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The EBV virus is ubiquitous in all human population. EBV has been named after the virologists (Epstein and Barr) who first observed it under electron microscope in cultures of lymphoblasts from burkitt's lymphoma. EBV replicates in epithelial cells of nasopharynx and salivary glands, especially the parotid, lysing them... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
It is proposed that a new genus Roseolovirus may be created for HHV-6 and HHV-7, which belong to the sub family betaherpesviriane. Both HHV-6 and HHV-7 infect T lymphocytes using the same CD4 receptors on these cells.
#### Human Herpesvirus 8
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV -8) was identified in 1994. It has been blamed t... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
They have been classified as the genus dependovirus (referring to their dependence on adenoviruses) under the family parvoviridae. Type 1, 2 and 3 of human origin and cause natural infection while type 4 is of simian origin. Their pathogenic role is uncertain.
#### Control
There are no anti viral drugs available th... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)",
"token_count": 1725,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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In each case, the virus present in faeces is replicated primarily in the liver & reaches the intestinal tract following secretions from the hepatocytes into biliary canaliculi and
TABLE 14 Hepatitis viruses
| Feature | Hepatitis A virus | Hepatitis B virus ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Type B hepatitis is the most widespread and most important type of viral hepatitis. Total 1/3 of the world populations is estimated to be infected by HB virus. A quarter of these develop serious liver disease, including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary hepatic cancer.
The family Hepadnaviridae contains 5 hepa... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The risk to babies is high if the mother is HBeAg positive (60-90%) and low if negative (5-15%). True congenital infection (in utero, transplacental) is rare. Infection is usually acquired during birth by contact of maternal blood with the skin and mucosa of the fetus, or in the immediate postnatal period. infection by... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)",
"token_count": 1983,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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like: Active Immunization: Immunization against HBV is required for high risk individuals
- health care personnel especially those in direct contact with blood and sharp instruments.
- patients & health care personnel of institutions for the mentally retarded.
- patients requiring repeated transfusion of blood and ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)",
"token_count": 2022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Virions of HEV are spherical,
THE ANIMAL VIRUSES 249
non enveloped and 27-38 run in diameter. They possess single-stranded positive sense RNA genome of 7.6 kb which is surrounded by icosahedral capsid with characteristic surface depressions. HEV is a spherical non enveloped virus, 32-34 run in diameter with single ... | {
"Header 1": "**THE ANIMAL VIRUSES**",
"Header 2": "Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)",
"token_count": 1153,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The term Archaea (Greek archaios = ancient) is a group of prokaryotes which is quite different from Eubacteria in several morphological and biochemical traits. The archaebacteria are not a homogenous group but is a collection of disparate phenotypes: the methanogens, the extreme halophiles (organism that can grow in co... | {
"Header 1": "**ARCHAEA**",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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#### ARCHAEBACTERIAL LIPIDS AND MEMBRANE
The plasma membrane of archaebacteria differs from that of eubacteria and eukaryotes. The plasma membrane lipids of archaebacteria have branched chain hydrocarbon attached to glycerol by ether links rather than fatty acid connected by ester links as in eubacteria. Sometimes ... | {
"Header 1": "**ARCHAEA**",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Temperature optima
TABLE 2
Some Characteristics of Representative Genera of Methanogens
| Genus | Morphology | Motility | % G+C<br>ratio | Wall composition | Gram<br>reaction | Substrate<br>used ... | {
"Header 1": "**ARCHAEA**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Its glycan component consist of 22-24 disaccharide linked via - 0 - glycosidic bond to threionine residues, 12-14 trisaccharide. Also o-li:lked to thrionine and a single heterooligosaccharide in N-glycosidic linkage to aspargine. In addition to the glycoprotein the cell envelope contains nonglycosylated protein and gly... | {
"Header 1": "**ARCHAEA**",
"token_count": 952,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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In living organisms, some diseases are caused by very small microorganism called Mycoplasma. These organism are the smallest free living cell known much similar to other microorganism like bacteria, chlamydea, rickettsia and viruses.
Mycoplasmas and prokaryotes, without cell wall have been placed under the class moll... | {
"Header 1": "**MYCOPLASMA**",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Inside these larger bodies the elementary bodies are formed and this stage is known as quarternary structure and after the rupturing of larger bodies these are released and this quarternary structure develops into complete mycoplasma cell.
#### ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MYCOPLASMA
Mycoplasma causes many diseases in pl... | {
"Header 1": "**MYCOPLASMA**",
"token_count": 1541,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Phytoplasmas were earlier known as mycoplasma like organisms (MLOs) because of their similarities with mycoplasmas when observed under electron microscope. These are plant parasitic prokaryotes that lack a cell wall and occur in phloem elements of the shoots. The most common symptoms of affected plants are yellowing, p... | {
"Header 1": "**PHYTOPLASMA**",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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#### **Identification**
- (1) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using polyclonal and monoclonal antiseara;
- (2) Dot hybridization assay, using cloned phytoplasma DNA and their complementary RNA probes;
- (3) Southern hybridization assay, by analyzing RELP of part of or total genomic DNA using selected clo... | {
"Header 1": "**PHYTOPLASMA**",
"token_count": 1598,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The two divisions of algae contain prokaryotic algae which are now usually called bacteria in view of their cell structure being very similar to eubacteria. Thus cyanophyta (= Cyanophyceae) are called cyanobacteria and Prochlorophyta (= Prochlorophyceae) are termed Prochlorobacteria.
The Division - Cyanophyta (Cyanob... | {
"Header 1": "**GENERAL ACCOUNT OF CYANOBACTERIA**",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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it contain some special cells called 'heterocyst' at one or both ends or at regular intervals along their length eg. Rivularia.
Trichomes may be branched or unbranched:
- (a) Unbranched: Trichomes are unbranched (simple) in some members (e.g. Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria) simple trichomes may be either free float... | {
"Header 1": "**GENERAL ACCOUNT OF CYANOBACTERIA**",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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It means that about 2 to 6 replicas can be made of this genome.
- (6) Other Cell Inclusion: Irrespective of the above structures the cyanophycean cell contain other cell inclusion like cyanophycean granules, polyhedral RNA containing structure polyphosphate structures, alpha and beta particles. 70S ribosomes etc. Along... | {
"Header 1": "**GENERAL ACCOUNT OF CYANOBACTERIA**",
"token_count": 2048,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The completed septum or cross wall then thickens and finally divides into two layers, the ends of which are continuous with the inner layer of the parent cell wall. A constriction appears at the surface of the cross wall of the dividing cell exposing the fission between the daughter cells externally. As the daughter ce... | {
"Header 1": "**GENERAL ACCOUNT OF CYANOBACTERIA**",
"token_count": 1943,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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There are a number of important gram-negative bacteria that are not closely related to the gram-negative proteobacteria. They include several physiologically and morphologically distinctive photosynthesizing bacteria, such as those included in the phyla cyanobacteria, chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria) and chloroflexi (... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"token_count": 2025,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
All but leptospires contain monogalactosyl-diglyceride as one of their polar lipids; *Borrelia* also contains cholesterol. The envelope of many spirochetes contains substantial amounts of. polysaccharide of varying composition. The presence of 3-0- methylmannose in this carbohydrate fraction is characteristic of *Lepto... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
*Coxiella* forms endospores that are resistant to drying and other environmental stresses. They are substantially smaller than the vegetative cells, appear to have a reduced metabolic rate, and they lack dipicolinic acid, a compound characteristic of the endospores of gram-positive bacteria.
The rickettsias cause s... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Humans acquire the disease usually through the bite of infected fleas, when their saliva or feces is rubbed in or through aerosols of dried feces. Ingestion of food recently contaminated with infected rat urine or flea feces may also cause infection. Human infection is a dead end. Man to man transmission does not occ... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"token_count": 1728,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The reservoir by pathogenic strains of *Chlamydia trachoma tis* is the human body. The microbe shows astoundingly broad distribution within the population, often being carried with no symptoms. Elementary bodies are transmitted in infectious secretions, and although infection can occur in all age groups, disease is mos... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Diseases of *Chlamydia trachoma tis*",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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It is found in slowly running streams contaminated with sewage or other organic matter, where it grows as long, slimy, attached tassels. It also develops in aerobic sewage digestors.
The formation of a sheath enables these bacteria to attach to solid surfaces. This is important to the ecology of these bacteria becaus... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Diseases of *Chlamydia trachoma tis*",
"token_count": 326,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Forms thin sheath with encrustation of metal oxides. Found in slowly running streams contaminated with
#### Leptothrix
Common in uncontaminated fresh water, containing metal salts. Where sheath are heavily encrusted with
#### Haliscomenobacter
Abundant in aerobic sewage treatment system Long thin cells are encl... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Sphaerotilus",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Physiologically, these bacteria carry out photosynthesis anaerobically. The anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria typically occur in aquatic habitats, often growing at the sedimentwater interface of shallow lakes where there is sufficient light penetration to permit photosynthetic activity, anaerobic conditions are suffi... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Sphaerotilus",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
When large numbers of buoyant cyanobacteria accumulate in stagnant lakes or other fresh water habitats, they may form mats on the surface. In the bright, hot conditions of summer, these cells lyse and decay, creating an odiferous scum called a nuisance bloom.
Fig. 6: Cyanobacteria
GR... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Sphaerotilus",
"token_count": 1305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Purple sulphur bacteria can sometimes be seen growing as colored masses in sulphur-rich habitats such as sulphur springs. The cells are relatively large, sometimes in excess of 5 Jlm in diameter, and some are motile by flagella. They may also have gas vesicles, which enable them to move up or down to their preferred le... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Purple Sulphur Bacteria",
"token_count": 200,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The purple non-sulphur bacteria are found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, including moist soils, bogs and swampy areas. One important characteristic that distinguishes them from the purple sulphur bacteria is that they preferentially use a variety of organic molecules rather than hydrogen sulfide as a source of ... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria",
"token_count": 1865,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
TABLE 13 Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
| Description | Genus |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------|
| Prosthecate bacteria ... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM -ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria",
"token_count": 658,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The Gram-positive bacteria can be divided into two groups: those that have a high G + C ratio, and those that have a low G + C ratio. To illustrate the variations in G + C ratio, the genus *Streptococcus* has a low G + C content of 33-34% and the genus *Clostridium* has a low content of 21-54%.
By contrast, filamento... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"token_count": 940,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Simple synthetic media: Large inocula grow on simple media in several weeks. Small inocula fail to grow in such media because of 1he presence of minute amounts of toxic fatty acids. The toxic effect of fatty acids can be neutralized by animal serum or albumin, and the fatty acids may then actually promote growth. Activ... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Culture of Mycobacterium",
"token_count": 2019,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The organisms are often resistant to commonly used drugs but may be susceptible to amikacin or doxycycline.
#### ENDOSPORE FORMING RODS AND COCCI
The ability to produce more or less heat resistant spores is restricted to a group of gram + ve, motile rods with peritrichous flagella.
- Aerobic and facultatively ana... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Culture of Mycobacterium",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
- Obligate anaerobe
- It produces at least two distinct toxin.
- (a) Haemolysin (tetanolysin)-heat 02 labile
- (b) Neurotoxin (tetanospasmin)-responsible for tetanus
Incubation period is 6-12 days. It is a very serious disease with a high rate of mortality (80-90%). It is very common in developing countries where... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Culture of Mycobacterium",
"token_count": 1984,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Two other genera of actinomycetes which are less commonly known are: (1) *Actilloplmles* which have no aerial mycelium, but produce motile sporangiospores inside sporangial bodies, and (2) *Streptospormlgiu11I* which has aerial mycelium with coiled sporangiophores and GRAM +ve BACTERIA 333
non-motile sporangiospores ... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Culture of Mycobacterium",
"token_count": 2011,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
A search for recent literature revealed that at least 4,607 patents have been issued on actinomycete related productS and processes (Labeda and Shearer, 1990). Out of 22,500 total bioactive secondary metabolites 10,100 (45%) are reported to produced from actinomycetes (7630 from Streptomycetes and 2470 from rare actino... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Culture of Mycobacterium",
"token_count": 1181,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Secondary metabolism and secondary metabolite production is a parental character of actinomycetes which are produced at the end of the stationary phase (idiophase) and are not necessary for the growth of actinomycetes. Antibiotic is one of the major secondary metabolite produced by most actinomycetes which confers the ... | {
"Header 1": "**GRAM +ve BACTERIA**",
"Header 2": "Antibiotics from Actinomycetes",
"token_count": 463,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
All living cells can be divided into two groups, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, based on their ultra structure as seen with the EM. In the microbial world, bacteria, cyanobacteria are prokaryotes. Other cellular microbes- fungi (yeast & molds) protozoa, algae are eukaryotes. The eukaryotic cell is a complex compartmentali... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 1948,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
1: Range of thallus organisation Algae (A) Chlamydomonas (B) Chlorella (C) Gleocapsa (D) Pediastrum (E) Volvox (F) Vaucheria (G) Ulothrix (H) Cladophora (I) Coleochaete (J) Caulerpa (K) Chara (L) Pastelsia
EUKARYOTA 343
II. Multicellular Thallus: Multicellular thallus organisation found in following types:
•
- ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Such simple cells of blue-green algae (and bacteria) which lack a nuclear membrane, mitochondria, plastids and do not divide by mitosis are called prokaryotic. The cells constituting the thalli of all other algae excepting the blue green are called eukaryotic. The eukaryotic cell has the same structure as is typical of... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 1999,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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On the availability of water the contents are released forming either zoospores or aplanospores which germinatE: to give rise to a new thallus.
- (x) Carpospore: Formed in carposporophyte, in members of Rhodophyceae. eg-*Polysiphonia.*
#### SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Except cyanophyceae sexual reproduction occures in all ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 2025,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Divided into two classes: (1) Desmophyceae (dinophysids) e.g., *Desmarestia*; (2) Dinophyceae (Dinoflagelloids) e.g., *Dinophysis*
EUKARYOTA 355
Division 4: Chrysophyta represented by 6000 species of which 75% are freshwater and the remaining 25% marine. Dominant pigments are carotene and xanthophylls and reserve f... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 2012,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Saprotrophs depend predominantly on this form of extracellular digestion, and many depolymerize and consume cellulose (brown rot fungi), hemicelluloses, and even lignin (white rot fungi). The ability either to absorb host-produced monomers or to secrete extracellular digestive enzymes is often both species specific and... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Mycogasteomycetidae- It comprise four orders.
Order 1 Liceales
- 2. Echinosteleales
- 3. Trichlales
- 4. Physarales
Sub Class 3. Stemonitomycetidae
Order 1. Stemonitales
#### Division II Mastigomycota
Includes fungi with absorptive nutrition, unicellular or filamentous, mycelium coemocytic. It comprises two... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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It is a uninucleate tiny mass of nearly homogenous slimy protoplasm which form pseudopode but shows no distinction into veins. It is the smallest among the myxomycetes and remains microscopic as long as it exists. The cytoplasmic stream is indistinct, slow and irregular. At the fruiting time it gets converted into a si... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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protoplasmic grade of organisation.
- 3. Acellular, animals, without tissues & organs.
- 4. Body naked or covered by pellicle but in some forms body is covered with shells and often provided with internal skeleton.
- 5. Protozoans are solitary or colonial; in colonial forms the individuals are alike and independent.
- ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"token_count": 1817,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The cytoplasm of protozoa is generally colorless but certain coloured species are also found; *Blepharisma lateritia* is rose-red and *Stentor coeruleus* is blue. The cytoplasm is commonly divided into peripheral clear ectoplasm and inner granular endoplasm. These two may change from one to the other as is reported in ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Cytoplasm",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
In fact, proteolytic and carbohydrate digesting enzymes are reported in Protozoa; the proteins are
EUKARYOTA 375
converted into dipeptides in acidic medium and the dipeptides into amino-acids in alkaline medium. The carbohydrates are hydrolysed in alkaline medium. The fat digesting enzymes have also been reported i... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Cytoplasm",
"token_count": 2034,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Syngamy ot' copulation: Syngamy is the union and complete fusion of two gametes of the same species. If the two gametes are identical morphologically, though they may be different physiologically, then they are isogametes and their syngamy is isogamy *(MonOCljstis).* If the gametes differ in size and morphology, then t... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Cytoplasm",
"token_count": 1696,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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The Rhizopoda are protozoa in which ameboid locomotion is the predominant mode of cell movement, although some of them are able to produce flagella as well. The simplest members of this group are amebae, which have characteristically amorphous cells as a result of the continuous changes of shape brought about by the ex... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Cytoplasm",
"Header 3": "The Amoeboid Protozoa: The Rhizopoda",
"token_count": 539,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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- 1. They are commonly called flagellates.
- 2. Organelles of locomotion in adults are flagella.
- 3. Body is covered by pellicle.
- 4. Binary fission is longitudinal.
- 5. They are mostly free-living though some are parasitic.
#### Class 1 Phytomastigophora
1. They generally possess chromatophores.
2. There are ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Cytoplasm",
"Header 3": "A. Mastigophora",
"token_count": 1077,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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#### Class 3 Actinopodea
- 1. Their organelles of locomotion are delicate and radiose axopodia.
- 2. They are primarily sessile or floating forms.
- 3. Test is present or absent.
- 4. Gametes are usually flagellated.
- 5. Reproduction is both sexual and asexual.
#### Sub class 1 Radiolaria
- 1. Central capsule is... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Example: *Babesia*",
"token_count": 1027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
- 1. All possess simple ciliary organelles for locomotion, infraciliatureis subpeculiar.
- 2. They have two nuclei, a trophic macronucleus and a reproductive micronucleus.
- 3. Binary fission is perkinetal.
- 4. Conjugation takes place with fusion of nuclei, autogamy and cytogamy also occur.
- 5. There are never any ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "Sub Phylum III Cnidospora",
"Header 3": "Sub Phylum IV. Ciliophora",
"token_count": 727,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| Group/Genera | Characteristics |
|---------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "**Prokaryotes Notable for their Environmental Significance**",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| | | |
| Agrobacterium | Cause plant tumors. Scientists use their plasmid to introduce<br>desired genes into plant cells. Gram-negative. | | | |
| Rhizobia | Fix nitroge... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "**Prokaryotes Notable for their Environmental Significance**",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
|
| Helicobacter pylori | Causes stomach and duodenal ulcers. Neutralizes stomach<br>acid by producing urease, resulting in the breakdown of<br>urea to form ammonia. ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "**Prokaryotes Notable for their Environmental Significance**",
"token_count": 1531,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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- Q.l What are microorganisms?
- Q.2 Define microbiology?
- Q.3 What is microbiology? Discuss about various facets of science of microbiology?
- Q.4 How will you prove that microorganisms can cause disease?
- Q.5 Describe the abiogenesis and biogenesis?
- Q.6 What are animalcules? Give a brief description about the dis... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "**SHORT & ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 1357,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Describe the' infection cycle in humans?
- Q.65 What are reteroviruses and how are they different from other viruses? Give one example of principal reterovirus and the disease they cause?
- Q.66 List the secondary diseases that accompany AIDS? Why are AIDS patient so susceptible to kaposi's sarcoma?
- Q.67 Describe the... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "**SHORT & ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 1980,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
In what respects do they resemble the bacteria?
- Q.152 Name two symbiotic blue green algae.
- Q153 Explain chromatic adaptation.
- Q.154 What are water blooms.
- Q.155 Name the pigments found in blue green algae.
- Q.156 Name the reserve. food found in cyanobacteria.
- Q.157 Explain the importance of blue green algae ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "**SHORT & ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 670,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| 1. | The theory of abiogeneis was supp | ported by: |
|----|-----------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | (a) Thales ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2006,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Who gave generic classification for the first time: | |
| | (a) Linnaeus | (b) Bentha... | {
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"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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Fungi live in on: | | |
| | (a) Water substratum | (b) Another plant | |
| | (c) Decaying animal or vegetable matter | ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
| | Asexual reproduction takes place in chlorophyceae by spores which are of type: |
| | (a) Zoospore | (b) Aplanospore |
| | (c) Akinet... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 1992,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
List important viruses of potato: | |
| (a) Potato virus X | (b) Potato virus Y |
| (c) Potato virus S ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2028,
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quintana |
| | (c) Coxiella burnetii | (d) Rickettsia prowazekii ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
HIV can infect: | |
| (a) CD4 + T lymphocytes | (b) monocytes |
| (c) microglial cells | (d) All of the above |
| 174. What ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2024,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
What is the usual habitat of endospore-forming bacteria that are agents of disease? | |
| | (a) Intestine of animals | (b) Dust and soil | |
| | (c) Water ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2013,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Which is oldest one of the animals : | | | |
| (a) Amoeba | | (b) Paramecium ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 1965,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Bacteriophage is: | | | |
| (a) A virus attacking a bacterium | | ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 1998,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
The function of elementary bodies in mycoplasma is: | | | | |
| (a) Reproduction ... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 2226,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
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(c) 186. (a) 187. (b) 188. (a) 189. (d) 190. (a) 191. (c) 192. (c) 193. (c) 194. (a) 195. (a) 196. (b) 197. (a) 198. (c) 199. (a) 200. (d) 201. (b) 202. (b) 203. (d) 204. (d) 205. (a) 206. (a) 207. (c) 208. (a) 209. (c) 210. (c) 211. (b) 212. (c) 213. (a) 214. (b) 215. (c) 216. (b) 217. (a) 218. (c) 219. (c) 220. (b) 2... | {
"Header 1": "**EUKARYOTA**",
"Header 2": "OBJECTIVE TYPE (MULTIPLE CHOICE) QUESTIONS",
"token_count": 937,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
#### A
A. *radiosa* 3~ A. *arcyria 367* Abaca mosaic 157 Acanthamoeba 107 Acanthometra 384 Acetabacter 75, 89, 58, 66 Acholeplasma 55, 58, 68, 265, 269, 270,' 272 ' *Achromatium* 303 *Achromobacter 67 Achylonema 341* Acid thiobacillus 67 *Acidaminococcus 68* Acidobacterium 55, 69 Acineta 387 Acquired immune defici... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 1898,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Beet curly top virus 147 Beet yellows virus 145 *Beggiatoa* 61, 75, 86, 88, 303, 304, 305, 307, 389 *Beggiatoa mirabilis 73* Begomovirus 147, 151 Beijerinckia 54, 58, 67, 104 *Bemisia tabaci* 152 *Bergeyella 70 Betacryptovirus 146 Bifidobacteria 69 Bifidobacterium* 55, 393 Bilgrami 363 *Bilophococcus 61* Binary fissi... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 693,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Woese 33 Carl Weigert 71 Carlavirus 145 Carmovirus 145 Carnation latent virus 145 Carnation mottle virus 145 Carnation ring spot virus 145 Carolus Linnaeus 28 Carpospore 349 Caryophanon 55, 68 *Catltarantltus roseus 271* Cat-scratch Disease 301 *Caulerpa 342* Cauliflower mosaic virus 147 Caulimoviridae 147 Caulimovir... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 1998,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Herelle 104 *Dactylospormgium 69 Dactynotus ambrosia 157* Dairy Microbiology 3 Darwin 6 *Datura stramonium 142* De contagione 4 De novo 142 Deferribacter 54, 66 *Deinococcus* 54, 59, 66, 389 *Deinococcus-Tltermus 54* Deltavirus 250
INDEX 437
*Dependovirus* 176 *Dermaatophilus* 63 *Dermocarpa* 289, 349 *Dermocarp... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 1867,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Beadle 13 *Geotltrix 69* Geotoga 54, 66 Geovibrio 54 Gerhard Domagk 12 Germination of Endospore 94 *Giardia* 33, 382 Gierrer 105 *Glaucocystis 280 Glenodinium* 370, 372 *Gleocapsa* 277, 342 *Gleocapsa salina 277* Gliding Bacteria (the myxobacteria) 290, 303 *Globigerina* 373, 383 *Gloeocapsa* 277, 289 *Gloetricizia r... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 1180,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
coli<br>HIV and AIDS 199<br>Lamprocystis 316<br>Chromosome 131<br>Holmes 115<br>Lilptonema 69<br>Interferon 123<br>Holobacterium 86<br>Lazzaro Spallanzani 5<br>Iron bacteria 89<br>Hologamy 350<br>Leaf curl of tomato 151<br>Isogamy 350<br>Holophaga 69<br>Lederberg 96, 99<br>Isomorphic Type 351<br>Holospora 66<br>Leersia... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 4576,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
*multimicronucleatum 378 Padiastrum* 343 *Paecilomyces amoeneroseus, 156 Paenibacillus 55* Palmella 277, 341, 343, 349 Palmella Stage 349 *Pandorina* 343 Pantonematic 373 pantonematic f1immer 346 *Pantrotropl1us 89* Papillomavirus 176
*Nyctotherus* 376, 379, 387
*Neisseria gonorrllOeae 393*
Peptostreptococcus 5... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 2541,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Fever 301 Rice ragged stunt virus 147 Saprophytic Bacteria 89 R Rice stripe virus 146 Saprospira 70, 303, 305 Rice tungro bacilliform virus Radiolaria 372 147 Saprospira grandis 304 Raphidiopsis indica 160
| Saprozoic Nutrition 375 | Simplexvirus 176 | Spirulina 66, 278, 284, 304, 342 ... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Desikachari 275 Taq 389 Tautum 96 *Taxonll.:yes andreanae* 2 Taxonomic Criteria Used for Classification 50 *Taxus brevifolia* 2 Temperate Bacteriophages 127 Tenuivirus 146 Teranaka 263 Tests for anti-HIV 208 *Tetrahymena 387 Tetraspora* 343 *Thalassicola 383* Three-domain system 36 Tidal Hypothesis 18 Theodor Von Dusc... | {
"Header 1": "**INDEX**",
"token_count": 2054,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Text_Book_of_Microbiology.pdf"
} |
Course Guidebook
Dr. Donald E. Moore III
Director (Oregon Zoo); Senior Science Advisor (Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute)
#### **PUBLISHED BY:**
**THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 50... | {
"Header 1": "Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 675,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
ounded in 1846, the Smithsonian is the world's largest museum and research complex, consisting of 19 museums and galleries, the National Zoological Park, and 9 research facilities. The total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian's collections is estimated at 154 million. These collections ... | {
"Header 1": "**About Our Partner**",
"token_count": 363,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
| INTRODUCTION |
|----------------------------------------------------------------|
| Professor Biography<br>i |
| About Our Partner<br>iii |
| Course Scope<br>1 ... | {
"Header 1": "Table of Contents",
"token_count": 699,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
oology is the scientific study of animals, but that simple definition belies the complexity of the discipline. Zoologists study not only the physical and behavioral characteristics of animals, but their interactions with their environments and all other life on the planet—including humans. Their work takes them from la... | {
"Header 1": "Zoology: Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 1964,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
Although technically there are subspecies, and even breeds when we're talking about domestic animals, we're mainly going to be concerned with the species level, because of how a species is defined.
- According to Ernst Mayr, a species is "a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from other speci... | {
"Header 1": "Zoology: Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
Sexual reproduction is therefore an advantage when genetically robust reproduction is preferable to fast reproduction.
- In sexually reproducing organisms, there are 2 sexes: individual males and females in the species. Because there is at least some genetic variation between the 2 parents, the recombination of their g... | {
"Header 1": "Zoology: Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 2015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
#### Giant Pandas
- The giant panda, historically rare in nature, has been listed on the global endangered species list since 1990. As of 2016, there are fewer than 1900 adult pandas living in China's bamboo forests. Although pandas were moved from "endangered" to "vulnerable" status in 2016, they're still under th... | {
"Header 1": "Zoology: Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
#### Invertebrate Parenting
- We might think that advanced care of offspring is indicative of advanced life-forms, such as long-lived crocodilians or birds and mammals. But caring for offspring occurs in crustaceans, such as lobsters, crayfish, and pillbugs, and in scorpions and spiders.
- Crayfish and lobsters rep... | {
"Header 1": "Zoology: Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 2008,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
The adult golden lion tamarins are the first ones out of their nests in the morning and the last ones to go into the nest each night.
- National Zoo scientist Dr. Devra Kleiman and her students studied golden lion tamarin behavior and found that the family group benefits from subadult helpers, like human teenagers baby... | {
"Header 1": "Zoology: Understanding the Animal World",
"token_count": 504,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
*Sponges sit at the bottom of the food chain, or food web, in the world's oceans, so their survival is critical to the survival of the rest of the marine animals our economies depend on. When we harvest sponges, it's important to keep sustainability in mind.*
Free-swimming sponge larvae... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
Corals and anemones are in the class Anthozoa, which appears in the fossil record more than 500 million years ago.
- The reef-building corals are symbiotic associations between cnidarian animals and colorful photosynthetic creatures called zooxanthellae that live inside these animals. Corals precipitate calcium carbona... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1991,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
Butterflies and moths also have 2 wings, feelers or antennae, big eyes, and a specialized tube-shaped feeding organ called a proboscis.
- Most butterflies have small knobs on the ends of their feelers, and moths do not; in fact, many moths have antennae that are very feathery in shape. These antennae are for smelling a... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1051,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
his lecture will explore adaptations of some of the most economically important animals on our planet: invertebrates that have adverse effects on humans. Locusts and other invertebrate creatures devour human crops, and mosquitoes and other biting invertebrates deliver parasites and disease into humans. Both of these ad... | {
"Header 1": "Deadly Invertebrates: Vectors and Parasites",
"token_count": 2005,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
his lecture will explore the adaptations, biology, and conservation needs of some of the most interesting animals on our planet: the fishes. In Earth's animal kingdom, there are more than 28,000 species of fishes, a broad designation that includes almost 1000 species of sharks, skates, and rays, as well as 27,000 bony ... | {
"Header 1": "Bony Fish, Skates, Sharks, and Rays",
"token_count": 367,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
*Water is really heavy! Pick up a gallon of water and then imagine the weight of millions of gallons of water in lakes, rivers, waterfalls, or oceans.*
- Water is about 800 times denser than air. As one swims deeper, the pressure against the body increases; for fishes swimming at depths... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2006,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
Stokstad, "Scientists Discover First Warm-Bodied Fish."
#### Amphibians
- The age of amphibians began when lobe-finned fish ancestors crawled up out of the water and started leading their double lives in water and on land, a lifestyle that has survived robustly into our modern times.... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2013,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
*Scientists have estimated that a toad can eat 200 bugs in a single evening. This is amazing because a toad has a short tongue and needs to walk up to its prey to get it into its mouth.*
- Jumping is a great defense for amphibians that blend in with their environments but taste good. An... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW?DID YOU",
"token_count": 2002,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
In short, the sex of many reptiles is determined by the ambient temperature of the nest.
- This phenomenon was first described in agamid lizards in the 1960s by French zoologist Madeleine Charnier, but it takes place in a number of other reptiles, and each species responds differently to these temperature changes.
![... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW?DID YOU",
"token_count": 833,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
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