain co-factors for ego tryptophan is needed (1 *mg... | {
"Header 1": "**VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Bacteriophages of the T-even Series (T2, T4, T6)",
"token_count": 1371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The two characteristic features of lysogenic bacteria are immunity and induction. The prophage which is incorporated into the bacterial (host) genome, may be inherited just like any b:lcterial gene and may be carried indefinitely in the inert condition. The presence of prophage confers immunity on the bacterial cell ag... | {
"Header 1": "**VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Lysogenic Cycle",
"token_count": 341,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Viruses that use bacterial cells as hosts are called bacteriophages. There is hardly a single species of bacteria where sufficient investigation has not found a phage. The presence of bacteriophage is recognized by the appearance of 'plaques' or lytic holes in a continuous bacterial lawn. Phage nucliec acid occurs eith... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2032,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
After a lytic cycle, which takes only about 25 min, over 100 new virions will be released from each host cell, which itself has now been almost completely destroyed. The various stages involved in the multiplication of phages can be demonstrated experimentally in what is known as a one-step growth experiment. In this p... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2021,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
3: Summary of the steps in lambda infection
BACTERIAL VIRUSES 131
#### Integration of $\lambda$ DNA in E. coli Chromosome
Integration of lambda DNA occurs at a unique site on the *Escherichia coli* chromosome & is required to complete the lysogenic state. Integration occurs by insertion of the virus genome into t... | {
"Header 1": "**BACTERIAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
A virus is a nucleoprotein that has the ability to cause disease. It multiplies only in living cells and it is too small to be seen individually with a light microscope. All viruses are parasitic in cells and cause a multitude of diseases in all forms of living organisms from single celled microorganism to large plants... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
#### External Symptoms
The external symptoms produced by virus infection is divided into two broad categories, those resulting due to infection of single inoculated cells of host plant and. those which cause systemic infection where the virus moves from the site of initial infection to the entire plant.
- (a) Col... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 977,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The external symptom induced by viruses are frequently reflected in anatomical and histological changes within the plant. Mesophyll cells are smaller and less differentiated with few or no intercellular spaces. The vascular bundle may enlarge. The chloroplast is reduced and as a result the tissue may become abnormally ... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Internal Symptoms",
"token_count": 2013,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
3: Schematic representation of viral RNA replication
KINGDOM: VIRUSES
#### RNA Viruses
Single-stranded positive RNA [(+) ssRNA]
Rod-shaped particles: c. 32 viruses
1. ssRNA
Genus: Tobamovirus. Example: Tobacco mosaic virus Remark: Contact transmission.
2. ssRNAs
Genus: Tobravirus. Example: Tobacco rattl... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Internal Symptoms",
"token_count": 2049,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Photosynthetic activity can be changed or reduced due to change in chloroplast structure by reduced content of photosynthetic pigments or by reduction in specific proteins.
The biochemistry of photosynthesis and related pathways can be affected as a result of virus infection. There may be diversion of the products of... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Internal Symptoms",
"token_count": 1363,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Leaf curl is characterized by severe stunting of the plants due to shortening of internodes and downward rolling and crinkling of the leaves. The newly formed leaves show chlorosis. The older curled leaves become leathery and brittle. After the plant becomes infected there is considerable drop of flowers, fruit fails t... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Symptoms",
"token_count": 327,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The geminate particles of the leaf curl virus (ToLCV) measure 25-30 x 15-20 nm. The ToLCV is neither seed nor sap transmissible but external contamination of seed m2ty occur. Dodder transmission has been reported in India. The main agency of its transmission in nature is the whitefly, *Bemisia tabaci.* TYLCV is a white... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Disease Cycle",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
#### The Causal Organism
Tungro is a composite disease caused by two viruses: the rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and the rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). The RSTV is a ssRNA virus which causes only very mild stunting of the host plants without leaf symptoms but it intensifies the symptoms of tungro caused ... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Disease Cycle",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Maximum concentration of virus particles is found in young leaves and minimum in roots of old infected plants. Particle composition is not fully known. In addition to sugarcane, the virus can infect other graminaceous plants such as maize, sorghum, millets, wheat, barley, rye, and some grasses. Natural occurrence of th... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Disease Cycle",
"token_count": 1965,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Singh<br>(1967) | | |
| Unnamed | Stream, Japan | Oscillatoria princeps | | |
| D-l | Scotland | Same as LPP-l | | |
| N-Group | | ... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Disease Cycle",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
*junicliloslim* are infected with viruses containing double stranded RNA.
#### (ii) Virus on other fungal sps.
Ferault *et al.* (1971) isolated two types of virus particles from the spores of *Piricularia onJzae.*
PLANT VIRUSES 163
Several different virus like particles have been isolated from *Sclerotium cepiv... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Disease Cycle",
"token_count": 2034,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
In India the PYX was first isolated in 1945 by Vasudeva and La!.
PYX spreads through rubbing, contact of plants and tubers, seed cutting, knife, farm implements, clothing and animal fur. In stores it can spread by sprout contact also. In nature a wide range of PYX-infected plant species including weeds *(Dahlia, Sola... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Disease Cycle",
"token_count": 747,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
1. Experimentally
useful method. 2. Occur in the member of covalvulaceae. 3. Haustoria connect with vascular tissue of host through phloeum of dodder plant. CMVand tobacco rattle virus replicate in dodder legumes, cucurbits, cucumber, rattle, tomato ring spot. embryo, (seed coat). distances transmission, when virus b... | {
"Header 1": "**PLANT VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Dodder",
"token_count": 646,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Animal viruses are important because they affect several domestic animals of economic importance. In humans the viral disease are known since the ancient times in India and china for example Small pox, Influenza, and common cold. Viral disease like small pox was linked to super natural causes and people used to perform... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2053,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
In viruses with negative sense RNA (e.g., Orthomyxoviruses and Paramyxoviruses), the genome is associated with a RNA polymerases which transcribes an antigenomic copy of the genome which is used as the template for virus genome replication.
#### 5. Assembly **and** Release of Virus Particles
The late expressing g... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2048,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
|
| | Coronaviridae | Corollavirus | 80-160 | Associated with upper respiratory<br>tract infections and the common<br>cold. ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 1978,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| Genus | Species | Major disease | |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--|
... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2010,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Second, third and fourth doses of these vaccines are given at the ages of $2^1/_2$ , $3^1/_2$ and 16-24 months, respectively. With multiple rounds of replication in the vaccine and after transmission to the contact, there is a theoretical possibility that the vaccine virus may revert to neurovirulence. The risk of v... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
After an incubation period of 2-4 days, patient develops profuse watery discharge (rhinorrhoea) with nasal obstruction, sneezing, sore throat, cough, headache, malaise and little or no fever. On an average, symptoms subside in about a week but in a proportion of the cases the symptoms may be prolonaged for 2 weeks or... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"token_count": 1962,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Rabies virus is present in animals in all parts of the world except Australia and Antartica, and some islands like Britain. Two epidemiological types of rabies exist-urban, transmitted by domestic animals like dogs and cats, and sylva tic, involving animals in the wild, such as jackals, wolves, foxes, mongooses, skunks... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Epidemiology",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
RNA segments 1, 2 and 3 code for the inner core proteins, VP1, VP2 and VP3, respectively: VP2 is the main scaffolding protein (core layer). RNA segment 6 codes for the inner capsid protein, VP6 which forms a middle layer interacting with the core protein VP2 and the outer capsid proteins. VP6 carries epitopes specify... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Epidemiology",
"token_count": 982,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The onset of symptoms is abrupt after a short incubation period of 1-2 days. Diarrhoea and vomiting are seen in the majority of infected children and last for 2-6 days. Although symptoms of respiratory tract infection are frequently observed at the time of rotavirus infections, there is no evidence that rotaviruses rep... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Clinical Symptoms",
"token_count": 2032,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
It has been shown that: \* virus may survive for upto 15 days at room temperature.
- \* at 37Β°C virus can su.rvive for 10-15 days
- \* over 60Β°C virus is inactivated 100-fold each hour.
These are the limits of survival. However, the results underline the need for cleanliness and disinfection when dealing with blood... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Clinical Symptoms",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
An association with Epstein-Barr virus and papilloma viruses has been proposed.
(I) Latent Infection (II) Active Infection
Fig. 9 : Stages of infection with HIV
#### TABLE 6
#### Classification of HIV infection and AIDS (Communicable disease center, USA)
| Group I | Seroconve... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Clinical Symptoms",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Follicular hyperplasia develops in these and other lumphoid organs. When CD4+ T cell count falls below 400/ ilL, a large number of virions spill over from the degenerating lymph nodes into the blood and opportunistic infections with various microorganisms may develop. Cause of death is the opportunistic infections, mal... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Clinical Symptoms",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
About three-quarters will show a steady decline thereafter of 0.610g10 each year; however, by age 9-16 years, a third are still asymptomatic and show little impairment of immune function. The other quarter of the children have high levels of viral RNA and develop early onset disease and death by 20-24 months. The mothe... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Clinical Symptoms",
"token_count": 713,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Both HIV RNA and DNA sequences can be detected by PCR. RNA sequences are found in extracellular virus particles in plasma. Levels of RNA can be assayed as copy number and indicate the extent of virus replication in the patient. Measurement of plasma virus load is now essential for monitoring disease progression and res... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "peR",
"token_count": 217,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
P24 antigen is part of the virion core and it can be found in the blood when there is active viral replication. Antigenaemia is usually of short duration at the time of initial infection, and may not be detected in all cases. As the antibody response builds up antigen tests become negative. However, late in infection, ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "peR",
"Header 3": "Tests for p24 antigen",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The risk rises with the volume of blood injected and the frequency of sharing contaminated equipment. The withdrawal of blood before injection increases contamination. The virus can spread very rapidly so that most p1isusers in an area become infected in a few months. Those infected in this way can spread the virus to ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "peR",
"Header 3": "Tests for p24 antigen",
"token_count": 2004,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The risk must be assessed through knowledge of:
- The HIV status of the source patient; if unknown, can the source be tested?
- Is the source on therapy for HIV? Any evidence of ~rug resistance?
- The nature of the exposure, e.g. injury or contamination of skin or mucous membranes.
Knowledge of the status of the so... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "peR",
"Header 3": "Tests for p24 antigen",
"token_count": 1205,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The small pox virus had no animal reservoir and spread from person to person by the respiratory route. After infecting mucosal cells in upper respiratory tract without producing symptoms it spread to the regional lymph node and after a transient viraemia, infected cells throughout the body. Multiplic,!tion of virus in ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "2. Clinical features/Symptoms",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
However, person-to-person transmission appears to be rare. Serological studies have shown evidence of widespread natural infection in monkeys in Africa. The virus can be distinguished from variola.
Buffalo pox was identified in cattle in India in 1934 and was considered an outbreak of vaccinia in them. Epizootics had... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "2. Clinical features/Symptoms",
"token_count": 2049,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Recurrent lesions are morphologically and histolOgically similar but are usually less extensive, and lymph node swelling is inapparent.
#### HSV-1 Causes:
- 1. Acute gingivostaomatitis
- 2. Herpetic whitlow
- 3. Keratoconjunctivitis
- 4. Eczema herpeticum
- 5. Encephalitis, and
- 6. Generalized infection
#### 1. ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "2. Clinical features/Symptoms",
"token_count": 1049,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Reactivation of the virus is provoked by various stimuli such as common cold, fever, pneumonia, menstruation, exposure to sunlight stress, etc In infectious virions migrate along the nerve axon back to the nerve endings, where infection of epithelial cells may result in cluster of vesicles at the mucocutaneous junction... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Reactivation and recrudescence",
"token_count": 252,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The virus was first isolated by weller in human embryonic tissue cultures. VZV causes varicella (chicken pox) in children and zoster (shingles) in adults and immunocompromised patients. Varicella follows primary infection in a non-immune individual while zoster is a reactivation of latent virus when immunity has fallen... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)",
"token_count": 1430,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
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