Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
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Blue Impulse
Blue Impulse (ブルーインパルス) (currently 11 Squadron 4th Air Wing, previously 21 Squadron 4th Air Wing) is the aerobatic demonstration team of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The team was founded in 1960 as a team of six F-86 Sabres. They changed mounts to the Mitsubishi T-2 in 1980 and then to the Kawasaki T-4 in 1995. They are based at Matsushima Air Base, which was heavily damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
History
The first unofficial Japanese aerobatic team was formed in 1958 at Hamamatsu Air Base, flying Mitsubishi-built North American F-86F Sabres without a special colour scheme, disbanded after four demonstrations.
In 1959 the USAF Thunderbirds visited Japan and inspired JASDF commanders to establish an official aerobatic team. In 1960 the new team was formed at Hamamatsu airbase flying five F-86Fs of 2nd Squadron, with three of the pilots coming from the 1958 team.
The first demonstration of the "Tenryū" team, (named after the Tenryū River near the air base), was on 4 March 1960 at Hamamatsu, the name was found to be hard to pronounce in western languages, so the team was renamed Blue Impulse. The aircraft were equipped with smoke generators using five different colours for each aircraft: white, red, blue, green and yellow and painted in silver, light blue, blue and pink; on the leader's aircraft, the blue is replaced by gold. Later, in 1961, all five aircraft received a special paint scheme of overall white with blue flashes.
In 1964, Blue Impulse performed at the opening of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, drawing the Olympic rings in the air with coloured smoke. In 1970, at the opening of Expo '70 in Osaka, the team drew "Expo '70" in the air.
In February 1982, after 545 air demonstrations, Blue Impulse replaced the Sabres with Mitsubishi T-2 trainers, performing their first show with the new aircraft was on 25 June 1982 at the team's new Matsushima airbase.
At Expo '90 in Osaka, Blue Impulse performed at the opening event and drew the "Expo '90" logo in the air.
The team's last performance with the Mitsubishi T-2 was in December 1995, after 175 demonstrations with these aircraft. The new Blue Impulse aircraft became the Japanese-built Kawasaki T-4 trainer, and the first show with these aircraft was on 5 April 1996.
In 1997, the team made their first foreign debut at the Nellis Air Force Base air show in Nevada, USA.
In 1998 Blue Impulse performed at the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.
Blue Impulse also performed at the 2002 FIFA World Cup; on 4 June 2002, they performed at the opening of the Japan versus Belgium match.
On March 11, 2011, Matsushima Air Base, where Blue Impulse had been based, sustained heavy damage from the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami. Because on the day before, the aircraft and crew had travelled to Ashiya Air Base in Fukuoka to perform at the opening ceremony of the Kyushu Shinkansen, the team escaped damage from the disaster. While the crew continued to be based in Matsushima to aid in recovery efforts, they were required to travel to other bases for flight training while Matsushima underwent repairs.
On March 30, 2013, the Blue Impulse fully returned to Matsushima Air Base following the completion of repairs and anti-tsunami measures.
Accidents and incidents
''Data from:
* 21 July 1961:F-86F-40 Sabre, 02–7976, crashed during aerobatic training into the sea, near Cape Irago, Tahara, Aichi. The pilot, Major Katou Matsuo, was killed.
* 24 November 1965:F-86F-40 Sabre, 02–7975, aerodynamically stalled and crashed near the west end of the runway at Matsushima Air Base during aerobatic training. First Lieutenant Joumaru was killed in the crash.
* 4 November 1972:F-86F-40 Sabre, 72–7773, crashed at or near the Iruma River, whilst returning to base after a demonstration flight. First Lieutenant Kaneko ejected safely at 700 ft.
* 14 November 1982:T-2B Blue Impulse #4, 19–5174, crashed during a down-ward bomb-burst manoeuvre at a Hamamatsu air display, having failed to pull up in time and crashed into a residential building near the airfield. The pilot was killed, as were 10 people on the ground, with another 13 injuries, as well as damaging 28 civilian houses and about 290 cars. This accident brought performances a halt for the remainder of the year.
* 4 July 1991:Over the Pacific Ocean, T-2A, 59-5112 and T-2B,19-5172, (#2 and #4), collided during a training flight after flying into sea fog near Mount Kinka, Miyagi Prefecture, causing suspension of demonstration flights for a year. Captain Hamaguchi Seiji and Captain Shikichi Yutaka were both killed.
* 4 July 2000:Aircraft #5 and #6 collided about 25 km East of Matsushima Air Base, claiming the lives of three team members.
* 20 March 2002: A T-4 suffered a bird strike.
* 14 October 2006:T-4 #5 suffered a bird strike at Gifu AB during training for an airshow but landed safely.
* 29 January 2014:Two Blue Impulse T-4s collided during a four-ship practice flight 45 mi from Matsushima Air Base, both aircraft landed safely with no injuries. The Leader's aircraft (#1) had nose damage, while the other involved aircraft, #2, lost half of its left horizontal stabiliser. | WIKI |
Home: Perl Programming Help: Beginner:
regex filter string
orange
User
Dec 29, 2014, 4:57 AM
Views: 1120
regex filter string
is there a simpler way to do this:
Code
($string) = ($string =~ /^\((.*?)\)$/);
thanks.
Zhris
Enthusiast
Dec 29, 2014, 3:34 PM
Views: 1071
Re: [orange] regex filter string
Hi,
A substitution would be more appropriate. The non greedy ? is probably not necessary either since you are effectively asking for everything between the first and last chars as per the anchors:
Code
$string =~ s/^\((.*)\)$/$1/;
Another alternative could be to use substr if you are certain $string is always a string wrapped in parenthesis:
Code
substr $string, 0, 1, undef;
substr $string, -1, 1, undef;
Or if you just want to remove any instances of parenthesis:
Code
$string =~ s/[()]//g;
etc...
Regards,
Chris
(This post was edited by Zhris on Dec 29, 2014, 3:40 PM) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[3.16.y-ckt stable] Patch "staging: comedi: comedi_compat32.c: fix COMEDI_CMD copy back" has been added to staging queue
Luis Henriques luis.henriques at canonical.com
Mon Mar 2 13:35:00 UTC 2015
This is a note to let you know that I have just added a patch titled
staging: comedi: comedi_compat32.c: fix COMEDI_CMD copy back
to the linux-3.16.y-queue branch of the 3.16.y-ckt extended stable tree
which can be found at:
http://kernel.ubuntu.com/git?p=ubuntu/linux.git;a=shortlog;h=refs/heads/linux-3.16.y-queue
This patch is scheduled to be released in version 3.16.7-ckt8.
If you, or anyone else, feels it should not be added to this tree, please
reply to this email.
For more information about the 3.16.y-ckt tree, see
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/Dev/ExtendedStable
Thanks.
-Luis
------
>From 22d1120b7214474fad36bdd22cea038a424f1140 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ian Abbott <abbotti at mev.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 27 Jan 2015 18:16:51 +0000
Subject: staging: comedi: comedi_compat32.c: fix COMEDI_CMD copy back
commit 42b8ce6f55facfa101462e694d33fc6bca471138 upstream.
`do_cmd_ioctl()` in "comedi_fops.c" handles the `COMEDI_CMD` ioctl.
This returns `-EAGAIN` if it has copied a modified `struct comedi_cmd`
back to user-space. (This occurs when the low-level Comedi driver's
`do_cmdtest()` handler returns non-zero to indicate a problem with the
contents of the `struct comedi_cmd`, or when the `struct comedi_cmd` has
the `CMDF_BOGUS` flag set.)
`compat_cmd()` in "comedi_compat32.c" handles the 32-bit compatible
version of the `COMEDI_CMD` ioctl. Currently, it never copies a 32-bit
compatible version of `struct comedi_cmd` back to user-space, which is
at odds with the way the regular `COMEDI_CMD` ioctl is handled. To fix
it, change `compat_cmd()` to copy a 32-bit compatible version of the
`struct comedi_cmd` back to user-space when the main ioctl handler
returns `-EAGAIN`.
Signed-off-by: Ian Abbott <abbotti at mev.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten at visionengravers.com>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh at linuxfoundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Luis Henriques <luis.henriques at canonical.com>
---
drivers/staging/comedi/comedi_compat32.c | 12 ++++++++++--
1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/staging/comedi/comedi_compat32.c b/drivers/staging/comedi/comedi_compat32.c
index 1e9da405d833..528781049ad5 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/comedi/comedi_compat32.c
+++ b/drivers/staging/comedi/comedi_compat32.c
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ static int compat_cmd(struct file *file, unsigned long arg)
{
struct comedi_cmd __user *cmd;
struct comedi32_cmd_struct __user *cmd32;
- int rc;
+ int rc, err;
cmd32 = compat_ptr(arg);
cmd = compat_alloc_user_space(sizeof(*cmd));
@@ -271,7 +271,15 @@ static int compat_cmd(struct file *file, unsigned long arg)
if (rc)
return rc;
- return translated_ioctl(file, COMEDI_CMD, (unsigned long)cmd);
+ rc = translated_ioctl(file, COMEDI_CMD, (unsigned long)cmd);
+ if (rc == -EAGAIN) {
+ /* Special case: copy cmd back to user. */
+ err = put_compat_cmd(cmd32, cmd);
+ if (err)
+ rc = err;
+ }
+
+ return rc;
}
/* Handle 32-bit COMEDI_CMDTEST ioctl. */
More information about the kernel-team mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Les Carlyon
Leslie Allen Carlyon (10 June 1942 – 4 March 2019) was an Australian writer and newspaper editor.
Early life
Carlyon began his career in journalism with The Herald and Weekly Times as a cadet on the Sun News-Pictorial (now the Herald Sun) in 1960. In 1963, he moved to The Age working successively as leader writer, finance editor, news editor, assistant editor and, in 1975 aged 33, editor, following the sudden death of the previous editor, Graham Perkin. Carlyon had to resign for health reasons in 1976 after just one year in the position.
From 1977 to 1982, he was a visiting lecturer in journalism at RMIT University, Melbourne. During this time, he continued writing for newspapers across Australia with a particular focus on horse racing.
In 1984, Carlyon returned to an executive role in journalism with his first employer, the Herald and Weekly Times, where he was promoted to editor-in-chief. After resigning in 1986, Carlyon again continued as a freelance writer and columnist during the 1990s, contributing to such publications as the Sydney Morning Herald, Western Australia's The Sunday Times and The Bulletin.
Carlyon twice won the Walkley Award for journalism (1971 and 2004). In 1993, he won the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award.
Books
In addition to his career as a journalist, Carlyon was also an accomplished author writing mainly on sport and Australian military history. His books include:
Gallipoli, a popular history of the Allied Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles during the First World War (which remains a key event in the Australian and New Zealand national consciousnesses), was published in 2001, and met with critical and commercial success in Australia, New Zealand and England. The book was the basis for the Australian 2015 TV miniseries Gallipoli, released in the year of the 100th anniversary of the campaign.
The Great War is the story of Australian forces on the Western Front in France and Belgium also during World War I.
Les Carlyon: A Life in Words, published posthumously, is a collection of Carlyon's articles from across his career, selected by his family and with a foreword by his son, Patrick Carlyon.
Awards
In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours List, Carlyon was invested as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), for "eminent service to literature through the promotion of the national identity as an author, editor and journalist, to the understanding and appreciation of Australia's war history, and to the horseracing industry".
He was admitted to the Australian Media Hall of Fame.
He served as a Member of the Council of the Australian War Memorial from May 2006 until his death (he was replaced by Tony Abbott ). In April 2020, the Australian War Memorial announced the inaugural Les Carlyon Literary Prize in his memory.
Awards
* Walkley Award for magazine feature writing 1971
* Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 1993
* Walkley Award for journalism leadership 2004
* Melbourne Press Club Quill Award for Lifetime Achievement 2004
* Prime Minister's Prize for History 2007 (for The Great War)
* Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 2014
Death
Carlyon's death, aged 76, on 4 March 2019 was widely reported. | WIKI |
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Win32::OLE module
by perl_seeker (Scribe)
on Aug 12, 2003 at 08:41 UTC ( #283114=perlquestion: print w/replies, xml ) Need Help??
perl_seeker has asked for the wisdom of the Perl Monks concerning the following question:
I have in hand some code which converts an MS-Word .doc
file to a text file.How do I change this code to do the reverse
i.e.convert from text to .doc format?
sub save_doc_as_text { my ( $infile, $outfile ) = @_; print "\n$infile"; print "\n$outfile"; require Win32::OLE; my $word = Win32::OLE->new( 'Word.Application', sub {$_[0]->Quit;});er +ror( "Can't create new instance or Word Reason:$Win32::OLE::LastError +" ) unless $word; $word->{visible} = 0; my $doc = $word->{Documents}->Open($infile); error( "Can't open $infile, Reason:$Win32::OLE::LastError" ) unless $d +oc; # wdFormatDocument wdFormatText wdFormatHTML $doc->SaveAs( { FileName => $outfile, FileFormat => $wdFormatText}); + $doc->Close; undef $doc; undef $word;} $inf="C:\\test\\input3.doc"; $outf="C:\\test\\text-output.txt"; save_doc_as_text($inf,$outf);
Please help.
Thanx
Replies are listed 'Best First'.
Re: Win32::OLE module
by cacharbe (Curate) on Aug 12, 2003 at 12:06 UTC
To find the answer to your question, I would suggest a couple things. First, I wrote a tutorial about using Excel, but the first couple of paragraphs apply to any OLE development, as they describe resources, books and tools that you might need while trying to figure out how to do certain things in the OLE environment, so you might want to give it a scan.
Second, your note suggests that you aren't really sure what the code you posted is doing, and that might be a really good first place to start, as through research and understanding come enlightenment.
Your line $doc->SaveAs( { FileName => $outfile, FileFormat => $wdFormatText}); is the key. After you open the text file, you'll want to save as wdFormatDocument, though I would load the constants as well, using the following code:
use strict; use Win32::OLE qw(in with); use Win32::OLE::Const 'Microsoft Word'; my $textfile = '<SOME FILE PATH>'; my $outfile= '<SOME FILE PATH>'; my $Word = Win32::OLE->GetActiveObject('Word.Application') || Win32::OLE->new('Word.Application', 'Quit'); my $Doc = $Word->Documents->Open($textfile); $Doc->SaveAs({FileName => $outfile, FileFormat => wdFormatDocument} +);
YMMV, some restrictions may apply.
C-.
---
Flex the Geek
Hi,
Way to go! Your code works just fine.Thanks a lot.
I am going to read your tutorial.
:)
Re: Win32::OLE module
by bm (Hermit) on Aug 12, 2003 at 09:03 UTC
Hi
I don't understand.The link you mentioned
has discussions on converting from:
.doc file TO text file
What I need is to convert from
text file TO .doc file
Thanx.
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Before electricity was invented, what was the Electric Eel called?
Results (373 votes). Check out past polls. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Dr Stiggins, His Views and Principles.pdf/112
Then it seemed to me that I saw in a Pisgah Vision the Opera itself transformed; no longer the resort of a thoughtless aristocracy, assembled to listen to the vocal gymnastics of foreigners and Romanists, but a rallying point for all lovers of homely and innocent English Music. Why, I remembered, the oratorio itself developed from services held in an oratory or chapel in Rome; why should not the Service of Song, which has long been such an attraction in our churches, develop in its turn and become the great musical form of the English People; so that instead of the over-dressed and under-dressed (alas! that I must say it), who throng the opera-house to listen to exotic, un-English, and, I am afraid, unwholesome music, we might have great gatherings of sober, decent, earnest people, clad in their "go-to-meeting" clothes (to use a good old phrase), and rapt to tears and laughter by such masterpieces of the true musician's art as "Little Abe" and "The Oiled Feather."
And I went farther. At present, I said | WIKI |
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase functions as a positive regulator of c-Jun-NH2-kinase 1 signaling and H-Ras-induced cell transformation
Sang Muk Oh, Feng Zhu, Yong Yeon Cho, Won Lee Ki, Seok Kang Bong, HONGGYUM KIM, Tatiana Zykova, Ann M. Bode, Zigang Dong
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
50 Scopus citations
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is overexpressed in highly proliferating tumors such as leukemias and myelomas, and seems to play a key role in tumorigenesis or metastasis. However, the precise role and regulatory mechanism explaining the effects of TOPK on tumor cells still remain elusive. Here, we reported that TOPK regulates UVB-induced c-Jun-NH2-kinase 1 (JNK1) activity, and is essential for H-Ras-induced activator protein-1 activity and cell transformation. We showed that TOPK associated with and phosphorylated JNK1 following UVB irradiation in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, UVB-induced JNK1 activity was greatly augmented in mouse epidermal JB6 Cl41 cells that stably expressed TOPK cDNA. On the other hand, JNK1 activity was markedly attenuated by stable expression of small interfering RNA against TOPK in malignant melanoma RPMI 7951 cells. Interestingly, TOPK interacted with JNK-interacting protein 1 and caused an elevation of JNK-interacting protein 1 scaffolding activity, thereby enhancing JNK1 activity. Furthermore, JNK1 was required for TOPK-mediated activator protein-1 transcriptional activity and transformed foci induced by UVB or H-Ras. Taken together, these findings showed that TOPK positively modulated UVB-induced JNK1 activity and played a pivotal role in JNK1-mediated cell transformation induced by H-Ras. These studies might also provide a novel molecular mechanism for the role of TOPK in UVB-mediated skin carcinogenesis.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)5186-5194
Number of pages9
JournalCancer Research
Volume67
Issue number11
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 1 2007
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase functions as a positive regulator of c-Jun-NH<sub>2</sub>-kinase 1 signaling and H-Ras-induced cell transformation'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- Syria’s Constitutional Revisions Get 89% Support as EU Tightens Sanctions
Syria ’s government said its citizens
approved a new constitution supporting President Bashar al- Assad’s bid to introduce political pluralism after almost a year
of violence as the European Union tightened sanctions. The referendum drew 57.4 percent of eligible voters, or
about 8.4 million people, with 89.4 percent of casting ballots
in favor of the proposal, the state-run Syrian Arab News Agency
said on its website, citing the Interior Ministry. Fewer than 1
million people, or 9 percent of voters, rejected the new
charter, Syrian state television said. Assad’s forces continued
to shell cities in central and northern Syria during and after
the vote. “The referendum in Syria is nothing more than a farce,”
German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said in a statement
late yesterday. “Phony votes cannot contribute to a solution to
the crisis.” Assad is facing growing international pressure to end his
crackdown on dissent as he seeks to affirm his mandate as
Syria’s leader with the new constitution. The EU decided today
to freeze the central bank’s assets, ban precious-metals trading
with the country and prohibit cargo-only flights to the bloc.
The measures build on an oil embargo approved last September.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy , who is campaigning for re-
election, said France would press Russia and China to drop their
opposition to United Nations sanctions against Syria. Cities Shelled At least 41 people died today in Syria, including 39
protesters and two soldiers, according to Al Arabiya television
and SANA. Shelling continued in the Baba Amr region in the
central city of Homs, Al Arabiya said, while the army also
attacked Idlib in the north, Al Jazeera reported. About 8,500 people have been killed in the government’s
crackdown against the protests that began last March, according
to the Arab Organization for Human Rights. Assad promised constitutional changes last year as he
sought to placate opponents by freeing some political prisoners,
changing the Cabinet and lifting a 48-year-old emergency law.
The new constitution promises democratic elections while
limiting presidents to two seven-year terms, according to a
draft published by SANA. Assad’s Baath Party has had a monopoly
on politics since seizing power in a 1963 coup. Voting was extended to 10 p.m. local time yesterday because
of crowds in 14,185 polling stations across the country,
according to state television, which earlier aired live footage
of people waiting to cast ballots. Opposition groups said they
would boycott the vote. Opposition Boycott “Participation is low in many areas,” Rami Abdel Rahman,
head of the U.K.-based Syrian Observatory for Human rights, said
by phone. “Participating in this referendum is like taking part
and giving legitimacy for the Syrian regime in the killings. The
boycott is meant to send a message to the regime that the people
do not want these reforms while you are killing them.” Syria’s army has intensified attacks since a resolution
supported by the Arab League aimed at installing a transitional
government, to be followed by elections, was vetoed at the UN
Security Council by Russia and China on Feb. 4. Saudi Arabia and Qatar have urged arming the Syrian
opposition, raising the prospect of a widening conflict after
the “Friends of Syria” group met in Tunis on Feb. 24 to
pressure Assad to step down. Weapons Proposal The two Arab nations backed a plan to send weapons to
rebels fighting the Syrian regime, a call echoed by prominent
U.S. Republican lawmakers, while the Obama administration and
officials from Morocco, Tunisia and Bahrain said they are
against further militarization of the conflict. “Syria rejects and condemns all that was said and decided
at the meeting of the enemies of Syria in Tunisia,” the
official news agency reported . The government considers calls to
arm the opposition an act of interference in its internal
affairs and a form of support for terrorist groups, it said. Russia backed Syria’s stance on the “Friends of Syria”
meeting, with Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov saying today that
the gathering in Tunisia was “one-sided” and won’t facilitate
political dialogue. To contact the reporters on this story:
Nayla Razzouk in Dubai at
nrazzouk2@bloomberg.net ;
Emre Peker in Ankara at
epeker2@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Andrew J. Barden at
barden@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Tuesday, June 4, 2013
Setting Up BGP Looking Glass - CentOS 6
Setting Up Looking Glass
Background
A looking glass is a server that allows someone from outside the network to get information about the how traffic is routed through the network backbone of an organization. For example, suppose Alpha Corp. has one router in the US and another in Australia. An outside user wants to know how traffic towards Japan is routed from both of these Routers. As the user does not have credentials to the Routers, he cannot run traceroutes. The solution: a Looking Glass. If Alpha Corp. has a looking glass, the user can query about ping, trace, BGP and other information through the web-based looking glass without needing to authenticate to the actual router.
Setting Up
Before we start please make sure SELinux is disabled. Also, iptables should allow the required ports, from the top of my head – 23, 2601, 2605, 80.
Phase 1: Working YUM Server
Make sure that your server has access to a good yum server, preferably repoforge. Information about how to add the repository of repoforge can be found at http://repoforge.org/use/
Phase 2: Downloading Necessary Prerequisites
Fortunately, the LG looking glass does not have many prerequisites. The following should suffice-
yum install wget perl-Net-Telnet perl-Net-Telnet-Cisco perl-XML-Parser httpd
Phase 3: Installing Looking Glass
Looking glass is freely available and can be downloaded and extracted using the following commands-
cd /root
wget http://www.version6.net/lg/lg-1.9.tar.gz
tar zxvf lg-1.9.tar.gz
mkdir /var/www/html/lg
Necessary files have to copied to /var/www/html/lg and permissions need to be corrected as well
cd /var/www/html/lg
cp /root/lg-1.9/lg.cgi .
cp /root/lg-1.9/favicon.ico .
cp /root/lg-1.9/lg.conf .
chmod 644 *
chmod 755 lg.cgi
Phase 4: Tuning the Web Server
vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Alias /lg/favicon.ico "/var/www/html/lg/favicon.ico"
ScriptAlias /lg "/var/www/html/lg/lg.cgi"
service httpd restart
chkconfig httpd on
Part 5: Adding Routers
All routers are added in the file /var/www/html/lg/lg.conf. Luckily, the file is self explanatory-
vim /var/www/html/lg/lg.conf
<!-- Test CISCO Router Section -->
<Separator>Sample Routers </Separator>
<Router Name="Router-1">
<Title>Router-1</Title>
<URL>telnet://login:password@routerIP</URL>
<!--EXAMPLE <URL>telnet://login:123456@192.168.1.1</URL> -->
</Router>
<Router Name="Router-2">
<Title>Router-2</Title>
<URL>telnet://login:password@routerIP</URL>
</Router>
<Router Name="Router-3">
<Title>Router-3</Title>
<URL>telnet://login:password@routerIP</URL>
</Router>
Now, we should be able to access the Looking Glass via the URL: IP/lg e.g. http://192.168.100.100/lg
Phase 6: Tuning (Optional)
Log File
touch /var/log/lg.log
chown apache:apache /var/log/lg.log
vim /var/www/html/lg/lg.conf
<LogFile>/var/log/lg.log</LogFile>
Logo
Copy the logo file to /var/www/html/images
mkdir /var/www/html/images
vim /var/www/html/lg/lg.conf
<LogoImage Align="center" Link="http://www.companyweb.com/">/images/logo.png</LogoImage>
Headings
vim /var/www/html/lg/lg.conf
<HTMLTitle>ASXXXX-Looking Glass</HTMLTitle>
<ContactMail>noc@companyweb.com</ContactMail>
vim /var/www/html/lg/lg.cgi
#### In the closing section of the HTML tag i.e. </HTML>, the following line can be added-####
<I>
Please email questions or comments to
<A HREF="mailto:$email">$email</A>.
</I>
<P>
<P>
Powered By: <a href="http://wiki.version6.net/LG">Looking Glass 1.9</a></P>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Screenshot
TATA: AS6453
NovoCom: AS132267
Hope this helps :)
10 comments:
1. hi
I follow your guide but i can't setup LG on centos 6.5
Please help me.
Thanks
ReplyDelete
2. Could you please specify the errors you are getting. Also, please confirm that SELinux is turned off.
ReplyDelete
3. Do you try with SSH2 Protocol and Juniper devices ?
ReplyDelete
Replies
1. Didn't have the provision, sorry mate. I tested using telnet and Cisco. We have secured isolated connections to all our routers, so clear text was not an issue in our backbone. And my boss seemed quite reluctant to enable ssh on the devices. ;)
Delete
4. Sarmed Rahman@ if cisco password is Special character then it is not working.
link: (!!mijhel$mUB**).
it shows server error.
what's the soluation.
ReplyDelete
Replies
1. I have tested using your password, and it seems to be working. I have replaced the HTML "<>"tags, but I believe you will get the idea.
(Router Name="TEST-RTR" EnableIPv6="Yes")
(Title) TEST-RTR (/Title)
(URL)telnet://login: (!!mijhel$mUB**)@10.10.10.1(/URL)
(/Router)
For a password mismatch, the web server should give a similar output-
ERROR:pattern match timed-out
Password:
% Bad passwords
Delete
5. This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete
6. First of all, please note that '&' cannot be a valid character in the password. The script is a perl script and & has special meaning within perl.
Also, your apache error log (/var/log/httpd/error.log) should contain more information on what is causing the error. Looking at it may yield some results.
ReplyDelete
7. i got the problem on this king of text please help
ERROR:problem connecting to "182.50.80.226", port 23: Permission denied
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ReplyDelete
8. i cant fix. help me!
ERROR:problem connecting to "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx", port 23: Permission denied
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ERROR:write error: filehandle isn't open
ReplyDelete | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Hotdogmustard69/sandbox
yoyoyo
wagwan boys its ya main hotdog here. hotdogmustard69 back at it again with my crazy cheek smackin skillz | WIKI |
Hanson leads McIlroy by 1 in Shanghai | Fox News
This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. 2021 FOX News Network, LLC. All rights reserved. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Market data provided by Factset. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. Legal Statement. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. Shanghai, China – Peter Hanson managed a 2-under 70 on Saturday and that was enough to keep him atop the leaderboard after three rounds of the BMW Masters. Hanson finished 54 holes at 16-under-par 200 and is one shot ahead of one of his Ryder Cup teammates. World No. 1 Rory McIlroy carded a 3-under 69 to close within one of Hanson at minus-15. George Coetzee fired a 6-under 66 at Lake Malaren Golf Club and is alone third at 13-under-par 203. Two more European Ryder Cuppers -- Luke Donald (68) and Justin Rose (69) -- are tied for fourth at 11-under-par 205. They were joined there by Charl Schwartzel (68), Michael Hoey (68), Alexander Noren (69) and Shane Lowry (69). Hanson, McIlroy and eight of their Ryder Cup teammates are in the field this week along with their captain, Jose Maria Olazabal. All eyes will be on Hanson and McIlroy on Sunday as they play together for the second straight day. Both players started their rounds Saturday with birdies on No. 2. McIlroy stumbled to a bogey on the third to slip three back, but Hanson came back to him. Hanson faltered to bogeys at four and five, and his lead was down to one. The Swede coughed up another stroke on the par-4 eighth to slip into a share of the lead with McIlroy and another Ryder Cup teammate, Nicolas Colsaerts. That tie was short lived however as Hanson atoned for that mistake with a birdie on the ninth. Around the turn, Hanson birdied the 11th for the third straight round to move to 14-under. McIlroy, who parred seven in a row from the fourth, also birdied the 11th to remain one back. Hanson birdied the two par-5s on the back nine, Nos. 13 and 15, both for the third straight round to move to 16-under. As he did the previous two rounds, Hanson closed with three consecutive pars. The wind was blowing from opposite direction today, which made it a little bit trickier, and some of the pins were tucked away. It's great to play with Rory. Every time you get the chance to play against the world No. 1, it's a fantastic thing to do, Hanson stated. Hopefully, I can stay ahead of him, but I think it's going to be a tough one tomorrow and I need to play a little bit better than I did today. McIlroy also birdied the 15th for the third day in a row. He followed with another birdie on No. 16 to close within one. That is how McIlroy ended as he parred the last two holes. I'm one behind and in a great position. I'll try to go out and shoot the best score possible and see what happens, said McIlroy. As long as you're up there near the lead, it's a good position to be in. Whether I'm one ahead or one behind or level, I can go out there tomorrow and give it my all and hopefully that's good enough. NOTES: Hanson will go for this sixth European Tour title on Sunday, while McIlroy will try for his fifth tour victory...Colsaerts soared into contention with six birdies in the first 11 holes, but two late double-bogeys dropped him down the leaderboard...Ashun Wu had a hole-in-one on the par-3 sixth. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. 2021 FOX News Network, LLC. All rights reserved. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Market data provided by Factset. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. Legal Statement. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Every living, breathing being requires a relaxation once along with a while. The greater relaxation one will get, the greater they have a tendency to operate. If somebody sleeps, that’s natural time for your system to correct itself. Calories are burned, the machine is rejuvenated and cleaned and the entire body is re-vitalized to manage the following day. Every adult will admit that deficiencies in sleep affects them negatively. This is also true for kids, but much more. Children are confronted with the job of developing their brains and physiques. Their physiques require more consideration, diet and relaxation to assist them to develop correctly.
What exactly occurs when a young child isn’t given enough sleep? To begin with, when children sleep, their physiques create a growth hormones which obviously helps their physiques to develop. Without it hormone, their growth might be stunted. Your body develops when sleeping and that’s why it is crucial for kids to obtain relaxation. Another thing that occurs if your child doesn’t get enough proper relaxation is the fact that youngsters are less in a position to concentrate. Without the opportunity to concentrate, children have a very hard time using their studies.
Learning information within the class can be quite essential for children. Once they cannot concentrate, they can’t learn. This is also true for learning outdoors the class. The fundamental lack of ability to understand social abilities or simple etiquette could be credited to the possible lack of proper relaxation. For individuals who are curious about teaching their kids solid social abilities, it is crucial that additionally they give a method for their kids to obtain proper sleep.
You will find multiple unwanted effects for youthful kids who aren’t getting sufficient relaxation during the night. You will find emotional health issues that may originate from deficiencies in relaxation. Youngsters are also far less inclined to develop their creativeness. Many think that signs and symptoms for example depression in addition to putting on weight can finish as an adverse side-effect of exhaustion too. Other issues, like a destabilized defense mechanisms and lots of, a lot more originate from children who don’t get proper relaxation.
You will find indeed several effects associated with children who don’t have an sufficient quantity of sleep during the night. So get a telephone to be because of the tools they require for correct sleep. The various tools for such will be a sufficient amount, (eight hrs), continuous relaxation, naps during the day (based on age) along with a schedule that’s maintained to assist the body possess a rhythm. Indeed, when youngsters are because of the proper relaxation they might require, you will find several advantages for his or her physical and mental health too for their development and growth. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Iran–Palestinian relations
Untitled
Any ideas?
I found this in December 2006 with 1 sentence... It would be cool to get some more information in here.
Not a GA class article nor it is that important
Someone rated the article as GA class and as being very important. It is neither at the moment. I am going to rate it as "Start" class and importance "Mid" which I think is roughly accurate. --Abnn 20:45, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* Agreed. I find it totally inappropriate someone would do that.
WHERE IS THE PROOF THAT ISRAEL SHIPPED ARMS TO IRAN DURING IRAN-IRAQ WAR? THIS IS A MYTH THAT HAS BEEN ON WIKIPEDIA RELATED TOPICS, EITHER SOURCE OR REMOVE —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ditc (talk • contribs) 05:06, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
Yes. --Paperpusher21 (talk) 15:12, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
Iran's offer to accept a two-state solution
The first footnote refers to a statement by the former President of Iran. That's his idea of what might happen rather than an official policy. I think it should be removed and the second foot note stay.
Labellesanslebete (talk) 16:18, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
The official name of the entity
However Iran is not the official name of Iran. Hcobb (talk) 16:19, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
Requested move
The result of the move request was: page moved to Iran–Palestinian relations. A rbitrarily 0 ( talk ) 02:33, 13 August 2011 (UTC)
Iran – Palestinian National Authority relations → Iran–Palestine relations – The article was moved to the current name unilaterally in September last year. Another editor seemingly objected on the talk page (see thread above), but it was not moved back nor was the protest met with any response. I suggest it be moved back, since Iran does not have relations with the Palestinian National Authority. Instead, its embassy is accredited to the State of Palestine, represented by the PLO (see here ). Night w 19:20, 5 August 2011 (UTC)
* The name you are suggesting is ambiguous, see Palestine. The sources cited in this article specifically mention the Palestinian National Authority. Marokwitz (talk) 04:13, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
* A "mention" of something isn't good enough. None of the sources state that Iran deals with the PNA, and they wouldn't because Iran doesn't recognise Israel. It deals exclusively with the PLO, for which "Palestine" is the name used in international politics (see Res. 43/177). This is also now the only Palestine bilateral relations article to be named this way. Night w 06:43, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
* Support per the sources given. It'd also help in this case for the name to be flexible. Rennell435 (talk) 01:33, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
* Oppose. Palestine is defined as both a region and a political entity, and it's important not to artificially conflate the two denotations into one. Furthermore, Wikipedia is bound not to United Nations resolutions but prevailing conventions among reliable sources. I agree that some other formula should probably be found in place of "Palestinian National Authority," but it should not substitute one inaccuracy with another., can you propose an alternative to "Iran – Palestinian National Authority relations" that's neutrally worded?—Biosketch (talk) 06:49, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* This isn't just about the UN. Iran only recognises Palestine. So as far as this topic is concerned, the region and the political entity are the same. Night w 08:07, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Your claim that Iran doesn't recognize the Palestinian National Authority is both unsourced and false. And even if this was true, this article does discuss relations between the PNA and Iran, which according to the cited sources, do exist, in various forms. Recognition is irrelevant - Iran doesn't recognize Israel but still we have an article about Iran–Israel relations. Marokwitz (talk) 08:53, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* You moved the page unilaterally in September. An objection was raised on the talk page, may I ask why you didn't respond? By titling the article as you have, you've now narrowed the scope of the article so that the content related to Iran's relations with the PLO and the State of Palestine is off-topic. Consequently, unless we can effectively correct this, the content on the PLO will have to be split off into a new article; see WP:POVFUNNEL. Night w 09:48, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* I didn't see that remark until now, and even now it wasn't immediately apparent that it was related to the move. The current name is broad enough to include the PLO as well as Hamas which are political parties of the Palestinian National Authority. I'm open to any suggestions that resolve the ambiguity with other meanings of the word Palestine (For instance, the British Mandate of Palestine, or the Geographical region). Perhaps a solution to your concerns could be using the term "Palestinian territories". Marokwitz (talk) 10:02, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* My point was that the move was controversial and, given that this page isn't watched by many editors, you should have lodged a proper move request. There is no way to expand upon PLO-related information in this article under the current name. Are you confusing the PLO with Fatah? The PLO is in no way a political party and the PNA is subordinate to the PLO. The Palestinian territories do not conduct foreign relations, it's an administrative term. Night w 11:29, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Yes, I was thinking about Fatah, the largest faction in PLO. PNA is subordinate to the PLO so "Iran-PLO relations" is also a possible title. Do you have any other suggestions? Marokwitz (talk) 12:04, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* That would be more accurate, yes, although again, the common name for the PLO in international affairs is Palestine. Night w 12:26, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* Agreed, but per comment by Biosketch above this is also an ambiguous name, and according to WP:NAME, article titles are required to be unambiguous. If you feel that "PLO" is a more accurate name, I would be fine with that. Remember that both the current title, and the previous title, will still be available as redirect pages.12:37, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* In reply to Biosketch, I personally never see the issues with using "Palestine" that other editors seem to, but I also see Iran–Palestinian relations as another alternative. This is already in use on the Holy See– page. Rennell435 (talk) 17:09, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* That's a reasonable idea. Marokwitz (talk) 17:29, 8 August 2011 (UTC)
* That seems an acceptable solution. Night w 02:15, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
* I agree as well.—Biosketch (talk) 12:40, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/uft.org
Reporting statistics of link uft.org; 23 records.
* uft.org resolves to <IP_ADDRESS> -.
* Link is not on the blacklist.
* Link is not on the blacklist.
Reports COIBot reported 23 links.
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Below a full report on all use of the link uft.org.
LinkWatcher records:
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* User is on global Whitelist: Tim1965 <-> * (Over 5000 edits on en wikipedia)
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* 1) 2008-10-30 03:06:11 (UTC): User ClueBot (talk - contribs; -1) to List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008 (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/obama_honored/.
* User is on global Whitelist: cluebot <-> * (Bots don't have a COI)
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* 3) 2009-01-31 19:10:33 (UTC): User Lalaland333 (talk - contribs; 8) to New York City Teaching Fellows (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/ (8, 164, 5, 0)
* 4) 2009-03-08 21:46:55 (UTC): User Gogue (talk - contribs; 17) to Reassignment centers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/axed/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/whistler_blower_sent_rr/ (17, 164, 6, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/axed/ (17, 164, 6, 0)
* 5) 2009-03-16 18:57:10 (UTC): User ClueBot (talk - contribs; -1) to Western Kentucky University (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/chapter/speech/news/longdistlearners.
* User is on global Whitelist: cluebot <-> * (Bots don't have a COI)
* 1) 2009-03-23 18:09:20 (---): User ClueBot (talk - contribs; -1) to Brooklyn Technical High School (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/in_news/probed.
* User is on global Whitelist: cluebot <-> * (Bots don't have a COI)
* 1) 2009-03-23 22:15:47 (UTC): User Rrburke (talk - contribs; -1) to Brooklyn Technical High School (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/in_news/probed.
* User is on global Whitelist: Rrburke <-> * (Over 5000 edits on en wikipedia)
* 1) 2009-03-23 22:16:47 (UTC): User Rrburke (talk - contribs; -1) to Brooklyn Technical High School (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/mckaskill_bklyntech.
* User is on global Whitelist: Rrburke <-> * (Over 5000 edits on en wikipedia)
* 1) 2009-03-26 21:13:07 (UTC): User Lindseyreu (talk - contribs; 7) to New York City Teaching Fellows (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/ (7, 164, 1, 0)
* 2) 2009-04-01 19:11:42 (UTC): User Lalaland333 (talk - contribs; 8) to New York City Teaching Fellows (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/ (8, 164, 5, 0)
* 3) 2009-04-27 03:44:20 (UTC): User Gogue (talk - contribs; 17) to New York City Department of Education (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/atr_agreement/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/atr_agreement/ (17, 164, 6, 0)
* 4) 2009-04-27 03:53:27 (UTC): User Gogue (talk - contribs; 17) to Absent Teacher Reserve (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/atr_agreement/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/atr_agreement/ (17, 164, 6, 0)
* 5) 2009-05-02 09:49:29 (UTC): User Gogue (talk - contribs; 17) to Fordham High School for the Arts (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/bronx_principal_alleged_to_have_teacher_hit_list/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/bronx_principal_alleged_to_have_teacher_hit_list/ (17, 164, 6, 0)
* 6) 2009-05-02 09:51:24 (UTC): User Gogue (talk - contribs; 17) to Reassignment centers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/bronx_principal_alleged_to_have_teacher_hit_list/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/bronx_principal_alleged_to_have_teacher_hit_list/ (17, 164, 6, 0)
* 7) 2009-06-25 23:06:32 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 4) to Yen Shia Chou (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/village/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/around/teaming_up_for_students/ (4, 164, 2, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/village/ (4, 164, 2, 0)
* 8) 2009-07-26 00:34:58 (---): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 30) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/funding_for_schools/. * Links added in this diff: www.thechief-leader.com/news/2008/0801/news/015.html (30, 67, 4, 0) www.nyc.gov:80/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2008b%2Fpr294-08.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 (30, 5421, 0, 0) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2009/0220/news/003.html (30, 67, 4, 0) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2009/0306/news/004.html (30, 67, 4, 0) fairsharereform.com/blog/entry/news_roundup_tens_of_thousands_cry_out_for_shared_sacrifice/ (30, 3, 1, 0) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2009/0313/news/001.html (30, 67, 4, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/mulgrewchildcaremarktratestestmny/ (30, 164, 9, 0) www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/nyregion/18daycare.html (30, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/harlems_pride/ (30, 164, 9, 0) schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/91B215BF-21F8-4E11-9676-8AFCFBB170E0/0/NYC_CTE_728_lowres.pdf (30, 2032, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/keep_the_promises/ (30, 164, 9, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/funding_for_schools/ (30, 164, 9, 0) www.cfequity.org/2008%20Press%20Material/rel.06.29.08.EdOrgsApplaudRestoredFunding.pdf (30, 6, 1, 0)
* 9) 2009-07-26 03:53:52 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 30) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/around/union_coo_recognized_for_helping_workers/. * Links added in this diff: newtalk.org/2008/10/do-we-need-a-new-deal-for-teac.php (30, 10, 1, 0) www.nysenate.gov/press-release/senate-announces-agreement-nyc-school-governance (30, 366, 1, -3) www.cityhallnews.com/news/127/ARTICLE/2024/2009-07-17.html (30, 51, 1, 0) www.newschool.edu/milano/nycaffairs/publications_schools_thenewmarketplace.aspx (30, 301, 1, -3) gothamgazette.com/article/education/20090518/6/2917 (30, 473, 1, -3) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/tstmnymulgrewgovrnnce060409/ (30, 164, 9, 0) gothamschools.org/2009/06/24/meet-mulgrew-the-new-power-broker-you-probably-dont-know/ (30, 32, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/mulpathtrapro/ (30, 164, 9, 0) www.uft.org/about/bios/vp_career_hs/ (30, 164, 9, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/around/union_coo_recognized_for_helping_workers/ (30, 164, 9, 0) www.nysun.com/new-york/an-apparent-heir-to-weingarten-emerges-at-ny/82190/ (30, 3763, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2009/06/18/2009-06-18_salt_of_the_earth_guy_seen_replacing_randi.html#ixzz0MKW11LTm (30, 19196, 0, 0)
* 10) 2009-07-26 04:51:14 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 30) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/train_spotting_at_transit_tech/. * Links added in this diff: www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/nyregion/18control.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22michael%20mulgrew%22&st=cse (30, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/train_spotting_at_transit_tech/ (30, 164, 9, 0) text.nycenet.edu/Home/InOurSchoolsToday/2008-2009/newtrain.htm (30, 3, 1, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/a-schools-subway-car-its-to-dive-for/ (30, 1473, 0, 0)
* 11) 2009-08-08 03:18:01 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 1) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/about/bios/vp_career_hs/mulgrew08.jpg. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/about/bios/vp_career_hs/mulgrew08.jpg (1, 164, 1, 0)
* 12) 2009-08-31 21:18:49 (UTC): User Jacob.y.chen (talk - contribs; 54) to Yen Chou (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/village/. * Links added in this diff: www.yenchou.com (54, 13, 10, 0) www.nyccfb.info/searchabledb/SimpleSearchResult.aspx?cand_id=1280&cand_name=Chou,%20Yen%20S&election_cycle=2009 (54, 39, 1, 0) www.yenchou.com/platform.php (54, 13, 10, 0) www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=20325896 (54, 1144, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/around/teaming_up_for_students/ (54, 164, 2, 0) www.queenstimes.com/QT-10.pdf (54, 1, 1, 0) www.capsc.org/typhoon (54, 7, 5, 0) yenchou.com/news/typhoon.pdf (54, 13, 10, 0) www.capsc.org/typhoon (54, 7, 5, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/village/ (54, 164, 2, 0) www.aabdc.com/outstanding50/home.php?choice=awardee&d_type=2004O50A (54, 16, 1, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/queens/2009/04/23/2009-04-23_six_candidates_toss_hats_in_the_ring_to_replace_outgoing_councilman_john_liu.html (54, 19196, 0, 0) www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=20325896&BRD=2731&PAG=461&dept_id=574902&rfi=6 (54, 1144, 0, 0) www.queenstribune.com/news/1237478183.html (54, 131, 2, 0) www.yournabe.com/articles/2009/06/04/queens/queens_npicqdn06042009.txt (54, 71, 4, 0) www.yournabe.com/articles/2009/06/10/queens/queens_quqxnln06102009.txt (54, 71, 4, 0) sinovision.net/index.php?module=news&act=details&col_id=613&news_id=65979 (54, 27, 6, 0) www.sinovision.net/index.php?module=news&act=details&col_id=613&news_id=79555 (54, 27, 6, 0) ny.worldjournal.com/printer_friendly/2597877 (54, 9, 3, 0) www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%E5%91%A8%E7%87%95%E9%9C%9E&aq=f&oq= (54, 152241, 0, 0) www.youtube.com/watch?v=pP1uPMDRb6c (54, 533569, 0, 0) www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=57389989250 (54, 84934, 0, 0) yenchou.com/candidate.php (54, 13, 10, 0) www.capsc.org/Content.aspx?content=aboutus_main (54, 7, 5, 0) www.nytimes.com/2009/05/06/nyregion/06flushing.html?scp=8&sq=asian%20city%20council%20flushing&st=cse (54, 227988, 0, 0) yenchou.com/candidate.php (54, 13, 10, 0)
* 13) 2009-09-09 21:30:00 (UTC): User Mfricch (talk - contribs; 35) to Jerry iannece (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/. * Links added in this diff: www.democrats.org/page/group/QueensCountyDemocrats (35, 856, 1, -3) www.local338.org/local338 (35, 1, 1, 0) www.csa-nyc.org/ (35, 1, 1, 0) www.nypdcolumbia.org/ (35, 1, 1, 0) <IP_ADDRESS>/search?q=cache:e8tfigC-P-MJ:www.psc-politicalaction.org/CityCouncil/CD19JerryMIannece.pdf+House+for+Bright+%26+Gifted+Children+Inc+iannece&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us (35, 1476, 0, 0) www.queensciviccongress.org/organization/members.php (35, 1, 1, 0) jerryiannece2009.com/about-jerry/ (35, 2, 2, 0) web2.userinstinct.com/29480069-iannece-calvacca.htm (35, 13, 1, 0) italianfederation.com/ (35, 2, 2, 0) italianfederation.com/columbus_day_parade (35, 2, 2, 0) www.qgazette.com/news/2004/1118/Front_Page/002.html (35, 67, 2, 0) www.psc-politicalaction.org/CityCouncil/CD19JerryMIannece.pdf (35, 1, 1, 0) tacandidatesurvey.org/candidate/165 (35, 1, 1, 0) jerryiannece2009.com/ (35, 2, 2, 0) assembly.state.ny.us/mem/?ad=026 (35, 629, 2, -3) www.zwire.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=20349544&BRD=2731&PAG=461&dept_id=574908&rfi=8 (35, 1144, 0, 0) www.uaw.org/about/where/region9.cfm (35, 49, 1, 0) www.iupat.org/ (35, 5, 2, 0) www.qgazette.com/news/2008/0625/features/029.html (35, 67, 2, 0) ymcanyc.org/index.php (35, 34, 1, 0) <IP_ADDRESS>/search?q=cache:LfTIncCOng0J:www.ny4p.org/pdfs/QN19Iannence.pdf.pdf+Circolo+Calabritto&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us (35, 1476, 0, 0) www.littleneckpines.org/history.htm (35, 1, 1, 0) www.nyc.gov/html/qnscb11/html/profile/community.shtml (35, 5421, 0, 0) www.dc37.net/ (35, 3, 1, 0) www.uft.org/ (35, 164, 1, 0) ufalocal94.org/ (35, 6, 1, 0) www.csealocal1000.org/ (35, 1, 1, 0) www.ufcw.org/ (35, 36, 1, 0) www.nysenate.gov/senator/toby-ann-stavisky (35, 366, 1, -3) assembly.state.ny.us/mem/?ad=024 (35, 629, 2, -3) www.dc1707.net/ (35, 1, 1, 0) www.nysliuna.org/ (35, 1, 1, 0) rwdsu.info/ (35, 13, 1, 0) www.cwalocal1182.org/ (35, 1, 1, 0) www.iupat.org/ (35, 5, 2, 0)
* 14) 2009-10-25 13:50:01 (UTC): User Gogue2 (talk - contribs; 68) to Julia Richman High School (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/julia_richman/. * Links added in this diff: www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/richman.html (68, 9763, 0, 0) www.archachieve.net/realworldexamples/JREC/index.html (68, 1, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/julia_richman/ (68, 164, 1, 0) www.jrec.org/ (68, 6, 4, 0) www.jrec.org/savejrec.html (68, 6, 4, 0) www.classmates.com/directory/school/Julia%20Richman%20High%20School?org=17772791 (68, 225, 1, 0)
* 15) 2010-06-15 06:13:20 (UTC): User Beyond My Ken (talk - contribs; 664) to Albert Shanker (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org (664, 164, 1, 0)
* 16) 2010-07-28 16:55:35 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/bank_blunder/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/albany-passes-charter-school-legislation/ (180, 164, 87, 0) online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748704596504575272942716879192.html (180, 23267, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/charter-schools/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/07/21/2010-07-21_disunion_as_9_teachers_fired.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft-fights-for-fired-merrick-teachers/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/union-seeking-help-for-struggling-homeowners/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.comptroller.nyc.gov/press/2010_releases/pr10-07-073.shtm (180, 55, 3, 0) www.thenation.com/blog/37500/move-your-big-money (180, 5079, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/business/14foreclose.html?src=busln (180, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/first-day-flap-chancellors-fault/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/no-stopping-them-now/ (180, 164, 87, 0) abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/politics&id=7500741 (180, 4231, 0, 0) www.1010wins.com/pages/7483341.php?contentType=4&contentId=6298264 (180, 115, 4, 0) www.uft.org/news/thousands-join-save-our-city-rally/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/nyregion/03teachers.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/deal-saves-student-metrocards/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/student-metrocards/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/keep_student_metrocards_free/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/free_student_metrocards/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/mulgrew-proposes-radical-approach-to-reform/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/extra-support-coming-for-schools-doe-sought-to-close/print.html (180, 164, 87, 0) beta.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2010/jul/01/appellate-court-rules-city-cant-close-19-schools/ (180, 35, 3, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/court-says-city-must-keep-poorly-performing-schools-open/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/judge-voids-city-school-closings/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/2500-celebrate-UFTs-50-years-of-helping-kids/ (180, 164, 87, 0) manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/115873/bloomberg--clinton-attend-uft-bash (180, 7, 3, 0) www.youtube.com/user/UFTvideos#p/u/46/0aTSwHVWDBQ (180, 533569, 0, 0) lafuente.trifectadev.com/en/index.php/site/lafuente_update/ (180, 2, 2, 0) www.nyccej.org/news/video-mlk-rally (180, 2, 2, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/ratify_first_contract/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/bank_blunder/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nypost.com/p/news/local/item_hieleHBZBtzSxfNMocAquN (180, 12311, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2009/11/07/nyregion/07pensions.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/archives/2009/11/65000_city_pens.php (180, 833, 1, -3) www.cityhallnews.com/newyork/article-801-new-uft-leader-takes-his-seat-as-head-of-the-class.html (180, 51, 2, 0) www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/05/30/2010-05-30_labors_tough_customers_the_citys_new_breed_of_oldschool_union_leaders_are_ready_.html#ixzz0uuvZjp4S (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/04/09/2010-04-09_mike_mulgrews_mandate.html#ixzz0uuaPZYon (180, 19196, 0, 0)
* 17) 2010-07-28 18:17:01 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/about/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/about/history/uft_story_part1/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/uft_honors_own_at_teacher_union_day/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/history/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/history/uft_story_part1/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/union_history/common_cause/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/mulgrew_elected_uft_president/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/weingarten_announces_resignation/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/union_history/feldman-years/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/history/makers/shanker_albert/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/cogen-family-proud-of-first-presidents-legacy/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/parents_and_educators_join_forces_for_kids/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/no-stopping-them-now/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/president/what_we_do_for_kids/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/member/education/dat/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/contact/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/2500-celebrate-UFTs-50-years-of-helping-kids/ (180, 164, 87, 0) manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/115873/bloomberg--clinton-attend-uft-bash (180, 7, 3, 0) www.youtube.com/user/UFTvideos#p/u/46/0aTSwHVWDBQ (180, 533569, 0, 0) lafuente.trifectadev.com/en/index.php/site/lafuente_update/ (180, 2, 2, 0) www.nyccej.org/news/video-mlk-rally (180, 2, 2, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/ratify_first_contract/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/albany-passes-charter-school-legislation/ (180, 164, 87, 0) online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748704596504575272942716879192.html (180, 23267, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/charter-schools/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_charter_schools_are_separate_and_unequal.html#ixzz0cvLs7qwi (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/elected_officials_and_uft_call_for_changes/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/07/21/2010-07-21_disunion_as_9_teachers_fired.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft-fights-for-fired-merrick-teachers/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/union-seeking-help-for-struggling-homeowners/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.comptroller.nyc.gov/press/2010_releases/pr10-07-073.shtm (180, 55, 3, 0) www.thenation.com/blog/37500/move-your-big-money (180, 5079, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/business/14foreclose.html?src=busln (180, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/first-day-flap-chancellors-fault/ (180, 164, 87, 0) abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/politics&id=7500741 (180, 4231, 0, 0) www.1010wins.com/pages/7483341.php?contentType=4&contentId=6298264 (180, 115, 4, 0) www.uft.org/news/thousands-join-save-our-city-rally/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/nyregion/03teachers.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/new-teacher-evaluation-plan/ (180, 164, 87, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/deal-saves-student-metrocards/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/student-metrocards/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/keep_student_metrocards_free/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/free_student_metrocards/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/mulgrew-proposes-radical-approach-to-reform/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/04/15/2010-04-15_city_to_close_rubber_rooms_reassignment_centers_for_teachers_accused_of_major_vi.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/nyregion/16rubber.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/city_and_uft_reach_agreement_on_rubber_rooms/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-mulgrew/closing-the-rubber-rooms_b_539745.html (180, 15173, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/extra-support-coming-for-schools-doe-sought-to-close/print.html (180, 164, 87, 0) beta.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2010/jul/01/appellate-court-rules-city-cant-close-19-schools/ (180, 35, 3, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/court-says-city-must-keep-poorly-performing-schools-open/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/03/26/2010-03-26_judge_sides_with_teachers_halts_city_plan_to_close_19_schools.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/judge-voids-city-school-closings/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.ny1.com/9-staten-island-news-content/news_beats/education/112943/teachers-union-files-suit-against-doe-over-school-closings/ (180, 754, 4, -3) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/02/01/2010-02-01_uft_to_sue_over_school_closings.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.edwize.org/a-story-of-broken-promises (180, 7, 2, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_for_ignoring_obligation_to_lower_class_sizes/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 18) 2010-07-28 18:18:23 (UTC): User ClueBot (talk - contribs; -1) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/mulpathtrapro/.
* User is on global Whitelist: cluebot <-> * (Bots don't have a COI)
* 1) 2010-07-28 18:20:56 (UTC): User Grayshi (talk - contribs; 608) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/mulpathtrapro/. * Links added in this diff: schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/91B215BF-21F8-4E11-9676-8AFCFBB170E0/0/NYC_CTE_728_lowres.pdf (608, 2032, 0, 0) www.nyc.gov:80/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2008b%2Fpr294-08.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 (608, 5421, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/mulpathtrapro/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/harlems_pride/ (608, 164, 13, 0) newtalk.org/2008/10/do-we-need-a-new-deal-for-teac.php (608, 10, 1, 0) www.newschool.edu/milano/nycaffairs/publications_schools_thenewmarketplace.aspx (608, 301, 1, -3) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/a-schools-subway-car-its-to-dive-for/ (608, 1473, 0, 0) text.nycenet.edu/Home/InOurSchoolsToday/2008-2009/newtrain.htm (608, 3, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/train_spotting_at_transit_tech/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.uft.org/news/new-teacher-evaluation-plan/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/04/15/2010-04-15_city_to_close_rubber_rooms_reassignment_centers_for_teachers_accused_of_major_vi.html (608, 19196, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/nyregion/16rubber.html (608, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/city_and_uft_reach_agreement_on_rubber_rooms/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-mulgrew/closing-the-rubber-rooms_b_539745.html (608, 15173, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/03/26/2010-03-26_judge_sides_with_teachers_halts_city_plan_to_close_19_schools.html (608, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.ny1.com/9-staten-island-news-content/news_beats/education/112943/teachers-union-files-suit-against-doe-over-school-closings/ (608, 754, 1, -3) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/02/01/2010-02-01_uft_to_sue_over_school_closings.html (608, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.edwize.org/a-story-of-broken-promises (608, 7, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_for_ignoring_obligation_to_lower_class_sizes/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_charter_schools_are_separate_and_unequal.html#ixzz0cvLs7qwi (608, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/elected_officials_and_uft_call_for_changes/ (608, 164, 13, 0) gothamschools.org/2009/06/24/meet-mulgrew-the-new-power-broker-you-probably-dont-know/ (608, 32, 1, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2009/06/18/2009-06-18_salt_of_the_earth_guy_seen_replacing_randi.html#ixzz0MKW11LTm (608, 19196, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/nyregion/18control.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22michael%20mulgrew%22&st=cse (608, 227988, 0, 0) www.nysun.com/new-york/an-apparent-heir-to-weingarten-emerges-at-ny/82190/ (608, 3763, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2009/07/despite-five-or-six-holdouts-m.html (608, 19196, 0, 0) www.nysenate.gov/press-release/senate-announces-agreement-nyc-school-governance (608, 366, 1, -3) www.cityhallnews.com/news/127/ARTICLE/2024/2009-07-17.html (608, 51, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/tstmnymulgrewgovrnnce060409/ (608, 164, 13, 0) gothamgazette.com/article/education/20090518/6/2917 (608, 473, 1, -3) www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/nyregion/18daycare.html (608, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/mulgrewchildcaremarktratestestmny/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2009/0313/news/001.html (608, 67, 3, 0) fairsharereform.com/blog/entry/news_roundup_tens_of_thousands_cry_out_for_shared_sacrifice/ (608, 3, 1, 0) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2009/0306/news/004.html (608, 67, 3, 0) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2009/0220/news/003.html (608, 67, 3, 0) www.cfequity.org/2008%20Press%20Material/rel.06.29.08.EdOrgsApplaudRestoredFunding.pdf (608, 6, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/funding_for_schools/ (608, 164, 13, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/keep_the_promises/ (608, 164, 13, 0)
* 2) 2010-07-28 19:07:56 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/about/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/about/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 3) 2010-07-28 19:12:44 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/about/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/about/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 4) 2010-07-28 19:20:30 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/about/bios/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/contact/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/the_next_generation/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/bios/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 5) 2010-07-28 19:24:06 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/union_history/common_cause/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/feature/2500-celebrate-UFTs-50-years-of-helping-kids/ (180, 164, 87, 0) manhattan.ny1.com/content/top_stories/115873/bloomberg--clinton-attend-uft-bash (180, 7, 3, 0) www.uft.org/about/history/uft_story_part1/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/uft_honors_own_at_teacher_union_day/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/history/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/about/history/uft_story_part1/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/union_history/common_cause/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 6) 2010-07-28 19:28:28 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_for_ignoring_obligation_to_lower_class_sizes/. * Links added in this diff: www.edwize.org/a-story-of-broken-promises (180, 7, 2, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_for_ignoring_obligation_to_lower_class_sizes/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 7) 2010-07-28 19:32:59 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/extra-support-coming-for-schools-doe-sought-to-close/print.html (180, 164, 87, 0) beta.wnyc.org/articles/wnyc-news/2010/jul/01/appellate-court-rules-city-cant-close-19-schools/ (180, 35, 3, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/01/court-says-city-must-keep-poorly-performing-schools-open/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/03/26/2010-03-26_judge_sides_with_teachers_halts_city_plan_to_close_19_schools.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/26/judge-voids-city-school-closings/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.ny1.com/9-staten-island-news-content/news_beats/education/112943/teachers-union-files-suit-against-doe-over-school-closings/ (180, 754, 4, -3) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/02/01/2010-02-01_uft_to_sue_over_school_closings.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 8) 2010-07-28 19:35:50 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/city_and_uft_reach_agreement_on_rubber_rooms/. * Links added in this diff: www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-mulgrew/closing-the-rubber-rooms_b_539745.html (180, 15173, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/04/15/2010-04-15_city_to_close_rubber_rooms_reassignment_centers_for_teachers_accused_of_major_vi.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/nyregion/16rubber.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/city_and_uft_reach_agreement_on_rubber_rooms/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 9) 2010-07-28 19:39:49 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/mulgrew-proposes-radical-approach-to-reform/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/mulgrew-proposes-radical-approach-to-reform/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 10) 2010-07-28 19:42:14 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/free_student_metrocards/. * Links added in this diff: cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/18/deal-saves-student-metrocards/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/student-metrocards/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/keep_student_metrocards_free/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/free_student_metrocards/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 11) 2010-07-28 19:43:48 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/new-teacher-evaluation-plan/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/new-teacher-evaluation-plan/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 12) 2010-07-28 19:48:02 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/mulgrew-applauds-no-layoff-decision-cant-freeze-salaries/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/mulgrew-applauds-no-layoff-decision-cant-freeze-salaries/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.observer.com/2010/politics/stave-layoffs-bloomberg-cuts-teacher-raises (180, 2687, 0, 0) www.1010wins.com/pages/7376256.php?contentType=4&contentId=6212758 (180, 115, 4, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/nyregion/03teachers.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) gothamschools.org/2010/06/02/bloomberg-calls-for-no-teacher-pay-raises-to-avoid-layoffs/ (180, 32, 4, 0)
* 13) 2010-07-28 19:56:07 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/thousands-join-save-our-city-rally/. * Links added in this diff: www.twulocal100.org/event/save-our-city-municipal-labor-rally-city-hall (180, 3, 1, 0) metrolabornyc.org/tag/municipal-labor-committee (180, 1, 1, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/unions-launch-radio-ad-to-promote-save-our-city-rally/ (180, 164, 87, 0) abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/politics&id=7500741 (180, 4231, 0, 0) www.1010wins.com/pages/7483341.php?contentType=4&contentId=6298264 (180, 115, 4, 0) www.uft.org/news/thousands-join-save-our-city-rally/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 14) 2010-07-28 19:59:18 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/first-day-flap-chancellors-fault/. * Links added in this diff: cfgrassman.wordpress.com/2010/06/29/uft-president-michael-mulgrew-setting-the-record-straight-on-the-ability-to-change-the-school-calendar/ (180, 1, 1, 0) blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/tag/michael-mulgrew/ (180, 3402, 0, 0) gothamschools.org/2010/06/28/school-ends-with-city-union-bickering-over-when-it-should-begin/ (180, 32, 4, 0) www.uft.org/news/first-day-flap-chancellors-fault/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 15) 2010-07-28 20:01:23 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/union-seeking-help-for-struggling-homeowners/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/union-seeking-help-for-struggling-homeowners/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.comptroller.nyc.gov/press/2010_releases/pr10-07-073.shtm (180, 55, 3, 0) www.thenation.com/blog/37500/move-your-big-money (180, 5079, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/business/14foreclose.html?src=busln (180, 227988, 0, 0)
* 16) 2010-07-28 20:05:16 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft-fights-for-fired-merrick-teachers/. * Links added in this diff: abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/education&id=7569620 (180, 4231, 0, 0) www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/122562/uft-blasts-queens-charter-school-over-letter-firings (180, 754, 4, -3) www.thechief-leader.com/news/2010-07-30/News_of_the_week/UFT_Alleges_Teachers_Are_Fired_Over_Union_Work.html (180, 67, 1, 0) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/07/21/2010-07-21_disunion_as_9_teachers_fired.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft-fights-for-fired-merrick-teachers/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 17) 2010-07-28 20:07:31 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/elected_officials_and_uft_call_for_changes/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/albany-passes-charter-school-legislation/ (180, 164, 87, 0) online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748704596504575272942716879192.html (180, 23267, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/testimony/charter-schools/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_charter_schools_are_separate_and_unequal.html#ixzz0cvLs7qwi (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/elected_officials_and_uft_call_for_changes/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 18) 2010-07-28 20:09:39 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to United Federation of Teachers (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/ratify_first_contract/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/teacher/top/ratify_first_contract/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 19) 2010-07-28 20:12:26 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/teacher/around/union_coo_recognized_for_helping_workers/. * Links added in this diff: www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/05/30/2010-05-30_labors_tough_customers_the_citys_new_breed_of_oldschool_union_leaders_are_ready_.html#ixzz0uuvZjp4S (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/04/09/2010-04-09_mike_mulgrews_mandate.html#ixzz0uuaPZYon (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/teacher/around/union_coo_recognized_for_helping_workers/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 20) 2010-08-04 18:40:33 (UTC): User Lalaland333 (talk - contribs; 8) to New York City Teaching Fellows (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_wins_prelim_injunction/ (8, 164, 5, 0)
* 21) 2010-01-04 23:13:46 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/elected_officials_and_uft_call_for_changes/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/elected_officials_and_uft_call_for_changes/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 22) 2010-01-06 22:26:32 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 1) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_for_ignoring_obligation_to_lower_class_sizes/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_for_ignoring_obligation_to_lower_class_sizes/ (1, 164, 1, 0)
* 23) 2010-02-02 21:44:46 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.ny1.com/9-staten-island-news-content/news_beats/education/112943/teachers-union-files-suit-against-doe-over-school-closings/ (180, 754, 4, -3) www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/02/01/2010-02-01_uft_to_sue_over_school_closings.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/uft_sues_doe_over_school_closings/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 24) 2010-04-16 20:37:51 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/mulgrew_elected_uft_president/. * Links added in this diff: www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/education/2010/04/15/2010-04-15_city_to_close_rubber_rooms_reassignment_centers_for_teachers_accused_of_major_vi.html (180, 19196, 0, 0) www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/nyregion/16rubber.html (180, 227988, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/issues/press/city_and_uft_reach_agreement_on_rubber_rooms/ (180, 164, 87, 0) www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-mulgrew/closing-the-rubber-rooms_b_539745.html (180, 15173, 0, 0) cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/teachers-union-president-elected-in-landslide/ (180, 1473, 0, 0) www.uft.org/news/mulgrew_elected_uft_president/ (180, 164, 87, 0)
* 25) 2010-05-11 19:51:40 (UTC): User <IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs; 180) to Michael Mulgrew (diff - undo) - Link: www.uft.org/news/new-teacher-evaluation-plan/. * Links added in this diff: www.uft.org/news/new-teacher-evaluation-plan/ (180, 164, 87, 0) | WIKI |
Jette Sandahl
Jette Sandahl (born 1949) is a Danish curator, museum director and business executive. Founding director of the Women’s Museum of Denmark and the Museum of World Culture in Gothenburg, Sweden, she has more recently served as director of the Museum of Copenhagen. She is currently a member of the European Museum Forum's board of trustees. | WIKI |
Page:Lauspatriaeceles00bern.djvu/22
Rh Where the Lowly will breathe in thy Æther divine, And thy Stars on the Sinful in Whiteness will shine. For here is the Battle, but there the Reward, And Refreshment and Peace in the Towers of the Lord; When, the Mysteries solved and the Glories expressed, They'll forever repose in their Sabbath of Rest. The Hebrew from Egypt will travel forth free, And find in yon Canaan a long Jubilee; Will dwell in that quiet and luminous Land, With Throngs of the Ransomed of Israel's Band; | WIKI |
Sally HART and Center for Medicare Advocacy, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Defendant.
No. CR 09-076-TUC-CKJ.
United States District Court, D. Arizona.
Dec. 18, 2009.
Gill Deford, CTR for Medicare Advocacy Inc., Willimantic, CT, Sally Hart, Tucson, AZ, for Plaintiff.
J. Cole Hernandez, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Tucson, AZ, for Defendant.
ORDER
CINDY K. JORGENSON, District Judge.
On July 31, 2009, Magistrate Judge Jennifer C. Guerin issued a Report and Recommendation [Doc. # 30] in which she recommended denying Plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. # 14], granting Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. # 24], and dismissing with prejudice the claims alleged against Defendant. The magistrate judge advised the parties that they had ten days to serve and file any written objections to the Report and Recommendation. Plaintiffs filed an objection and requested oral argument. The Defendant filed a response. The Court declines to schedule this matter for oral argument and adopts the recommendation of the magistrate judge.
Report and Recommendation
On August 12, 2008, Plaintiffs submitted a request for information under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Defendant’s response to the request was delayed because the agent assigned to Plaintiffs’ FOIA request was out of the office for personal health issues and the care of a dependent family member. Defendant was unable to reassign the request to another staff member due to the limited number of FOIA personnel in the office. On October 30, 2008, Plaintiffs wrote to CMS, appealing the Defendant’s failure to acknowledge the FOIA claim. CMS wrote to Plaintiffs to acknowledge the receipt of the FOIA request on February 17, 2009.
Prior to receiving Defendant’s acknowledgment of the FOIA request, Plaintiffs filed a lawsuit on February 6, 2009. Plaintiffs’ notice of the lawsuit arrived at Defendant’s office in Washington, D.C. on February 17, 2009, and CMS received actual notice on February 18, 2009 at its office in Baltimore, M.D. Defendant has provided all the documents requested.
The magistrate judge found that Plaintiffs’ claims were moot because the Defendant has already provided the documents requested under the FOIA. The magistrate judge further found that Plaintiffs were not entitled to attorney fees because (1) Plaintiffs had not obtained a judicial order granting relief and (2) Defendant did not voluntarily change its position as a result of Plaintiffs’ complaint.
Objections to the Report and Recommendation
Plaintiffs objected to the Report and Recommendation and assert that Plaintiffs’ action is not moot because there is plausible evidence that Defendant has a pattern and practice of failing to respond timely to FOIA requests and that Plaintiffs meet the statutory test for an award of attorney fees.
Discussion
1. Plaintiffs’ action is moot because the agency has discharged its duty under the FOIA.
The FOIA requires a response within 20 days of a request. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)®. It is undisputed that Defendant failed to respond to Plaintiffs’ request within 20 days. However, an action to compel the production of documents under the FOIA is mooted, and appropriately dismissed, when the agency in control of the requested documents delivers them to the plaintiff. See Beech v. C.I.R., 190 F.Supp.2d 1183 (D.Ariz.2001), aff'd in Beech v. C.I.R., 37 Fed.Appx. 324 (9th Cir.2002). It is undisputed that Defendant has provided Plaintiffs with all the requested documents under the FOIA. The magistrate judge found that because Defendant has discharged its duty under the FOIA, Plaintiffs’ action is moot.
Plaintiffs, however, claim that their action is not moot because there is plausible evidence that Defendant has a pattern and practice of failing to respond timely to FOIA requests. The magistrate judge agreed that an agency’s pattern and practice may be held to violate the FOIA when it fails to exercise “due diligence” under § 552(a)(6)(C). Mayock v. Nelson, 938 F.2d 1006, 1007 (9th Cir.1991). Plaintiffs, however, have not presented sufficient evidence of a pattern of delayed responses.
CMS receives more requests than any other component of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). CMS received 37,587 new FOIA requests in fiscal year 2007 and processed 36,822. CMS then received 43,792 new requests in fiscal year 2008 (the year of Plaintiffs’ FOIA request) and processed 41,260 requests. Additionally, CMS uses a “first-in, first-out” approach to handle FOIA requests. The Court agrees with the magistrate judge that Defendant’s “first in, first out” practice does not amount to a factual showing that Defendant continually violates the FOIA requirements. Further, as stated by the magistrate judge, “a ‘first-in, first-out’ approach to handling FOIA requests was approved by the Ninth Circuit in Exner v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 542 F.2d 1121, 1123 (9th Cir.1976).” Report and Recommendation, p. 855, n. 4.
The Court also considers the facts set forth in Center for Medicare Advocacy, Inc. v. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 577 F.Supp.2d 221, 242 (D.D.C.2008), and the data submitted by the parties (e.g., 2006 improvement plan; DHHS Fiscal Year 2008 Freedom of Information Annual Report). Although Plaintiffs argue that the data shows that the backlog has increased, the data also establishes that number of FOIA requests has also increased. Most significantly, the data also indicates that CMS increased the number of responses processed. The Court agrees with the magistrate judge that a pattern and practice of delayed responses warranting a determination of a FOIA violation has not been established.
This circuit has recognized that due diligence under the FOIA may require an agency with a “first-in, first-out” practice to give priority to requesters with an exceptional need. Mayock, 938 F.2d at 1008. In Mayock v. Nelson, the Ninth Circuit remanded the case to the district court to determine whether the Plaintiff had shown an exceptional need. Id. There, the plaintiff was an immigration attorney whose clients were often deported before he received FOIA documents necessary for immigration proceedings. Id. at 1007. Plaintiffs in this case have not asserted that they are entitled to priority in Defendant’s “first-in, first-out” system due to some exceptional need, such as the imminent harm faced by deportees in Mayock. Because Plaintiffs do not claim or show an exceptional need, Defendant has not violated the FOIA’s due diligence standard by failing to afford Plaintiffs priority in the “first-in, first-out” system.
2. Plaintiffs are not eligible for attorney fees because there is insufficient evidence to support a claim that Defendant materially changed its position as a result of pending litigation.
In order to obtain an award of attorney fees under the FOIA, the plaintiff must demonstrate both eligibility and entitlement to the award. Long v. I.R.S., 932 F.2d 1309, 1313 (9th Cir.1991). Because this Court finds that Plaintiffs are not eligible for an award of attorney fees, it need not address the issue of entitlement.
Plaintiffs are eligible for attorney fees when they substantially prevail by obtaining relief through either (1) a judicial order, enforceable written agreement, or consent decree; or (2) “a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E). As Plaintiffs have not received a judicial order, enforceable written agreement, or consent decree, they are only entitled to attorney fees if the agency made a voluntary or unilateral change in its position as a result of pending litigation. Plaintiffs claim that, because the DHHS received notice of the suit before it acknowledged Plaintiffs FOIA request, the voluntary or unilateral change in position requirement is met. Plaintiffs object to the findings in the Report and Recommendation because it would create a high burden of proving a defendant’s actual motive for supplying documents. This Court finds these arguments unpersuasive and adopts the holding in the Report and Recommendation.
The OPEN Government Act of 2007 made several amendments to the Freedom of Information Act. One of these changes made plaintiffs eligible for attorney fees if the agency makes a voluntary or unilateral change in position. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E). Prior to the passage of this amendment, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected this “catalyst theory” in Buckhannon Board & Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598, 605, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001). Under the holding in Buckhannon, parties substantially prevailed only if they received a favorable judgment on the merits or a court-ordered consent decree. Id. at 604, 121 S.Ct. 1835. As long as agencies changed position before a court order was entered, they were not required to pay attorney fees.
Prior to Buckhannon, this circuit addressed the catalyst theory in Church of Scientology of Cal. v. U.S. Postal Service, 700 F.2d 486, 489 (9th Cir.1983). Because the OPEN Government Act of 2007 revived the catalyst theory, the analysis in Church of Scientology is instructive in the present case. There, the Church of Scientology of California (the Church) filed a FOIA request with the United States Postal Service (USPS) for information relating to the activities and operations of the Church and its founder. Id. at 488. The USPS produced certain documents but denied others, claiming they were exempt from disclosure. Id. The Church filed suit to compel disclosure of the withheld documents and, after several appeals, the district court held that the undisclosed material was properly withheld. Id. at 489. The district court also denied the Church’s request for attorney fees. Id. In holding that the case should be remanded to the district court, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that there was a factual dispute as to whether the documents had been released as a result of the litigation. Id. at 490. It is the district court’s responsibility to determine whether “a causal nexus exists between the action and the surrender of information.” Id. at 489.
A plaintiff may be eligible for an award of attorney fees upon a showing “that: (1) the filing of the action could reasonably have been regarded as necessary to obtain the information; and (2) the filing of the action had a substantial causative effect on the delivery of the information.” Id. A suit may be considered reasonably necessary where the plaintiff has a compelling need to bring the lawsuit. Id. at 490. In Exner v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) had failed to turn over information about the plaintiffs relationship with organized crime figures. 443 F.Supp. 1349, 1353 (S.D.Cal.1978). The district court found that this information, which was leaked, exposed the plaintiff to serious danger, and that the lawsuit was necessary to obtain the information as quickly as possible. Id. Also, the court found that the action had a substantial causative effect on the release of the requested documents because the suit resulted in the immediate production of the documents. Id.
Conversely, the Eight Circuit upheld a denial of attorney fees in Ginter v. I.R.S. because the lawsuit was not reasonably necessary to the production of documents, nor did it have a substantial causative effect on their release. 648 F.2d 469, 471 (8th Cir.1981); see also Church of Scientology, 700 F.2d at 491. There, the IRS was unable to locate requested information and was in the process of conducting a special search when the plaintiff filed suit. Id. The IRS found and released some of the documents after the plaintiff filed suit, but the court held that this alone was not enough to infer that the suit had a substantial causative effect on the production of the requested material. Id. A lawsuit does not have a substantial causative effect on the production of material when “an unavoidable delay accompanied by due diligence in the administrative processes, rather than the threat of an adverse court order, was the actual reason for the agency’s failure to respond to a request.” Church of Scientology, 700 F.2d at 491 (citing Cox v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 601 F.2d 1, 6 (D.C.Cir.1979)).
The present case is more like Ginter than Exner. Here, the FOIA office filed an untimely response to Plaintiffs’ request due to an administrative delay rather than in response to pending litigation. Due to personal health care issues and the need to care for a dependent family member, the FOIA specialist assigned to Plaintiffs’ request was out of the office for the latter part of 2008. This caused an unavoidable administrative delay. Additionally, Defendant sent a response to Plaintiffs’ request on February 17, 2009, one day before the office received actual notice of this lawsuit. While Defendant was served with notice in its Washington, D.C. office on February 17, it is undisputed that the FOIA office responsible for the claim did not have notice of the suit before sending the response. Because the response was sent before the office had actual notice of the lawsuit, this action cannot be considered to have had a substantial causative effect on the production of material. The delay in the response to Plaintiffs’ claim was the result of an administrative delay and Plaintiffs have failed to show that their lawsuit had a substantial causative effect on the production of the material.
Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED:
1. The Report and Recommendation [Doc. # 30] is ADOPTED.
2. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. # 14] is DENIED.
3. Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment [Doc. # 24] is GRANTED.
4. The claims against Defendant are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
5. The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment and shall then close its file in this matter.
REPORT & RECOMMENDATION
JENNIFER C. GUERIN, United States Magistrate Judge.
Pending before the Court is a Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Plaintiffs Sally Hart and Center for Medicare Advocacy, Inc. on April 2, 2009. (Doc. No. 14.) Plaintiffs’ action, brought under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552 (“FOIA”), seeks to compel the Department of Health and Human Services (“DHHS”) to provide government documents requested by Plaintiffs on August 12, 2008. Plaintiffs contend that, based on the undisputed facts before the Court, they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Defendant United States Department of Health and Human Services filed a Response and Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment on June 4, 2009. (Doc. No. 24.) Defendant contends that all requested documents have been provided to Plaintiffs and that Defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Plaintiffs responded to Defendant’s cross-motion and replied to Defendant’s response on June 23, 2009. (Doc. No. 27.) Defendant replied to Plaintiffs’ response on July 13, 2009. (Doc. No. 28.)
Pursuant to the Rules of Practice in this Court, the matter was assigned to Magistrate Judge Guerin for a Report and Recommendation. (Doc. No. 29.) The Magistrate Judge recommends that the District Court, after its independent review of the record, enter an order denying Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment and granting Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On August 12, 2008, Plaintiffs wrote to the Freedom of Information Group within Defendant’s division, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), requesting copies of documents and information pursuant to FOIA. (PSOF 1, DRSOF 1.) The request sought information regarding numbers of attorneys against whom CMS or its agents took action to recover conditional payments under the Medicare Secondary Payer Program. (DSOF 1; PRSOF 1.) According to Plaintiff Sally Hart, the request was filed in an attempt to gather information for an article that Ms. Hart is authoring regarding popular misconceptions concerning the authority of the Medicare agency in collecting Medicare Secondary Payer claims, particularly the ongoing description of Medicare’s unperfected claims as “liens” which impose particular obligations on personal injury attorneys. (Doc. No. 27, Ex. 1.) Neither of the Plaintiffs will receive any remuneration for the article by Ms. Hart. (Id.)
The CMS FOIA Group in the Baltimore Central Office (“CMS FOIA Group”) has a staff of approximately 15 people, ten of whom are dedicated FOIA analysts. These analysts are responsible for processing requests that seek categories of records that have not been designated for direct release by CMS program offices, including CMS regional offices and Medicare contractors, in accordance with this agency’s FMS guidelines. (DSOF 2; PRSOF 2.) Plaintiffs’ FOIA request was assigned to a FOIA analyst because it sought documents not within the direct release category. (DSOF 3; PRSOF 3.)
Due to personal health issues and the care of a dependent family member, the FOIA specialist assigned to Plaintiffs’ request was out of the office during the latter part of 2008 and the early part of 2009. (DSOF 5; PRSOF 5.) Because of the limited number of FOIA personnel in the FOIA Group, it was not possible to reassign the specialist’s FOIA requests to another staff member. (Id.) Consequently, Defendant’s response to the request was delayed. (Id.)
On October 30, 2008, Plaintiffs wrote again to CMS FOIA Group, appealing the Defendant’s failure to supply the requested documents within the time frame specified by law. (PSOF 2; DRSOF2.)
It is the responsibility of each FOIA analyst to send the requester an acknowledgment letter and to refer the FOIA request to the CMS components likely to have responsive records. (DSOF 4; PRSOF 4.) On February 17, 2009, CMS wrote to Plaintiffs to acknowledge receipt of the FOIA request. (PSOF 3; DRSOF 3.) The letter explained that, due to a very heavy volume of FOIA requests, CMS was processing requests on a “first in, first out” basis. (PSOF, Ex. A.) The letter further stated: “Please be assured that a search has been initiated for records falling within the scope of your request. If any such records are located, they will be reviewed as soon as possible, and you will be notified of our decision regarding release or non-release of those documents.” (Id.) The letter advised Plaintiffs of the process for expediting their request if necessary. (Id.) The letter also advised Plaintiffs of CMS’s policies regarding fees charged for processing requests. (Id.) Prior to receipt of CMS’ February 17, 2009 letter, on February 6, 2009, Plaintiffs had filed the pending action. (Doc. No. 1.) Patricia Mantoan, an attorney in the General Law Division of the Office of General Counsel (“OGC”), learned of Plaintiffs’ lawsuit on February 18, 2009, when she received a copy of the Complaint by electronic mail from the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Tucson, Arizona. (DSOF 9; PRSOF 9.) The CMS FOIA Group did not become aware of Plaintiffs’ lawsuit until February 18, 2009, when two staff persons in the CMS FOIA Group received email notification from Ms. Mantoan. (DSOF 8, 9; PRSOF 8, 9.)
On that same date, Plaintiffs’ request was referred to the Center for Medicare Management (“CMM”) and the Office of Financial Management (“OFM”) for searches for responsive records. (DSOF 4; PRSOF 4.) CMM serves as the focal point for all CMS interactions with health care providers, intermediaries, carriers, and Medicare Administrative Contractors (“MACs”) for issues relating to Medicare fee-for-serviee (“FFS”) policies and operations. (Id.) OFM has responsibilities for the Medicare Secondary Payer Recovery Claims program. (Id.)
On February 24, 2009, Plaintiffs responded to Defendant’s letter of February 17, 2009. Plaintiff noted the filing of their Complaint in this action and provided further information regarding their entitlement to a waiver of fees for the requested documents. (PSOF 4; DRSOF 4.)
On February 25, 2009, CMM notified the FOIA Group that they did not have any responsive records. (DSOF 10; PRSOF 10.)
In March 2009, OFM referred Plaintiffs’ request to OGC, which may handle litigation involving recovery under the Medicare Secondary Payer program. (DSOF 11; PRSOF 11.) The request was then circulated to the ten OGC regional offices and the OGC Central Office.
In early April, 2009, OFM informed the CMS FOIA Group that it did not have any responsive records. (DSOF 12; PRSOF 12.)
In early April 2009, OGC informed the CMS FOIA Group that it did not have any directly responsive records, but that it was able to find a court decision on a recovery case in West Virginia. (DSOF 13; PRSOF 13.) The CMS FOIA Group conducted additional research and retrieved two additional court decisions cited in the case provided by OGC. (Id.)
On April 8, 2009, Defendant sent to Plaintiffs via overnight mail the 12 pages of responsive records and two cases printed from Westlaw. (DSOF 14; PRSOF 14.) Defendant also informed Plaintiffs that it was waiving any fees incurred in providing the documents. (Id.)
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the Court views the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Eisenberg v. Insurance Co. of North America, 815 F.2d 1285, 1289 (9th Cir.1987).
Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings and supporting documents “show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Material facts are those “that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A genuine issue exists if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id.
A party moving for summary judgment initially must demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The moving party merely needs to point out to the Court the absence of evidence supporting its opponent’s claim; it does not need to disprove its opponent’s claim. Id.; see also Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). If a moving party has made this showing, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s pleading, but ... must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). See also Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Brinson v. Linda Rose Joint Venture, 53 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir.1995).
The ultimate inquiry is “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant violated the timeliness requirement of the FOIA. Plaintiffs further allege that they are entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing this action. In response to Plaintiffs’ Motion, Defendant contends that Plaintiffs’ action is moot and should be dismissed and that Plaintiffs’ request for fees should be denied. Defendant further moves for summary judgment on the ground that it has discharged its obligation under FOIA and is therefore entitled to dismissal of the case against it.
1. Timeliness Requirements of FOIA
A federal agency must “promptly” make available records properly requested by members of the public. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). Upon receipt of a request for records, the agency must “determine within 20 days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) ... whether to comply with such request and shall immediately notify the person making such request of such determination and the reasons therefor, and of the right of such person to appeal to the head of the agency any adverse determination.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i). The agency must make a determination with respect to any appeal within twenty days after receipt of the appeal. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(ii). In “unusual circumstances,” the 20-day time limit for an agency’s response to a FOIA records request may be extended by “written notice to the person making such request setting forth the unusual circumstances for such extension and the date on which a determination is expected to be dispatched.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(B)(i).
If the agency does not make a timely determination regarding a records request, the requesting party may proceed as if the request had been denied. 45 CFR 5.35(a). If the agency fails to respond timely to a request for records, or to an appeal, the requesting party is deemed to have exhausted remedies and can seek relief at the next stage of the process. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)(i). “On complaint, the district court of the United States in the district in which the complainant resides ... has jurisdiction to enjoin the agency from withholding agency records and to order the production of any agency records improperly withheld from the complainant.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).
2. Plaintiffs action is moot because Defendant has discharged its obligations under FOIA
It is undisputed that Defendant has conducted a reasonable search for records and provided to Plaintiffs all responsive records found. (Doc. No. 27, pg. 4; Doc. No. 28, pg. 1.) Under the law of this Circuit, Plaintiffs’ action is moot. An action to compel the production of documents under the FOIA is mooted, and appropriately dismissed, when the agency in control of the requested documents delivers them to the plaintiff. See Beech v. C.I.R., 190 F.Supp.2d 1183 (D.Ariz.2001), aff'd in Beech v. C.I.R., 37 Fed.Appx. 324 (9th Cir.2002) (citing Carter v. Veterans Administration, 780 F.2d 1479, 1481 (9th Cir.1986)); see also Rouse v. U.S. Dept. of State, 567 F.3d 408, 411 n. 1 (9th Cir.2009) (affirming Carter).
Plaintiffs argue that a party who voluntarily ceases unlawful conduct after the other party has filed suit falls within the voluntary cessation exception to the mootness doctrine, and that the voluntary cessation doctrine has been applied in FOIA cases. (Doc. No. 27, pg.5.) Plaintiffs do not offer any case law from this jurisdiction to support that assertion, citing instead to the federal districts of the D.C. Circuit and Oregon. These cases apply the voluntary cessation doctrine where “an agency’s refusal to supply information evidences a policy or practice of delayed disclosure or some other failure to abide by the terms of the FOIA, and not merely isolated mistakes by agency officials,” noting that “a party’s challenge to the policy or practice cannot be mooted by the release of the specific documents that prompted the suit.” Payne Enterprises, Inc. v. United States., 837 F.2d 486, 491 (D.C.Cir.1988). While there is some case law in this Circuit suggesting that an agen-
Gy’s pattern and practice of delayed responses to FOIA requests may be held to violate the FOIA, see Mayock v. Nelson, 938 F.2d 1006, 1007 n. 1 (9th Cir.1991) (noting district court’s determination that, because the complaint alleged a recurring “pattern and practice” of FOIA violations, the plaintiff had standing and his claims were not moot), Plaintiffs have not presented sufficient evidence of a “pattern” of delayed responses by Defendant. Plaintiffs do not offer any evidence in support of their claim that they have “made FOIA requests to Defendant in the past and [expect] to do so in the future, when [they] would again face delays resulting from Defendant’s non-compliant procedures.” (Doc. No. 27, pg.5.) The fact that Defendant stated in its February 17, 2009 letter to Plaintiffs that it processes FOIA requests on a “first in, first out” basis does not amount to a factual showing that Defendant continually violates the FOIA timeliness requirements. In sum, while the evidence demonstrates that Defendant did not comply with the timeliness requirements in this case, there is only a suggestion, not evidence, of other failures by Defendant. See generally Biodiversity Legal Foundation v. Badgley, 309 F.3d 1166, 1174 (9th Cir.2002) (holding that an agency which exhibited a recurring pattern of correcting regulatory violations immediately after the commencement of litigation could be challenged, as an exception to the mootness doctrine, where challenging party presented other, similar cases as evidence). Thus, Plaintiffs have not met their burden of proof for summary judgment.
3. Plaintiffs are not eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees
Although Plaintiffs’ FOIA claim is moot, they may nonetheless pursue a claim for attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing this action. Attorney fee issues are ancillary to the underlying action and survive independently under the court’s equitable jurisdiction. See Carter v. Veterans Administration, 780 F.2d 1479, 1481 (9th Cir.1986). The FOIA attorney fee provision requires courts to engage in a two-step inquiry: first, whether the plaintiff is eligible under the statute for an award of fees; and second, whether the court in its discretion finds the plaintiff entitled to an award of fees. See Church of Scientology of California v. U.S. Postal Service, 700 F.2d 486, 489 (9th Cir.1983). Because the Court concludes that Plaintiffs are not eligible for attorneys’ fees, it does not reach the issue of Plaintiffs’ entitlement.
Prior to its most recent amendments, the FOIA had a basic fee provision: “The court may assess against the United States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case under this section in which the complainant has substantially prevailed.” Oregon Natural Desert Ass’n v. Locke, 572 F.3d 610, 614 (9th Cir.2009) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E) (prior to amendment)). Whether a party had substantially prevailed such that the party was eligible for a fee award was examined under a court-determined legal framework that analyzed: (1) whether the suit was reasonably necessary to obtain the information; and (2) whether the suit had a substantial causative effect on the release of the documents in question. See Church of Scientology, 700 F.2d at 489. However, the current version of FOIA, signed into law on December 31, 2007, amended the attorneys’ fee provision and provided a statutory definition of “substantially prevailed,” thereby changing the legal standard regarding a party’s eligibility for an award of attorneys’ fees. See Oregon Natural Desert Ass’n v. Locke, 572 F.3d 610, 614-15 (9th Cir.2009). FOIA currently provides:
The court may assess against the United States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case under this section in which the complainant has substantially prevailed.
(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph, a complainant has substantially prevailed if the complainant has obtained relief through either-
(I) a judicial order, or an enforceable written agreement or consent decree; or
(II) a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency, if the complainant’s claim is not insubstantial.
5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). This amendment was designed to ensure that FOIA complainants could rely on the “catalyst theory” in order to become eligible for an award of attorney fees. See Oregon Natural, 572 F.3d at 614-16. The “catalyst” theory “posits that a plaintiff is a ‘prevailing party’ if it achieves the desired result because the lawsuit brought about a voluntary change in the defendant’s conduct.” Buckhannon Bd. and Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Dept. of Health and Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598, 601, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001). In the amendments to the FOIA, the “catalyst theor/’ is incorporated into the statute at 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii)(II).
Accordingly, under the current version of 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii), Plaintiffs are eligible for an award of attorneys’ fees if (a) they have obtained a judicial order granting them relief, or (b) Defendant voluntarily changed its position as a result of Plaintiffs’ complaint. Neither applies in the instant case. First, the Court has not issued an order granting Plaintiffs relief. Second, Plaintiffs’ lawsuit did not bring about a voluntary change in Defendant’s conduct. It is undisputed that Defendant initiated its search for records requested by Plaintiffs on or before February 17, 2009. This search led to Defendant’s final response to Plaintiffs’ request for records. It is also undisputed that Defendant did not learn of Plaintiffs’ lawsuit until February 18, 2009, after the record search had been initiated. Although Plaintiffs speculate that Defendant was motivated by the litigation to respond to Plaintiffs’ request as soon as possible, Plaintiffs have not presented any factual evidence to support that assertion. To the contrary, Defendant’s February 17, 2009 letter stated that any records located would be “reviewed as soon as possible” and that Plaintiffs would be notified accordingly. Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that they have substantially prevailed.
RECOMMENDATION
The Magistrate Judge recommends the District Court, after its independent review of the record, enter an order DENYING the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Plaintiffs on April 3, 2009 (Doc. No. 17), GRANTING the Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Defendant on June 4, 2009 (Doc. No. 24) and DISMISSING WITH PREJUDICE the claims alleged against Defendant.
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b), any party may serve and file written objections within 10 days of being served with a copy of this Report and Recommendation. If objections are not timely filed, they may be deemed waived. If objections are filed, the parties should use the following case number: CV-09-76-TUC-CKJ.
DATED this 31st day of July, 2009.
. One of the reasons for passing the OPEN Government Act of 2007 was to allow a plaintiff to be eligible for attorney fees when "he or she files a lawsuit to obtain records from the Government and the Government releases those records before the court orders them to do so.” 153 Cong. Rec. S15704, 2007 WL 4364208, December 14, 2007. Thus, a plaintiff may now be eligible for attorney fees upon a showing that the lawsuit was reasonably necessary and that the litigation substantially caused the release of the requested records. Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 562 F.Supp.2d 159, 172 (D.D.C.2008). This is what is known as the “catalyst theory.” tion when the request was referred for searches on February 17, 2009. Id. Additionally, Plaintiffs claim that Defendant was served with notice in Arizona eight days before the response was sent. However, summons and complaints against Defendant are required to be sent to the General Counsel, Department of Health and Human Services, 200 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20201. 45 C.F.R. § 4.1. Service did not arrive at this location under February 17, 2009.
. The CMS FOIA Group in the Baltimore Central Office did not become aware of the lawsuit until February 18, 2009. See Defendant’s Separate Statement of Facts, Ex. 1 ¶ 6. Further, the office did not know of the litiga-
. References to the parties’ Statements of Fact are abbreviated herein as follows: Plaintiffs’ Statement of Facts (Doc. No. 18) is abbreviated as "PSOF”; Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Statement of Facts (Doc. No. 25, pg. 1) is abbreviated as "DRSOF”; Defendant's Statement of Facts (Doc. No. 25, pg. 2.) is abbreviated as "DSOF”; and Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s Statement of Facts (Doc. No. 26) is abbreviated as "PRSOF”.
. Plaintiffs also devote a portion of their Motion for Summary Judgment to outlining the law regarding waiver of fees associated with document production. (Doc. No. 17, pgs. 2 & 5.) However, because it is undisputed that Defendant did not charge Plaintiffs any fees for the production of their requested information, this discussion is irrelevant.
. "Unusual circumstances are defined as "(I) the need to search for and collect the requested records from field facilities or other establishments that are separate from the office processing the request; (II) the need to search for, collect, and appropriately examine a voluminous amount of separate and distinct records which are demanded in a single request; or (III) the need for consultation, which shall be conducted with all practicable speed, with another agency having a substantial interest in the determination of the request or among two or more components of the agency having substantial subject-matter interest therein.” ” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(B)(iii).
. To the contrary, a "first-in, first-out” approach to handling FOIA requests was approved by the Ninth Circuit in Exner v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 542 F.2d 1121, 1123 (9 Cir.1976).
. Defendant cited to information from the Department of Health and Human Services demonstrating that CMS has increased the number of FOIA requests it processes each year and is taking affirmative steps to reduce backlog and streamline the FOIA process, which further undercuts Plaintiffs’ allegation that Defendant is engaged in a pattern and practice of deliberately delayed responses to FOIA requests. (Doc. No. 28, pgs.3-5.)
. Both parties briefed the attorneys' fees issue in this case pursuant to the old legal standard (presumably because the issue was largely briefed before the Ninth Circuit issued its decision in Oregon Natural) although Plaintiffs contended it was no longer the current legal standard. (Doc. No. 24, pgs. 6-11; Doc. No. 27, pgs. 6-15; Doc. No. 28, pgs. 5-7.)
| CASELAW |
Dom Serafini
Domenico "Dom" Serafini (born 1949) is an Italian journalist and author, based in New York City. He is the editor-in-chief of VideoAge International, a premier television trade publication.
Early life
Dom Serafini was born in 1949 in the Italian fishing village and resort town of Giulianova. At age 18 he moved to New York City to study color television, which had fascinated him since age 14.
In New York, Serafini first lived with his aunt Yole on Long Island. He worked as a correspondent for JCE Publications for Milan, Italy, while attending Empire State College at night. In 1971 he expanded his contributions as a freelance writer to a local newspaper, and eventually started working with large, international journals, including RadioWorld and Videography, always writing on the subject of television.
In 1976, Serafini helped co-found Millecanali, Italy's first professional television magazine, for JCE Publications. In 1977, he became the Italian coordinator of the American magazine Consumer Electronics. In 1978, he was appointed international editor of Television/Radio Age.
VideoAge
In 1981, with the support of the American, Italian, French and Brazilian TV industries, Serafini launched a professional TV trade magazine called VideoAge International. In 1982, Serafini he to the television industry the concept of "market dailies" (daily publications published only during TV trade shows).
Subsequently, he launched publications such as GameShow Magazine, for U.S. consumers; TV Pro, France's first TV trade publication; TV Era, Latin America's first TV trade publication, and, in Italy, Baseball Magazine, none of which succeeded.
In 1983, he opened VideoAge's editorial office in Los Angeles. In 1988, VideoAge's New York City editorial offices moved from their original East 51st Street location to the present East 75th Street location, which happened to be Andy Warhol's former residence.
VideoAge is the only professional TV trade publication that does not require the use of salespeople. It takes pride in its editorial staff.
Published books
* Television Via Internet
* AbruzzoAmerica (a collaboration with Generoso D'Agnese)
* Veltroni and I
* The Ten Commandments for the TV of the Future
* "O Sole Mio" It's Now or Never
* History of Television
Political involvement and recent developments
From 2001 to 2005, Serafini was an official advisor to the Italian Ministry of Communication. In 2006 and again in 2013 Serafini ran to represent Italian expatriates in North America in the Italian Senate (2006) and Italian Chamber of Deputies (2013).
He continues to write about politics and television for several Italian, Canadian and American weekly and daily publications. | WIKI |
The Trouble with Jessica
The Trouble with Jessica is a 2023 British satirical dark comedy film starring Shirley Henderson, Alan Tudyk, Rufus Sewell, Indira Varma and Olivia Williams.
Premise
A satirical dark comedy, two upper middle class British couples find themselves having to hide a dead body in order to retain the value of the property that is about to be sold.
Cast
* Shirley Henderson as Sarah
* Alan Tudyk as Tom
* Rufus Sewell as Richard
* Olivia Williams as Beth
* Indira Varma as Jessica
* Anne Reid as Miranda
* Sylvester Groth as Klaus
Production
The film is directed by Matt Winn and is written by James Handel and Matt Winn. It is produced by Sarah Sulick for Bright Pictures, Yes Repeat No, Relevate Ventures. Filming took place in London in 2022. A first trailer was released in February 2023.
Henderson said she was attracted to the project by the writing, describing it as "lovely writing. It’s dark, cutting, sharp humour, and not necessarily comfortable humour, but it makes you laugh".
Release
The film was shown at the Dinard Film Festival in September 2023. The film had its North American premiere at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in January 2024.
It has a UK cinema release date of 5 April 2024.
Critical reception
Ed Potton in The Times wrote that the ensemble cast "performances teeter enjoyably between drama and comedy” and added that some of the details in the script are "hilariously telling". Cath Clarke in The Guardian praised the performance of Shirley Henderson but "wasn’t totally convinced by the dialogue". Clarrise Loughrey in The Independent said that the film understands "that the basics of farce are concerned less with the specifics of narrative and more with the ushering of a willing and talented troupe towards unbridled chaos."
Accolades
It was the winner of the Special Jury Prize and the Audience Award at the Dinard Festival of British Cinema in September 2023. | WIKI |
DISCOVER
×
How to Replace Windshield-Washer Tubing in a VW Jetta
Updated February 21, 2017
There may come a time when you need to replace the windshield-washer tubing in your VW Jetta. In circulation since 1979, the Jetta has varied its wiper tubing style over the years, especially in the first decade. By properly installing a few items, you can be on the way to wiping away any precipitation or dirt that comes across your windshield.
Determine if your windshield-washer tubing is clogged. Occasionally the little holes on the ball of the sprayer become clogged from washer fluid build-up or from hard water. You wouldn't need to replace the tubing if this is the case. Simply use a pin or sewing needle to poke a hole to eliminate any debris.
Purchase windshield-washer tubing from a car parts store. The tubing might also be referred to as vacuum tubing. Use parts number W0133-1630403 for VW Jetta cars dating from 1980 to 96. For cars produced after 1996, simply pick up washer tubing at the auto parts store. You don't need a parts number.
Locate the old washer tubing, which is near the blue-capped windshield-washer fluid reservoir. You can find this near the bottom left corner of the engine compartment.
Remove the tubing. Be careful around the vacuum connectors. Try not to break or disfigure them if you plan to reuse them.
Hold up the old windshield-washer tubing if you plan to replace the entire section. Place the new tubing next to the old, using the old as a guide to the length your Jetta needs. Use a hose cutter to cut enough of the new tubing to fit your VW Jetta.
Place the new tubing in your Jetta. Use the old connectors, or insert the new ones, and ensure the tubing doesn't interfere with any other engine parts. When closing the hood, be extra cautious to make sure the tubing doesn't get bent.
Tip
If the crack in your VW Jetta model's tubing is small, try patching it instead of replacing the tube. Cut away the torn tubing, and use a connector attachment to secure the new piece to the old, intact piece.
Warning
In 2007, the NHTSA issued a recall of the 2006 VW Jetta when it found the fuel line has a plastic tab near the windshield-washer fluid reservoir that may chafe against the fuel line. If you own this car, make sure it has been serviced for this recall before you change the tubing.
Things You'll Need
• Pin or sewing needle (optional)
• Windshield-washer tubing
• Hose cutter
• Vacuum connectors
Cite this Article A tool to create a citation to reference this article Cite this Article
About the Author
This article was created by a professional writer and edited by experienced copy editors, both qualified members of the Demand Media Studios community. All articles go through an editorial process that includes subject matter guidelines, plagiarism review, fact-checking, and other steps in an effort to provide reliable information. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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PerlMonks
XML::Twig - how can I test for an attribute when the attribute value is 0?
by mertserger (Curate)
on Aug 29, 2012 at 14:07 UTC ( #990475=perlquestion: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
mertserger has asked for the wisdom of the Perl Monks concerning the following question:
As I have posted before, I have to maintain a script written XML::Twig to validate dictionary entries. In one part of the entry we can have <la> elements which are used to hold label information such as whether the word is rare or not. The test for rare is that the la element contains the text "rare".
I have now been asked to modify this so that the word is not treated as rare when the la element is marked with an attribute fq with a vlaue of 0 or 1. The fq attribute can also have a value of 2 in which case the word is still to be treated as rare.
My code so far looks like this:
sub is_la_rare { my $elt = shift; # can be <labels> or <def> foreach my $label ($elt->children('la') ) { next unless $label->text eq "rare"; my $isNowRare = 0; if ( ($label->att('fq') eq "0") || ($label->att('fq') eq "1") ) { $isNowRare = 1; } if ( !$isNowRare ) { return 1; } } return 0; }
The problem is that this generates "Use of uninitialized value in string eq" which I think is caused by the cases when the la element does not have an fq attribute on it. So I want to add a test for the attribute like this: ($label ->att('fq') && $label->att('fq') == "1"). The first bit returns the value of the attribute so it works when that is 1 but if I try to use where the attribute is "0" ($label ->att('fq') && $label->att('fq') == "0") it doesn't work because it then returns 0 for the first bit.
Is there a way of testing for the presence of an attribute in XML::Twig which would return "1" if the attribute is present regardless of the value of the attribute?
Comment on XML::Twig - how can I test for an attribute when the attribute value is 0?
Select or Download Code
Re: XML::Twig - how can I test for an attribute when the attribute value is 0?
by philiprbrenan (Monk) on Aug 29, 2012 at 14:14 UTC
Please assign:
my $f = $label ->att('fq');
and then test whether $f is defined before attempting to decode its actual value.
I've actually been able to test if it is defined in one step which enabled me to keep the original code structure:if (defined $elt->att('fq') && $la->att('fq') eq '0') does what I need.
just to show that there is indeed "more than one way to do it" in Perl, I have spotted in another piece of code written usingXML::Twig one of my colleagues used the start tag function and looked for the string "fq=" which would also work but is not as elegant as using defined in my opinion.
Re: XML::Twig - how can I test for an attribute when the attribute value is 0?
by kcott (Abbot) on Aug 30, 2012 at 00:38 UTC
I'm not an XML::Twig user; however, its documentation has:
atts
Return a hash ref containing the element attributes
So, you should be able to determine if fq is present with exists:
exists $label->atts()->{fq}
This will return true even if the value is undef.
Assuming the attribute exists, you may also want to check the value with defined and possibly even length (to check for a zero-length string) before checking for truth or specific values.
-- Ken
Re: XML::Twig - how can I test for an attribute when the attribute value is 0?
by Khen1950fx (Canon) on Aug 30, 2012 at 02:21 UTC
mirod did a post showing how to handle attributes. Re: retrieving attribute text with xml::twig. Here's his example:
#!/usr/bin/perl -l BEGIN { $| = 1; $^W = 1; } use strict; use autodie; use warnings; use XML::Twig; my $elt =XML::Twig->new( start_tag_handlers => { _all_ => sub { print join( ' - ' => values %{ $_->atts } ); } })->parse( \*DATA ); __DATA__ <doc> <elt att="not rare">fq0</elt> <elt att="not rare">fq1</elt> <elt att="rare">fq2</elt> </doc>
Once again you did not read/understand the question being asked, which philiprbrenan and kcott already answered
Did you read mirod's post?
Re: XML::Twig - how can I test for an attribute when the attribute value is 0?
by Jenda (Abbot) on Aug 30, 2012 at 12:48 UTC
no warnings 'uninitialized';
Don't bend backwards just to silence a warning that's extremely unlikely to ever be of any use.
Jenda
Enoch was right!
Enjoy the last years of Rome.
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Comité International Radio-Maritime
Comité International Radio-Maritime (CIRM) is a non-profit international technical association of companies involved in the marine electronics industry.
Background
CIRM was founded in Spain in 1928 by a coalition of eight companies involved in the maritime radio service. The organisation was reconstituted in Belgium in 1947 and later moved to London, where it is currently located close to the International Maritime Organization.
CIRM is accredited as a non-governmental organisation in consultative status to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Functions
CIRM promotes the application of electronic technology to the shipping industry. The organisation provides technical and industrial advice to the international maritime regulatory organisations.
In accordance with ITU Recommendation ITU-R M.585-6, CIRM is responsible for issuing the Manufacturer ID component of the Numerical Identifier for AIS-SART, Man Overboard, and EPIRB devices.
CIRM administers the Code of Business Practice for Marine Accounting Authorities, within the framework of ITU Recommendation D.90. This Code identifies operational requirements for Accounting Authorities in maritime radio and satellite communications.
Relationships with other organisations
Memorandums Of Understanding with IMPA - International Maritime Pilots Association, IMSO - International Mobile Satellite Organization, IALA - International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
* Sector Member of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R and ITU-T)
* Liaison Member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
* Liaison Member of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
* Observer of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
* Observer of the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)
* Observer of the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
* Observer of the US Radiotechnical Commission for Maritime (RTCM) | WIKI |
TY - JOUR T1 - Allostery in the ferredoxin protein motif does not involve a conformational switch JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences JO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA DO - 10.1073/pnas.1019502108 AU - Nechushtai, Rachel AU - Lammert, Heiko AU - Michaeli, Dorit AU - Eisenberg-Domovich, Yael AU - Zuris, John A. AU - Luca, Maria A. AU - Capraro, Dominique T. AU - Fish, Alex AU - Shimshon, Odelia AU - Roy, Melinda AU - Schug, Alexander AU - Whitford, Paul C. AU - Livnah, Oded AU - Onuchic, José N. AU - Jennings, Patricia A. Y1 - 2011/01/24 UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/24/1019502108.abstract N2 - Regulation of protein function via cracking, or local unfolding and refolding of substructures, is becoming a widely recognized mechanism of functional control. Oftentimes, cracking events are localized to secondary and tertiary structure interactions between domains that control the optimal position for catalysis and/or the formation of protein complexes. Small changes in free energy associated with ligand binding, phosphorylation, etc., can tip the balance and provide a regulatory functional switch. However, understanding the factors controlling function in single-domain proteins is still a significant challenge to structural biologists. We investigated the functional landscape of a single-domain plant-type ferredoxin protein and the effect of a distal loop on the electron-transfer center. We find the global stability and structure are minimally perturbed with mutation, whereas the functional properties are altered. Specifically, truncating the L1,2 loop does not lead to large-scale changes in the structure, determined via X-ray crystallography. Further, the overall thermal stability of the protein is only marginally perturbed by the mutation. However, even though the mutation is distal to the iron–sulfur cluster (∼20 Å), it leads to a significant change in the redox potential of the iron–sulfur cluster (57 mV). Structure-based all-atom simulations indicate correlated dynamical changes between the surface-exposed loop and the iron–sulfur cluster-binding region. Our results suggest intrinsic communication channels within the ferredoxin fold, composed of many short-range interactions, lead to the propagation of long-range signals. Accordingly, protein interface interactions that involve L1,2 could potentially signal functional changes in distal regions, similar to what is observed in other allosteric systems. ER - | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Benedict Tan
Benedict Tan Chi Loong (born 21 November 1967) is a former Singaporean sailor and a doctor. He competed in the Laser event at the 1996 Summer Olympics. Tan was the former president of the Singapore Sailing Federation (SSF) from 2010 to 2018.
Early life
Tan was born in a Peranakan family with a younger sibling. He studied in Eunos Primary, Ghim Moh Secondary School, and Hwa Chong Junior College.
Sailing
At the 1994 Asian Games held at Hiroshima, Japan, Tan won the gold medal in the Laser class. In 2010, Tan became the president of the SSF. In 2018, he stepped down from the position.
Sports
In 2018, Tan was elected as one of the Singapore National Olympic Council's vice presidents. | WIKI |
User:Lynn Kleinveldt
Lecturer: Department of Business and Information Administration, Faculty of Business and Management Sciences
Cape Peninsula University of Technology | WIKI |
Rhangena
Rhangena is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae. Its only species, Rhangena roseipennis, is found in India and Sri Lanka. Both the genus and the species were first described by Frederic Moore in 1886.
Description
The synonym Phycidimorpha was described: Its eyes are naked and without lashes. The palpi are porrect (extending forward) and reach beyond the frons. Antennae with long bristles and cilia. Thorax and abdomen tuftless. Tibia naked and spineless. Forewings very long and narrow. Outer margin very oblique. Vein 7 given off after the areole. Hindwings with veins 3 and 4 on a short stalk. Vein 5 straight and from below center of discocellulars. | WIKI |
Subject Datasheet
Download PDF
I. Subject Specification
1. Basic Data
1.1 Title
Hydrology I.
1.2 Code
BMEEOVVAT41
1.3 Type
Module with associated contact hours
1.4 Contact hours
Type Hours/week / (days)
Lecture 1
Seminar 1
1.5 Evaluation
Midterm grade
1.6 Credits
3
1.7 Coordinator
name Dr. József Szilágyi
academic rank Professor
email szilagyi.jozsef@emk.bme.hu
1.8 Department
Department of Hydraulic and Water Resources Engineering
1.9 Website
1.10 Language of instruction
hungarian and english
1.11 Curriculum requirements
Compulsory in the Civil Engineering (BSc) programme
1.12 Prerequisites
Recommended prerequisites:
• Mathematics A1a - Calculus (BMETE90AX00)
1.13 Effective date
1 September 2022
2. Objectives and learning outcomes
2.1 Objectives
The objective of the course is to give an introduction to hydrology within civil engineering, to its sub-disciplines and related fields. The student will learn about the global hydrological cycle, its elements and the estimation of the related fluxes; will master basic concepts in hydrometeorology, such as precipitation, evaporation, infiltration and runoff. He/she will be acquainted with the physical properties of streamflow and descriptors of lakes and groundwater. Will learn about the basic concepts of hydrometry and hydrography and eventually will be able to complete hydrological calculations related to civil engineering design.
2.2 Learning outcomes
Upon successful completion of this subject, the student:
A. Knowledge
1. Knows the general jargon in hydrology and its relation to civil engineering applications.
2. Able to list components of the water balance.
3. Knows calculations pertaining to the water balance of small catchments.
4. Able to list groupings of streams and lakes, their most important concepts.
5. Became familiar with the methods of hydrometry and hydrography.
6. Knows basic concepts of hydrogeology and their measurement methods.
B. Skills
1. Can put into practice the mastered hydrological procedures.
2. Able to conduct simple hydrological calculations.
3. Employs empirical relationships in practice.
4. Can Design precipitation measurements and analyse the measured data.
5. Estimates design flood discharge levels for small catchments and understands simpler rainfall-runoff methods.
6. Interprets hydrographic data, manipulates such databases.
7. Able to express his/her thoughts in an organized fashion.
C. Attitudes
1. Open to the use of information technology.
2. Strives to achieve accurate problem solution.
D. Autonomy and Responsibility
1. Independent in solving hydrological problems with available information sources.
2. Employs a system-theory approach.
2.3 Methods
Lectures, exercise classes, written and oral communications, application of IT tools and techniques, assignments solved individually.
2.4 Course outline
Week Topics of lectures and/or exercise classes
1. The topic of hydrology. Subfields of hydrology and related fields of study. Forms of appearance of water. The hydrologic cycle and the water balance. Solar radiation. Air temperature. Air pressure. Descriptors of air humidity. Evaporation and its physical process. Measurement of evaporation, lysimeters, types of evaporation estimation methods.
2. Precipitation and its forms. Generation of precipitation: theories. Cloud types. Rainfall characteristics. Measurement of precipitation. Descriptors of precipitation. Rules of precipitation. Areal average of precipitation. Calculation of precipitation characteristics.
3. Watershed characteristics. Time of concentration (τ), effective precipitation. Infiltration curves. Hydrographs for T=∞, T>τ, T Estimation of the effective precipitation time series. Unit hydrograph: classical approach. Determination of the isochrones. Double transformation of rainfall-runoff.
4. Study of natural streams (potamology). Classification of streams-. Cross and longitudinal sections of streams, river-valleys. Topographic description, characterization of streams. Sediment load of streams. Ice formation over streams. Hydrometry. Measurement of water surface gradient, stage, discharge and sediment load.
5. Basics of hydrography. Observation of stage. Calendars of hydography, daily hydrographic maps, databases. Characteristic stages. Descriptors of the water level regime. Frequency and duration.
The rating curve and its extrapolation. Permanent and non-permanent rating curves. Flood hydrographs, spatial correlation of stages and its application in rating curve spatial interpolation.
6. Hydrology of lakes, their types and origins. Seiche. Reservoirs.
7. Hydrogeology. Rock and deposit classifications. Characteristics of the groundwater. Unconfined and confined groundwater, artesian, karstic, and gallery wells. Descriptors of groundwater regime, its anthropogenic influences.
The above programme is tentative and subject to changes due to calendar variations and other reasons specific to the actual semester. Consult the effective detailed course schedule of the course on the subject website.
2.5 Study materials
a) Textbooks:
1. S. L. Dingman: Physical Hydrology, Prentice-Hall.
b) Online materials:
1. Lecture notes
2.6 Other information
None
2.7 Consultation
The instructors are available for consultation during their office hours, as advertised on the department website at the beginning of the semester.
This Subject Datasheet is valid for:
2023/2024 semester II
II. Subject requirements
Assessment and evaluation of the learning outcomes
3.1 General rules
The assessment of the learning outcomes specified in clause 2.2. above and the evaluation of student performance occurs via two midterm tests and six homework assignments.
3.2 Assessment methods
Evaluation formAbbreviationAssessed learning outcomes
1st midterm testZH1 A.1-A.3; B.1-B.5, B.7; D.1-D.2
2nd midterm testZH2 A.1, A.3-A.6; B.1-B.3, B.5-B.7; D.1-D.2
1st homework (small homework)HF1 B.2, B.3, B.7; C.1-C.2
2nd homework (small homework)HF2 B.2, B.3, B.7; C.1-C.2
3rd homework (small homework)HF3 A.3; B.5, B.7; C.1-C.2
4th homework (small homework)HF4 A.3; B.5, B.7; C.1-C.2
5th homework (small homework)HF5 A.5; B.6, B.7; C.1-C.2
6th homework (small homework)HF6 A.5; B.6, B.7; C.1-C.2
The dates of deadlines of assignments/homework can be found in the detailed course schedule on the subject’s website.
3.3 Evaluation system
AbbreviationScore
ZH11/3
ZH21/3
HF11/18
HF21/18
HF31/18
HF41/18
HF51/18
HF61/18
Sum1
3.4 Requirements and validity of signature
No signature can be obtained.
3.5 Grading system
At least 70% of the attendance of lectures and seminars/exercise classes are expected.
A midterm tests not exceeding 50% of the maximum score is failed.
In case of fulfilling the attendance requirements and passed midterm tests and homework assignments, the final grade is the average value of the grade of the midterm tests and the homework assignments weighted according to the clause 3.3.
3.6 Retake and repeat
1. Homework – after the payment of the fee as described in the Regulations – can be submitted with delay until the deadline described in the Detailed course schedule.
2. The submitted and accepted homework can be corrected without any fee until the deadline described in the point 1.
3. The two midterm tests can be retaken free of charge. The date of the retake is described in the detailed course schedule. In case of correction the previous result will be replaced with the new result.
3.7 Estimated workload
Activity Hours/semester
contact hours 14×3=42
preparation for the tests 2×8=16
homework 6×4=24
home studying of the written material 8
Sum 90
3.8 Effective date
1 September 2022
This Subject Datasheet is valid for:
2023/2024 semester II | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
/*jslint devel: false, browser: true, vars: true, plusplus: true, maxerr: 500, indent: 4 */ (function (baselib) { "use strict"; // Union/find for circular equality testing. var UnionFind = function () { // this.parenMap holds the arrows from an arbitrary pointer // to its parent. this.parentMap = baselib.hashes.makeLowLevelEqHash(); }; // find: ptr -> UnionFindNode // Returns the representative for this ptr. UnionFind.prototype.find = function (ptr) { var parent = (this.parentMap.containsKey(ptr) ? this.parentMap.get(ptr) : ptr); if (parent === ptr) { return parent; } else { var rep = this.find(parent); // Path compression: this.parentMap.put(ptr, rep); return rep; } }; // merge: ptr ptr -> void // Merge the representative nodes for ptr1 and ptr2. UnionFind.prototype.merge = function (ptr1, ptr2) { this.parentMap.put(this.find(ptr1), this.find(ptr2)); }; baselib.UnionFind = UnionFind; }(this.plt.baselib)); | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Motor racing-Formula One furloughs staff as bosses take pay cuts
By Alan Baldwin
LONDON, April 7 (Reuters) - Formula One has put almost half its staff on furlough until the end of May due to the novel coronavirus with chairman Chase Carey and senior management also taking a pay cut, an F1 spokesman said on Tuesday.
Sources said those on furlough were mainly employees whose work was focused on race weekend activities and who could not carry out duties remotely. The Liberty Media-owned company employs in excess of 500 people.
The Formula One season has yet to start, with the March 15 season-opener in Australia cancelled along with the Monaco showcase in May.
Six other races have been postponed and Formula One hopes to start up some time in the European summer, conditions permitting, with a reduced schedule of 15-18 races.
The spokesman said the senior leadership team had voluntarily taken a 20% pay cut but would remain at work while Carey, an American, had taken a bigger reduction.
Formula One gains most of its revenue from race promotion fees, broadcast deals and advertising and sponsorship which have all been stalled by the virus with most sport at a standstill globally.
Three of the seven British-based teams -- McLaren, Williams and Racing Point - have also furloughed staff in the past week to cut costs.
Under the British government's furlough scheme announced last month, employers can claim for 80% of employees' usual monthly wage costs, up to 2,500 pounds ($3,068) per month.
The teams are currently on a factory shutdown, with the August break brought forward to allow space for race rescheduling.
The shutdown for all competitors and power unit manufacturers was extended on Tuesday from 21 to 35 days, all to be taken in March, April and/or May, the governing FIA announced.
It said the move was approved by an e-vote of the FIA's World Motor Sport Council after unanimous agreement by the Formula One strategy group, F1 commission and all 10 teams.
Champions Mercedes, who supply engines to three teams, have repurposed their Brixworth technology centre to manufacture a new breathing aid for new coronavirus patients.
Forty machines that would normally produce F1 pistons and turbochargers are being used to make up to 1,000 a day of the Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices.
Formula One teams have already agreed to delay until 2022 significant technical rule changes planned for 2021 and use the same cars next year to save money.
McLaren boss Zak Brown warned at the weekend that Formula One is in "a very fragile state" and risks losing some of its 10 teams unless some big changes are made.
(Reporting by Alan Baldwin; Editing by Ken Ferris and Toby Davis)
((alan.baldwin@thomsonreuters.com; +442075427933;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Trump meant what he said, and his new executive orders prove it
President Trump is now starting to make policy in earnest — and it settles the debate from the campaign about whether he should be taken “seriously” or “literally.” The answer is both. Trump signed two executive orders on immigration on Wednesday that collectively will make life more precarious for unauthorized immigrants already in the United States and those who are trying to cross over. And according to media reports, including drafts of four executive orders sent anonymously to Vox, there are many more to come. Several of the forthcoming or draft executive orders represent a crackdown on immigration — legal and illegal — in the US. Another, according to the New York Times, seeks to scale back the United States’ commitment to the United Nations. One draft memo seeks to bring back torture and secret prisons. Another would start an investigation into voter fraud. Wednesday was the day that the outlines of how Trump planned to fulfill many of his campaign promises became much clearer. He’d promised to build a wall on the southern border, and one of the executive orders he signed Wednesday directs the Department of Homeland Security to do just that. He signaled that the United States would play a smaller role in world affairs, and his executive orders would cut back on American commitments to international organizations. Presidents generally try to keep their campaign promises, and Trump is no exception. Trump’s executive orders on immigration order the Department of Homeland Security to identify and allocate funding to start building his promised wall. But that’s not the only method, or even the harshest, that Trump’s administration will implement to discouraged unauthorized immigration. The executive orders made the following policy changes: In other words, unauthorized immigrants in the US will now have a much greater threat of deportation hanging over them. That wasn’t the only gesture Trump made toward fulfilling his tough rhetoric on immigration on the campaign trail. Julie Kirchner, the executive director of the Federation for American Immigration Reform, which seeks to sharply limit immigration into the United States, is now working as an adviser to the commissioner of US Customs and Border Protection, according to Politico. The first days of the Trump White House have been marked by an unusual number of leaks for an administration that, under more normal circumstances, would still be in its honeymoon period in Washington. At first, most of those leaks were more about Trump’s personality than his policies. But now they’ve resulted in several draft executive orders circulating among various media outlets. Four of those executive orders (as well as the two signed Wednesday) were given to Vox. Taken together, as Vox’s Matt Yglesias wrote, they represent “one of the harshest crackdowns on immigrants — both those here and those who want to come here — in memory.” These executive orders haven’t been signed yet, so the situation could still change. Another leaked memo — first reported by the New York Times, obtained in full by the Washington Post, and which White House communication director Sean Spicer disavows — would allow the United States to take steps toward bringing back “black site” secret prisons and banned interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding. Trump, in an interview with ABC’s David Muir, said the ultimate decision could rest with his Cabinet leaders. “I will rely on [CIA Director Mike] Pompeo and [Defense Secretary James] Mattis and my group,” he said. “And if they don’t want to do, that’s fine. If they do wanna do, then I will work toward that end. I want to do everything within the bounds of what you're allowed to do legally.” Two other draft executive orders, obtained by Max Fisher of the New York Times, call for ending funding to international groups, including United Nations agencies, if they: After that, any remaining funding for international groups would also be cut 40 percent, the Times reported. The targets are likely to include the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Population Fund. (The US quit funding UNESCO, which counts the Palestinian Authority as a member, in 2011.) Another executive order would call for a review on current and pending treaties involving the United States and at least two other nations, excluding those related to security, extradition, or international trade. (The Times says two possibilities mentioned are the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child — the US has the distinction of being the only country not to ratify that treaty — and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The US hasn’t ratified that treaty either.) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
More Consolidation in the Deathcare Business - Corporate Intelligence - WSJ
The highest profile merger deal today was the $4.7 billion buyout of America's biggest pork producer. But another deal was announced that's worth noting: a $1.1 billion deal that will further consolidate ownership of the country's funeral homes and cemeteries. Given that approximately everyone will die (a rough estimate), running funeral homes and cemeteries is a pretty steady business, and one that has been gradually consolidating in America. As the population ages, and a generation of well-to-do retirees starts making plans for the end, business can only grow. Back in 2006, the two largest companies in the U.S. funeral industry merged, when Service Corporation of America (SCI) bought Alderwoods Group in a deal valued at $865 million. SCI calls itself the largest provider of deathcare products and services in North America. More on this after the jump… Subscribe NowSign In WSJ Membership Customer Service Tools & Features Ads More Copyright 2014 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. Distribution and use of this material are governed by our Subscriber Agreement and by copyright law. For non-personal use or to order multiple copies, please contact Dow Jones Reprints at 1-800-843-0008 or visit www.djreprints.com. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
The Oriental Institute has a 100th birthday makeover wish to no longer be Chicago's 'hidden gem' - Chicago Tribune
Yes, you can go to the British Museum in London to see ancient artifacts from the Middle East. But there's the expense and inconvenience of travel to consider, the crowds that can choke passageways in that cultural temple and these days, the very real possibility that you'll have to have some sort of conversation about Brexit. Enter the Oriental Institute Museum. Tucked into one of the University of Chicago's Gothic-on-the-outside buildings, its galleries reveal a feast of mummies, massive carved stonework that once adorned the walls of ancient Assyria and Persepolis, and even the oldest known text of the famous 'Thousand and One Nights' tales, as the label explains. Indeed, the OI collection of some 350,000 artifacts is the largest of its kind in the U.S., the museum boasts, and one of the world's largest outside of the British Museum and the Louvre. What is astonishing about the OI is how focused their collection is, said William Parkinson, curator of anthropology at the Field Museum and anthropology professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. It is one of the finest collections of near Eastern, or southwest Asian and Egyptian, material in the world. And what's amazing about it, where I get jealous, is they collected it all. And if that's not enough, it's also thought to be the inspiration for the bullwhip toting, globe trotting fictional archaeologist Dr. Henry Walton Jones, Jr., known to some as Indy. Yet the museum that is the OI's public face is, to use a less-flattering superlative, one of the lesser-known museums in Chicago. The 'gem' part is nice. The 'hidden' is not so nice, said Christopher Woods, director of the Oriental Institute. But if you're going to have a problem, it's good that you have the jewel, right? So at least we have something strong to work with. What was muscular a year ago is now even more well defined, more firmly toned. To mark the OI's 100th anniversary this year, the museum has recently completed a multimillion-dollar overhaul of its galleries to make them both more contemporary in the presentation and more approachable to the casual visitor. De-cluttered is a word that Woods used. When I start my classes, I ask how many people have been to the OI, said Prof. Morag Kersel, who teaches anthropology and museum studies at DePaul University. And maybe one or two hands go up. It's disappointing. It is such an incredible collection. It's really stunning. And to have it so close at hand is just incredible for teaching. The OI has always been a stunning museum for the single-mindedness of its focus and the quality of the materials illustrating that focus: When you pick 5,000 or so items to display from a trove 70 times that large, you'll end up with some good stuff. Now, without seemingly sacrificing depth in its presentation, it comes across as easier to navigate, sprinkling the story of the OI and its excavation work throughout the galleries and including, for instance, an admonishment to Stop the Looting by illegal artifact hunters at Iraqi archaeological sites. Nationally and internationally, our academic reputation needs really no burnishing, Woods said. This is the largest research center for this study of the ancient Middle East in the world. As the objective is racked in closer, our issues of recognition and visibility become more intense. So we're looking for really local and beyond that national visibility … really using the Centennial as leverage to get that visibility. The OI will celebrate the anniversary beginning with a day of special programming at the museum Sept. 28, and will continue with academic and cultural events through the year to keep the centennial ball in the air. Contemporary artists Michael Rakowitz and Mohamad Hafez, whose work incorporates both contemporary Middle Eastern issues and the region's history, will have installations in the museum galleries. And on Oct. 11-12, there will be an OI Indiana Jones Film Festival showing the original trilogy and marking the connection: Jones and his University of Chicago mentor Abner Ravenwood are thought to be based in part on OI archaeologist Robert Braidwood and the institute's founder, pioneering Egyptologist James Henry Breasted. There's a new special exhibition, Discovery, Collection, Memory, telling the story of the OI itself as both a museum and a research center. And some 500 objects that have not been on permanent display before are now part of the presentation, including that One Thousand and One Nights text. I've never seen the museum looking better, said Kersel, who attended the fundraising gala there last weekend. All of the new cases and the lighting ... it's beautiful. But also just the new labels and in the interpretation clearly they are embracing the moment of decolonizing museums and, you know, addressing issues like looting and uncomfortable acquisitions. Not that they have any, but that's an issue across museums, she said. The renovation started out simply, said Jean Evans, chief curator and deputy director of the museum. We wanted to replace freestanding cases that dated to when the museum opened in 1931. But in the process of reinstalling, we brought out new objects, we created new spaces in the museum and we thought a lot about the kinds of stories we were telling about the objects we have on display. It was the first exhibition overhaul in 30 years, and a guiding principle was to get back to the original bones of the building kind of art deco Egyptomania, she said and to strip away some of what had accumulated inside the large galleries in an attempt to make things more intimate. In many instances in the museum, there wasn't even basic labeling, Evans said. There was always a lot of information in the cases, but it wasn't sort of standardized in the way you would expect to see when you go to a museum. The story they tell is nothing short of foundational. Breasted began the OI with what was then a radical idea, that human civilization emerged not in Greece or Rome but in the ancient Middle Eastern area Breasted named The Fertile Crescent, the museum explains. Year after year, decade after decade, the OI has gone back, leading excavations and returning with material where ownership is clear and, so important, where the story of when, where and how it was uncovered is well documented. It is the result of very focused research over 100 years that has brought back magnificent material from astonishing sites, and they know where it's all from, said the Field Museum's Parkinson, contrasting OI artifacts to much of the comparable material elsewhere in the U.S. From an archaeological perspective, that's huge. When you've got context for artifacts you can say a lot more about them and the people that produced them. One remarkable story concerns the Oriental Institute's ongoing excavations at Nippur, in southern Iraq, which was the religious capitol of early Mesopotamia. It was our longest-running archaeological field project and we had abandoned it with the first Gulf War, but we kept guards on the site to prevent it from being looted, said Woods. The family the institute paid to protect the site did their work well, he said, and it's not been subject to the type of ravages of looting at even very nearby sites. The OI excavated there from 1948 to 1990, Evans added, beginning in partnership with another American university with a great ancient Middle East collection, the University of Pennsylvania. This past spring, after reclaiming the house there from the desert, we started excavations at Nippur again, she said, and next year the effort will become even more intense. Sprinkling stories like the the one of Nippur throughout the galleries was important, Evans and Woods said. In the Mesopotamia exhibit, for example, you have a 5,000-year history of material culture you can see here in ceramics, Evans said. We're really in a unique position to be able to tell that story and to portray it as something that our institute accomplished early on. The new displays leverages all those excavation records, she added: To talk about burial practices in Mesopotamia, we made it really specific. 'This is the grave that the OI excavated in a house at this specific site.' And you can see how the objects were arranged around the body. As for the title Oriental Institute, it's clearly nothing you would choose as a name nowadays. The once widespread, kind of catch-all term for all things Asian or sort of Asian is now seen as a signifier of unenlightened cultural views ― although that wasn't quite the Oriental Institute's story. A hundred years ago when the OI was founded, the Middle East was known as 'The Orient,' right? Woods said. It's a term that's contrasted with 'The Occident.' And now that word 'Orient,' meaning 'east,' has largely fallen out of the vernacular. Still, it's important to the institution to remain connected to its heritage, the director said, which has meant retaining the original name but taking on a sporty nickname: We went through a large rebranding and marketing effort here, and we're increasingly referring to the Oriental Institute as 'The OI' ― much like the MCA or the Met or MOMA or UPS or FedEx. If that sounds a little too modern for you, worry not. Ancient history is the rule here and the ruler, a story dominated by place names like Babylon and Persepolis, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and by some of the great personages, too. In remaking the museum, Evans thought it was important to restore two glazed-brick lion friezes to their monumental place, up above eye level, like they would have been back in the day, along the main processional way into Babylon. These were witnesses to great history, said Woods. Alexander the Great passed by these. The great neo-Babylonian emperor Nebuchadnezzar walked past these very lions. And so, too, can Chicagoans who want to spend a day digging into these great stories of the past, now told in present style. sajohnson@chicagotribune.com | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:ButterCashier/sandbox
B: Hee are. *sighs* Summat you should be, interested in. R: Mm-hmm. B: Your illustrious leader. Fact. Bill Gates, right? If he drops five thousand pounds, just drop - five grand, he drops in the street, he doesn't pick it up. Litterbug. So... J: It's not true. B: It is true, seen it on a documentary. He could drop thousands of pounds, it's not worth his royal bending over 'n' picking it up so he doesn't bother. That's... J: It's not true, it's erroneous, it's just... B: Oh. Ooh, it's. Ooohh. Look at me using long words like you, Bill. I think I wanna be like you. I'm a genius like you, that's why I'm wearing these little nerdy little glasses, like you. Yeah? So, you know... J: What's this got to do with appraisals? B: Well I'm just saying, don't stick up for him just 'cos he's the boss, you know. If the boss is wrong, te-- J: I'm not sticking up for him. B: Well no, if the boss is wrong, tell them they're wrong. If anyone's wrong, say they're wrong. That's what...
Out of the Ark. | WIKI |
DA Theory and Mathematics
1-1 January 21 9:40-10:40
Keynote
Potential of iterative ensemble methods for solving the nonlinear state and parameter-estimation problem
Geir Evensen (NORCE Norwegian Research Center)
Abstract
Iterative ensemble smoothers improve the assimilation results in cases with modest nonlinearity. This presentation explains the properties of two much-used methods, the Iterative Ensemble Smoother (IES by Chen and Oliver, 2012, 2013) also named or Ensemble Randomized Maximum Likelihood, and the Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation (ESMDA by Emerick and Reynolds, 2013). We explain the derivation and formulation of the two methods and discuss their properties with nonlinear dynamics. We show that we can use the techniques for sequential data assimilation as well as for parameter estimation and that we can easily account for model errors. Finally, we present a new stable and numerically efficient formulation of IES that exploits the rank of the ensemble. For nonlinear problems, we claim that iterations will give a more significant improvement than just increasing the ensemble size.
Contact information
Prof. Geir Evensen NORCE | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mesosternum
Also found in: Medical, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Mes`o`ster´num
n.1.
1.(Anat.) The middle portion, or body, of the sternum.
2.(Zool.) The ventral piece of the middle segment of the thorax in insects.
Mentioned in ?
References in periodicals archive ?
physorhinus Candeze, described from Mexico, with both species appearing similar in appearance and general morphology, including the parallel walls of the mesosternal fossa and the posterior intercoxal portion of the mesosternum strongly declivous, ca.
Ventral coloration variable, usually in shades of shiny buff; some individuals greenish on head, pro- and mesosternum; a dark brown ventromedian line extending longitudinally along the entire body except subgenital plate.
Pronotum with well developed two spines extending upto mesosternum (Pro, meso and meta sternum with well developed spines two one on each side).
psidii presents mesosternum plane between the middle coxae, the metastemum has the surface densely covered with coarse and deep punctures, the carina in the interval five disappears in the basal third and the humeri are rounded.
Propleura finely punctate, side of mesosternum finely punctate, but weakly rugose at middle; ostiolar evaporative area with a large, distinct auricle.
INTRODUCTION: The sternum consists of a cranial manubrium (Prosternum), an intermediate body (Mesosternum) and a caudal Xiphoid process (Metasternum).
Mesonotum with 1 moderately long brownish notopleural, 1 postalar and 4 subequally long scutellar setae (apical pair cruciate); some minute setulae present behind postpronotal lobe; mesosternum and metasternum between posterior four coxae bare.
-- Segments 1-6 individually shorter than mesosternum, membranous ventrolaterally and ventrally, segments 7 and 8 completely sclerotized; segments 1-7 with sensillar series posteriorly and laterally, segment 8 with numerous sensilla distributed irregularly; spiracles absent on 1-7; segment 8 length 0.32-0.57 mm ([bar.x] = 0.45 mm [+ or -] 0.07); siphon well-defined, length 0.12-0.20 mm ([bar.x] = 0.16 [+ or -] 0.03 mm). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Gostislav/Boule (ancient Greece)/Vixwint Peer Review
General info
* Whose work are you reviewing?
Gostislav
* Link to draft you're reviewing
* Boule (ancient Greece)
* User talk:Gostislav/Boule (ancient Greece)
* User:Gostislav/Boule (ancient Greece)
* Link to the current version of the article (if it exists)
* Boule (ancient Greece)
Evaluate the drafted changes
Hi Gustav,
I think you do a good job at presenting all the information in a neutral tone and keeping all the information relative. I noticed that in the lead you edited out the number of citizens that made up a boule, I understand where you may wanted to have done that considering that depending on the time the boule was either 400 or 500 people, but I also think it might be worth including the number simply because it is such a large factor as to why the boule was important/unique for the time because of it's size and inclusivity (comparatively to the time). Perhaps a brief sentence in the lead that it was 400 under Solon and 500 under Cleisthenes might solve this problem?
I think your paragraph on Cleisthenes' boule and his reforms is thorough, but I think it might also be worth adding more information to Solon's role in developing the boule. To my knowledge, there is a little question over whether Draco or Solon created the boule, but generally it is believed that Solon developed the 400 member Boule during his economic and constitutional reforms of Draco's constitution. I think it would be useful, if it is possible to find this information given how old the topic is, to include Solon's reasoning for developing the Boule. It also would be helpful to include a legacy section so readers can more clearly understand the importance of the boule. This section could talk about the closest modern representation we have to a boule.
A final note would be to add a bit more citations. Some of the pieces that were written by other contributors, such as the Boulai in other Greek States do not have any references. It also might be nice to include some media such as an image of where they might have congregated for the Boule.
Overall I think you've made great contributions to the article so far and I am looking forward to the final result!
Best,
Victoria Winter | WIKI |
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ilaplace::addpattern
Add patterns for the inverse Laplace transform
Use only in the MuPAD Notebook Interface.
This functionality does not run in MATLAB.
Syntax
ilaplace::addpattern(pat, s, t, res, <vars, <conds>>)
Description
ilaplace::addpattern(pat, s, t, res) teaches ilaplace to return ilaplace(pat, s, t) = res.
The ilaplace function uses a set of patterns for computing inverse Laplace transforms. You can extend the set by adding your own patterns. To add a new pattern to the pattern matcher, use ilaplace::addpattern. MuPAD® does not save custom patterns permanently. The new patterns are available in the current MuPAD session only.
Variable names that you use when calling ilaplace::addpattern can differ from the names that you use when calling ilaplace. See Example 2.
You can include a list of free parameters and a list of conditions on these parameters. These conditions and the result are protected from premature evaluation. This means that you can use not iszero(a^2 - b) instead of hold( _not @ iszero )(a^2 - b).
The following conditions treat assumptions on identifiers differently:
• a^2 - b <> 0 takes into account assumptions on identifiers.
• not iszero(a^2 - b) disregards assumptions on identifiers.
See Example 4.
Environment Interactions
Calling ilaplace::addpattern changes the expressions returned by future calls to ilaplace.
Examples
Example 1
Compute the inverse Laplace transform of the function bar. By default, MuPAD does not have a pattern for this function:
ilaplace(bar(s), s, t)
Add a pattern for the inverse Laplace transform of bar using ilaplace::addpattern:
ilaplace::addpattern(bar(s), s, t, foo(t)):
Now ilaplace returns the inverse Laplace transform of bar:
ilaplace(bar(s), s, t)
After you add a new transform pattern, MuPAD can use that pattern indirectly:
ilaplace(exp(-s)*bar(s), s, t)
Example 2
Define the inverse Laplace transform of bar(y) using the variables x and y as parameters:
ilaplace::addpattern(bar(y), y, x, foo(x)):
The ilaplace function recognizes the added pattern even if you use other variables as parameters:
ilaplace(bar(s), s, t)
Example 3
Add this pattern for the inverse Laplace transform of F:
ilaplace::addpattern(F(c, S)*G(c, S), S, T, T/(T^4 + 4*c^4)):
ilaplace(F(c, s)*G(c, s), s, t)
This pattern holds only when the first argument of F is the symbolic parameter c. If you use any other value of this parameter, ilaplace ignores the pattern:
ilaplace(F(A, s)*G(A, s), s, t)
To use the pattern for arbitrary values of the parameter, declare the parameter c as an additional pattern variable:
ilaplace::addpattern(F(c, S)*G(c, S), S, T, T/(T^4 + 4*c^4), [c]):
Now ilaplace applies the specified pattern for an arbitrary value of c:
ilaplace(F(C, s)*G(C, s), s, t)
You also can declare several parameters as pattern variables. For example, this pattern has two pattern variables, a and b:
ilaplace::addpattern(f(a*y + b), y, x, g(x/a - b), [a, b]):
ilaplace(f(2*s + B), s, t)
Example 4
Use assumptions when adding this pattern for the inverse Laplace transform:
ilaplace::addpattern(BAR(x*s), s, t, sin(1/(x - 1/2))*FOO(t), [x], [abs(x) < 1]):
ilaplace(BAR(x*s), s, t) assuming -1 < x < 1
If |x| ≥ 1, you cannot apply this pattern:
ilaplace(BAR(x*s), s, t) assuming x >= 1
If MuPAD cannot determine whether the conditions are satisfied, it returns a piecewise object:
ilaplace(BAR(x*s), s, t)
Note that the resulting expression defining the inverse Laplace transform of BAR(x*s) implicitly assumes that the value of x is not 1/2. A strict definition of the pattern is:
ilaplace::addpattern(BAR(x*t), s, t, sin(1/(x - 1/2))*FOO(t), [x], [abs(x) < 1, x <> 1/2]):
If either the conditions are not satisfied or substituting the values into the result gives an error, ilaplace ignores the pattern. For this particular pattern, you can omit specifying the assumption x <> 1/2. If x = 1/2, MuPAD throws an internal "Division by zero." error and ignores the pattern:
ilaplace(BAR(s/2), s, t)
Parameters
pat
Arithmetical expression in the variable s representing the pattern to match.
s
Identifier or indexed identifier used as a variable in the pattern
t
Identifier or indexed identifier used as a variable in the result
res
Arithmetical expression in the variable t representing a pattern for the result
vars
List of identifiers or indexed identifiers used as "pattern variables" (placeholders in pat and res). You can use pattern variables as placeholders for almost arbitrary MuPAD expressions not containing s or t. You can restrict them by conditions given in the optional parameter conds.
conds
List of conditions on the pattern variables
Return Values
Object of type DOM_NULL
See Also
MuPAD Functions
Related Examples
Was this topic helpful? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Run with the Wind
Run with the Wind (風が強く吹いている) is a 2006 Japanese novel by Shion Miura. The novel has received a manga and a live-action film adaptation, as well as an anime television series adaptation produced by Production I.G that aired from October 2018 to March 2019.
Synopsis
Kakeru, a former elite runner at high school, is chased for stealing food. He is saved by a Kansei University student named Haiji, who is also a runner. Haiji persuades Kakeru to live in the old dormitory "Chikusei-so" where he plans to team up with fellow residents to enter the Hakone Ekiden relay marathon, one of the most prominent university races in Japan. Kakeru soon finds out that all of the residents except for Haiji and himself are complete novices.
Characters
* Kakeru Kurahara (蔵原走)
* Kakeru is a 1st year sociology student at Kansei University Student and an experienced runner. A prodigious athlete since high school, he became disillusioned due to an incident on his old Track and Field team. He first joined Chikusei-so after Haiji meets him stealing from a convenience store. Over the course of the story, Kakeru learns the meaning of running together with others.
* Kakeru is a 1st year sociology student at Kansei University Student and an experienced runner. A prodigious athlete since high school, he became disillusioned due to an incident on his old Track and Field team. He first joined Chikusei-so after Haiji meets him stealing from a convenience store. Over the course of the story, Kakeru learns the meaning of running together with others.
* Haiji Kiyose (清瀬灰二)
* Haiji is a 4th year Kansei University Student and a long time resident of Chikusei-so. He has dreams of running in the Hakone Ekiden with a team and slowly built up one of at-first unwilling acquaintances at the dorm. Despite recovering from a knee injury, Haiji remains one of the most enthusiastic residents and coach of the group.
* Haiji is a 4th year Kansei University Student and a long time resident of Chikusei-so. He has dreams of running in the Hakone Ekiden with a team and slowly built up one of at-first unwilling acquaintances at the dorm. Despite recovering from a knee injury, Haiji remains one of the most enthusiastic residents and coach of the group.
* Takashi Sugiyama (杉山高志)
* Known as 'Shindo' to the other members of the dorm. Generally considered an honor student by the other residents of Chikusei-so, Takashi is an earnest student from the mountain regions. He was the first convinced by Haiji to give running a chance and has been a significant driving force behind the others. His dedication towards training originally stemmed from wanting to inspire and impress his family, but eventually became something entirely his own.
* Known as 'Shindo' to the other members of the dorm. Generally considered an honor student by the other residents of Chikusei-so, Takashi is an earnest student from the mountain regions. He was the first convinced by Haiji to give running a chance and has been a significant driving force behind the others. His dedication towards training originally stemmed from wanting to inspire and impress his family, but eventually became something entirely his own.
* Akane Kashiwazaki (柏崎茜)
* Nicknamed 'Prince' by the other dorm members, Akane is a manga enthusiast with his room filled to the brim with various volumes. He began as one of the most reluctant and slowest members due to his lack of physical stamina and indoor tendencies. Akane picked up his training after Takashi had his family send over a treadmill for him to remain indoors to read manga. After finding true inspiration from his friends at Chikusei-so and Kakeru's presence, he pushes himself beyond his limitations.
* Nicknamed 'Prince' by the other dorm members, Akane is a manga enthusiast with his room filled to the brim with various volumes. He began as one of the most reluctant and slowest members due to his lack of physical stamina and indoor tendencies. Akane picked up his training after Takashi had his family send over a treadmill for him to remain indoors to read manga. After finding true inspiration from his friends at Chikusei-so and Kakeru's presence, he pushes himself beyond his limitations.
* Tarō Jō (城太郎)
* The older of the Jō twins. He goes by Jota and is nearly indistinguishable from his younger brother. The two think and act in tandem. Though he was originally driven by the intention to attract girls through running, Jota came to appreciate the sport.
* The older of the Jō twins. He goes by Jota and is nearly indistinguishable from his younger brother. The two think and act in tandem. Though he was originally driven by the intention to attract girls through running, Jota came to appreciate the sport.
* Jirō Jō (城次郎)
* The younger of the Jō twins. He goes by Joji and appears almost the exact same as his elder brother. Originally intending to run for the sake of becoming popular with girls, he realize that running was something enjoyable in itself.
* The younger of the Jō twins. He goes by Joji and appears almost the exact same as his elder brother. Originally intending to run for the sake of becoming popular with girls, he realize that running was something enjoyable in itself.
* Yukihiko Iwakura (岩倉雪彦)
* Known as 'Yuki' by the other members of Chikusei-so, he passed the bar examination on his first try. Yuki was initially reluctant to run and was bent on defying Haiji's enthusiasm, but eventually got drawn into it as the others members did. He hates the smell of tobacco coming from Akihiro's smoking until he quit for running.
* Known as 'Yuki' by the other members of Chikusei-so, he passed the bar examination on his first try. Yuki was initially reluctant to run and was bent on defying Haiji's enthusiasm, but eventually got drawn into it as the others members did. He hates the smell of tobacco coming from Akihiro's smoking until he quit for running.
* Musa Kamala (ムサ・カマラ)
* Musa is a native to Tanzania. He moved to Japan to study Space and Engineering as a sponsored international student at Kansei University. His Japanese still has flaws leading to some misunderstandings and written mistakes. Kind and earnest, Musa is always supportive of his other team members and is well known by the residents of the local shopping district.
* Musa is a native to Tanzania. He moved to Japan to study Space and Engineering as a sponsored international student at Kansei University. His Japanese still has flaws leading to some misunderstandings and written mistakes. Kind and earnest, Musa is always supportive of his other team members and is well known by the residents of the local shopping district.
* Yōhei Sakaguchi (坂口洋平)
* Known as 'King' due to his love of trivia, Yohei is a 4th year Sociology student at Kansei University. Besides his nightly trivia marathons, he's generally preoccupied by job hunting to no avail. Yohei eventually relented and joined in the team's efforts due to the earnest words of Takashi.
* Known as 'King' due to his love of trivia, Yohei is a 4th year Sociology student at Kansei University. Besides his nightly trivia marathons, he's generally preoccupied by job hunting to no avail. Yohei eventually relented and joined in the team's efforts due to the earnest words of Takashi.
* Akihiro Hirata (平田彰宏)
* Known as 'Nico-senpai' due to his habit of smoking. Prior to entering Kansei University, he ran Track during high school but quit due to his coach. As Akihiro picked up running again under Haiji's influence, he stopped smoking and began to make small metallic figures as a substitute.
* Known as 'Nico-senpai' due to his habit of smoking. Prior to entering Kansei University, he ran Track during high school but quit due to his coach. As Akihiro picked up running again under Haiji's influence, he stopped smoking and began to make small metallic figures as a substitute.
* Hanako Katsuta (勝田葉菜子)
* Known as Hana-chan to the members of Chikusei-so, she is a 3rd year high school student and daughter of one of the shop owners in the local shopping district. At Haiji's request, Hanako rode her bike alongside the team and also times their runs. She's become well known for her terrible cooking.
* Known as Hana-chan to the members of Chikusei-so, she is a 3rd year high school student and daughter of one of the shop owners in the local shopping district. At Haiji's request, Hanako rode her bike alongside the team and also times their runs. She's become well known for her terrible cooking.
* Kōsuke Sakaki (榊浩介)
* Sakaki was a member of Kakeru's high school Track and Field team. He developed an eternal grudge towards Kakeru after causing an incident that affected their entire team.
* Sakaki was a member of Kakeru's high school Track and Field team. He developed an eternal grudge towards Kakeru after causing an incident that affected their entire team.
* Kazuma Fujioka (藤岡一真)
* Kazuma is a running prodigy and famous among intercollegiate track meets and races. He knew Haiji prior to his knee injury and becomes a target for Kakeru to defeat.
* Kazuma is a running prodigy and famous among intercollegiate track meets and races. He knew Haiji prior to his knee injury and becomes a target for Kakeru to defeat.
* Genichirō Tazaki (田崎源一郎)
* Genichiro is the landlord of Chikusei-so and the official coach of the team. However, he leaves most of the work to Haiji and his enthusiasm.
* Genichiro is the landlord of Chikusei-so and the official coach of the team. However, he leaves most of the work to Haiji and his enthusiasm.
Novel
The novel was written by Shion Miura, and Shinchosha published it on September 22, 2006. Shinchosha published a second edition of the novel on July 1, 2009. In January 2024, HarperCollins announced that they will release the novel in English.
Manga
A manga adaptation by Sorata Unno launched in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump on October 18, 2007. It moved to Monthly Young Jump in 2008, where it ran until November 17, 2009.
Live-action film
A live-action film adaptation premiered in October 2009.
Anime
An anime television series adaptation premiered from October 2, 2018 to March 26, 2019, and was broadcast on NTV, SDT, YTV and BS-NTV. The series is directed by Kazuya Nomura and written by Kohei Kiyasu, with animation by Production I.G. The series' character designs are provided by Takahiro Chiba and the music is composed by Yuki Hayashi. It aired for 23 episodes, and Crunchyroll simulcasted the series. The series is licensed by Sentai Filmworks for streaming and home video release.
An English dub of the series was confirmed by Sentai on November 16, 2019.
Music
In the first half of the anime, the opening theme song is "Catch Up, Latency" by Unison Square Garden and the ending theme song is "Reset" by Taichi Mukai. In the second half of the anime, the opening theme song is "Kaze Tsuyoku, Kimi Atsuku" by Q-MHz and Sky-Hi, and the ending theme song is "Michi" by Taichi Mukai.
The anime series' soundtrack is composed by Yuki Hayashi. A two-disc soundtrack album published by Toho Animation Records was released on December 19, 2018 with a total of 51 tracks. | WIKI |
Better Buy: GE vs. 3M
Even people who don't follow the stock market know the names General Electric (NYSE: GE) and 3M (NYSE: MMM), which speaks to the iconic nature of these two industrial giants.
But just knowing a company's name isn't enough reason to buy its stock. When you dig into the financial stories of these two companies, one stands out as a better investment option than the other.
GE: Still getting back on track
General Electric's stock is down about 65% over the last five years. Shares are currently trading at roughly the same level as they did during the deep 2008-09 Great Recession. That's an important comparison period because it marks the start of a massive corporate overhaul for the industrial giant. Essentially, at the start of that financially-driven downturn, GE had allowed its finance arm to grow well beyond its core historical purpose of supporting the sale of GE's industrial products.
Image source: Getty Images.
With operations in everything from lending to insurance, GE was forced to take a government bailout, cut its dividend, and sell assets as it worked to get back on track. Since that point, the company has gone through two additional rounds of dividend cuts and asset sales as it looks to right the ship. Along the way, there have been three turnovers in the executive suite and some regulatory scrutiny of the company's finances (which is never a good thing). And even today it hasn't fully extricated itself from the financial issues that started during that last recession -- it is still dealing with long-term care insurance policies it issued that didn't work out as planned.
GE has put in a lot of work and is probably in better shape today than it has been in a very long time, but the pared-down GE still isn't firing on all cylinders. In the third quarter, the company's renewable energy division was operating roughly break-even and the power group was barely profitable. Unfortunately, that's actually an improvement over recent past results, because these two businesses have been cash drains for a while. While this improvement was encouraging, there's still a long way to go before these two divisions, which account for nearly 50% of the company's industrial revenue, are back on a sustained growth track.
The company's aviation operation, meanwhile, saw a roughly-80% decline in its profits year over year thanks to the ongoing headwinds from the coronavirus pandemic. Returning this business to its former glory will likely take some time. And the process really won't get underway until coronavirus vaccines have started to have a material impact on the direction of the pandemic. The only division that's doing reasonably well right now is GE's healthcare arm, which saw a 10% increase in revenue year over year in the third quarter. That said, the group's 16.6% operating margin was down around three percentage points year over year. And perhaps more troubling, GE's misfortunes in recent years forced it to sell a part of its healthcare business to raise $21 billion in much-needed cash. It's not a good sign when you start selling the crown jewels.
GE isn't going away, and its business has improved materially, but it remains a high-risk turnaround story at this point. Most long-term investors will probably want to avoid it.
3M: Better, but not perfect
You've probably figured out that 3M is the better-positioned industrial giant here. However, that doesn't mean you won't have to deal with some warts. In this case, the ugly side of the story is centered around product quality and manufacturing-related lawsuits. These are not small issues, and they could come with very material price tags -- but they are unlikely to derail the company over the long term, even if they cause some near-term headwinds. The stock is down around 26% over the past three years, largely thanks to this issue, which has pushed the dividend yield toward the high end of its historical range. While the roughly-3.3% yield may not seem huge, it is pretty notable for 3M.
Meanwhile, even during the brutal pandemic downturn, the company has been performing very well overall. Its worst-performing division, healthcare, had segment operating margins of 23.5% in the third quarter (down about 3.2 percentage points year over year). Healthcare was GE's best business, and its segment margins weren't anywhere near that. To be fair, the two companies do vastly different things in the healthcare space, so it's not a great comparison. But remember that healthcare was 3M's worst performer. The rest of the business (safety & industrial, transportation & electronics, and consumer) did even better. That's a stark difference between 3M's still-strong business and GE's largely struggling operations.
GE Dividend Per Share (Quarterly) data by YCharts
Industrial giant 3M will likely see its various businesses wax and wane over time, as you would expect, and it is dealing with potentially significant legal issues, but if you are a conservative investor looking for a reliable company, 3M wins hands down. And you get a generous dividend that has been increased annually for over six decades, easily putting 3M into the exclusive Dividend Aristocrat camp. Unless you like turnaround plays (and have the stomach to own them), 3M just looks like a better option for most investors.
Balancing risk and reward
GE probably has more turnaround potential as it works to get itself back on track. But there's still a lot of risk in the turnaround given difficulties the company faces in three of its four industrial businesses. While 3M probably doesn't have the same upside potential and is dealing with its own headwinds, the strength of its business and the historically high yield appear to be a better risk/reward trade-off. No, 3M won't be as exciting a stock to own, but that's kind of the point.
10 stocks we like better than 3M
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- TV Ad Makers Earn More Super-PAC Millions for Less Work
Republican media strategist Fred Davis last year found that creating ads for Jon Huntsman ’s presidential primary bid was a lot different on the inside than on the outside. Like most campaigns, policy decisions and proposed commercials were reviewed by the candidate, staff members, a kitchen cabinet of advisers and sometimes family members. For the Huntsman effort, money also was always tight and “coming in little, tiny $2,500 clips,” Davis said, referring to the federal limit on individual donations to candidates. In July 2011, he left the campaign staff to form Our Destiny PAC, a super political action committee that could raise and spend unlimited sums. With three board members and a lawyer overseeing the super-PAC, “in ten minutes, we would conduct more business than you were able to in a week in a campaign setting,” he said. Davis’s experience underscores how super-PACs are transforming the business of running a political campaign and changing the pecking order of the most-coveted jobs. Producing and placing ads have long been two of the most lucrative slots in a campaign organization. With a super-PAC, the opportunity to make money is soaring while the job is getting easier to do. Establishing Firms To maximize profits, some political strategists tied to super-PACs are creating their own media firms, cutting out the need for a third party that would share the wealth. “The media-buying business at the top end of the spectrum is as incestuous as any other business that pushes considerable sums of money,” Glenn Totten , a Democratic media consultant, said in an interview. “The fact is that people trust people they know to spend their money.” Outside spending by groups including super-PACs and issue advocacy organizations through July 24 already exceeds $188 million compared with $73 million during the same period in the 2008 presidential contest, according to the Center for Responsive Politics, a Washington-based research group that tracks campaign giving. The vast majority of that cash is being spent on TV ads that are almost universally negative. “It’s a huge boon to the industry,” Mark McKinnon , a former adviser to President George W. Bush , said in an e-mail. “Overnight it has at least doubled the amount of business and revenue to media firms and consultants,” Late Spending And the real spending hasn’t started. At the close of the 2008 presidential cycle, spending by groups outside of the candidate and party hierarchies reached $302 million, meaning more than $200 million went out the door in the three months leading to the November election, the center’s data shows. Although rates vary, media firms can make as much as a 15 percent commission on ads. While super-PACs can negotiate to pay lower commissions because they buy so many ads, media firms still welcome the business because of its volume. A select group of media firms, all closely held, stand to gain millions in added revenue because they have established records of success and close ties to candidates and super-PACs. Five media firms alone have received at least $66 million so far this cycle to create and place television commercials for candidates and committees that regularly file disclosure reports, according to a Federal Election Commission analysis for Bloomberg. Those same companies received $54.8 million for the entire 2008 cycle, the FEC data show. Mentzer Media At the top of the list is Mentzer Media of Towson, Maryland, a firm that places ads with television stations and has landed multiple super-PAC clients. Mentzer’s roster includes Restore Our Future, a group supporting the candidacy of Republican candidate Mitt Romney ; American Crossroads, which was founded with the help of Karl Rove , a former political adviser to Bush; and American Commitment, a new non-profit 501(c)(4) group run by a former vice president to Americans for Prosperity, the group funded in part by billionaire industrialists David and Charles Koch . Bruce Mentzer founded the company in 1991 and has placed more than $300 million in media time for more than 400 campaigns, from local races to the presidential, according to a biography on his firm’s website. Mentzer declined an interview request. His firm has received more than $47.5 million from Restore Our Future alone to buy ad times this cycle, FEC filings show. Swift Boats In the 2004 presidential campaign, Mentzer Media received more than $18.6 million to place the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth ads that attacked Democratic presidential nominee Senator John Kerry ’s Vietnam War service. Mentzer works closely with the Republican ad-making firm of McCarthy Hennings Media Inc., a Washington D.C.-based company that has received more than $566,000 from Restore Our Future. McCarthy also does work for American Crossroads. Larry McCarthy, the firm’s president, is well-known in political media circles: he produced the 1988 “Willie Horton” ad that used an ominous image of a black parolee convicted of murder to accuse Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis of being soft on crime. In this campaign’s Republican primary race, Restore Our Future ads were focused on attacking Romney’s rivals, including former House Speaker Newt Gingrich , who complained that the McCarthy-produced commercials were inaccurate. Crossroads Media Crossroads Media LLC has thrived by handling media for American Crossroads and Crossroads Grassroots Policy Strategies, a related non-profit group. Crossroads Media received $1.7 from American Crossroads this cycle through June, FEC documents show. American Crossroads had more than $31 million left to spend as July began. The media company was started in the spring of 2001 by Michael Dubke, according to its website. Dubke is also a founding partner of Black Rock Group, a Republican strategic communications and public affairs firm headed by Carl Forti . Forti served as political director and deputy campaign manager for Romney’s 2008 presidential primary campaign and is now directing Restore Our Future, the pro-Romney super-PAC, and is on the board of American Crossroads. Crossroads Media, which didn’t return a call seeking comment, got more than $38.1 million from Crossroads GPS to place ads from June 2010 to December 2011, an Internal Revenue Service document shows. That accounted for about half of the $76.8 million Crossroads GPS raised during that 19-month span. Democratic Firms The biggest Democratic super-PAC is Priorities USA Action, which was founded by former White House aides and has raised $20.7 million to help re-elect President Barack Obama . It spent $18 million this election cycle through June, including $12.3 million to Mundy Katowitz Media Inc., a Washington, D.C.-based media placement company, and more than $1.7 million to New York-based Global Strategy Group and an affiliated group for research and digital consulting. Democratic strategist Paul Begala , a onetime political adviser to President Bill Clinton , makes $20,000 per month from Priorities USA Action for media consulting. Media consultants welcome the freedom that comes from working with super-PACs. “There’s not a lot of supervision, oversight or accountability,” said McKinnon. It’s also easier to raise the money to produce and air a commercial. With a single wealthy investor, a super-PAC is in business. Outside Freedom Financial constraints were a prime reason Davis shifted from Huntsman’s campaign headquarters to the Our Destiny PAC, he said. It raised $3.2 million, including $2.2 million from Huntsman’s father, Jon Huntsman Sr . “We never had money in the Huntsman campaign to produce or run even a single ad,” Davis said. “But we didn’t know that at first. So we started by producing the rather well-known motorcycle film” of Huntsman riding motocross through the Utah desert. “Even the discussions of that, something that was only designed to play once really, took weeks and weeks.” At the super-PAC, Davis said that he, the PAC’s two other board members and a legal counsel would have telephonic board meetings almost daily that would run 15 minutes maximum and sometimes no longer than five. The other board members had already read a proposed script Davis had sent out, and had jotted down their questions. During the call, it would be approved. “I would hit send and it was off” to the production office to be made, he said. Working for outside groups carry some disadvantages. An outside group’s TV ads may be more controversial than those subject to more careful vetting by risk-averse candidates and campaign staff. Davis drew criticism this spring after he proposed TV ads linking Obama to his controversial former pastor, Jeremiah Wright . Joe Ricketts , the billionaire businessman Davis wanted to fund the project, backed away after it was publicly criticized by Romney, its intended beneficiary. “What a candidate puts on the air directly reflects on them personally,” said Totten. “That is not the case for a super-PAC.” To contact the reporter on this story: Greg Giroux in Washington at ggiroux@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Jeanne Cummings at jcummings21@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Explainer: Theory of evolution
Sadly, survival of the fittest does not mean anyone will survive. Kaptain Kobold
The theory of evolution encompasses the well established scientific view that organic life on our planet has changed over long periods of time and continues to change by a process known as natural selection.
Charles Darwin, the 19th century naturalist, is given credit for the theory, not because he was the first person to suggest evolution occurs, but because he proposed (in his seminal 1859 text, On the Origin of Species) a mechanism that explains the process of change.
The theory of evolution contains two parts, both of which are unnecessarily contentious. The first is the word “theory”, which means something slightly different in everyday speech than it does in science.
The second contentious word is “evolution”, because some people argue that there is insufficient evidence to support the idea that species change over time. Proponents of the latter view rely on our dual uses of the word theory to confuse the issues.
Theory
When most people use the word “theory”, they refer to a well argued bit of guesswork.
Someone might propose a theory about why a football team lost, which could lead to a spirited debate with other football fans precisely because the theories under discussion derive from mere speculations and untested assumptions.
When scientists use the word theory, they refer to a group of principles or laws developed over many years through rigorous hypothesis testing. Such theories are backed up with mathematical formulas and lines of evidence that when taken together explain a series of observations.
Gravity is a fact because it summarises a number of observations that can be made by anyone. Despite the fact there are different theories explaining gravity (Newton’s law, Einstein’s theory of relativity and more recently, quantum field theory), no-one would say gravity does not exist.
Similarly, biological evolution is supported by so much evidence from various scientific disciplines that it is a fact every bit as true as gravity. The theory of evolution, therefore, is not about whether or not evolution occurs, but how it occurs.
In the same way that our understanding of gravity has changed over time, our understanding of the process of evolution has changed over time and continues to change.
Natural selection
There are two major components to the theory. The first is the mechanism of natural selection, which was proposed independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace in 1858.
In the same way artificial selection occurs when breeders choose seeds or studs that will improve their stock in the next generation, natural selection is the process of sorting living things according to how well adapted they are to their environment.
In the case of artificial selection, humans choose which traits are desirable. In the case of natural selection, traits that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction will become more common within a population or species over time.
In the past, natural selection has been misrepresented by calling it the survival of the fittest. This statement oversimplifies the mechanism by making it sound like a tautology: the survival of those who survive.
The truth is that individuals never survive. What survives is the process for making another individual, and this resides in genes found in populations.
Natural selection has more to do with differential reproduction than survival, and what it selects are the genes that code for desirable traits or characteristics. The interaction of individuals with their environment provides a mechanism for sorting out which traits (not which individuals) will be passed on to the next generation.
Nature of inheritance
The second major component to the theory is the nature of inheritance, which follows the insights made by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and has advanced considerably since then due to our understanding of genes, DNA and the molecular processes of life.
When natural selection was first formulated by Darwin, the nature of inheritance was not understood. Our current understanding of inheritance is very sophisticated and includes the precise mechanisms for passing genes on to the next generation, how genes are modified by mutation and how they are shared among sexual species.
If we know enough about a gene and its various forms, it is possible to accurately predict the change in the frequency of those genes over time using mathematical formulae from population and evolutionary genetics theory.
This alteration of gene frequencies is subtle and does not, at first glance, seem worthy of being called evolution. But it is precisely these small changes at the genetic level that lead to large changes in the organisms that carry them.
The sorting of genes affects the fate of populations: populations drift apart and become species, and species diverge to create whole groups of plants or animals that dominate the landscape for millions of years.
The intricate details of cellular processes are responsible for the glorious and majestic diversity of life on our planet.
The theory of evolution includes large changes over vast periods of time and tiny changes made when one cell divides into two.
These processes form a continuum that is the history of life on Earth.
What element of science or technology would you like to see explained? Contact the section editor here.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nikulchev Evgeny
The result was delete. Sandstein 17:24, 7 September 2016 (UTC)
Nikulchev Evgeny
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Claim of notability lacks independent sources. A stub without anything to substantiate WP:GNG. Guy (Help!) 21:07, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* As yet I have no opinion as to whether this should be kept or deleted, but I must point out that the subject is not the vice-rector, but one of six vice-rectors, and not the top one. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:58, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Note: The article title is backwards, which affects search results. His name is Evgeny Nikulchev:
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Academics and educators-related deletion discussions. Joe Roe (talk) 23:23, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. Joe Roe (talk) 23:24, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Russia-related deletion discussions. Joe Roe (talk) 23:24, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Russia-related deletion discussions. Joe Roe (talk) 23:24, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Delete. No evidence of notability. I'm not sure there's even a claim of notability; as the IP above pointed out, pro/vice-rector isn't a very prestigious or highly-ranked position. He's an academic, so WP:PROF could apply, but he has only a string of poorly-cited papers, many in predatory vanity journals, and I couldn't find any indication that he meets any of the other criteria. Joe Roe (talk) 23:35, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Delete. Citation record too low for WP:PROF, administrative position too low (not head of whole institution) for #C6, and no other evidence of notability present. —David Eppstein (talk) 23:59, 30 August 2016 (UTC)
* Delete per Eppstein. Xxanthippe (talk) 00:21, 31 August 2016 (UTC).
| WIKI |
Talk:V2K
What powers this auditory effect?
What powers this auditory effect? 2603:8081:4701:A235:B88C:7D4A:190F:357E (talk) 16:39, 15 April 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
April 12, 2018
Are you feeling tired on a regular basis? Then perhaps you aren't getting the necessary minerals for energy you need. Here are the most energizing minerals.
Feeling tired and fatigued? Have a hard time waking up in the morning and focusing at work? Mineral deficiencies might be the culprit.
Let's take magnesium, for instance. This mineral regulates over 300 biochemical reactions in the body, including blood pressure and muscle function. Even the slightest deficiency can affect your energy levels and overall health.
About 27 percent of Americans wake up tired on four or more days per week. Another 45 percent experience this feeling up to three times a week. What's surprising is that these people sleep seven to eight hours a night, which is enough for an adult.
Many times, low energy is the result of nutrient deficiencies. Your body needs optimum doses of vitamins and minerals to function at its peak.
Ready to tweak your diet? Let's find out more about the best minerals for energy!
The Role of Minerals in Energy Metabolism
Dietary nutrients serve as fuel for your body. After ingestion, they're broken down in the GI tract. Next, they are processed and then stored in the liver, kidneys, brain, and other tissues.
Your body converts that energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This molecule acts as a battery that stores and releases energy when needed.
A balanced diet should provide optimum amounts of micro and macronutrients. Vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants are called micronutrients because your body needs them in small doses. Protein, carbs, and fats, the three macronutrients, are required in large amounts.
Minerals play a key role in energy metabolism. Young adults, especially those who are physically active and engage in regular dieting, are more likely to develop deficiencies. Their daily meals fail to provide these nutrients, which leads to fatigue, lethargy, and tiredness.
Chromium, for example, regulates insulin signaling. Basically, it helps your body use insulin efficiently. A diet that's low in chromium will lead to insulin and blood sugar fluctuations, affecting your energy levels.
The modern diet fails to provide the nutrients needed for good health. Most foods are highly processed or lose their nutritional value during storage and transportation. Plus, we don't have the time to cook balanced meals.
These factors lead to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Sleep deprivation and stress only make things worse. At the end of the day, we're feeling tired and worn out.
The best way to restore your energy and stamina is to make simple lifestyle changes.
Start with your diet, which has the biggest impact on your health and well-being. Consume these minerals for energy, vitality, and improved mental focus:
Magnesium
This mineral contributes to nearly every function in the human body. Also, it's required by all enzymatic reactions that involve ATP.
A diet rich in magnesium will keep your immune system strong, ensure optimal nerve function, and support cardiovascular health. On top of that, you'll have more energy and enjoy a better night's sleep.
To increase your magnesium intake, eat more nuts, whole grains, legumes, and leafy greens. Bananas, avocados, and seeds are rich in this nutrient too.
Chromium
Chromium promotes glucose uptake by the body's cells. As a result, it boosts your energy and improves insulin response. The more active you are, the more chromium you need in your diet.
This mineral also curbs sugar cravings and regulates appetite. That's why it's often added to weight loss supplements and appetite suppressants. It can be found in Brazil nuts, pears, oysters, mussels, eggs, and shellfish.
Iron
Iron plays a vital role in ATP synthesis, red blood cell formation, and oxygen transport. About 70 percent of it is stored in the muscle cells and hemoglobin.
Your body needs this mineral to produce red blood cells and convert glucose into energy. Thus, even the slightest deficiency can affect circulation, metabolism, and energy levels.
If your diet is low in iron, you may develop anemia. Other side effects include bleeding, fatigue, tiredness, and shortness of breath.
Iron deficiency may also cause migraines and headaches. Since this mineral helps transport oxygen throughout the body, low-iron diets can affect cardiovascular health.
Luckily, most foods contain adequate amounts of iron. Leafy greens, cruciferous vegetables, potatoes, fish, and red meat are all excellent sources.
Zinc
This nutrient is an essential part of over 100 enzymes, many of which regulate energy metabolism. It plays a key role in immune function, brain function, fertility, and gene expression.
Zinc also contributes to cell signaling. It's one of the most important minerals for energy, growth, and protein synthesis. Plus, it helps your body metabolize fats and carbs.
If your diet doesn't provide enough zinc, you may experience the following problems:
• Impaired immune function
• Mental lethargy
• Slow wound healing
• Unexplained weight loss
• Eye and skin diseases
• Infertility
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue and tiredness
To get more of this mineral, consume plenty of nuts, seeds, beans, and oysters. Crab, chickpeas, beef, oatmeal, and chicken breast contain zinc too, so add them to your meals.
Manganese
Manganese is one of the key minerals for energy because it regulates glucogenesis. This means it helps your body produce glycogen, its main source of fuel.
When your glycogen stores are low, you may feel tired and low on energy. You'll have a hard time recovering from exercise and staying active.
This mineral also contributes to the formation of connective tissues, sex hormones, and bones. Additionally, it's required for nerve and brain function.
Make sure your diet provides adequate doses of manganese. Consume more almonds, pecans, peanuts, pineapple, beans, and cooked spinach. Brown rice and sweet potatoes are good sources too.
Get the Best Minerals for Energy and Stamina
Now that you know what it takes to boost your energy, give your diet a makeover. Eat whole, natural foods and ditch the junk.
Dietary supplements can help too. Depending on your preferences, get them in powder, capsule, or liquid form. Their role is to prevent nutrient deficiencies and keep your body functioning at its peak.
For quality vitamins, minerals, and superfood formulas, check out our online store! We provide cutting-edge supplements for detox, weight loss, better sleep, and more.
Subscribe | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Italy's state broadcaster picks M&A adviser for towers unit -sources
Add shares
ROME/MILAN, June 8 (Reuters) - Italian state broadcaster RAI has picked investment bank Lazard LAZ.N to assess merger and acquisition options for its towers unit Rai Way RWAY.MI, two sources close to the matter said on Wednesday.
Prime Minister Mario Draghi in March approved a decree allowing RAI to cut its holding in Rai Way below 51% from the current 65%, in a move expected to trigger consolidation in the television and radio mast sector.
The decree could pave the way for merger talks between Rai Way and unlisted rival EI Towers, a long-mooted tie-up that would create a group worth more than 2 billion euros ($2.2 billion).
EI Towers is 40%-owned by Italy's top commercial broadcaster MediaForEurope (MFE) MFEA.MI, MFEB.MI, controlled by the family of former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi. Italian infrastructure fund F2i holds the remaining 60%.
MFE valued its EI Towers stake at 387.7 million euros in its 2021 financial statements, implying an overall valuation for EI Towers of around 1 billion euros.
Listed in 2014, Rai Way has a market capitalisation of approximately 1.4 billion euros.
Under the decree, RAI can cut its stake in Rai Way to no lower than 30% while keeping control of Rai Way's infrastructure.
Rai Way's shares were 1.7% higher by 1340 GMT against a 0.8% drop in the Italian all-share index .FTITLMS
News of Lazard's mandate was first reported by Il Sole 24 Ore daily on Wednesday. Lazard declined to comment.
A third source separately said advisers would assess whether the conditions set out by the government were attractive for all parties involved.
A fourth source told Reuters F2i was unwilling to back a deal that would see RAI take control of EI Towers' infrastructure.
F2i CEO Renato Ravanelli has said the fund would strive to contribute to the project of a single broadcasting tower company and create infrastructure aligned with European competition best practices, F2i told Reuters in a statement.
RAI has traditionally been subject to political influence and a potential merger of its tower arm with EI Towers is opposed by several ruling politicians.
In April, an influential parliamentary committee supervising the state broadcaster approved a document urging RAI to preserve a majority stake in Rai Way.
($1 = 0.9319 euros)
(Reporting by Giuseppe Fonte and Elvira Pollina Editing by Mark Potter, Kirsten Donovan)
((giuseppe.fonte@thomsonreuters.com; +390680307711;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
@article{Tansey_Pichotta_Scott_2018, title={Leaf-Smoothed Hierarchical Softmax for Ordinal Prediction}, volume={32}, url={https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/11754}, abstractNote={ <p> We propose a new approach to conditional probability estimation for ordinal labels. First, we present a specialized hierarchical softmax variant inspired by k-d trees that leverages the inherent spatial structure of (potentially-multivariate) ordinal labels. We then adapt ideas from signal processing on noisy graphs to develop a novel regularizer for such hierarchical softmax models. Both our tree structure and regularizer independently boost the sample efficiency of a deep learning model across a series of simulation studies. Furthermore, the combination of these two techniques produces additive gains and the model does not suffer from the pathologies of other approaches in the literature. We validate our approach empirically on a suite of real-world datasets, in some cases reducing the error by nearly half in comparison to other popular methods in the literature. Our results demonstrate that our method is a powerful new modeling technique for conditional probability estimation of ordinal labels, especially in the low-to-mid sample size regimes such as those often found in biological and other physical sciences. </p> }, number={1}, journal={Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence}, author={Tansey, Wesley and Pichotta, Karl and Scott, James}, year={2018}, month={Apr.} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/825
Rh thinner beds. M. d'Archiac and M. de Verneuil have observed that the persistence of species is connected or corresponds with the extent of their geographical distribution. "The species which are found at the same time in many points and in far separated countries are almost always those which have lived during the formation of several successive epochs. ("Transactions of the Geological Society," 2d series, vol. vi., p. 335.) This may be regarded as true in general, and for the same reason they may have continued their existence; but we have an exception worthy of note in the brachiopodous genus tropidoleptus, which first appears in the Hamilton group, and occurs in this group from near the Hudson to beyond the Mississippi, and is found likewise in Europe, while neither the genus nor any form of the type is known in any later formation. With a few individual exceptions, the differences which exist between the lost or fossil faunas and the existing animals are the greater according as the former are more ancient. The recent forms are more varied; the diversity of animal organization has augmented in the lapse of time. But this does not warrant the inference that because the most ancient faunas are composed of animals of lower organization, the degree of perfection, as a rule, increases as we approach the more recent epochs. We find the more and the less perfect, or the lower and the more highly organized, living contemporaneously in the later geological periods, and each epoch presenting a fauna and a flora adapted to the existing physical conditions. The order of appearance of different types has been shown to represent the phases of embryonic development. The comparison of faunas of different epochs shows that the temperature has varied upon the surface of the globe, and that the areas of varying temperature have not corresponded with the present, but have resulted from physical causes existing at the time, producing wider areas of uniform conditions; and to this cause may be attributed the fact that the species of the ancient formations have had a wider geographical distribution than those of the present time. In conclusion we find that fossil animals were constructed upon the same plan as the existing animals; and that the same zoological principles are applicable in their study and classification.
Order Of fossil sponges, palæospongia and acanthospongia and other forms occur in the Cambrian; and astyloapongia, astræospongia, palæomanon, &c., in the Silurian. Stromatopora, which is placed in this class by some naturalists, occurs abundantly at the base of the Trenton, and in the Niagara group; and near the base of the lower Helderberg it forms a stratum four feet thick and extending over many miles. It is likewise abundant in the upper Helderberg and in the calcareous portion of the Chemung group. It is abundant in the Wenlock limestone of England. Other genera of sponges occur in carboniferous, Permian, triassic, Jurassic, cretaceous, and tertiary strata.
Order. Organisms of this order are usually minute or microscopic. Some forms are known in the Cambrian and Silurian rocks of Europe. Ehrenberg has described species of textularia, rotalia, and guttulina from the greensands of the obolus or ungulite grits of Russia, which probably hold the same position as our Potsdam sandstone In the carboniferous limestones of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa Missouri and Kansas, rotalia, fusulina, &c., are Abundant, and probably other genera. The last named fossil forms layers of considerable thickness, known as fusulina limestone. The foraminifera are abundant in the Jurassic period, but acquire their greatest development in the latter part of the cretaceous and eocene tertiary, in the nummulites, orbitoides, orbitolina, &c. The nummulitic limestones are found in France and southern Europe, northern Africa, and India, in the United States, and in the island of Jamaica. The most common form is seen in the limestone of the great pyramids of Egypt. Receptaculites, which is regarded by some naturalists as a gigantic foraminifer, is known in the Trenton group and is abundant in the upper member of the formation, one species being a foot in diameter. It occurs also in the Niagara, lower Helderberg, and upper Helderberg formations. Ihe eozoön of the Laurentian has been referred to this order.
Class. Graptolitidæ. The graptolites are characteristic Cambrian and lower Silurian fossils, and most abundant on the confines of these two systems. Species of the several graptolitic genera range from the Potsdam sandstone to the Clinton group inclusive. Dictyonema, a graptolitic genus, is known from the base of the Trenton to the Hamilton group, or middle Devonian. Oldhamia, the oldest known fossil of the European Cambrian, is probably a graptolitic genus.
Class (corals, madrepores). Of corals, the cyathophylloid type (order zoantharia rugosa) begin their existence in the Cambrian, and are known from the base of the Trenton group, through all the formations, to the close of the palæozoic era, acquiring their greatest development in the Devonian (corniferous and Hamilton). Corals of the same form, with different internal structure, known as the order zoantharia aporosa, characterize the formations from the trias to the present time. The latter are known as the neozoic, and the former as the palæozoic type. Corals of the madrepore tribe (zoantharia tabulata), as columnaria, favistella, favosites, &c., begin their existence about the same time as those of the cyathophylloid type, acquiring their greatest development in the Devonian, and disappearing at the end of the carboniferous period.
Class. 1. Crinoidea (encrinites, stone lilies). 2. Cystidea (cystideans). 3. Elastoidea (pentremites). 4. Asteriadæ (sea stars, star fish). 5. Ophiuridæ (sand stars, serpent stars). 6. Echinidæ and palechinidæ (sea urchins). 7. Holothuridæ (sea cucumbers). The encrinites are the earliest type of this class, and appear in the Cambrian system of Europe, and in rocks of the same age in America. The fossils of this family first become numerous in the Trenton period, and are abundant in the Niagara and lower Helderberg. They are usually not abundant in the Devonian, though the Hamilton group has yielded a considerable number of species; but they become extremely abundant in the carboniferous, with the most extravagant forms in the lias, and from that time decline to the present epoch. The cystideans begin their existence at the same time as the encrinites, and are common in the Trenton and Niagara periods, gradually disappearing with the close of the Silurian age. The pentremites proper are of rare occurrence in the Silurian period, but become common in the Devonian, and reach their greatest development in the carboniferous, where they disappear. The star fishes are first known in the Trenton period, and continue with increasing numbers through the Devonian and carboniferous epoch, and they occur in varied forms through the Jurassic, cretaceous, and tertiary, to the present time. The ophiuroids (sand stars or serpent stars) begin their existence in the lower Silurian, and extend through the Devonian and carboniferous. They are unknown in the Permian and triassic, but occur in the Jurassic, cretaceous, and tertiary, and are more numerous in the modern seas. The echinoids, of the type of palechinus or eocidaris, commence in the Devonian period and continue through the carboniferous. The true echinidæ and cidaridæ begin in the | WIKI |
ocaml-base-compiler
1. Overview
2. Docs
Legend:
Library
Module
Module type
Parameter
Class
Class type
Simple approximations to the runtime results of computations. This pass is designed for speed rather than accuracy; the performance is important since it is used heavily during inlining.
type 'a boxed_int =
1. | Int32 : int32 boxed_int
2. | Int64 : int64 boxed_int
3. | Nativeint : nativeint boxed_int
type value_string = {
1. contents : string option;
2. size : int;
}
type unresolved_value =
1. | Set_of_closures_id of Set_of_closures_id.t
2. | Symbol of Symbol.t
type unknown_because_of =
1. | Unresolved_value of unresolved_value
2. | Other
type t = private {
1. descr : descr;
2. var : Variable.t option;
3. symbol : (Symbol.t * int option) option;
}
A value of type t corresponds to an "approximation" of the result of a computation in the program being compiled. That is to say, it represents what knowledge we have about such a result at compile time. The simplification pass exploits this information to partially evaluate computations.
At a high level, an approximation for a value v has three parts:
• the "description" (for example, "the constant integer 42");
• an optional variable;
• an optional symbol or symbol field. If the variable (resp. symbol) is present then that variable (resp. symbol) may be used to obtain the value v.
The exact semantics of the variable and symbol fields follows.
Approximations are deduced at particular points in an expression tree, but may subsequently be propagated to other locations.
At the point at which an approximation is built for some value v, we can construct a set of variables (call the set S) that are known to alias the same value v. Each member of S will have the same or a more precise descr field in its approximation relative to the approximation for v. (An increase in precision may currently be introduced for pattern matches.) If S is non-empty then it is guaranteed that there is a unique member of S that was declared in a scope further out ("earlier") than all other members of S. If such a member exists then it is recorded in the var field. Otherwise var is None.
Analogous to the construction of the set S, we can construct a set T consisting of all symbols that are known to alias the value whose approximation is being constructed. If T is non-empty then the symbol field is set to some member of T; it does not matter which one. (There is no notion of scope for symbols.)
Note about mutable blocks:
Mutable blocks are always represented by Value_unknown or Value_bottom. Any other approximation could leave the door open to a miscompilation. Such bad scenarios are most likely a user using Obj.magic or Obj.set_field in an inappropriate situation. Such a situation might be: let x = (1, 1) in Obj.set_field (Obj.repr x) 0 (Obj.repr 2); assert(fst x = 2) The user would probably expect the assertion to be true, but the compiler could in fact propagate the value of x across the Obj.set_field.
Insisting that mutable blocks have Value_unknown or Value_bottom approximations certainly won't always prevent this kind of error, but should help catch many of them.
It is possible that there may be some false positives, with correct but unreachable code causing this check to fail. However the likelihood of this seems sufficiently low, especially compared to the advantages gained by performing the check, that we include it.
An example of a pattern that might trigger a false positive is: type a = { a : int } type b = { mutable b : int } type _ t = | A : a t | B : b t let f (type x) (v:x t) (r:x) = match v with | A -> r.a | B -> r.b <- 2; 3 let v = let r = ref A in r := A; (* Some pattern that the compiler can't understand *) f !r { a = 1 } When inlining f, the B branch is unreachable, yet the compiler cannot prove it and must therefore keep it.
and descr = private
1. | Value_block of Tag.t * t array
2. | Value_int of int
3. | Value_char of char
4. | Value_constptr of int
5. | Value_float of float option
6. | Value_boxed_int : 'a boxed_int * 'a -> descr
7. | Value_set_of_closures of value_set_of_closures
8. | Value_closure of value_closure
9. | Value_string of value_string
10. | Value_float_array of value_float_array
11. | Value_unknown of unknown_because_of
12. | Value_bottom
13. | Value_extern of Export_id.t
14. | Value_symbol of Symbol.t
15. | Value_unresolved of unresolved_value
and value_closure = {
1. set_of_closures : t;
2. closure_id : Closure_id.t;
}
and function_declarations = private {
1. is_classic_mode : bool;
2. set_of_closures_id : Set_of_closures_id.t;
3. set_of_closures_origin : Set_of_closures_origin.t;
4. funs : function_declaration Variable.Map.t;
}
and function_body = private {
1. free_variables : Variable.Set.t;
2. free_symbols : Symbol.Set.t;
3. stub : bool;
4. dbg : Debuginfo.t;
5. inline : Lambda.inline_attribute;
6. specialise : Lambda.specialise_attribute;
7. is_a_functor : bool;
8. body : Flambda.t;
}
and function_declaration = private {
1. closure_origin : Closure_origin.t;
2. params : Parameter.t list;
3. function_body : function_body option;
}
and value_set_of_closures = private {
1. function_decls : function_declarations;
2. bound_vars : t Var_within_closure.Map.t;
3. free_vars : Flambda.specialised_to Variable.Map.t;
4. invariant_params : Variable.Set.t Variable.Map.t Lazy.t;
5. recursive : Variable.Set.t Lazy.t;
6. size : int option Variable.Map.t Lazy.t;
(*
For functions that are very likely to be inlined, the size of the function's body.
*)
7. specialised_args : Flambda.specialised_to Variable.Map.t;
8. freshening : Freshening.Project_var.t;
9. direct_call_surrogates : Closure_id.t Closure_id.Map.t;
}
and value_float_array_contents =
1. | Contents of t array | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Kirill.alx/sandbox
=Argentine presidents=
Presidents (1861–present)
=Italian banknotes=
=French banknotes=
Last series
=Cypriot banknotes=
Last series
=Spanish banknotes=
Last series
=Emirati banknotes=
=Slovenian banknotes=
=Austrian banknotes= | WIKI |
Author:Karl Gustav Nieritz
Works
* Alexander Menzikoff, oder: Die Gefahren des Reichthums 1834.
* Translated by Kerr as Menzikoff or the Dangers of Wealth (1894)
* Die protestantischen Salzburger im 18. Jahrhundert, vertrieben durch den Fürst-Erzbischof von Firmian (1840)
* (Tr. by Kerr) The Exiles of Salzburg and Other Stories, (1880)
* Gustav Wasa oder König und Bauer (1846)
* (Tr. by Smith) Gustavus Vasa: or, King and Peasant (1872)
* Die Bären von Augustusburg (1847)
* (Tr. by Trauermantel) The Bears of Augustburg: An Episode in Saxon History (1856)
* The Foundling; or, The School of Life (1850)
* Gutenberg and the Lost Child (1860)
* (Tr. by Harwood) Busy Hands and Patient Hearts (1863)
* (Tr. by Schively) The Three Kings (1871)
* (Tr. by Gotwald) The Rich Man and the Poor Man (1875)
* (Tr. by Gotwald) The Faithful Missionary; or, Life in Greenland (1882)
* (Tr. by Lentaigne) The Smuggler's Revenge; or, The Lost Child of Lanemarken (1884)
* (Tr. by Ireland) Betty's Decision (1886)
* (Tr. by Ireland) The Shepherd's Family (1894)
* (Tr. by Ireland) In Fair Silesia (1894)
* (Tr. by Ireland) Christian Beck's Grandson (1894)
* (Tr. by Ireland) The Siberian Exile (1894)
* (Tr. by Ireland) The School on Lunenburg Heath (1895)
* (Tr. by Champagnac and A. T. S.) The Dumb Boy of Fribourg; or, The Pilgrim and the Dragon (1896)
* (Tr. by Manderson) The Noble Wife; or, Faithful unto Death | WIKI |
Talk:Deafblindness
Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kirsten.daley. Peer reviewers: Shane.blau.
Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
moving the page from deafblindness to deaf-blind
This page was moved from deafblindness to deaf-blind, and marked as a Minor edit. I don't believe moving a page is ever 'minor'. This is from How to edit a page: "Minor edits generally mean spelling corrections, formatting, and minor rearrangement of text. ... Marking a significant change as a minor edit is considered bad behavior."
I don't have a strong preference for either name but i'm curious why the change was made? It goes against Naming conventions which states that "adjectives (such as democratic) should redirect to nouns (in this case, democracy)". ntennis 05:26, 30 July 2005 (UTC)
OK, page seems to have been moved back now (marked as minor again). This has created a few double redirects. ntennis 06:43, 12 August 2005 (UTC)
Note: Sorry, my mistake. The move was not marked as minor. ntennis 16:25, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
Info in "See also" section
Ntennis reverted my edit, which removed a note about white canes with red stripes indicating deafblindness and replaced it with a generalized note about what a white cane is. I've reverted this because a see also section is not the place to be introducing new information, i.e. the info should be elsewhere. I'd have removed the note altogether, but left it for those unfamiliar with blindness/deafblindness. Moulder 05:58, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
* Fair enough. :) ntennis 16:28, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
Intervenor vs. Interpreter
People who are deaf-blind do not use the services of interpreters - they use the services of intervenors. Refer to http://www.cnib.ca/eng/about-us/careers/current/intervenor-toronto-072806.htm for a job description for an intervenor position with CNIB office in Toronto. Refer to http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2006/06/01/c9097.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html for a press release including a description of intervenors and interpreters:
"Interpreters act as a language and cultural bridge between a deaf person and a hearing person and make it possible for deaf and hard-of-hearing people to use essential services such as legal, health and social services. Intervenors make it possible for deafblind people to participate in community activities through a variety of communication methods."
Clearly these occupations are similar, but also disctinct.
Refer also to http://<IP_ADDRESS>/search?q=cache:OQFSPuiNh-4J:www.chkc.org/main/media_press/6_Ontario.doc+intervenor+services&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=9
"In order to communicate with each other and any other member of our society, people with deafblindness need intervenors, not to be confused with interpreters. These George Brown College-trained professionals are skilled in guiding techniques and in all communication systems used by people who are deafblind, including Adapted Sign Language, Tactile Communication, finger spelling and Braille, to name a few. If you consider that for a deafblind person without an intervenor, their world is the span of their arm, an intervenor brings the rest of the world to them and is their vital link, their only link to the outside." — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 02:01, 23 July 2006
* It seems that you have a restrictive definition of interpreting which explicitly excludes anyone who works with deafblind people. This is a peculiar definition! It is also not backed up by the sources you provide, which describe "interpreting" as one of the services an intervenor may provide. In addition, the intervenor may act as a guide and even instruct the client on 'personal grooming'! The word "interpreting" that you have changed to "intervening" in the article is actually part of a list. This list is introduced with the phrase "methods of communication involve:". So unless you are suggesting that deafblind people can only communicate if someone intervenes or makes decisions for them, then I suggest we leave it as "interpreting services such as sign language interpreters and other communication aides." The phrase "other communication aides" should cover those instances when the worker is not strictly working between two languages, such as relay interpreters and transliterators. If you would like to add a separate section about "intervening services", then please do so, but I don't feel it belongs under "communication". By the way, please remember that wikipedia is global, and different places use different terminology. ntennis 07:18, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
* Intervenors certainly deserve a place in this article, but they must not be confused with interpreters. In fact, an interpreter cannot perform the services of an intervenor without special training, although an intervenor may also be trained as an interpreter. I am also highly opposed to any suggestion that deafblind people need intervenors to communicate with everyone including each other. That is absolute nonsense...I have seen deafblind people talking just fine to each other through tactile sign, and I have talked with deafblind people myself, also in tactile sign, without the need for an intervenor. I agree with ntennis that intervenors should not be placed under communication; in fact only an intervenor who is also an interpreter is responsible for communication at all, and certainly not all intervenors are interpreters. -Etoile 03:21, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
bad name links
It seems that there's a problem with one of the name links. Mary Bradley links to an irish politician born in 1942. Since the comment after this link states that time and place of birth is unknown and the year of death is 1866 and assuming people are just not able to die years before their birth there must be something wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:26, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
* Easy enough to fix. Added an attribute to the link, "deafblind girl" may not be the best attribute, feel free to change it. Also added a link at the bottom referring to her story; will try to expand this to an article so the link isn't red anymore! -Etoile 03:32, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
Communication
[This comment copied from user talk page]
I think [Ntennis's] recent edit reduced the accuracy of the sentence. Every deaf-blind person I have known who uses sign will express themselves in the same way that other signers do. It's only when others are signing to them that it becomes tactile. Thus, I think the description "supplemented by a tactile version of Sign used by others to communicate with the deafblind person" is more accurate. I wanted to know your thought before I revert. Thanks. Ward3001 22:55, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
* OK, I'm not strongly attached to the second version and I am very open to rephrasing. However, I'm not particularly keen on the first version myself. Here are the two sentences:
* "For example, someone who grew up deaf and experienced vision loss later in life is likely to use a sign language..."
* "supplemented by a tactile version of Sign used by others to communicate with the deafblind person."
* "(in a visually-modified or tactual form)."
* I disagree that the first is more accurate. Why "supplemented"? What about visual modifications? Why say Sign with a capital S? The first sentence also implies to me that the other person is not deafblind himself or herself.
* For me, use of a language is not only expressive, but receptive. The form of sign language used in communication where one or both parties is deafblind is usually different to the form used by two normally-sighted signers. I think the second version expresses this.
* I also think the first version is too long, and obscures the point of the paragraph - that the type of communication used will depend on "the nature of their condition, the age of onset, and what resources are available to them." Or in other words, that a late deafened person's main language is usually a spoken one, while an early deafened person's main language is usually a signed one - at least for those who had access to a signing community. To be honest i think we could do away with the qualification altogether to make the comparison stronger. Or add a sentence afterwards, something like "The form of the spoken or signed language used is usually modified." I welcome your thoughts and others'. ntennis 00:17, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
* My original comment to you was sparked because I felt that it was important to distinguish between the expressive and receptive methods. I have pondered alternate ways to say it, but it always seem to make the sentence too long, as you said. Right now I am inclined to leave your version as it is. I may change my mind after more thought, in which case I'll let you know on your talk page before making any changes. Ward3001 01:29, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
* P.s while we're on the topic, I don't think the sentence starting with "Multisensory methods" is very illuminating. What I could glean from the Tacpac article and the links there is that they use touch and hearing (for those who have residual hearing). It's doesn't seem that multisensory to me. ;) Is this paragraph really referring to methods other than Tacpac? What are they? ntennis 00:25, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
* I had never heard of Tacpac before reading about it here. I get the impression that "multisensory methods" that go beyond the tactile methods described earlier in the paragraph are mainly for deaf-blind children. I can't claim any expertise. Looking at the edit histories for both articles, it looks like the information in Deafblindness and most of the article on Tacpac may have been added by someone affiliated with Tacpac. That editor has no additional edits. Ward3001 01:29, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
proof of word
could somebody please provide a link to a credible source using the word deafblindness. It seems that describing someone as deaf blind or blind deaf is sufficient and we shouldn't be writing encyclopaedia articles suggesting our own new words. This site is the first place that I've seen which uses the term deafblind. Owen214 (talk) 12:00, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
Here's a link to Deafblind International. http://www.deafblindinternational.org/ At a world conference around 20 years ago it was proposed by Italy and agreed to use the term deafblind as one word. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dayleeds (talk • contribs) 14:15, 29 October 2011 (UTC)
Only talks about one sensory deprivation from birth, and the second always comes later.
What about people who were born without both sight and hearing?? This article is pretty much incomplete and silly. It begins by explaining the condition of a person who can't see or hear, but only refers to two cases, where only one hindering is from birth, the other one always came later. What about the other cases? According to the article they don't exist?Dollvalley (talk) 00:40, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
* If you think the article is "incomplete and silly", then by all means, please do some research, find some reliable sources, and improve the article. Anyone can edit Wikipedia. That includes Cresix (talk) 02:03, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
Deaf-blind vs. deafblind
The adjective form of this word appears with the hyphen in many locations and without it in many others. The noun deafblindness is almost always written without the hyphen, but numerous sources at the bottom hyphenate the adjective as deaf-blind. Can we reach a consensus as to which spelling we want to use? As of now, the arbitrary use of either makes the article look sloppy and inconsistent. I vote to follow the sources and use the hyphen. What do you think? Armadillopteryx (talk) 02:16, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
* Sorry, just for clarity: I vote not to use the hyphen in the noun everywhere it occurs, and I vote to use it in the adjective everywhere it occurs. Armadillopteryx (talk) 02:21, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
* Since the article contained more occurrences of "deafblind" than of "deaf-blind," I've changed them all to "deafblind" for the time being. I'm open to other suggestions, though. Armadillopteryx (talk) 04:53, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
The World Federation of Deafblind People use the term deafblind with no hyphen. See http://www.wfdb.org/the_world_federation_of_the_deafblind_wfdb.text.shtml My view is that we should use the term that is adopted in most countries by the people affected themselves. I understand that the use of a hyphen is common in north america but not elsewhere. It's my understanding that the adoption of one word is meant to imply that being deafblind is not as simple as being both deaf and blind but deafblindness needs to be addressed as a specific and different disability. dayleeds 29 Oct 2011 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dayleeds (talk • contribs) 14:26, 29 October 2011 (UTC)
Talk about the only deaf blind theater in the world
This might be of interest to the article: http://nalagaat.org.il/en/theater/not-by-bread-alone/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Swisema1 (talk • contribs) 21:55, 27 February 2015 (UTC)
Epidemiology
How common is deafblindness? It seems more common than the intersection of deafness and blindness. Is there a common cause? This information is missing from the article. In fact, the medical aspects of deafblindness are almost completely lacking. --BDD (talk) 15:56, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
Athan
Are u talking aloud I cannot hear u can u see me Noseenohear (talk) 10:09, 25 April 2020 (UTC)
Question on terminology and style guide
Hi,I’m trying to comply with WAI/WCAG and had a question about terminology and style guides. I noticed that much of this article is old and that many of the citations are outdated; what is the proper spelling and the preferred style for the term: Deaf-Blind, Deaf-blind, DeafBlind, or Deafblind today in 2021 (i. e., do the plurality of the deafblind community prefer capitalizing Deaf, Blind, both, or neither; and do you and/or they prefer the use of a hyphen or its omission)? Also, in lieu of just expressing a personal opinion, providing objective, independent, verifiable citations with quantitative results of a formal poll or survey, preferably done by an academic institution or non-profit organization, for the preferred terms, hyphenation, capitalization, and styling would be most appreciated. Thanks! —PowerPCG5 (talk) 00:12, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
sa facem ce despre pt communication nou deafromania
eu sunt handicapat este memorie lenutaa_mirceaa/www.deafblindness.com <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:07, 27 August 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Clube Atlético Metropolitano
Clube Atlético Metropolitano is a Brazilian football team based in the city of Blumenau, Santa Catarina state. Founded on January 22, 2002, it's official colors are green and white.
State
* Campeonato Catarinense Série B
* Winners (1): 2018
Friendly tournaments
* Centenary Tournament of FC Lustenau 07
* Winners (1): 2007 | WIKI |
Talk:Battle of the Sexes (tennis)
Budge?
I presume that the "Budge" referred to in the Kramer quote is Don Budge, but since I'm not sure, I'm not adding a link. Would someone who does know please clarify? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:06, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Bobby Riggs Time Cover.jpg
Image:Bobby Riggs Time Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot (talk) 04:57, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
Pleas fix this article
You have to kidding me if you think this was a real or legitimate game, Billie Jean King is feminist is now was then. Riggs decided to help the cause and they cooked up or rigged the whole thing. No one, I mean no one, thought this was a real game, just look at some of the flashy things Riggs did to promote and during the match. He was a good guy who decided to contribute to the popular feminist movement of the time.
P.S. Maybe you would be interested in signing the petition to "end women's suffrage" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uPcthZL2RE
—Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:48, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
Anything else you'd like to add? Maybe something about Area 51, the faking of the moon landing or that car that runs on water that the government won't let anybody build? How about some prove to back up your statement?
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:57, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
So Bobby Riggs is a double agent? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:33, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
Arrrrrgggghhhhh we're all doomed. There's a red under the bed, all Chinese milk is poisoned, Elvis IS still alive darn it. | Won't somebody please think of the children!
Rules of the match
The section directly contradicts itself: "The rules were modified for the match so that Riggs had only one serve for King's two, and that King was allowed to hit into the doubles court area. The match was played under the normal rules of tennis."
I believe Ive read that the changes on the rules were an urban myth, and that normal rules were played. Either way, this section needs to be fixed.Sanctuary73 (talk) 11:21, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
* It isn't so much of a myth as people confusing matches. The one serve for the man, can hit to the double court for the woman was in the Connors vs Navratilova match. Whereas Riggs was 20 years retired and in his mid 50's at the time of his matches and naturally handicapped by age, Connors at 40 in his match was still a a top ranked player necessitating some artificial handicap to produce a decent match. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:8982:5600:BD10:2D46:95A0:6DD6 (talk) 00:34, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
SugarDaddy
I saw this match on TV as a kid. It was abig event. At the introductions, Riggs came up to the net and handed King a 4ft sized SugarDaddy candy. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:08, 23 April 2009 (UTC)
Unclear
The text is written very unclear, it seems as in the first paragraph the text says that Riggs won the match even though he did not. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:35, 16 May 2010 (UTC)
King vs. Riggs
I wonder what King proved by beating someone 26 years her senior? It would really have meant something if she had beaten someone closer to her own age (like Rod Laver or John Newcombe). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tonyhung (talk • contribs) 01:56, 3 July 2011 (UTC)
Phil Neer vs. Helen Wills Moody
Neer was the eighth ranked American male player at the time
That seems a bit unlikely. He never progressed beyond R3 in the US Championships:
He does seem to have turned professional at some point, poss. before 1932, perhaps he was ranked 8th in a small pool of players, usually tennis coaches, who played in rather limited tours/tournaments.
Neer doesn't seem to have played in any of the US Pro Championships: — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:25, 19 March 2018 (UTC)
Peanuts
Sorry, I don't write english well, but I found this http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/07/15 for popular culture.
--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:50, 15 June 2012 (UTC)
Riggs' exposed nipples shirt?
Makers:_Women_Who_Make_America has footage of Riggs playing tennis wearing a shirt with large portholes around each nipple. Was that part of this event? 70s tennis fashion? Or some other stunt? I can't find anything with web searches for Riggs nipples etc.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:29, 16 April 2013 (UTC)
Number of sets
Does anyone know why the match between Margaret and Bobby was best of three sets, but the match between Billie Jean and Bobby was best of five? Tad Lincoln (talk) 20:17, 17 June 2013 (UTC)
Heads-up on ESPN story this morning
A witness coming forward 40 yrs later claiming that Riggs tanked the match with King, Maffia-arranged. - The Match-Maker. Tarc (talk) 13:16, 25 August 2013 (UTC)
External links modified
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When is "today"?
In mentioning the amount of money Riggs was paid to wear a jacket, there's a parenthetic conversion to modern dollars using the term "$291,000 today". When is "today"? It ought to read "$291,000 in 2019 dollars" (or in whatever year the original amount is being converted). OughtThoughts (talk) 22:34, 9 August 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Sketches of the life and character of Patrick Henry.djvu/334
310 SKETCHES OP THE
ourselves, and our latest posterity^ the great and un- alienable rights of mankind/^
Draft of a letter to governor Clinton on the same subject:
" Sir,
" The letter from the convention of the state of New-York, hath been laid before us, since our present session. The subject which it contemplated, was taken up, and we have the pleasure to inform you, of the entire concurrence in sentiment, between that honour- able body, and the representatives in senate and as- sembly, of the freemen of this commonwealth. The propriety of immediately calling a convention of the states, to take into consideration the defects of the con- stitution was admitted; and in consequence thereof, an apphcation agreed to, to be presented to the congress so soon as it shall be convened, for the accomplishment of that important end. We herewith transmit to your excellency, a copy of this application, which we request may be laid before your assembly at their next meeting. We take occasion to express our most earnest wishes, that it may obtain the approbation of New-York, and of all other sister states.^'
Draft of a letter to the several states on the same subject:
" The freemen of this commonwealth, in convention assembled, having at the same time that they ratified the federal constitution, expressed a desire that many parts which they considered as exceptionable parts, should be amended— the general assembly, as well from
�� � | WIKI |
Regenerative Medicine Information
Regenerative Medicine is the future of health care. It’s a new way to heal, protect, and improve our health that combines the best practices of traditional medicine with cutting-edge technology. Boise regenerative medicine is an excellent resource for this. Regenerative Medicine can help you fight diseases and injuries, manage chronic conditions, and prevent heart disease and stroke.
Regenerative medicine is a field of medical science that aims to use cells and technology to regenerate tissue. Regenerative medicine has the potential to improve health and extend lifespan by fixing or restoring lost tissue.
regenerative therapy uses cells and technology to specifically heal or change tissue, replacing it with fresh, healthy cells. This can be done in a variety of ways, including surgery, radiation therapy, or other treatments.
regenerative medicine has the potential to improve the quality of life for people with many health conditions by fixing or restoring lost tissue. Some of the benefits of regenerative medicine include:
-Reducing pain and inflammation
-Improving cognitive function
-Restoring blood flow and proper structure to tissues
-Helping patients maintain their muscle mass and strength
-Helping to prevent or treat diseases such as diabetes and cancer
What are the Benefits of Regenerative Medicine.
regenerative medicine can help improve the health of the body by repairing and regenerating cells.
Regenerative medicine can also be used to treat diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, arthritis, and another variety of chronic illness.
regenerative medicine can also be used to treat diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, arthritis, and another variety of chronic illness.
Regenerative medicine has been shown to increase lifespan in mice by up to 50%.
One of the biggest challenges to regenerative medicine is the lack of a clear understanding of how cells work. Many diseases are caused by aberrant or dysfunctional cells, and regenerative medicine could potentially help correct these problems. However, there are still many questions about how these cells should be treated and what kind of results can be expected.
Regenerative Medicine is a promising technology with the potential to improve the quality of life for people with many health conditions. However, there are still many challenges to be overcome in order to make this technology a reality. By studying Regenerative Medicine and working towards its goals, you can help make this a reality for everyone.
Contact Info
QC Kinetix (Boise)
9382 West Overland Road
Boise, ID 83709
Phone No. : (208) 425-2747 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Submissionred
SUBMISSION RED STREET TEAM!!! SUPPORTING THE BEST FLORIDA BAND AROUND -> SUBMISSION RED! Come check us out on Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Youtube, Reverbnation, and more. Lets ROCK! \m/ | WIKI |
-- Hong Kong Stocks Rise as Tourist Rush Boosts Retailers, Casinos
Hong Kong stocks rose, with the
benchmark index headed for its biggest gain in two weeks, as the
city’s retailers and Macau casino operators climbed on increased
tourist arrivals during a three-day holiday. Chinese developers
rebounded after slumping last week. Chow Sang Sang Holdings International Ltd., a jewelry
retailer, rose 2.6 percent after a report tourism during the
Lunar New Year holiday jumped 33 percent from a year earlier.
Wynn Macau Ltd. , the Hong Kong-listed casino unit of Wynn
Resorts Ltd., gained 2.2 percent as Chinese arrivals in Macau
also rose. China Resources Land Ltd., a state-owned developer,
advanced 3.8 percent after last week slumping 7.6 percent on
concern more property curbs will be introduced. The Hang Seng Index rose 0.9 percent to 23,427.41 as of
10:48 a.m. in Hong Kong, with about five stocks advancing for
every four that fell. The Hang Seng China Enterprises Index of
mainland companies climbed 1.4 percent to 11,816.20. China’s
markets will remain closed for the rest of the week. “If the A-shares open higher after the holiday next Monday,
the Hong Kong stock market may have another upside next week,”
said Patrick Yiu , associate director at Cash Asset Management
Ltd. in Hong Kong. Mainland developers are being bought after
they were oversold last week, and as investors anticipate
property transaction volumes to rise, Yiu said. The Hang Seng Index surged 22 percent from the end of
August through January, as China’s economic reports signaled a
recovery and as central banks added stimulus to boost growth.
The gauge traded at 11.3 times average estimated earnings on Feb.
8, compared with 13.7 for the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and
12.4 for the Stoxx Europe 600 Index, according to data compiled
by Bloomberg. Futures on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index were little
changed today. The gauge gained 0.1 percent yesterday to the
highest level since October 2007 as investors weighed economic
reports and President Barack Obama’s State of the Union address. Futures on the Hang Seng Index climbed 0.7 percent to
23,414. The HSI Volatility Index rose 1.1 percent to 14.40,
indicating traders expect a swing of 4.1 percent for the equity
benchmark in the next 30 days. To contact the reporter on this story:
Kana Nishizawa in Hong Kong at
knishizawa5@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
John McCluskey at
j.mccluskey@bloomberg.Net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Palestine, presently known as Israel, belonged historically to the Jews. During the time of the old biblical days, Abraham moved to Canaan (present day Israel) from Ur (present day Iraq). Due to severe famine the Israelites moved south settling in Egypt, east of the Nile delta. After being pressed into slavery and finally rescued by Moses, they resettled in modern day Israel. The Jews were driven out of Palestine by the Romans who occupied the land at the time, after two revolts in AD 70 and AD 135. The Arabs remained in Palestine.
Jews were expelled and had to resettle wherever they could. They were often persecuted. Hatred of the Jews (anti-Semitism) stemmed from a variety of reasons. They were seen as 'Christ killers', as an elite group which considered itself to be the 'Chosen people'. By the end of the nineteenth century, anti-Semitism was commonplace in Europe, for example there were organized attacks on Jews in Russia ( pogroms). It was at this time that a movement called Zionism was set out to establish a Jewish homeland. The idea was put forward by Theodor Herzl.
The main aim of Zionism was, 'to create for the Jewish people a homestead in Palestine secured by public law. ' Also during WWII Hitler found the best solution to the "Jewish problem" by exterminating them in such a brutal and inhumane manner. It has been estimated, Hitler killed 11 million Jews, over half of the Jewish population. The British took over the administration of part of the Middle East following the First World War but relinquished the mandate for Palestine in 1948. David Ben-Gurion, who was an active Zionist, during the War of Liberation, established Israel.
Despite military attempts by the Arabs to prevent Jewish control of Palestine, the Zionist movement succeeded in its campaign to establish a Jewish state in part of the area formerly under the British mandate. The creation of Israel in 1948 led to clashes with the Arab world, which have continued until the present day. Peace may have a different meaning to both Israel and Palestinians. Peace for Israel is to keep all its occupied areas and its holy sites including Jerusalem and to be recognized as a unified state not to be attacked by the Arabs. This is a national security issue.
Palestinians believe that peace for them would be to regain all the occupied territories lost during the Six Day War in 1967 and also regain some economic stability that is much controlled by Israel. Many people may still argue that a solution may not be possible for the Arab-Israeli conflict for the following reasons: There have been many peace attempts in the past and still today, but have all failed due to terrorist attacks from both the Arabs and Jews. This is because many Arabs and Jews are not willing to compromise and give up land which they believe belongs to them.
On 5 June 1967, the third major war to occur between the surrounding Arab nations and Israel, following the events of previous months, when President Nasser blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, cutting off the Israeli port of Eilat, he prevented the Israeli's from gaining any extra income from the port to help the country. What was known as the 'Six Day War' had begun. Israel successfully won the battle taking the Sinai Peninsula and also regained more land taking Palestinian territory, such as the Golan Heights and West Bank occupying East Jerusalem, only to provoke the situation further by not showing any signs towards peace. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Carl L. Alsberg
Carl L. Alsberg (April 2, 1877 – October 31, 1940) was an American chemist who served as Commissioner of Food and Drugs from 1912 to 1921. Carl Lucas Alsberg was born to a secular German-Jewish family, the oldest of four children. His father Meinhard, a chemist who immigrated to the U.S. from Germany in 1865, was a founder of the American Chemical Society. Carl Alsberg attended Columbia University, where he founded a literary magazine, The Morningside. He graduated from Columbia College in 1896.
After teaching at Harvard University, Alsberg went to work for the U.S. government in 1908, and within a few years was appointed the Chief of the United States Bureau of Chemistry, which would be renamed the Food and Drug Administration. In that role, Alsberg pursued an investigation into pepper adulteration at McCormick & Company which resulted in a fine and a court order that the company must label its product as "ground black pepper containing from 10 percent to 28 percent added pepper shells". Alsberg also investigated Monsanto's use of saccharin and the amount of caffeine in Coca-Cola.
In 1921, Alsberg resigned from the Bureau of Chemistry and co-founded Stanford University's Food Research Institute.
In 1937, he took a position at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1940, after visiting family in New York, Alsberg became ill with pneumonia on the train trip back to California and died in the hospital on October 31. | WIKI |
JJ Bleday
Jeffrey Joseph Bleday (born November 10, 1997) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Miami Marlins selected Bleday with the fourth overall pick of the 2019 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut in 2022 with the Marlins and was traded to Oakland before the 2023 season.
Amateur career
Bleday grew up in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and attended Titusville Area High School as a freshman and sophomore before transferring to A. Crawford Mosley High School in Lynn Haven, Florida for his junior and senior years. As a junior, he batted .373 while pitching to a 4–1 record and 2.43 earned run average. After his senior year, Bleday was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 39th round of the 2016 Major League Baseball draft. However, he did not sign and instead chose to attend Vanderbilt University to play college baseball for the Vanderbilt Commodores.
In 2017, as a freshman at Vanderbilt, Bleday appeared in 51 games in which he hit .256 with two home runs and 22 runs batted in (RBIs). That summer, he played for the Newport Gulls of the New England Collegiate Baseball League where he batted .232 with two home runs over 69 at-bats. As a sophomore in 2018, Bleday missed 22 games due to an oblique injury but still appeared in 39 games for the Commodores, batting .368 with four home runs and 15 RBIs. Following the collegiate season, he played in the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star and the top professional prospect after hitting .311 with five home runs and 15 RBIs in during 36 games for the Orleans Firebirds. In 2019, Bleday's junior year, he was named the Southeastern Conference Baseball Player of the Year. He finished the season slashing .347/.465/.701 with 27 home runs and 72 RBIs during 71 games, helping Vanderbilt win the 2019 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.
Miami Marlins
Bleday was considered one of the top prospects for the 2019 Major League Baseball draft. He was selected by the Miami Marlins with the fourth overall pick and signed for $6.7 million. He made his professional debut on July 20, 2019, with the Class A-Advanced Jupiter Hammerheads of the Florida State League and spent the whole season there. Over 38 games, Bleday slashed .257/.311/.379 with three home runs and 19 RBIs.
Bleday did not play a minor league game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For the 2021 season, he was assigned to the Pensacola Blue Wahoos of the Double-A South. Over 110 games, he slashed .212/.323/.373 with 12 home runs, 54 RBIs, 22 doubles, and 101 strikeouts. He walked 64 times during the season which was second in the league. He was selected to play in the Arizona Fall League (AFL) for the Mesa Solar Sox after the season where he was named to the Fall Stars Game and was named the game's MVP. Bleday ended the AFL with a .316/.435/.600 slash line over 25 games and was named the league's Hitter of the Year alongside Juan Yepez. Prior to the 2022 season, Bleday gained 20 lbs of muscle. He was assigned to the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp of the Triple-A International League to begin the year.
On July 23, 2022, the Marlins selected Bleday's contract and promoted him to the major leagues. He made his major league debut as a pinch-hitter that night at PNC Park versus the Pittsburgh Pirates, drawing a walk in his only plate appearance of the night. He recorded his first major league hit the next night with an infield single off of Mitch Keller. On July 27, Bleday hit his first career home run, a solo shot off of Cincinnati Reds starter Luis Castillo.
Oakland Athletics
On February 11, 2023, the Marlins traded Bleday to the Oakland Athletics in exchange for A. J. Puk. Bleday was optioned to the Triple-A Las Vegas Aviators to begin the 2023 season. The Athletics promoted him to the major leagues on May 3. On August 15, Bleday was placed on the injured list; following an MRI, he was diagnosed with an ACL sprain. | WIKI |
User:Eggsenbacon/sandbox
Fat Dog
Totally a real saying not made up and is on wikipedia. Not from the popular tv show community. | WIKI |
Nels Anderson
Nels Anderson (July 31, 1889 – October 8, 1986) was an early American sociologist who studied hobos, urban culture, and work culture.
Biography
Anderson studied at the University of Chicago under Robert E. Park and Ernest Burgess, whose Concentric zone model was one of the earliest models developed to explain the organization of urban areas. Anderson's first publication, The Hobo (1923), was a work that helped pioneer participant observation as a research method to reveal the features of a society and was the first field research monograph of the famed Chicago School of Sociology, marking a milepost in the discipline of Sociology. The intent of this work was to help the hobos and homeless who were facing great social and economic problems in the Chicago area. He hoped that his work would help supply some insight into the life of this "urban jungle" and would lead to a better understanding between hobos and the rest of the Chicago community.
Anderson received his doctorate from New York University and taught at Columbia University from 1928 to 1934, when he became a civil servant. He worked as a public servant both in Washington, D.C. and abroad, mainly with agencies for work and welfare until 1953. He continued to publish work on hobos and the homeless under the alias Dean Stiff. In an autobiographical sequence of articles entitled "Sociology has Many Faces", he wrote that no matter where he was working during these 30 years of being in non-academic sociology work, he always felt he was using and applying his sociological knowledge.
During the war, he served in the Middle and Near East with merchant marine personnel. Following the war, he worked as labor relations expert in Germany. At age 65, he returned to research, invigorating social research in Germany and eventually becoming head of the UNESCO Institute for Social Science at Cologne, from 1953 to 1962. In 1965, he joined the Department of Sociology at the University of New Brunswick, where he served as a professor until 1977.
Throughout his career, Dr. Anderson's research focused on issues of contemporary relevance such as healthy cities and marginalized people. His work is currently subject to a revival, especially in Europe, where the efficacy of an ethnographic approach to the study of society and social problems is being rediscovered.
A conference celebrating the 85th anniversary of the publication of The Hobo was held in May 2008. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Suspected sock puppets/R physicist
User:R physicist
* Suspected sockpuppeteer
* Suspected sockpuppets
Cheeser1 (talk) 21:31, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
* Report submission by
* Evidence
Highly disruptive pattern of editing by a slew of single-purpose accounts at Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Myrzakulov equations (2nd nomination) (I've linked to the talk page because the SPAs were listed there when they began to become an issue). Reported at Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents, but more or less ignored. The two named accounts have both posted very similar, lengthy tirades against Wikipedia (as well as against particular editors) and are engaged in highly tendentious editing over what should be a simple deletion discussion. The content and style of their comments is very very similar, as is their penchant for bolding in a particular fashion. Sockpuppetry or meatpuppetry (I suspect the latter) may be underlying this already quite egregous behavior. --Cheeser1 (talk) 21:31, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
* Comments
* Conclusions
* Per Requests_for_checkuser, it has been determined that R.physicist is not related to the other accounts listed, although some of the accounts were confirmed socks of eachother. Jerry talk ¤ count/logs 18:55, 27 March 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
The slave hunters mention that they’re looking for a runaway slave by the name of Jim. Huck has a moral crisis and comes up with a clever lie. Huck advises the slave hunters that it is, in fact, his “Pap” suffering from the smallpox outbreak. Afraid of the disease, the slave hunters don’t object that Huck's “Pap” is on the raft and they go a different route of capturing the slave. Huck has bundles of views and a strong conscience.
The reluctance to discipline Frederick enhanced his confidence and resulted in him declaring to himself that he would not be discriminated against from this point on, “I did not hesitate to let it known of me, that the white man who expected to succeed in whipping, must also succeed in killing me” (83). If literature made him aware of his worth and position in the world, fighting back was his way of taking action and proclaiming that enough is
In other words, slavery has been in the world since civilization began. (History of Slavery) The first mention of slaves was in Genesis 9:25 when Noah states “he said, “Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers.” Noah wanted his youngest son to be the slave of one of his other sons.
Johnson himself even owned slaves. Breen and Innes believe that this was one example of mutability, a black male could be owned as a slave, as well as reach a high enough status in the community to own slaves himself. Johnson was also involved in a court case against a white man. No one “questioned the legitimacy of slavery nor the propriety of a black man owning a black slave.” Breen and Innes argue slavery and racism are not as strong in the early century because you status in your community was established by how much land you owned.
In Frederick Douglass’s narrative, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, he tells his story of what it was like to be a slave. Douglass was born into slavery. He spent his childhood and and some of his adulthood as a slave, and after many years was ready to be free. He tells us of how slavery is terrible for slaves, and how slavery corrupts slaveholders. With this, he decides that after years of not knowing what slavery was, and years of having to hide in the shadows, Douglass was ready to shine light on the American Slave System.
War is senseless violence and brutality, but also where you can fight for freedom and end injustice. The negatives of war, like senseless brutality are sometimes used for lessons, so men don’t abandon the war. The positives are fighting for your freedom and ending injustice, if your country wins the war you get your freedom and you stop unnecessary deaths. In the book, My Brother Sam is Dead, the Collier brothers show that war has many goods and bads to it. In the book, My Brother Sam is Dead, Tim decides to be neutral, at the end of the novel, due to the ironic death of his best friend Jerry, his father Life, and his brother Sam.
In the first paragraph, Jeffery had been sold to a new master and Jeffery wanted Dorcas to be with him, so he put his life at risk and ask his master to buy Dorcas so they can be together. In the passage it states, "I loves Dorcas, young Mas'r; I loves her well an' true; she says she loves me, and I know she does; de good Lord knows I loves her better than I loves any one in de wide world--never could another woman half as well. Please buy Dorcas, Mas'r. We're be good servants to you long as we live. We're be married right soon, young Mas'r, and de chillun will be healthy and strong, Mas'r, and dey'll be good servants, too.
His lies started to protect Jim just as much as they protected himself. While on the river the boys got found by slave catchers. While Jim hid inside the tent Huck went to talk to the men. “‘He's white” “I reckon we'll go and see for ourselves” “I wish you would,” says I, “because it's pap that's in there, and maybe you'd help me tow the raft ashore to where the light is. He's sick-
Aboard was two black men, “1 white woman” and several white men including Joseph Wilson an indentured servant who had escaped from George Washington. According to an American colonial newspaper, the white prisoners were “treated with great humanity” while the black crewman were “tried for their lives.” Thomas Jefferson, then a Virginia delegate to the Second Continental Congress, would report of the Battle of Hampton in a letter to a man by the name of John Randolph stating that it “raised our country into perfect phrensy.” If Joseph Harris had not taken the leap towards freedom, or if Captain Squire had not been in need of his services, the battle between the forces of Squire and the American colonial residents of Hampton might not have come to battle at that
The book of negroes written by Lawrence Hill is a fantastic book that tells the story of slavery through the eyes of a girl who later becomes a women name Aminata. Throughout the book, Aminata tells readers about the many downfalls and experiences she has been through when in slave by the white men. Some of the themes that relate to this book are Freedom, Determination, wisdom, love and family teaching, Hardship/brutality, and death. During the crucial years of slavery, colored people were forced to serve white people against their will. There are so many black people wanted to be free.
The second topic is Equiano described that slaves were treated better than free former slaves. Once he traveled and witnesses other slave being sold during the slave trade, Equiano has also been sold off to other slave owners until he was sold off to his last owner. He was treated well from his former slave owners. Even though he witness the beatings and slave being sold, Equiano comparatively lived a decent life. During his time in slavery he was able to learn to read, write,
Douglass gives us a critique of slavery by describing the mistreatments of slavery he was forced to endure. Throughout the book Douglass describes the physical abuse he endured while a slave but to more accurately capture the atmosphere of slavery he explained the mental abuse he sustained as well. At a certain point in the narrative he talks about how he was eventually allowed to work at a ship yard as a caulker. While he worked there he received a weekly wage but at the end of the week he was obligated to give all of his earnings to his master. This ritual was accompanied with the idea that if a slave is deprived of his earnings he will not desire them at all but sometimes Douglass’ owner would give him some money to encourage him to keep working but instead, “[I]t had the opposite effect.
Christ is a perfect figure of light and goodness. He showed the world what love could do during his ministry on earth. Simon’s characteristics make him an analogy to Christ. His love, compassion, and service to others portray him as a Christ figure in Lord of the Flies, as well as his similarities in his experiences. | FINEWEB-EDU |
File:Logo of World Fair Trade Organization.png
History of Image:Wfto_logo.jpg
http://www.ifat.org/theftomark.shtml )''
* 2007-04-24T03:15:55Z Cydebot (Talk | contribs) (429 bytes) ( Robot - Renaming non-free template "logo" per Non-free content/templates. )
* 2007-01-16T22:33:08Z Vincentl (Talk | contribs) ( /* Summary */ )
* 2006-12-26T23:02:35Z Vincentl (Talk | contribs)
* 2006-08-02T20:57:46Z Quebecois1983 (Talk | contribs) ''( Source: International Fair Trade Association
* 2006-08-02T20:57:46Z Quebecois1983 (Talk | contribs) (200x253) (45272 bytes) | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 83.djvu/855
83 STAT. ]
PUBLIC LAW 91-177-DEC. 30, 1969
827
Public Law 91-177 AN ACT December 30, 1969
To provide for the continuation of programs authorized under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be cited as the "Economic Opportunity Amendments of 1969".
[S. 3016]
ments of 1969,
TITLE I — E X T E N S I O N O F THE ECONOMIC O P P O R T U N I T Y ACT O F 1964 AND R E L A T E D PROVISIONS EXTENSION OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT
SEC. 101. (a) Section 161 of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (redesignated section 171 by section 201 of this Act) is amended (1) by striking out "for which he is responsible"', and (2) by striking out "three" and inserting in lieu thereof "five". (b) Sections 245,321,408,615, and 835 of such Act are each amended by striking out "three" and inserting in lieu thereof "five". (c) Section 523 of such Act is amended by striking out "two" and inserting in lieu thereof "four".
80 Stat. 1456; 81 Stat. 726; Post, p. 833. 42 USC 2771. 42 USC 2837, 2871, 2907, 2965, 2994d. 81 Stat. 714. 42 USC 2933.
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
SEC. 102. (a) For the purpose of carrying out the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, there are hereby authorized to be appropriated $2,195,500,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1970, and $2,295,500,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1971. (b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, unless expressly in limitation of the provisions of this section, of the amounts appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) of this section for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1970, and for the next fiscal year, the Director shall for each such fiscal year reserve and make available not less than $328,900,000 for the purpose of local initiative programs authorized under section 221 of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and the remainder of such amounts shall be allocated, subject to the provisions of section 616 of such Act, in such a manner that of such remaining amounts so appropriated for each fiscal year— (1) $890,300,000 shall be for the purpose of carrying out parts A and B of title I (relating to work and training programs); (2) $46,000,000 shall be for the purpose of carrying out part D of title I (relating to special impact programs); (3) $20,000,000 shall be for the purpose of carrying out part E of title I (relating to special work and career development programs); (4) $811,300,000 shall be for the purpose of carrying out title II, of which $398,000,000 shall be for the Project Headstart program described in section 222(a)(1), $90,000,000 shall be for the Follow Through program described in section 222(^a)(2), $58,000,000 shall be for the I^egal Services program described in section 222(a)(3), $80,000,000 shall be for the Comprehensive Health Services program described in section 222(a)(4), $62,500,000 shall be for the Emergency Food and Medical Services program described in section 222(a)(5), $15,000,000 shall be for the Family Planning program described in section 222(a)(6), and $8,800,000 shall be for the Senior Opportunities and Services program described in section 222(a)(7);
81 Stat. 696. 42 USC 2808. Post,
p. 831.
81 Stat. 672, 83.
42 USC 2711, 737. 81 Stat. 688. 42 USC 2763. Post, p.. 833.
Post,
p. 828. 42 USC 2809. Post,
p. 829.
Post,
p. 829.
� | WIKI |
Argued March 21;
affirmed April 18;
rehearing denied May 23, 1939
WELCH HOLDING COMPANY v. GALLOWAY et al.
(89 P. (2d) 559)
In Banc.
Ralph R. Bailey, Assistant Attorney General (I. H. Van Winkle, Attorney General, on the brief), for appellants.
Carl E. Davidson, of Portland (Ivan P. Phipps and Charles E. McCulloch, both of Portland, on the brief), for respondent.
BEAN, J.
This is an appeal from a decree of the circuit court for Multnomah county, setting aside an order of the State Tax Commission rejecting the plaintiff’s claims for refund of corporation excise taxes paid for the years 1929 and 1930. The necessary statutory steps were taken to bring the question before this court.
During July, 1930, the plaintiff filed an excise return for 1929, accompanied by an affidavit stating that the corporation owed no excise tax for that year. On or about April 1, 1931, the plaintiff filed an excise return for 1930, which also indicated that the corporation owe"d no excise tax for that year. Throughout the years 1930 and 1931, a series of conferences was held between representatives of the taxpayer and the State Tax Commission in reference to the question of plaintiff’s tax liability for the years 1929 and 1930. As a result thereof the plaintiff, under protest, paid excise taxes to the State of Oregon and claims for refund of these taxes were filed on May 7,1932. Subsequently a formal hearing was held before the State Tax Commission, which resulted in a denial of the plaintiff’s claims for refund, on January 22, 1934. An appeal for review of the commission’s determination was taken to the circuit court for Multnomah county on March 22, 1934. By stipulation between counsel for the parties, the time for filing defendants’ answer was extended to May 18, 1937, on which date the plaintiff served notice on the defendants requesting that an appearance be made on or before June 10, 1937. The defendants’ original answer was filed on August 2, 1937, and an amended answer was filed thereafter. The cause was set for trial on June 29, 1938. A decree was entered in the trial court in favor of the plaintiff on September 20, 1938, and thereafter the defendants perfected an appeal to this court.
Ernest M. Welch has for many years been engaged in the retail mortuary business and also in the business of cremation and vault entombment. Each unit of such business has been operated as a separate corporation with 75 or 80 per cent of the capital stock owned by Ernest M. Welch and his associates, the balance of the stock of each corporation being owned by employees or the manager of the corporation. Prior to March 24, 1926, all of that part of the capital stock of these corporations, which was owned by Ernest M. Welch and his associates, was held in the name of Ernest M. Welch. He was the active manager of these various enterprises. His management was highly successful and he was given a free hand, any funds required being supplied by his associates without question.
Upon receipt of dividends from the operating companies, Mr. Welch would immediately distribute them proportionately among his associates and himself in accordance with their interests in the capital stock of the operating companies. Mr. Welch’s position with regard to the stock of the operating companies was that of trustee, in fact as well as in name. There was, however, no writing evidencing this trust nor any express oral agreement of trust. The trusteeship of Ernest M. Welch was one which the law implies from his having the property of his associates, in the form of corporate stock in the operating companies, in his own name.
Shortly before March 24, 1926, the United States Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Revenue, proposed to assess against Ernest M. Welch personally, income taxes for the years 1920 to 1923, inclusive, based upon the entire amount of dividends received by him from the operating companies. The amount of the proposed assessment was in excess of $40,000 of income taxes, plus fraud penalties of more than $20,000.
Mr. Welch was not legally liable for these taxes and penalties, as the dividends received by him from the operating companies had been distributed to the beneficial owners of the stock. However, the proof of his trusteeship was not in such form as to be acceptable to the federal taxing authorities, and it was only after a long series of conferences in Washington, D. C., and the incurring of considerable expense, that the Bureau of Internal Revenue accepted Mr. Welch’s proof of the ownership of the various shares by his associates and himself.
Upon the assertion of these large additional federal income taxes and penalties, Mr. Welch consulted his attorney, who advised the recording of the beneficial ownerships of the stock of the operating companies by means of a corporation. Pursuant to that advice, Welch Holding Company, the plaintiff herein, was formed on March 24, 1926. The authorized capital stock of the Welch Holding Company was 1,000 shares of par value of $100 per share. Ernest M. Welch subscribed for 750 of these shares, as trustee, and 125 shares for himself. Edith M. Welch, his wife, subscribed for 124 shares, and E. Y. Littlefield, Mr. Welch’s attorney, subscribed for one share. Payment of these subscriptions was made by the transfer by Ernest M. Welch of all the stock which he held as trustee for himself and his associates, in Portland Cremation Association, a corporation engaged in the cremation and vault entombment business at Portland, Oregon, BonneyWatson Company, a corporation engaged in the retail mortuary business at Seattle, Washington, and Shaw-Huston Company, a corporation engaged in the retail mortuary business at Yakima, Washington. The stock so transferred by Ernest M. Welch was all of the stock owned by Mr. Welch and his associates in these corporations, and was either 75 or 80 per cent of the stock of each corporation, the balance being owned by persons other than Mr. Welch and his associates. The stock of the Welch Holding Company was issued as follows:
C. R. Welch (father of Ernest M. Welch) .... 125 shares Plora A. Welch (mother of Ernest M.
Welch)............................................................125 shares
W. M. Welch (uncle of Ernest M. Welch) — 250 shares Edith M. Welch (wife of Ernest M. Welch).. 124 shares E. Y. Littlefield (attorney, qualifying share) 1 share
H. S. Tuthill........................................................125 shares
Gertrude Tuthill................................................125 shares
Ernest M. Welch................................................125 shares
Promptly upon issue, these shares were indorsed and redelivered to Ernest M. Welch by the persons in whose names they .were issued, and Ernest M. Welch has held them since that time. There were no transfers, even following the death of some of the persons in whose names the stock was issued.
After the formation of the Welch Holding Company, dividend checks of the operating companies were made payable to Welch Holding Company and deposited in a checking account in its name. Ernest M. Welch deposited the checks and thereupon promptly wrote checks to himself and his associates, in proportion to their beneficial interests in the operating companies, and delivered the checks. Only a minimum balance was maintained in the checking account of Welch Holding Company.
The manner in which Ernest M. Welch managed the operating companies and distributed the funds received from them as dividends was the same after the formation of Welch Holding Company as before, except that the receipt and disbursement was in the name of Welch Holding Company instead of Ernest M. Welch.
Welch Holding Company has never had an office. In reports to the corporation department, Mr. Little-field’s office in the Yeon building was designated as the company’s statutory office. It has never had any letterheads or other stationery bearing its name. Welch Holding Company has never declared any dividends or had capital invested in this state. It did not employ or manage any property. Ernest M. Welch has at all times been president of Welch Holding Company and has never received any salary as such. He was an officer of Portland Cremation Association, BonneyWatson Company and Shaw-Huston Company, but received a salary only from Portland Cremation Association. Welch Holding Company has never had an officer or employee to whom any salary, wages or other compensation was paid. It has never had any books of account, other than a small memorandum book in which Ernest M. Welch recorded the dividends received from the operating companies and a check register in which he recorded the disbursement of these receipts.
Portland Cremation Association has, at all times since the enactment óf the Oregon corporation excise tax law, paid corporation excise taxes to the State of Oregon upon or measured by its net income, including such taxes for the years 1929 and 1930.
In the year 1928, the stock of Shaw-Huston Company, which was issued in the name of Welch Holding Company, was exchanged for a controlling stock interest in Clough-Huston Company, which company was engaged in the retail mortuary business at Salem, Oregon. This exchange was said to be an accommodation to Mr. Welch’s brother-in-law.
In the year 1929 the stock of Clongh-Huston Company was sold for $30,750, and the amount was loaned, without interest, to Welch Holding Company of California, in which latter company the same associates, plus others, were interested. This sum was repaid later and was distributed by Ernest M. Welch to himself and his associates in the proportion represented by their beneficial interests in the Clongh-Huston Company. At no time did Welch Holding Company acquire or dispose of any other assets except that early in the year 1931 all of the assets were conveyed to a Delaware corporation. Clongh-Huston Company paid to the State of Oregon an excise tax upon or measured by its net income for the year 1929. Bonney-Watson Company paid to the State of Washington for the years 1929 and 1930 all the taxes imposed upon that corporation by the State of Washington. Ernest M. Welch, Edith M. Welch, H. S. Tuthill and Gertrude Tuthill were residents of the State of Oregon during the years 1929 and 1930. For the year 1930, the first year for which the Oregon intangibles income tax was in effect, each of these persons paid intangibles income taxes on all income distributed to them through the Welch Holding Company.
The State Tax Commission of the state of Oregon, some time prior to December 31, 1930, demanded that Welch Holding Company pay to the State of Oregon corporation excise taxes in the amount of $3,348.32 for the year 1929, plus a penalty of 5 per cent and interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum, the total' amount demanded being $3,817.09. On May 19, 1931, the State Tax Commission made a revised demand of corporation excise taxes for the same year in the amount of $1,650, plus a penalty of 5 per cent and interest at the rate of 12 per cent per annum, making the total demanded $1,973.50.
On January 2, 1932, Welch Holding Company paid to the State Tax Commission corporation excise taxes for the year 1930, including penalty and interest at the full statutory rate of 12 per cent, the total payment being $1,527.20. On January 6, 1932, Welch Holding Company paid to the State Tax Commission corporation excise taxes for the year 1929, including 5 per cent penalty and interest at the full statutory rate of .12 per cent, the total payment being $1,914.
Defendants have relied upon two distinct theories to defeat plaintiff’s claim for refund, namely, first that the corporation excise taxes for the years 1929 and 1930, of which refund is sought, were properly collected; and, second, intangibles income taxes were due for the year 1930 in excess of corporation excise taxes paid for 1929 and 1930, so that even if no corporation excise taxes were due, such intangibles taxes may be used as a recoupment to defeat the claim for refund.
Plaintiff submits that it was not “doing business” during the years 1929 and 1930, and was therefore not subject to the Oregon corporation excise tax for those years.
The statutory provisions of the Oregon corporation excise tax law which appeared to be pertinent to the controversy were the same for 1929 and 1930, and are as follows:
“Every bank, other than a national banking association, and every financial corporation, building and loan association, savings and loan association and mutual savings bank, located within the limits of this state, shall annually pay to the state, for the privilege of carrying on or doing of business by it within this state, an excise tax according to or measured by its net income, to be computed in the manner hereinafter provided, at the rate of 5 per cent upon the basis of its net income for the next preceding fiscal or calendar year.” § 69-1304, Oregon Code 1930.
“Every mercantile, manufacturing and business corporation doing business within this state, except as hereinafter provided, shall annually pay to this state, for the privilege of carrying on or doing of business by it within this state, an excise tax according to or measured by its net income, to be computed in the manner hereinafter provided, at the rate of 5 per cent upon the basis of its net income for the next preceding fiscal or calendar year. * * *.” §69-1306, Oregon Code 1930.
“(f) The term ‘doing business’, as herein used, means any transaction or transactions in the course of its business by a national banldng association, by a corporation created under the laws of this state, or by a foreign corporation qualified to do or doing business in this state.” § 69-1302, Oregon Code 1930.
The essential elements which must be found in order to subject the plaintiff to taxation under the Oregon corporation excise tax law for the years 1929 and 1930 are, first, that the respondent was “doing business” in those years, and, second, that the plaintiff had income during those years.
The transaction or transactions mentioned in the last sections must be “in the course of” the business of the corporation. We understand that this section, that requires a “transaction or transactions in the course of its business” by a corporation created under the laws of this state, means that any incidental or casual transaction not in the course of business of the corporation would not be ‘ ‘doing business’ ’.
Whether the respondent is to be classified as a “financial corporation” section 69-1304, Oregon Code 1930, or as a “business corporation”, under section 69-1306, Oregon Code 1930, the test of taxability is the same, namely, whether the corporation was “doing business” within the meaning of the statute.
A corporation which does not carry on activities for gain is not ‘ ‘ doing business ’ ’ within the meaning of the Oregon corporation excise tax law: Zonne v. Minneapolis Syndicate, 220 U. S. 187, 55 L. Ed. 428, 31 S. Ct. 361; McCoach v. Minehill & S. H. R. Co., 228 U. S. 295, 57 L. Ed. 842, 33 S. Ct. 419; United States v. Emery, Bird, Thayer Realty Co., 237 U. S. 28, 59 L. Ed. 825, 35 S. Ct. 499; United States v. Nipissing Mines Co., 206 F. 431; Butterick Co. v. United States, 240 F. 539.
The holding of securities of other corporations and the distribution of dividends paid thereon do not constitute “doing business” within the meaning of the Oregon corporation excise tax law: Automatic Fire Alarm Co. of Delaware v. Bowers, 51 F. (2d) 118; Rose v. Nunnally Inv. Co., 22 F. (2d) 102 (Cert. denied 276 U. S. 628); Eaton v. Phoenix Securities Co., 22 F. (2d) 497; United States v. Three Forks Coal Co., 13 F. (2d) 631; Cannon v. Elk Creek Lbr. Co., 8 F. (2d) 996.
As noted, by the terms of the statutory definition, a transaction or transactions, whether by a domestic or foreign corporation, must be “in the course of its business”. If no business is done, a transaction cannot be in the course of business. The definition was plainly not incorporated into the statute to aid in distinguishing between corporations which are “doing business” and those which are not “doing business”. The definition relates to the question of what parts of a business are within and without the state by providing that this question shall be determined by the situs of the transactions of the corporation.
Article 5 of the excise tax law regulations, issued by the defendants on January 6, 1930, provides: “Doing business in this state means the carrying on or transacting of business in the ordinary and natural acceptation of those terms * *
The words “doing business” have been used for years in laws imposing taxes upon corporations for the privilege of doing business. In the absence of a clearly expressed intention to do so the Oregon legislature will not be held to have meant by its use of this common expression something different from the usual meaning of the words. It seems that in their ordinary sense the words “doing business” mean the engaging in activities in the pursuit of gain. Defendants apparently agree with this definition. Tested by this definition, the Welch Holding Company was not “doing business” in 1929 and 1930.
There was no intention that the Welch Holding Company should ever engage in any activity or that it should make any profit. The sole purpose of formation was to make .and preserve a record of the beneficial ownership of stock in operating companies to avoid the assertion of federal income taxes upon Ernest M. Welch because of the receipt of dividends from stock held by him as trustee. Welch Holding Company did not enter into any transaction for profit during the years 1929 or 1930. In the year 1929 the stock of Clough-Hust'on Company was liquidated and the proceeds applied for the benefit of the stockholders by a loan without interest on their behalf, followed by a distribution of the proceeds of the liquidation when the loan was repaid.
The profits and dividends of the subsidiary companies in the state of Washington, after the funds reached the state line of the state of Oregon, were not increased and no profits were added thereto by the Welch Holding Company, or anyone else. The Welch Holding Company had no more interest in the dividends of the subsidiary companies than an express company would have in transmitting the same from the state of Washington to the beneficiaries.
In 1 Words and Phrases, (4th Series) p. 780, we read:
“Corporation organized to hold realty for disposal and liquidation is not ‘doing business’ within income tax law, though incidentally collecting and distributing rents. Blair v. Wilson Syndicate Trust (C.C.A.) 39 F. (2d) 43, 45.”
So, too, a corporation organized to hold shares of stock, and to receive and distribute shares of stock and dividends of other corporations, although owning the shares of stock in the holding company, is not doing business within the income tax law of the state of Oregon.
Again, we read in 1 Words and Phrases, (4th Series) p. 780, as follows:
“When corporation is organized for definite purpose, the ultimate object of which is profit, and it engages in business of effectuating that purpose, and then stops business by reason of sale, lease, or other action, and thereafter merely receives and distributes avails of its reorganized affairs, it is not ‘doing business,’ within meaning of Revenue Act 1918, § 1000, 40 Stat. 1057, 1126, and Revenue Act 1920, § 100, 42 Stat. 227, 294, imposing excise tax with respect to carrying on or doing business. Harmar Coal Co. v. Heiner (C.C.A. Pa.) 34 F. (2d) 725, 728.”
By a parity of reasoning, a corporation organized for a definite purpose, where its ultimate object is not profit and it never commences or engages in business but merely receives and distributes avails of subsidiary corporations, is not ‘ ‘ doing business ’ ’.
A number of cases which are entitled to great respect in determining what constitutes “doing business”, under the Oregon corporation excise tax law, were decided under the Federal excise tax law of 1909. This statute, 36 Stat. at L. p. 11, C. 6, imposed a tax based upon net income “with respect to carrying on or doing business by such corporation.”
In the case of Zonne v. Minneapolis Syndicate, supra, the court held that a corporation which was engaged in the sole activity of holding title to land, receiving and distributing the rentals and the proceeds from any disposition to its stockholders, was not “doing business”. In McCoach v. Minehill & S. H. R. Co., supra, the court held that a railroad corporation which had leased its railroad and was engaged in collecting rentals, receiving interest on investments, paying organization expenses and making distribution to stockholders, was not “doing business” under the Federal excise tax law of 1909. In explaining its decision in the Zonne case and that of Flint v. Stone-Tracy Co., 220 U. S. 107, 55 L. Ed. 389, 31 S. Ct. 342, Ann. Cas. 1912 B, 1312, the court said:
“The distinction is between (a) the receipt of income from outside property or investments by a company that is otherwise engaged in business; in which event the investment income may be added to the business income in order to arrive at the measure of the tax; and (b) the receipt of income from property or investments by a company that is not engaged in business except the business of owning the property, maintaining the investments, collecting the income, and dividing it among its stockholders. In the former case the tax is payable; in the latter not. ’ ’
In United States v. Emery, Bird, Thayer Realty Co., snpra, the court held that a corporation engaged in the holding of real property and leasing it to a single lessee was not ‘ ‘ doing business ’ ’. The court said:
“The question is rather what the corporation is doing than what it could do (228 U. S. 305, 306), but looking even to its powers they are limited very nearly to the necessary incidents of holding a specific tract of land. The possible sale of the whole would be merely the winding up of the corporation. That of a part would signify that the Dry Goods Company did not need it. The claimants’ characteristic charter function, and the only one that it was carrying on, was the bare receipt and distribution to its stockholders of rent from a specified parcel of land. Unless its bare existence as an intermediary was doing business, it is hard to imagine how it could be less engaged.”
In the case of United States v. Nipissing Mines Co., supra, the court held that a corporation which was organized to own the stock of a mining company and had no assets except such stock, a small amount in the bank and office furniture, etc., and did nothing other than receive dividends from the operating company and distribute them as such, was not “doing business” within the Federal corporation excise tax law of 1909. In Butterich Co. v. United States, supra, the court held that a corporation engaged in the holding of stock of subsidiaries and activities incidental thereto was not “doing business” within the Federal corporation excise tax law of 1909. The court said:
“The plaintiffs here paid the taxes for the months of January and February under protest and seek to recover them in these actions. The government contends that the direction of the management of the subsidiary companies by the holding companies was a doing of business which subjected the holding companies to an excise tax. This direction was accomplished only by the control of the subsidiary companies through stock ownership. Of course, proxies had to be issued to vote at the meetings of the operating companies, and the directors of the latter were chosen by the owners of the stock. No holding company can exist without a corporate activity involved in the exercise of such control through its stock ownership in the operating company, but such corporate activity is not, under the authority of United States v. Nipissing Mines Co., 206 Fed. 431, the exercise of a franchise which is subject to an excise tax.”
In North Jersey Title Ins. Co. v. Commissioner, 84 F. (2d) 898, a case similar to the one in hand, which was quoted from in Ehrmcm v. Calloway, decided by this court January 17, 1939, 160 Or. 418, 86 P. (2d) 445, the court said:
“The principle that substance and not form should control in the application of income tax law is fundamental. Fictional corporate camouflage can not be made the device to escape taxation. On the other hand, equal equity demands that the creation of a subsidiary corporate structure with no purpose of evading tax but solely for the purpose of meeting the exigencies of a serious and possible fatal financial situation should not be regarded as the birth of a new entity completely unidentified with the former for taxing purposes, particularly under the peculiar circumstances surrounding the instant case.”
In Von Baumbach v. Sargent Land Co., 242 U. S. 503, 61 L. Ed. 460, 37 S. Ct. 201, 204, we read:
“As the tax was there held to be assessed upon the privilege of doing business in a corporate capacity, it became necessary to inquire what it was to do business, and this court adopted with approval the definition, judicially approved in other cases, which included within the comprehensive term ‘business’ ‘that which occupies the time, attention, and labor of men for the purpose of a livelihood or profit’. ”
In Harmar Coal Co. v. Heiner, 34 F. (2d) 725, 728, we read:
“In the Sargent Land Company case the court, recognizing that a decision whether a corporation is carrying on business within the meaning of the Corporation Tax Law must depend in each instance upon the particular facts before the court and recognizing also that not everything that is done constitutes doing business but rather that it is the purpose for which a thing is done that places the corporation within or beyond the statute, held that a fair test of the question is ‘between a corporation which has reduced its activities to the owning and holding of property and the distribution of its avails and doing only the acts necessary to continue that status, and one which is still active and is maintaining its organization for the purpose of continued efforts in the pursuit of profit and gain and such activities as are essential to those purposes.’ ”
Syllabus No. 3 of the same case reads:
“Corporation organized to mine and sell coal, and manufacture and sell coke, and engaged in business of buying and selling coal lands, which continued to hold 400 acres of undeveloped coal properties, and held capital stock of subsidiary properties, and held capital stock of subsidiary engaged in holding coal lands, held subject to excise tax, under Revenue Act 1918 * * * as ‘carrying on or doing business,’ though corporation was not engaged in mining and selling coke. ’ ’
In the case of Commonwealth v. Wilkes-Barre & H. R. Co., 251 Pa. 6, 95 A. 915, we read:
“Whether a foreign corporation is ‘doing business’ within the state is a question of fact, and the tests are whether such corporation has an agent or offices for the general conduct of its business or conduct its corporate affairs in the state or has its capital therein invested.”
In Rose v. Nunnally Inv. Co., 22 F. (2d) 102, we find a quotation from Von Baumbach v. Sargent Land Co., supra, as follows:
“ ‘It is evident, from what this court has said in dealing with the former cases, that the decision in each instance must depend upon the particular facts before the court. The fair test to be derived from a consideration of all of them is between a corporation which has reduced its activities to the owning and holding of property and the distribution of its avails, and doing only the acts necessary to continue that status, and one which is still active, and is maintaining its organization for the purpose of continued efforts in the pursuit of profit and gain and such activities as are essential to those purposes.’ ”
In Eaton v. Phoenix Securities Co., 22 F. (2d) 497, the corporation was organized for the sole purpose of holding shares in other insurance companies for the Phoenix Insurance Company, which, like Ernest M. Welch, could not hold the stocks. The corporation had no independent office, paid no rent and no salaries. There was some increase in investment. The court held this did not amount to “doing business”. To the same effect see United States v. Three Forks Goal Co., 13 F. (2d) 631; Gannon v. Elk Creek Lbr. Co., 8 F. (2d) 996.
The defendants state that ‘ ‘ doing business ’ ’ includes “activities in pursuit of profits”. The Welch Holding Company entered into no activity in pursuit of profits. They had no capital invested. Defendants rely, to show profit-making activities of the plaintiff in the years 1929 and 1930, upon the following: The stock of one corporation was exchanged for another. This exchange took place in the year 1928, we believe from the testimony, which was before the periods here under consideration, and is therefore not material. We also note that it was done principally as an accommodation to Mr. Welch’s brother-in-law, and not for the purpose of making a profit. Another matter relied upon by defendants is that all of the stock of one corporation was sold. Liquidation of a capital asset cannot be held to be “doing business”, in the absence of a course of purchases and sales. There was no re-investment of these funds, and this transaction was not “in the course of business” of the Welch Holding Company, but was collateral thereto. Defendants also contend that the proceeds from the sale of stock were advanced to a California corporation. This “loan” was made for the benefit of the stockholders of the plaintiff. No interest was charged and the “loan” was not in any way for the benefit of the plaintiff. We do not deem this an activity in pursuit of gain. Defendants further contend that title to a parcel of land was held and conveyed in the name of the corporation, and taxes thereon were paid from corporate funds. Mr. Welch acquired this piece of land and it was sold by him individually for his own benefit. The corporation was merely holder of the legal title as trustee. Payment of taxes from the corporation funds was a distribution for Mr. Welch’s benefit. There was no profit-making activity in this connection or any intention that there should be any profit. It does not appear that the plaintiff was organized for the purpose of control, through stock ownership, of the subsidiary corporations.
The purpose of the formation of the plaintiff company was to prevent the imposition of federal income taxes on Mr. Welch because of his trust. It appears that he was advised to take such a course for that purpose by Ms attorney and a representative of the federal government.
The president of a stock holding corporation is nothing more than a representative of a stockholder of the subsidiary, and as such can participate in the affairs of the subsidiary only as a stockholder. The object of Mr. Welch and his associates was not the selling of the management services of Mr. Welch but the making of profits through the operations of the businesses in which the investments were made by the subsidiary companies. There was at all times only one manager of the operating companies and that was Mr. Welch. The management which he exercised was by virtue of the fact that he was an officer of the operating companies. The affairs of a corporation are directed by its officers and not by its stockholders. Prior to the formation of the Welch Holding Company, Mr. Welch was an officer in each of the operating companies and as such directed their activities. He remained an officer of each of these operating companies after the formation of the Welch Holding Company. His election as president of the Welch Holding Company did not give him any power to direct the affairs of the operating companies. He was, as president of Welch Holding Company, only the chief officer of the holder of the legal title to the majority of the stock of the operating companies. His only possible right in that capacity was to represent the principal owner of the legal title to the stock of the operating companies in the election of directors to those companies. At all times he acted as an officer of the operating companies.
The plaintiff corporation, during the years 1929 and 1930, was merely a conduit or intermediary through which the dividends of the operating companies passed to the real stockholders of those companies, and the plaintiff had no income of its own which was subject to taxation. Where a corporation is the mere agency or instrumentality of its stockholders, the corporate entity will be disregarded for tax purposes: Ehrman v. Galloway, supra; Southern Pacific Go. v. Lowe, 247 U. S. 330, 62 L. Ed. 1142, 38 S. Ct. 540; Gulf Oil Corp. v. Lewellyn, 248 U. S. 71, 63 L. Ed. 133, 39 S. Ct. 35; Moro Realty Holding Corp. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 25 B. T. A. 1135; Greenleaf Textile Corp. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 26 B. T. A. 737. A corporation which is a mere conduit or trustee through which income passes has no taxable income: North Jersey Title Ins. Co. v. Commissioner, supra; United States v. Jelenko, 23 F. (2d) 511; 112 West 59th St. Corp. v. Helvering, 68 F. (2d) 397; Mark A. Mayer v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 36 B. T. A. 117; Stewart Forshay v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 20 B. T. A. 537.
Defendants seek to defeat plaintiff’s claim for refund in the alternative, that if the excise tax is not due intangibles taxes in a greater amount are due for 1930 and that defendants can recoup the amount of such taxes. The intangibles income tax law, section 69-1420, Oregon Code Supplement 1935, provides in part that a tax is imposed upon every corporation, which tax shall be levied, collected and paid annually at the rate of 8 per cent with respect to the taxpayer’s net income, as defined in the act. As we have seen, the Welch Holding Company had no income; therefore it is not subject to the imposition of an intangibles tax.
The dividends paid by the operating companies were not treated as income of the Welch Holding Company but were treated as belonging to the stockholders and were distributed to them currently as received, without any declaration of dividends.
The doctrine of recoupment is recognized in this state. The plaintiff and defendants seem to agree that recoupment is an equitable defense arising out of some feature of the transaction on which the plaintiff’s action is grounded, but is confined to such matters. See Krausse v. Greenfield, 61 Or. 502, 123 P. 392, Ann. Cas. 1914 B, 115. In view of the careful distinction made by this court between the intangibles tax, the income tax and the excise tax in Redfield v. Fisher, 135 Or. 180, 292 P. 813, 295 P. 461, 73 A. L. R. 721, we are of the opinion that it cannot be held that the right, if any, of the state to collect an intangible tax for 1930 arises out of or is in any wise related to the plaintiff’s cause of action here. As shown in the Redfield case, the intent of the legislature was to reach an entirely different subject of taxation.
In determining whether a corporation is liable for an excise tax each case must depend upon its own particular facts.
We have examined a large number of authorities, many more than we have mentioned in this memorandum and have given this important matter our best thought and have carefully considered the able briefs. Our conclusion is that plaintiff is entitled to the refund claimed.
The judgment of the circuit court is therefore affirmed.
Belt, J., not sitting. | CASELAW |
Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/174
NOVICE
146
NOVICE
novice to alionntc or retain his property is provided for by their const itvitions. Generally speaking, the novice is bound, before taking his vows, to declare how he wishes his property to be administered, and the income expended. According to the Regulations of 1901, he may, even after making his vows, be au- thorized by the superior-general to modify these dis- positions. The renunciation of property, though not made null and void, is forbidden to the novice. The Holy See does not approve that any obligation should be imposed upon the novice to give even the income of his property to his order; he remains free to apply it to any reasonable purjiose. Solemn profession vacates all ecclesiastical benefices of which the novice was pos- sessed ; the perpetual vows of congregations go\erned by simple vows vacate residential benefices; that is to say, benefices w'hich require residence are vacated by the simple profession, which prepares the way for sol- emn profession, or by the temporary vows which precede perpetual vows.
III. Exercises. — Except in the case of some special privilege of the religious order (as with the Society of Jesus) or some unavoidable obstacle, the novice should wear a religious habit, though not necessarily the special habit of novices. It is the duty of the novice, under the guidance of the novice-master, to form himself spiritually, to learn the rules and cus- toms of his order, and to try himself in the difficulties of the rehgious hfe. The rule ordinarily prescribes that at the outset of his religious career he shall pass some days in spiritual exercises, and make a general confession of the sins of his whole life. By the Con- stitution "Cum ad regularem" of 19 March, 1603, renewed under Urban VllI in the Decree "Sacra Con- gregatio" of 1624, Clement VIIl laid down, for novi- tiates approved by the Holy See, some very wise rules in which he directed that there should be a certain amount of recreation, both in the house and out of doors; and he insisted on the separation of the novices from older religious. For a long time, studies, prop- erly so called, were forbidden, at least during the first year of novitiate; but a recent decree dated 27 August, 1910, while maintaining the principle that one year of the novitiate should be devoted especially to the formation of the religious character, recommends certain studies to exercise the mental faculties of the novices, and enable their superiors to form an opinion of their talents and capacities without involv- ing any excessive application, such as the study of the mother-tongue, Latin and Greek, repetition of work previously done, reading the works of the Fathers, etc., in short, studies appropriate to the purpose of the order. Novices, therefore, are bound to give up one hour regularly to private study on all days except feast-days, and also to receive lessons limited to one hour each, not oftener than three times a week. The manner in which the novices apply themselves to these studies is to be taken into account when the question arises of their being admitted to profession (see the decree annotated in Vermeersch, "Periodica de religio.sis et missionariis", vol. V, 1910, n. 442, pp. 19.5, 197). According to the practice of the older orders the novice receives a religious name, differing from his baptismal name.
IV. DrR.\Tiox. — For all religious orders, the Council of Trent prescribes a full year in the novitiate, under penalty of nullity of profession. In those orders which have a distinctive habit, the novitiate commences with the a.ssumption of the habit ; in those which have no habit, it commences from the time when the novice is received into the house lawfully assigned for the purpose by competent authority. This year must be continuous without interruption. It is interrupted whenever the bond between the order and the novice is broken by voluntary departure or legal dismissal; and also when, independently of the wish of either superior or novice, the latter is compelled to live for
any considerable time in the world. A dismissal la considered to take effec^t when once the novice has cnisscil till' Ihreshold of the house; in case of a volun- tary <lei)arture, a novice who has left the house, but has kept his religious habit and who returns after one or two days' absence, is considered as having given way to a temporary desire for change, not sufficient to cause him to lose the benefit of the time already spent in the novitiate. An interruption makes it necessary that the novitiate should begin afresh as if nothing had previously been done, and it differs in this respect from suspension, which is, so to speak, an interval be- tween two effective periods of novitiate. The time which passes during the suspension does not count, only the time passed before the suspension being added to that which follows. The novitiate is suspended when a novice is withdrawn for a certain time from the superior's direction, but without changing his con- dition. This would happen in the case of a temporary mental aberration, or an expulsion for some reason shown afterwards to be unfounded, and therefore an- nulled. It is generally held that if a novice quits his order after having finished his novitiate, and is sub- secjuently readmitted, he has not to begin his novitiate afresh, unless it appears that there has been some serious change in his dispositions. The law of the Council of Trent does not strictly apply to congrega- tions governed by simple vows, but the constitutions of these congregations ordinarily require a year of novitiate at least, and the "Norma'" (Regulations) of 1901 make a complete and continuous year of the novi- tiate one of the conditions of a valid profession.
The practice of the Holy See has been of late years to interpret this continuity much more strictly than was formerly the case. Some persons consider that one whole day passed outside the novitiate, even for some good reason, and with the permission of superior, is sufficient to render ineffective the whole of the previous probation, but this is too rigorous an interpretation of the rule. To avoid all danger of offending against canon law, superiors will do wisely not to grant permission to pass the night out of the novitiate, except for a very good reason and for a very short time. By the Constitutions of Clement VIII, "Regularis disciplinae" of 12 March, 1596, and of Innocent XII, " Sancti.ssimus " of 20 June, 1699, the novitiate house must be approved by the Holy See, and the novitiate cannot be validly passed elsewhere. These directions refer to Italy and the adjacent isl- ands, and do not apply to all religious orders. Never- theless some authors consider them to be of universal application. The rules of congregations governed by simple vows approved by the Holy See ordinarily re- serve to the Holy See the approbation of the novitiate house. Pius IX, in an Encyclical letter of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars dated 22 April, 18.51, required that in all novitiates there should be a common life; pocket-money and the separate use of chattels of whatever kind (peculium) was forbid- den. One part of the novitiate house should be re- served for the novices, and strictly separated from the rest of the dwelling. The novitiate cannot validly be commenced except in the house lawfully set apart for the purpose. Some authors strictly require that the novices shall never be lodged elsewhere; but, al- though in the orders whose nOvitiate is bound to be approved by the Holy See, residence in this house is rigorously insisted upon, it does not seem possible that a few days' absence should lessen the value of the probation.
V. Hi.sTORY. — The institution of a time of proba- tion, in order to prepare the candidate who has al- ready been admitted to the religious life for his profes- sion, goes back to very ancient times. According to Mgr Ladeuze (Le c^nobitisme Pachomien, p 282), in spite of the testimony of the MS. life of St. Paohomius (MS. 381, "Patrologia", IV, Paris), the novitiate | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Astral Travel
The result was delete. Cirt (talk) 07:49, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
Astral Travel
* ( [ delete] ) – (View AfD) (View log)
Fails all criteria of WP:MUSIC. Speedy declined because the author claims notability on the talk page as "among the top sellers in their genre on iTunes". This does not qualify as charting on any of the major charts, and no independent coverage can be found for the band. WikiDan61 ChatMe!ReadMe!! 12:55, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
* Delete, fails notability per WP:MUSIC. Searching finds no significant coverage in reliable, third-party, sources. Esradekan Gibb "Klat" 13:36, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
* Delete, weakly. For mysterious reasons, my attempts to search Google News archives for "Astral Travel"+Bauer kept mysteriously failing. With three releases, you'd expect some coverage out there. General Google Search yielded too many false hits to sieve through; apparently there is an occultist named Bauer with a book about astral projection. Suggest astral projection as a redirect target if this is deleted. Note also that we have an article about their album Arkangelis; it perhaps should share the fate of this article. - Smerdis of Tlön (talk) 14:09, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. -- Fabrictramp | talk to me 15:53, 15 July 2009 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Frequent Asked Questions
What is the difference between sharps waste and clinical waste?
Sharps and clinical waste often get used together, but they mean different things.
Clinical waste is defined as wastes generated in healthcare facilities or other facilities during the investigation or treatment of patients or research projects.
Sharps waste is any used object that is sharp and can lacerate or puncture skin.
Sharps waste can also be biohazardous and must be carefully handled. Common biohazardous sharps waste include hypodermic needles, disposable scalpels and blades, contaminated glass and certain plastics, and guidewires used in surgery.
How full should a sharps container be before emptying?
Sharps containers must only be filled to the marked line and closed immediately after this line is reached. The risk of injury is increased once the container is overfilled.
What do I do with a filled sharps container?
Once sharps containers are filled, follow the instructions on the container label to close and lock the container into its final closure state. Audible clicks can be heard to ensure a proper and safe closure. For individual use, filled sharps containers can be taken to your local pharmacy or council for disposal.
For businesses that generate sharps waste, filled sharps containers need to be disposed of through specialised waste disposal services. This will typically involve incineration of the sharps container.
It is important sharps waste is not disposed of the same was general waste as it poses a needle stick injury to public. Improper disposal could also lead to hazardous waste spreading into the environment at landfills.
How do I get rid of my sharps containers when its full?
Local council have their own needle exchange program that allow residents within their municipality to return filled sharps containers.
Filled sharps containers can also be returned to pharmacies that participate in the Needle Exchange Program.
Health care providers and other businesses that generate sharps waste need to engage with licensed contractors who specifically manage medical waste according to Australian laws and regulations. In choosing between waste disposal services providers, you can also seek out a reputable waste management company that will sterilise and dispose of the sharps waste according to legislative requirements and with a low environmental footprint.
How do I get a new sharps container?
If you need a reliable solution for medical waste disposal, Plascare offers a broad range of solutions to help your facilities achieve the highest standards of safety and hygiene. With over 30 years of experience dealing with medical waste management, we are efficient and responsive to the needs of our customers.
We provide high quality biomedical waste containers to leading experts in the healthcare industry for managing harmful medical waste in a safe, reliable, and cost-effective way. Contact us to learn more about our services and high-quality clinical waste containers.
Are sharps containers reusable?
While most sharps containers are single use, there are some sharps containers that are reusable. This involves special containers that allow contents to be unlocked and disposed of separately, and the containers are steam cleaned and reassembled for use.
Disposable sharps containers are destroyed along with their contents which are discarded. This usually involves incineration. For every disposable container that is used, another new container must be manufactured as a replacement. The destroyed sharps containers will end up in landfill.
Are sharps containers recyclable?
While it may be possible to recycle plastic sharps containers, in reality it is not feasible option. The process of removing sharps from disposable sharps containers and sterilising the plastics requires far more energy and resources than incineration.
What’s the difference between yellow and purple sharps containers?
Yellow sharps containers are for the storage and disposal of biohazardous sharps waste such as needles used to give injections or pipettes used in laboratories. These sharps containers are marked with the biohazard symbol.
Purple sharps containers are for the storage and disposal of cytotoxic sharps typically used in medicines for the treatment for cancer. For example, needles or syringes used to treat patients with cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs would need to be disposed into a sharps container with a purple lid. These sharps containers are marked with the cytotoxic waste symbol.
Can you dispose of razors in sharps containers?
Razor blades can go in sharps containers and disposed of with medical sharps. Never dispose of medical sharps in the landfill or recycling cart – they must be taken to special sharps locations in sharps containers.
What can and can’t you dispose of in a sharps containers?
Sharps disposal containers can be used to dispose of any object with sharp points or edges that can puncture or cut skin, such as needles, syringes, lancets, auto injectors, infusion sets, and connection needles.
Non-sharp biohazardous waste such as the syringe barrel, or caps and gloves, can be disposed in clinical waste liners. Proper waste segregation ensures that only biohazardous sharps waste is disposed in sharps containers and processed accordingly.
What are the requirements for sharps containers in Australia?
Single use sharps containers must comply with AS4031/92 which stipulates the integrity of the container, the appropriate labelling and strength of the unit to withstand any accidental spillages.
Should you recap needles before disposing into sharps container?
No, dispose of used needles straight into the sharps container, do not attempt to recap needles prior to disposal as this increases the risk of needle stick injuries.
What are the regulations regarding sharps containers in Australia?
Generators of community sharps should place them into an appropriate container prior to disposal to a community sharps disposal facility, unless placed in single syringe disposal units.
The Australian Standard applying to personal use containers is AS 4939–2001: Non-reusable personal use containers for the collection and disposal of hypodermic needles and syringes.
Do sharps containers need to be wall mounted?
Sharps containers should be situated in a safe and secure place and not accessible to patients or visitors. In rooms or areas where sharps containers do not need to be moved, they should be wall-mounted near the point of use, that is, where the sharp is used. At no time should a sharps container be placed on the floor.
Which sharps container can I use for my diabetic needs?
The SharpSafe sharps container range from Plascare Australia includes a 0.6 litre plastic container with a petal opening. This provides an extra layer of protection by preventing any accidental sharps exposure. It is also lightweight and has a side handle for easy transportation. The final closure feature does not enable the container to be re-opened and therefore eliminates any further sharps exposure.
What is the Protective Access lid for SharpSafe sharps container products?
Protected Access allows easy disposal of sharps but provides added security for both the user and the general public. The wide horizontal aperture ensures easy disposal of large items and allows proportionally greater fill than similar vertical feed type openings. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography Volume 1.pdf/1033
CHA view, glowing with a fine enthusiasm, and fervidly eloquent alike in eulogy or denunciation. In common with nearly all the eminent men of New England at that time, Dr. Channing was a federalist in his politics, and had thus learned to look with utter distrust and aversion on revolutionary France, and the military usurper whom he regarded as the bloody offspring of a great national crime. He took a warm interest in all measures tending to meliorate the condition and elevate the character of the human race; and his published addresses on temperance, self-culture, and the elevation of the labouring classes, attained a wide circulation and great influence both in England and America. In 1823 he visited Europe, and remained a year abroad, and in 1830 sickness obliged him to spend the winter in the West Indies. What he saw while in the island of Santa Cruz of the practical effects of slavery, revived and strengthened the aversion to it which he had felt during his early residence in Virginia; and he resolved upon an attempt to rouse his countrymen from their apathy upon the subject—for apathy it was. Since the agitation of the Missouri question in congress in 1820 the topic had slept, politicians and even philanthropists fearing to touch it, seeing the difficulties with which it was surrounded, and shrinking from the fearful consequences which the discussion of it might involve. While in the West Indies he began the work on slavery, which was not published till four years afterwards. The length of the interval shows how anxious he was to consider the matter in all its relations, and not to begin a controversy, the bitterness of which he foresaw, till he could promise himself that it would lead to some useful result. The work appeared in 1835, and "from that time he seemed to consider himself bound to the cause of abolition." There followed in rapid succession a letter to J. G. Birney on the Abolitionists; one to Henry Clay on the Annexation of Texas; "Remarks on the Slavery Question;" "The Duty of the Free States, or Remarks suggested by the Case of the Creole;" and the last work of his life, "An Address delivered at Lenox on Emancipation in the British West Indies." The natural result followed, that the more he wrote upon the subject, the more his interest in it deepened, and the more inclined to favour radical measures for its extirpation. Yet he never identified himself either in action or opinion with the extreme and violent abolitionists. His good taste and the gentleness of his disposition shrank from fanatical counsels and desperate measures. He wrote upon it almost as if engaged in an abstract discussion, loving to recur to first principles and dwell upon them, and taking little notice of particular facts or special remedies. Yet the unaffected earnestness of his manner, the loftiness of his rebukes of timidity, ignorance, or apathy on such a subject, and the eloquence of his denunciations of a great social wrong, did much to help the cause; they found many listeners, and made many converts. The abolition movement gradually absorbed all his powers, and up to the day of his death it was the interest nearest his heart. The summer of 1842 he passed in a beautiful mountainous district in the western part of Massachusetts. He intended to return home through the passes of the Green Mountains; but he was attacked at Bennington by a fever, which continued more than three weeks, and finally terminated his life, October 2, 1842. His memoirs, with copious extracts from his correspondence, have been published in three volumes by his nephew, W. H. Channing; and his collected works have also appeared in a handsome edition in six volumes.—F. B. CHANTREY,, was born at Norton in Derbyshire on the 7th of April, 1782. His father had a small farm there, and Chantrey's first impressions of the great world were acquired in his occasional visits to Sheffield with his mother on market-days, when she went into town to dispose of the produce of the farm. It was on these visits that the young sculptor's attention was first drawn to carvings and similar objects exposed in the shop windows, which produced in him the ardent desire of imitating such works; and he was eventually placed with a carver of Sheffield, to whom he was bound for three years, though his father had wished to make an attorney of him. Chantrey was, however, soon dissatisfied with carving, which he found too mechanical a process, and he turned his attention to modelling in clay. He left Sheffield, first for Dublin; he then tried Edinburgh, and finally settled in London, where he was fortunate in obtaining the patronage of Nollekens, whose attention was attracted to a bust by the young sculptor of J. R. Smith. It is related that Nollekens, during the disposition of the works for exhibition, singled out this early work of Chantrey's, saying—"It is a splendid work; let the man be known; remove one of my busts, and put this in its place." Nollekens recommended Chantrey on all occasions when a bust was required, and his own works soon established his reputation with the public. He was elected a member of the Royal Academy in 1818, after being only two years on the list of associates. And during a visit to Italy in 1819, he was elected a member also by the academies of Rome and Florence, and he was knighted by the queen in 1837. He died of disease of the heart, November 25, 1841, leaving many works unfinished in the hands of his friends and assistants, Allan Cunningham and Henry Weekes, to be by them completed. Chantrey was buried in a vault constructed by himself in the church of his native place, Norton in Derbyshire; and he bequeathed £200 a year to the clergyman of the place, to be paid so long as his tomb shall last, as a charitable fund to provide for the instruction of ten poor boys, and to furnish a pension of £10 a year to five poor men and five poor women, parishioners of Norton, to be selected by the clergyman; the residue to be reserved by the clergyman for his own use.
Sir Francis Chantrey earned the distinction of being the best bustmaker of his time; he was also a good monumental sculptor, but met with only very partial success in the few practical works he attempted, notwithstanding he had the aid of Stothard in their composition. Two of his finest pieces—Lady Louisa Russell at Woburn abbey, and the sleeping children in Lichfield cathedral, are from designs by Stothard. One of his very best statues is the bronze of William Pitt in Hanover Square. He was essentially a portrait sculptor only, or maker of what the Greeks called iconic figures; he is entitled to the same rank, therefore, in sculpture that is given to successful portrait painters in painting. His equestrian statues are not successful, the horses are particularly inanimate; as, for instance, in the monument to George IV. in Trafalgar Square. His last work of this class, that to the duke of Wellington before the London Royal Exchange, was executed almost entirely by Mr. Weekes.
Chantrey's will has secured him a very important position in the future history of the art of his country. His great success enabled him to accumulate a large fortune, and as he had no children he bequeathed it to the nation, to be laid out, according to directions provided, in the encouragement of British art. He left the reversion of his property, at the death or remarriage of his widow, at the disposal of the Royal Academy of Arts, to be laid out in the purchase of the finest examples of painting and sculpture executed within the shores of Great Britain; all purchases to be bonâ fide purchases of finished works. The amount to be thus expended towards the formation of a national collection of British fine art in painting and sculpture, is supposed to be about £2500 per annum, from which are to be paid annuities of £300 to the president of the Royal Academy, and £50 to the secretary; payable on the 1st of January of every year. Chantrey trusted to the nation to find a repository for these purchases, as he has expressly prohibited any of his fund from being used for such purpose. The fund is not to accumulate for more than five years. Chantrey left to his friend and principal assistant, Allan Cunningham, £2000, and in a codicil a life annuity of £100, with reversion to his widow; he left also £1000 to his assistant, Henry Weekes, provided, in both cases, that they continued in their offices as assistants until the completion of his unfinished works, or such as it might be necessary to finish. Allan Cunningham did not survive Chantrey an entire year. There are two monographs on Chantrey—Recollections of his Life, Practice, and Opinions, by George Jones, R.A., 8vo, London, 1849; and Memorials of Sir Francis Chantrey, R.A., Sculptor, in Hallamshire and elsewhere, by John Holland, 8vo, London, 1851.—R. N. W. CHAPELAIN,, is supposed to have lived at the court of Philippe Augustus somewhere between 1180 and 1223. He wrote a work—"De Arte Amatoria et Reprobatione Amoris," which, coming from an ecclesiastic, throws curious light upon the sentiments of the time.—J. F. C. CHAPELAIN,, a French poet, born at Paris in December, 1595. His connection with the foundation of the French Academy, of which he was one of the principal originators, would alone insure his name a place in the memory of men of letters. While yet a child, he learned the Spanish and Italian languages by himself, and his enraptured mother foreseeing fame and fortune for her gifted son, would not let his father make him a | WIKI |
The ancient Egyptians may have created some of the most complex and intricate monuments known to man, but when it came to clothing, they kept it remarkably simple. Traditional ancient Egyptian clothing was made from locally sourced materials and was remarkably egalitarian, with women wearing mostly the same clothes as men. There were exceptions, however, and the most elite members of Egyptian society displayed extraordinary style and fashion.
The genderless fashion of ancient Egyptian clothing
For the ancient Egyptians, they kept their clothing to a minimum. Given the heat of Egypt, this was quite clever. In fact, if you were a child, you didn’t wear any clothes for most of the year. For adults, however, their clothes were made from locally sourced cotton or linen. Some farmers also made their own clothes from the skins of their cattle. Clothing was most often made of linen, given the abundance of flax (used to make linen) that grew along the Nile. Linen is a light, breathable material that is comfortable to wear in intense heat.
For everyday, lower-class Egyptians of the Early Dynastic Period (3150 – 2613 BC) and Old Kingdom (2613 – 2181 BC), men and women wore the same clothing. Descriptions of men and women from this period show a knee-length white dress-like garment held up by a belt. The rest of their bodies remained naked, although some people wore straw sandals. Wealthier men would wear the same clothing, but made of even lighter linen.
For wealthier women, however, dress was a little more complex. Upper-class women of the Old Kingdom wore long, straight dresses that covered their breasts. Like upper-class men’s clothing, these garments were made of lighter linen than that of commoners. These dresses were much more expensive to make than dresses. These dresses were held in place by straps over the shoulders and sometimes a sheer tunic was worn over them. Women also wore dresses made entirely of beads.
Egyptian beaded net dress. (Jennifer Brown/ CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 )
Who used makeup in Ancient Egypt? ALL!
Also common among men and women in Ancient Egypt was the use of makeup. Oils and perfumes, as well as eye and face paints, were used to enhance the appearance of men and women of all social classes. The upper classes could, of course, afford better products. In particular, eye paint was extremely common. A wooden, ivory or stone pencil was used to apply kohl to the eyelids to emphasize their size or shape.
Kohl was made from the mineral galena, which was found in the mountainous regions of Sinai. It was then mixed with malachite and other minerals in oil or fat until a paste or cream was produced. This form of kohl was expensive to make, and therefore only available to the upper classes, but poorer people also had their own alternative form of kohl. It also had a medicinal purpose, in that it helped protect the eyes from infections caused by sunlight, dust or flies. Malachite green powder was often painted under the eyes as well, while a rouge color was applied to the face and lips through the use of red ochre.
Large wig rings of Sithathoryunet, ca. 1887–1813 BC ( Public Domain )
Accessories: Making or Breaking an Outfit Since Ancient Egypt
Wigs and jewelry were also a large part of the traditional clothing of Ancient Egypt. This was especially the case for upper class people. Jewelry and wigs were used to show off their wealth, but also because they believed it made them more attractive to the gods. They wore rings, earrings, bracelets, ornate clasps, necklaces, neck collars and pendants. This jewelry was often made of gold or precious stones. Lower class people also managed to get jewelry, although it was usually made of colored ceramic beads.
Ancient Egyptian jewelry designs often reflected religious themes. Motifs included symbols of gods and goddesses and hieroglyphic symbols, as well as birds, animals and insects that played a role in their creation myth. Commonly seen were the scarab (a type of beetle), the Eye of Ra, lotus and papyrus plants, cobras and symbols such as the Isis knot, the shen ring (symbol of eternity) and the ankh (symbol of life). A person’s jewelry was placed on his or her grave when they died, so it could be used in the afterlife.
Wig Rosette, circa 1479 – 1425 BC, New Kingdom Dynasty 18, reign of Thutmose III ( Public Domain )
In ancient Egypt, wigs were worn because they were more comfortable in dry climates and made personal hygiene easier. For example, lice prevention became much easier thanks to the use of wigs. Wigs were made from human hair until the Second Intermediate Period (1782-1570 BC) when horses were introduced to Egypt. After that, both horse hair and human hair were used for wigs. They were filled from the inside using vegetable fibers.
Wigs were made in different styles to be worn on different occasions. For example, a family gathering and a party required different wigs. Most wigs were long and heavy and carefully arranged in braids and strands. The rich often decorated their wigs with beads and large jewels. Poorer people had to use wigs made from papyrus plants or simply shave their heads and wear a veil.
Ancient Egyptians took good care of their physical appearance, wearing beautiful clothes, makeup, jewelry, and wigs to make themselves look their best. The main reason for this is because they believed that the main purpose of their existence was to make themselves worthy of eternity, and taking care of their physical appearance and their health was a component of doing this.
Top image: Main: The earliest surviving beaded net dress with a pastiche pattern ( CC from SA 3.0 ). Inside: A beaded dress. Photo source: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston .
By Mark Brophy | FINEWEB-EDU |
What is the purpose of Fiber Splice Enclosure？
What is the purpose of Fiber Splice Enclosure？
If you want to protect your fiber optic cable splices, you will need a fiber splice enclosure. Also known as patch & splice panels, these enclosures contain devices that connect fiber optic cables. There are several types of Outdoor Fiber Splice Enclosure, Bwnfiber have many types for your options. They are designed to protect and preserve the integrity of fiber optic cables and are commonly used in telecommunications and CATV.
Fibre Joint Enclosure
Bwnfiber Fiber Splice Box is designed for outdoor centralized splice applications. They are suitable for DAS, MTU commercial business, and residential fiber network applications. In addition to their centralized splice management capabilities, Splice Enclosure also feature a cable port accessories that increase splice storage density. In order to get the most out of a fiber splice enclosure, it’s important to choose a product that fits your network’s needs.
Fiber Joint Box
Usually, a fiber splice enclosure is placed on an exterior plant at patch panel points. In indoor applications, fiber splice trays are integrated into patch panel boxes. The enclosures protect splices in different ways, depending on the type of splices being performed. The fiber splice tray can accommodate a variety of fiber splice types, including mechanical and fusion splicing.
Fiber Splicing Box
Bwinners is a provider of fiber optic joint closure systems. The Starfighter series of fiber enclosures includes dome and inline splice enclosures. Both are expandable and feature gasketed sealing. Both of these enclosures feature gasketed sealing and cable seals.
Fiber Closure | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Syrian military says it will reduce Aleppo airstrikes
(CNN)Syria's military said it will reduce airstrikes and artillery fire on rebel-controlled areas in the eastern districts of Aleppo to allow civilians to evacuate safely. The announcement, published by the state-run news agency SANA on Wednesday, said the decision follows "the success of our armed forces in Aleppo" cutting off and destroying all "terrorist supply routes" and "vital terrorist bases." Syria's military has precise information on the location of armed rebels and their warehouses in Aleppo's eastern districts, according to the SANA report. The military, noting that supply routes have been cut off, is asking rebels to disarm, SANA reported. Rebel-held districts of Aleppo have suffered intense aerial bombardment by Syrian and Russian warplanes for more than a week, while the Assad regime prepares to take the northern city. More than 450 people have been killed since a US-Russia brokered ceasefire collapsed September 22, according to Adham Sahloul, spokesman for the Syrian American Medical Society. Syrian government war jets have targeted gathering places such as markets, hospitals and mosques for days, the Aleppo Media Center activist has told CNN. Many in the city's eastern districts lack access to clean water after infrastructure damage from shelling and bombing, Sahloul said last weekend. The recent assault on rebel-held areas of the city involved some of the worst violence since the start of the war in 2011. CNN's Roba Alhenawi reported in Atlanta, Jomana Karadsheh in Amman, and Ray Sanchez wrote in New York. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Bitrian, Mariana A1 González, Rodrigo H. A1 Paris, Gaston A1 Hellingwerf, Klaas J. A1 Nudel, Clara B. YR 2013 T1 Blue-light-dependent inhibition of twitching motility in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1: additive involvement of three BLUF-domain-containing proteins JF Microbiology, VO 159 IS Pt_9 SP 1828 OP 1841 DO https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.069153-0 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1350-0872, AB Twitching motility in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 is inhibited by moderate intensities of blue light in a temperature-dependent manner (maximally at 20 °C). We analysed the involvement of four predicted blue-light sensing using flavin (BLUF)-domain-containing proteins encoded in the genome of this strain in the twitching motility phenotype. All four genes were expressed both in light and in darkness. A phylogenetic tree showed that one BLUF domain, ACIAD2110, grouped separately from the other three (ACIAD1499, ACIAD2125 and ACIAD2129). Individual knockout mutants of the latter three, but not of ACIAD2110, fully abolished the light dependency of the twitching motility response. Quantitative analysis of transcript level of the three genes showed a decreased expression in the light, with dark/light ratios of 1.65±0.28, 1.79±0.21 and 2.69±0.39, for ACIAD2125, ACIAD2129 and ACIAD1499, respectively. Double and triple knockouts of ACIAD1499, ACIAD2125 and ACIAD2129 confirmed the same phenotype as the corresponding single knockouts. Complementation of all the single knockouts and the triple knockout mutants with any of the three BLUF-domain-encoding genes fully restored the inhibition of twitching motility by blue light that is observed in the wild-type strain. A. baylyi ADP1 therefore shows a high degree of redundancy in the genes that encode BLUF-containing photoreceptors. Moreover, all plasmid-complemented strains, expressing any of the BLUF proteins irrespective of the specific set of deleted photoreceptors, displayed increased light-dependent inhibition of twitching motility, as compared to the wild-type (P<0.001). We conclude that the three genes ACIAD1499, ACIAD2125 and ACIAD2129 are jointly required to inhibit twitching motility under moderate blue-light illumination., UL https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.069153-0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
BTFS (bittorrent filesystem) - a file system for the real pirates
Table Of Contents
A file system for the real pirates – BTFS (bittorrent file system)
Apart from GUI and Command line downloaders, torrent has been a great source of data downloading and sharing. But, there are times when you just cannot wait for your download to finish and just want to watch the content. Or if you are a programmer and have fun with H/w tools like Raspberry Pi, it is pretty obvious that you don’t have display connected to your Pi all the time, but you can access the files over the network right to your laptop. If you can identify yourself with the above, BTFS is for you.
BTFS Bit Torrent File System :
In order to mount the torrent as a directory and allow the use of torrent-files and magnet-links, Linux supporters have created a new file system BTFS.
BTFS is very simple to work. You will find the magnet link on the torrent tracker and you need to use it with the system mount command. As a result, the contents of the selected torrent are mounted in the directory. Further, when one of the programs tries to open the file for reading, physical content is downloaded on demand. Plus, tools like ls, cat and cp work as expected and it lets you to use it as any read-only directory in your file tree.
There are two advantages to work with torrents with this Unixway-approach:
1. To manipulate the torrents, you use familiar commands ls, cat, grep, cp, etc.
2. Right to use the content is transparent to other programs. For instance, you can specify the video player the path to the mounted directory and start playback. The program will not even understand that physically the file is still missing on the disk and is collected in parts from peers.
The program works so:
mkdir mnt_tor
btfs video.torrent mnt_tor
cd mnt_tor
vlc video.mp4
Create the mount point mnt first. Then it binds the content of the torrent (video.torrent) VLC and starts playing the video.
Installation BTFS into Linux Mint:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:johang/btfs
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install btfs
BTFS code does not need intervention into the Linux kernel, as it runs on top of FUSE.
Using BTFS, the whole tracker to the “hard drive of your computer” can be pre-mounted. Only when you refer to that data, will the actual data loading start and you will no longer need the website tracker.
It can turn your VLC App into Popcorn Time. Mount a TV season torrent and watch episodes without necessarily using enough disk space for the whole set or waiting for completion.
Contents are downloaded on demand when accessed by the applications like Vlc or mPlayer , gedit , fileroller (for zip/tar files)
Source: Mint Guide
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Ex parte Green/Opinion of the Court
This is a motion by Winfield A. Green for leave to file a petition for a writ of mandamus against the federal District Court for the Western District of Washington to show cause why the writ should not issue requiring the judge thereof to conform to the opinion of this court in Langnes v. Green, 282 U.S. 531, 51 S.C.t. 243, 75 L. Ed. 520. In that case Green had brought an action against Langnes in a superior court of the state of Washington to recover damages for personal injury suffered while employed upon the Aloha, a fishing vessel of which Languages was the sole owner. Four months thereafter, while that action was pending, Langnes brought a proceeding in the federal District Court, praying a limitation of liability under the appropriate provisions of the Revised Statutes. The parties stipulated that the vessel was of no greater value than the sum of $5,000. Upon the filing of the petition, the District Court issued an order restraining further proceedings in the state court, and a monition to all claimants to present their claims within a time fixed. Green filed his claim in the amount of $25,000 for damages, which was the only claim ever filed, and thereupon moved to dissolve the restraining order. The District Court denied the motion, and tried the cause in respect of respondent's claim, holding there was no liability and entering a decree accordingly. 32 F.(2d) 284. An appeal followed to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. That court reversed the decree and remanded the cause upon grounds which need not now be stated. 35 F.(2d) 447.
We reversed the decrees of both courts, and remanded the cause to the District Court for further proceedings. We held that the action was properly brought in the state court under section 24(3) of the Judicial Code, U.S.C., Title 28, § 41(3), 28 USCA, § 41(3), which saves to suitors in all cases of admiralty 'the right of a common-law remedy where the common law is competent to give it,' and that the petition for a limitation of liability also was properly brought in the federal District Court. The situation then being that one statute afforded the right to a common-law remedy, and another the right to seek a limitation of liability, we said that a case was presented for the exercise of the sound discretion of the District Court whether to dissolve the restraining order and permit the state court to proceed, or to retain complete jurisdiction; and, upon consideration of the matter, we held that such discretion should have been exercised so as to permit the state court to proceed.
But we also said that the District Court, as a matter of precaution, should retain the petition for a limitation of liability 'to be dealt with in the possible but (since it must be assumed that respondent's motion was not an idle gesture but was made with full appreciation of the state court's entire lack of admiralty jurisdiction) the unlikely event that the right of petitioner to a limited liability might be brought into question in the state court, or the case otherwise assume such form in that court as to bring it within the exclusive power of a court of admiralty.'
As authority for that disposition of the matter we cited The Lotta (D. C.) 150 F. 219, 223, where Judge Brawley, dealing with a similar situation, had taken that course. We quoted from his opinion, among other things, the following:
'All that the petitioner can fairly claim is that he should not be subject to a personal judgment for an indefinite amount and beyond the value of his interest in the Lotta and her freight. * * * If it should hereafter appear in the course of the proceedings in the state court that a question is raised as to the right of petitioner to a limited liability, this court has exclusive cognizance of such a question * * * and the decision upon the question of the injunction is predicated upon the assumption that that question is not involved in the suit in the state court, and that the only questions to be decided there are, first, whether the defendant is liable at all, and, if so, as to the value of the vessel and her freight, which is the limit of defendant's liability.'
It is clear from our opinion that the state court has no jurisdiction to determine the question of the owner's right to a limited liability, and that, if the value of the vessel be not accepted as the limit of the owner's liability, the federal court is authorized to resume jurisdiction and dispose of the whole case.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Green, following the remission of the cause to the state court, put in issue the right of the owner to limited liability, by challenging the seaworthiness of the vessel and the lack of the owner's privity or knowledge. The matter was properly brought before the federal District Court, and that court held that, the question of the owner's right to limited liability having been raised, the cause became cognizable only in admiralty, and that its further prosecution in the state court should be enjoined. In this the District Court was right, and the motion for leave to file the petition for writ of mandamus must be denied.
The District Court, however, gave Green until a time fixed to withdraw, in the state court, the issue as to the right to limited liability, in which event the restraining order was not to issue. That court, upon being seasonably advised of the proceeding here and of our disposition of it, will, no doubt, grant further reasonable time to allow Green to elect whether to withdraw the admiralty issue which he has raised in the state court; and the denial of the motion is made without prejudice to such action.
Leave denied. | WIKI |
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[GPR]Commercial_sheet_UPM_EN(Innovatech)
Briefing
Thrombectomy device for removal of arterial blockages through aspiration
A stroke disease occurs when blood flow of part of the brain stops, in case of more than a few seconds, the brain can not get blood and oxygen, causing permanent damage. According to WHO, more than 17M people die from cerebrovascular disease. Only in the U.S. affects more than 700000 Americans each year, causing 150000 deaths and remains the leading cause of disability in adults and the third leading cause of death. In Spain, strokes are the leading cause of death in women, one of the neurological diseases of greater social impact, with 130.000 new cases each year.
Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. Treatments for such accidents can be divided in chemical and mechanical thrombectomy devices. The decision to develop a new device which allows effectively eliminate the presence of these clots, lies in the high percentage of population affected and the various risks found when performing an analysis of the situation today.
Technology Solution
The purposes of any mechanical thrombectomy device can be summarized in effecting the removal of the clot formed inside of the artery and restoring blood flow from the artery. From recent years, numerous devices have been developed, many of them operating at the periphery of the vascular system, however, relatively few have been used in the cerebral vasculature. One of the main problems of these devices is that they can produce embolisms or breaks downstream of the arterial walls due to their moving parts.
As a result, there is a need to design a device based on aspiration, without moving parts, with a simple design, and that can act as an effective remover of blood clots without causing possible embolisms due to the breakage of the blood clot.
“ Simple, practical and effective”
Market demands
• In recent years it has grown the number of solutions developed for the purpose stated herein - more than hundred - not existing a common denominator to all of them. Some devices rely on clot perforation; other, however are based on the trapping of the blood clot through the use of deformable elements, called stents.
• After analysis of different commercial solutions have been seen different turning points and the need to develop a product that involves less risk to the patient, shorter, both preparation and use, and lower production costs.
• If we analyze almost all existing devices, we observe there is a great possibility of creating disintegrations of the main blood clot, which could cause future problems in smaller arteries. Moreover, the existence of different moving parts make the manufacturing cost be high (300 ÷ 3000 €/unit) and that the risk involved in handling or operating methodology be inherent.
• The correct optimization would be carried out by means of simulation techniques and would require greater engagement between medical and engineers to, on the one hand, correctly analyze the formation process of the blood clot and, secondly, develop the device.
Market potential
Given the limitations in the use of the device described here, the existing market potential was estimated from three main areas:
• Large percentage of population affected
• Sector 'Health', with continuing need for finding new solutions and means to do so
• Problems found in the competence.
This potential can be seen from the large number of thrombectomy devices developed in recent years, which shows the concern in the sector, the continuing need for innovation and the growing interest of the different laboratories
Competitive advantages
• Devices such as SOLITAIRE or MERCI, despite its proven success, contain mechanical parts based on the use of stents, resulting in the possible rupture of the artery or the blood clot.
• The extraction device recently designed in UK and called 'GP' contemplates idealized features here, but nevertheless has been seen after numerous analysis how the existence of a return on the suction or a constant distance to the clot makes it unavailable for use in some cases. The fact of no moving parts provides a starting point for the development of a new device that involves fewer risks and higher effectiveness.
• It have been developed simulation models; it remains to make a more realistic sizing of these prototypes and laboratory verification.
References
• Several articles published in international journals and conferences, having received an invitation from a prestigious American publishing house for editing a book to analyze thoroughly the problems encountered.
Development stage
• Concept
• R & D
• Lab Prototype
• Industrial Prototype
• Production
Contact
Contact GPR
Gregorio Romero
CITEF. Railway Technologies Investigation Center
e: gregorio.romero@upm.es
w:www.citef.industriales.upm.es
UPM contact
Innovation, Commercialization and Entrepreneurship Area
Centre of Support for Technological Innovation – UPM
e: innovacion.tecnologica@upm.es
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hortense Mancini
Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin (6 June 1646 – 2 July 1699), was a niece of Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, and a mistress of Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. She was the fourth of the five famous Mancini sisters, who, along with two of their female Martinozzi cousins, were known at the court of King Louis XIV of France as the Mazarinettes.
Early life, family and marriage
One of five sisters noted for their great beauty, she was born Ortensia in Rome to Baron Lorenzo Mancini, an Italian aristocrat. After his death in 1650, her mother, Girolama Mazzarini, brought her daughters from Rome to Paris in the hope of using the influence of her brother, Cardinal Mazarin, to gain them advantageous marriages. Hortense's four famous sisters were:
* Laura (1636–1657), who married Louis de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme and became the mother of the famous French general Louis Joseph de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme,
* Olympe (1638–1708), who married Prince Eugène-Maurice of Savoy-Carignano and became the mother of the famous Austrian general Prince Eugene of Savoy,
* Marie (1639–1715), who married Prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna and was the first romantic love of King Louis XIV of France,
* Marie Anne (1649–1714), who married Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, a nephew of the famous field marshal Turenne.
The sisters' cousins, the Martinozzis, also moved to France at the same time, for the same goal (to marry well). The elder, Anne Marie Martinozzi, married Armand de Bourbon, Prince de Conti. The younger, Laura, married Alfonso IV d'Este, duke of Modena and became the mother of Mary of Modena, second wife of James II of England.
The Mancinis also had three brothers: Paul (twin brother to Laura) Philippe, and Alphonse.
Marriage proposals
Charles II of England, the first cousin of Louis XIV, proposed to Hortense in 1659, but his offer was rejected by Cardinal Mazarin who believed the exiled king to have little in the way of prospects. Mazarin realised his mistake when Charles was reinstated as King of England only months later. Mazarin then became the supplicant and offered a dowry of 5 million livres, but Charles refused. While a marriage did not materialise, the two were to cross paths later. Hortense's hand was also requested by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, another first cousin of Louis XIV, but arrangements fell through when Cardinal Mazarin refused to include the stronghold-castle of Pignerol in her dowry. For similar reasons, an offer made by the Duke of Lorraine was broken off as well.
Failed marriage
On 1 March 1661, fourteen-year-old Hortense was married to one of the richest men in Europe, Armand Charles de La Porte de La Meilleraye. Upon marriage to Hortense, he was granted the title of duc Mazarin. On the death of Cardinal Mazarin soon after, he gained access to his wife's huge inheritance, which included the Palais Mazarin in Paris, home to many pieces of fine art.
The marriage was not a success. Hortense was young, bright, and popular; Armand-Charles was miserly and extremely jealous, not to mention mentally unstable. His strange behaviour included preventing milkmaids from going about their job (to his mind, the cows' udders had strong sexual connotations), having all of his female servants' front teeth knocked out to prevent them from attracting male attention, and chipping off and painting over all the "dirty bits" in his fantastic art collection. He forbade his wife to keep company with other men, made midnight searches for hidden lovers, insisted she spend a quarter of her day at prayer, and forced her to leave Paris and move with him to the country.
Despite their differences, Hortense and her husband had four children:
* 1) Marie Charlotte de La Porte (28 March 1662 – 13 May 1729) married Louis Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, duc d'Aiguillon,
* 2) Marie Anne de La Porte (1663 – October 1720) became an abbess,
* 3) Marie Olympe de La Porte (1665 – 24 January 1754), who married Louis Christophe Gigault, Marquis of Bellefonds and of Boullaye,
* 4) Paul Jules de La Porte de La Meilleraye (25 January 1666 – 7 September 1731) married Félice Armande Charlotte de Durfort.
Flight from marriage
Leaving her small children behind, Hortense finally made a bid to escape from her hellish marriage on the night of 13 June 1668, with help from her brother, Philippe, Duc de Nevers, who procured horses and an escort to help her travel to Rome, where she counted on being able to take refuge with her sister Marie Mancini, now the Princess Colonna.
Under the protection of Louis XIV and of the Duke of Savoy
The French king Louis XIV declared himself her protector and granted an annual pension of 24 thousand livres. Her former suitor, Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy, also declared himself her protector. As a result, Hortense retired to Chambéry in Savoie and established her home as a meeting place for authors, philosophers, and artists. After the death of the duke, though, she was turned out by his widow, Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours, due to Hortense's romantic involvement with her husband.
With the exception of Marguerite de Valois, Hortense and her sister, Marie Mancini, were the first women in France to put their memoirs into print. Both women were partly motivated by the help that producing a body of evidence would bring to the cause of separation from their abusive husbands. Their Memoirs were first published in French, but Hortense Mancini's were translated into English by 1676.
Charles II
After the death of Savoy, Hortense had no source of income; her husband froze all of her income, including the pension from Louis XIV.
The English ambassador to France, Ralph Montagu, aware of Hortense's desperate situation, enlisted her help in increasing his own standing with Charles II. He hoped she would replace the king's current mistress, Louise de Kerouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Hortense was willing to try. In 1675, she travelled to London under the pretext of a visit to her young niece, Mary of Modena, the new wife of Charles II's younger brother, James, Duke of York. Hortense was dressed as a man; her penchant for cross-dressing is thought by some historians to be an outward expression of her gender neutrality. The publication of an English translation of her Memoirs had made her known to English society prior to her arrival.
Maîtresse en titre
By mid-1676, Hortense had fulfilled her purpose; she had taken the place of Louise de Kerouaille in Charles's affections. He provided her a pension of £4,000, which considerably lightened her financial troubles.
Montagu recounted:
"I went to see Madame de Portsmouth [Louise de Kerouaille]. She opened her heart to me… explained to me what grief the frequent visits of the King of England to Madame de Sussex [Hortense Mancini] cause her every day."
Fall from favour
This state of affairs might have continued had it not been for Hortense's promiscuity. She was dubbed 'the Italian Whore' in England.
Firstly, there was her almost certainly sexual relationship with Anne, Countess of Sussex, the king's illegitimate daughter by the Duchess of Cleveland. This culminated in a very public, friendly fencing match in St. James's Park, with the women clad in nightgowns, after which Anne's husband ordered his wife to the country. There she refused to do anything but lie in bed, repeatedly kissing a miniature of Hortense.
Secondly, she began an affair with Louis I de Grimaldi, Prince de Monaco. Charles remonstrated with her and cut off her pension, although within a couple of days he repented and restarted the payments. However, this signified the end of Hortense's position as the king's favourite. Though she and Charles remained friends, the Duchess of Portsmouth returned to her role as ’maitresse en titre’.
The introduction to Aphra Behn's The History of the Nun has been taken as a suggestion that Behn too had romantic relations with Hortense during this same time. It reads:
"to the Most Illustrious Princess, The Dutchess of Mazarine...how infinitely one of Your own Sex ador'd You, and that, among all the numerous Conquest, Your Grace has made over the Hearts of Men, Your Grace had not subdu'd a more intire Slave; I assure you, Madam, there is neither Compliment, nor Poetry, in this humble Declaration, but a Truth, which has cost me a great deal of Inquietude, for that Fortune has not set me in such a Station, as might justifie my Pretence to the honour and satisfaction of being ever near Your Grace, to view eternally that lovely Person, and here that surprising Wit; what can be more grateful to a Heart, than so great, and so agreeable, an Entertainment? And how few Objects are there, that can render it so entire a Pleasure, as at once to hear you speak, and to look upon your Beauty?"
Attending Mancini's salon, with its discussion of science as well as literary works, certainly had a noticeable effect on Behn's creativity. Public reading of a scientific text by Fontanelle at the salon increased interest in it and she soon translated it.
Hortense, however, maintained good relations with the king until his death. On the Sunday before his death, the diarist John Evelyn wrote of:
"the King sitting and toying with his concubines, Portsmouth, Cleveland, and Mazarin [Hortense Mancini being the Duchesse Mazarin]... Six days after, all was in dust."
After Charles II's death
Following the death of Charles II, Hortense was well-provided for by James II, possibly because of her kinship with James's wife, the new queen, Mary of Modena. Even when James fled England and William III and Mary II came to power, she remained in place, albeit with a much-reduced pension. During this time she presided over a salon of intellectuals. It was considered one of the most celebrated salons in seventeenth century Europe. Charles de Saint-Évremond, the great poet and epicurean, was a close friend and brought to her door all the learned men of London. In addition women attended, including Nell Gwyn, Barbara Villiers and Louise de Kéroualle. Champagne made its first appearance in English society as a fashionable drink. Women were able to gamble and also mix with playwrights, theologians and scientists to talk about current events and ideas.
Evelyn recorded her eventual death in 1699:
"June 11th, 1699. Now died the famous Duchess of Mazarin. She had been the richest lady in Europe; she was niece to Cardinal Mazarin, and was married to the richest subject in Europe, as was said; she was born at Rome, educated in France, and was an extraordinary beauty and wit, but dissolute, and impatient of matrimonial restraint, so as to be abandoned by her husband, and banished: when she came to England for shelter, lived on a pension given her here, and is reported to have hastened her death by intemperate drinking strong spirits. She has written her own story and adventures, and so has her other extravagant sister, wife to the noble Colonna family."
Hortense may have committed suicide. Her husband managed to continue the drama after her death; he carted her body around with him on his travels in France, before finally allowing it to be interred by the tomb of her uncle, Cardinal Mazarin.
Descendants
Hortense's son, Paul Jules de La Porte, duc Mazarin et de La Meilleraye, had two surviving children. His daughter, Armande Félice de La Porte Mazarin (1691–1729), married Louis de Mailly, marquis de Nesle et de Mailly, Prince d'Orange in 1709. Through this marriage, she became the mother of five daughters, four of whom would become mistresses of King Louis XV of France:
* 1) Louise Julie de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Mailly, comtesse de Mailly (1710–1751)
* 2) Pauline Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Nesle, marquise de Vintimille (1712–1741)
* 3) Diane Adélaïde de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Montcavrel, duchesse de Lauraguais (1714–1769)
* 4) Hortense Félicité de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Chalon, marquise de Flavacourt (1715–1763)
* 5) Marie Anne de Mailly, Mademoiselle de Monchy, marquise de La Tournelle, duchesse de Châteauroux (1717–1744)
The only one of the de Nesle sisters not to become one of Louis XV's mistresses was the marquise de Flavacourt. Louise Julie was the first sister to attract the king, followed by Pauline Félicité, but it was Marie Anne, the youngest and prettiest one, who was the most successful in manipulating him and becoming politically powerful.
Armande Félice also had an illegitimate daughter, Henriette de Bourbon (1725–1780), Mademoiselle de Verneuil, from her relationship with the duc de Bourbon, the chief minister of Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.
Paul Jules' son, Guy Jules Paul de La Porte, duc Mazarin et de La Meilleraye (1701–1738), married Louise Françoise de Rohan in 1716. Their great-granddaughter, Louise Félicité Victoire d'Aumont, duchesse Mazarin et de La Meilleraye (1759–1826), married Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco in 1777. From this marriage, the present Sovereign Princes of Monaco, including Prince Albert II of Monaco, are descended. | WIKI |
RFC/RFA: Allow targets to override the definition of FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
Message ID 87obona6mz.fsf@Gift.fritz.box
State New
Headers show
Commit Message
Nick Clifton June 13, 2012, 9:44 a.m.
Hi Guys,
The RX port currently has a problem with the software implementation
of 64-bit doubles - the libgcc functions produce bogus results. I
tracked this down to this definition in libgcc/fp-bit.h:
#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
#endif
For the RX __BYTE_ORDER__ is __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__, but the bits in
the doubles are in little endian order, so FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
should not be defined.
I have produced a patch (see below) that fixes this problem for me by
allowing the target to specify FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH explicitly, if
it wants to. This matches the old behaviour (in gcc 4.6 and earlier)
before fp-bit.h was moved to the libgcc directory. I suspect however
that this may not be the correct solution, so I am asking for comments
as to how the problem should be solved. If my approach is correct
however, then please may I apply the patch ?
Cheers
Nick
libgcc/ChangeLog
2012-06-13 Nick Clifton <nickc@redhat.com>
* fp-bit.h (FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH): If
LIBGCC2_FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH is defined then use this to
determine if FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH should be defined.
* config/rx/rx-lib.h (LIBGCC2_FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH): Define
to false.
Patch
Index: libgcc/fp-bit.h
===================================================================
--- libgcc/fp-bit.h (revision 188497)
+++ libgcc/fp-bit.h (working copy)
@@ -129,9 +129,21 @@
#define NO_DI_MODE
#endif
+/* Allow the target the chance to specify whether
+ the bit order matches the byte order. */
+#if defined LIBGCC2_FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
+/* Evaluate the expression - it might be zero. */
+#if LIBGCC2_FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
+#define FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
+#else
+#undef FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
+#endif
+#else
+/* Otherwise assume that the bits within a byte are in big endian order. */
#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
#define FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH
#endif
+#endif
#if __BYTE_ORDER__ != __FLOAT_WORD_ORDER__
#define FLOAT_WORD_ORDER_MISMATCH
Index: libgcc/config/rx/rx-lib.h
===================================================================
--- libgcc/config/rx/rx-lib.h (revision 188497)
+++ libgcc/config/rx/rx-lib.h (working copy)
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-#ifndef __RX_64BIT_DOUBLES__
+#if defined __RX_64BIT_DOUBLES__
+#undef FLOAT_ONLY
+#elif defined __RX_32BIT_DOUBLES__
#define DF SF
#define FLOAT_ONLY
+#else
+#error "RX double size not defined"
#endif
+#define LIBGCC2_FLOAT_BIT_ORDER_MISMATCH 0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Oscar Castelo
Copyvio
That which isn't a straight copyvio is an extremely close paraphrase. Pesky ( talk …stalk!) 11:41, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
Extortion and murder
In G.R. No. L-10774, the Supreme Court charged Castelo et al. of murder and are sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused have murdered a certain Monroy, who was a key witness of Recto's accusation of Castelo having bribed while Castelo was mayor. This may be important in future edits of this page. Poppytarts (talk) 12:53, 3 September 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Little Quirks
The result was withdrawn by nominator. --- DOOMSDAYER 520 (Talk|Contribs) 01:42, 31 August 2020 (UTC)
Little Quirks
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Whilst I can see that the Newcastle Herald wrote an article about them here, and they appeared on Triple J's Unearthed, at the current time I can't see that they have generated much more press than this. Chris.sherlock (talk) 08:21, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
* Withdraw it appears more reliable sources have been found that establish the bands notability. Many thanks to . - Chris.sherlock (talk) 05:58, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:02, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Australia-related deletion discussions. Shellwood (talk) 09:02, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
* Delete per nomination. No evidence of any significant independent coverage. Fails WP:NBAND. ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 10:46, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
After having reviewed all that has been said here, I am inclined to agree. I jumped in too early and posted without proper preview. So, I would say that at this point in time it is a little early for the page to exist. My apologies and full acceptance with the above. LeglessGoat (talk) 21:48, 28 August 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by LeglessGoat (talk • contribs) 20:27, 28 August 2020 (UTC)
* No harm done :-) Chris.sherlock (talk) 05:28, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
* Keep passes WP:NBAND. They have toured Australia and appeared at festivals, they have supported other artists, they have been given substantial coverage in several independent, reliable sources.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 05:14, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* I did check, but may have missed these sources. You could help by adding these to the article, it might show my judgement was wrong. - Chris.sherlock (talk) 05:26, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* Already added them before voting here. I'm still looking for more.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 05:39, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* nice work! I was remiss to not recheck them article. I withdraw the AFD, though may need to let it finish. - Chris.sherlock (talk) 06:00, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* Well done. It took awhile to find sources as the band's name hits on many useless sites.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 06:07, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* Keep - happy to change my vote, given the recent edits. ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 11:23, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Delphinus, Sagitta, and Vulpecula
by | Sep 3, 2021 | 0 comments
The Summer Triangle, a large triangle of bright stars (Deneb, Vega, and Altair), lies straight overhead on September evenings in the United States. Delphinus, Sagitta, and Vulpecula all lie in or near the Triangle. While none of these constellations are large, they all hold one or more interesting double stars or deep sky objects.
Delphinus, the Dolphin, is the easternmost of these three constellations. Delphinus is made up of a distinctive little parallelogram or diamond of four stars, with a fifth star a short distance to the southwest. Gamma Delphini, the star at the northeast corner of the diamond, is a well-known double star. The primary component star is yellow, but stargazers disagree on the color of the secondary. Some see it as white or pale blue, but most say it is pale green. I have personally never seen any shade of green in this star. Gamma Del is not a particularly wide double, but you should be able to split it without using high magnification.
Struve 2725, another double star, lies about 0.25° southwest of Gamma Del. Struve 2725 is somewhat tighter and fainter than Gamma Del, and is not an outstanding double by itself, but it pairs nicely with Gamma Del. Moderate to high magnification (~150×) will nicely split both doubles while keeping them both in the same field of view.
Sagitta, the Arrow, lies west of Delphinus and just north of the bright star Altair. Sagitta is similar to Delphinus in size and in the brightness of its stars. This little constellation really does look like an arrow pointing east-northeast.
An intriguing star cluster cataloged as M71 lies almost directly in the middle of Sagitta. M71 is classified as a globular cluster, but it is so loose that it looks a lot like a small rich open cluster. Moderate to high magnification will easily resolve the cluster.
Vulpecula lies just north of Sagitta, but since it consists of only two dim stars, its deep sky objects are easiest to find by starting from Sagitta. The brightest deep sky object in Vulpecula is an open star cluster known as the Coathanger. True to its name, the Coathanger bears a striking resemblance to a real coat hanger. This cluster spans about 1.5°, so it makes an ideal binocular target. The Coathanger is bright enough that a few of its stars are easily visible with the unaided eye under moderately dark skies. This cluster lies about 4° northwest of the pair of stars marking the southwest end of Sagitta.
Dumbbell Nebula
Dumbbell Nebula. Photo © Ivan Eder
Vulpecula also holds one of the finest planetary nebulas in the sky, the Dumbbell Nebula (M27). This nebula lies about 3° straight north of Gamma Sagittae, the brightest star in Sagitta. While most planetary nebulas are tiny, M27 is one of the few that are large, and it is the only planetary that is both large and bright.
M27 is easily visible in 10x binoculars as a fuzzy spot of light that is clearly bigger than a star. This nebula is easy to observe with good-quality small telescopes, but larger telescopes and higher magnifications continue to reveal more detail. The brightest part of the nebula is shaped like a dumbbell or apple core, with fainter nebulosity filling in the sides and making the nebula round. Although this nebula is bright enough to easily observe without a filter, an OIII filter will help bring out detail, especially in the nebula’s fainter areas.
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Page:Tourist's Maritime Provinces.djvu/376
316 is as legitimate as the rearing of blue ribbon live-stock or pedigreed hens. Other farms have been established to raise sable, marten, mink, skunk and the Karakúl sheep which gives Persian lamb, Astrakhan, broadtail and krimmer fur under differing conditions of breeding and birth.
The economic revolution which has swept the island during this earlier and most lucrative period of fur ranching has brought about bizarre conditions unparalleled in a country community. Labourers of a few years back are the masters of their former employers. Ranch presidents ride in cars who cannot sign the cheques that buy them. Their wives wear jewels so immense that strangers unaware of the suddenly achieved gains as a matter of course think them artificial. Sons who always ran barefoot now tilt their sun-browned noses at any but the costliest boots. Farmers' daughters who once sighed to possess a cottage organ are bored by their new pianolas. Many modest fortunes have been acquired, but more immodest ones if we are to judge by the swagger of their makers.
The shops of Charlottetown and the press of bright new vehicles about Queen Square reflect the island's exuberant prosperity. "Charlotte Town" says the author of an ancient ''Account of Prince Edward Island in the Gulph of St, Lawrence. North America'', "has a situation both centrical and convenient." It is not only the | WIKI |
Page:Completeconfectioner Glasse 1800.djvu/298
Rh juice of lemon six pounds; and distil this in an alembic.
Wet your roses in fair water; four gallons of roses will take near two gallons of water; distil them in a cold still; then take the same distilled water, put into it as many fresh roses as it will wet, and distil them again.
Take two gallons of very good brandy and a peck of poppies, put them together in a wide mouthed glass, and let them stand forty-eight hours; then strain the poppies out; take a pound of raisins of the sun and stone them; coriander seeds, fennel seeds, and liquorice sliced, of each an ounce; bruise them all together, put them into the brandy, with a pound of good powder sugar, and let them stand four or eight weeks, shaking it every day; then strain it off, and bottle it close up for use.
Gather your peppermint when it is full grown, and before it seeds; cut it in short lengths, fill your still with it, and cover it with water; then make a good fire under it, and when it is near boiling, and the still begins to drop, if your fire is too hot draw a little from under it, to keep it from boiling over, or your water will be muddy; the slower your still drops, the clearer and stronger your water will be, but do not spend it too | WIKI |
Sath El-Hadid Formation
The Sath El-Hadid Formation, translating to "Iron Surface" in Arabic "سطح الحديد", is a geological formation in Egypt characterized by a nummulitic limestone bank containing large and small Nummulites. Introduced into the stratigraphy of the south Fayum area by Iskander in 1943, this formation is significant in the middle Eocene (Bartonian).
Stratigraphy and composition
The Sath El-Hadid Formation is approximately 25 meters thick and overlays the Midawara Formation. It is prominent in the Wadi El Rayan area, capping many mesas. The base of the formation is marked by a contact between the snow-white Sath El-Hadid limestone and the brown sandy limestone of the Midawara Formation. The upper contact with the El Gharag Formation is indicated by the emergence of brown and light brown shales above the nummulitic limestone.
Distinctive features of the Sath El-Hadid Formation include secondary flint concretions at the top and a gradual transition at the lower contact in the type section (Gebel Sath El-Hadid section). This gradual transition is characterized by the basal marly bryozoan limestone of the Sath El-Hadid and the uppermost glauconitic sandy yellow limestone of the Midawara Formation, with no evidence of an unconformity surface or hiatus.
Age and fossil content
Based on stratigraphic position and the identified zone E13 Morozovelloides crassatus, the Sath El-Hadid Formation is dated to the middle Eocene (Bartonian). This formation is notable for the discovery of the holotype of the basilosaurid whale Tutcetus wadii, the smallest basilosaurid whale ever found. This fossil was located in an indurated limestone block near the Upper Lake in the Wadi El-Rayan area, approximately 40 km northeast of the Wadi El-Hitan World Heritage Site, several meters above the Midawara Formation.
The nummulitic limestone in the Sath El-Hadid Formation features varying sizes of Nummulites and is prevalent across several mesas in the Wadi El-Rayan area. Besides Tutcetus, the formation has yielded other vertebrate fossils, including sirenians and selachian fish. | WIKI |
791 F.3d 32
Stephen DEARTH and Second Amendment Foundation, Inc., Appellants v. Loretta E. LYNCH, Appellee.
No. 12-5305.
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued Sept. 19, 2013.
Reargued March 9, 2015.
Decided June 23, 2015.
Alan Gura argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellants.
Charles J. Cooper, David H. Thompson, Peter Patterson, Brian W. Barnes, and Brian S. Koukoutchos were on the brief for amicus curiae National Rifle Association of America, Inc. in support of appellants.
Daniel Tenny, Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the briefs were Stuart F. Delery, Assistant Attorney General at the time the briefs were filed, Ronald C. Machen Jr., U.S. Attorney, and Mark B. Stern, Michael S. Raab, and Anisha S. Dasgupta, Attorneys.
Before: HENDERSON and GRIFFITH, Circuit Judges, and RANDOLPH, Senior Circuit Judge.
Opinion for the Court filed by Senior Circuit Judge RANDOLPH.
Opinion concurring in the judgment filed by Circuit Judge GRIFFITH.
Dissenting opinion filed by Circuit Judge HENDERSON.
RANDOLPH, Senior Circuit Judge:
I.
This appeal was considered on the record from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and on the briefs and supplemental briefs and oral arguments of counsel. For the reasons stated below, it is
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the United States is vacated with respect to plaintiff Dearth and plaintiff Second Amendment Foundation, Inc. (insofar as its claim is based on Dearth’s standing), and the case is remanded for trial.
II.
We take this action although it may well be that, in the words of Rule 56(a), “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). Even in those circumstances, the courts retain discretion to refuse to decide cases on the basis of a record developed on summary judgment. See Kennedy v. Silas Mason Co., 334 U.S. 249, 256-57, 68 S.Ct. 1031, 92 L.Ed. 1347 (1948); 10A Charles Allen Wright et al., Fed. Practice & Procedure § 2728 (3d ed.2013).
The question in this case is whether a citizen who permanently resides outside the United States has a right under the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution to purchase a firearm for self-defense while he is temporarily visiting this country. Dearth alleges that 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(9) & (b)(3) and implementing regulations, 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.29a, 478.96, 478.99, 478.124, are unconstitutional because the provisions, in effect, prohibit citizens not residing in any state from purchasing firearms. In addition to mounting a facial attack on the provisions, Dearth purports to be bringing an as applied challenge.
This case therefore raises “an extremely important question,” and “summary procedures, however salutary where issues are clear-cut and simple, present a treacherous record for deciding issues of far-flung import.” Kennedy, 334 U.S. at 256-57, 68 S.Ct. 1031 (footnote omitted). See, e.g., Univ. of Notre Dame v. Burwell, 786 F.3d 606, 619-20 (7th Cir.2015) (Hamilton, J., concurring) (“Where the law is evolving rapidly and the facts are complex, the better course is usually full exploration of the evidence and thorough findings of fact by the district court, rather than reliance on sweeping legal doctrines and hypothesized or assumed facts.” (citing, inter alia, Doe v. Walker, 193 F.3d 42, 46 (1st Cir.1999))). Here there are too many unanswered questions regarding Dearth’s particular situation even though he seeks to mount an as applied challenge.
At the summary judgment stage, Dearth could no longer “rest on ... mere allegations,” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992), that might satisfy the pleading requirements, as he did in his earlier appeal, see Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499 (D.C.Cir.2011). He had to set forth “specific facts.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130 (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 56) (internal quotation marks omitted), not mere “conclusory statements].” Ass’n of Flight Attendants v. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465 (D.C.Cir.2009). Nevertheless, Dearth filed nothing other than a short affidavit merely repeating the complaint’s sparse allegations regarding his particular circumstances.
For example, we are able to discern, from the caption on his complaint, filed in 2009, that Dearth’s address at that time was Winnipeg, Canada. He asks us now to assume that his status has remained static. Whether he had ever been a resident of any state, and if so which one, he does not reveal. Whether he is still considered a state resident for tax purposes we do not know. Whether he still votes in federal elections or pays federal taxes on his income, including income earned outside the United States, is not addressed. Dearth says he comes back to this country on occasion. Exactly where or when he comes back, to what state or states, his affidavit does not tell us. His affidavit does say that on two occasions, once in 2006 and again in 2007, while he was in the United States he unsuccessfully tried to purchase “a firearm.” What type of firearm — a hunting rifle, for instance, or a handgun — he does not mention. He swears that he “intend[s] to purchase firearms” for “lawful sporting purposes as well as for other purposes, including self-defense.” This appears deliberately ambiguous. Did he try to buy a hunting rifle, which he would also use for self-defense? Did he try to purchase a handgun solely for self-defense? We cannot tell, yet the question may be significant because in some circumstances federal law allows non-residents to obtain firearms for “lawful sporting purposes.” See 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(5), (a)(9), (b)(3); 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.29a, 478.99(a), 478.115(d)(1). Where Dearth sought to engage in these transactions he neglects to mention. The omission may be significant. The laws of many states bar non-state residents like Dearth from buying a handgun so that no matter what the outcome of this case, Dearth still could not purchase a handgun in such a state.
Dearth stated in his affidavit that he holds a “valid Utah permit to publicly carry a handgun.” But we do not know whether, if once he had a valid permit from Utah, he still does. States may require such permits to be renewed periodically. In the same sentence, Dearth adds that the Utah public-carry permit “is recognized in numerous states.” Which states? And more to the point, has Dearth visited such states in the past and is there evidence that he will do so in the future?
Dearth’s counsel stated in the district court that his client possessed firearms in Canada. Here again that is not evidence, and we do not know what sort of firearms he has there, or whether he has brought his firearms with him when he entered the United States on visits, or whether there was any impediment to his doing so.
One final point deserves mention. Dearth, in his complaint, purports to be bringing his as applied claim on behalf of himself and “similarly situated individuals.” But the evidence tells us very little about Dearth’s specific situation. In addition, the complaint seems to be reciting a class action allegation yet Dearth never sought, and the district court never granted, class action status to his action.
In short, for the foregoing reasons, we exercise our discretion to require that the case proceed to trial on the subjects we have mentioned and any others that bear on Dearth’s claims.
GRIFFITH, Circuit Judge,
concurring in the judgment:
After more than two years of consideration, three rounds of briefing, and two oral arguments, I agree with the dissent that we have sufficient information to decide this case. But since we cannot reach agreement either as to our authority to hear this case or as to the merits, I reluctantly concur in the remand so as to break this stalemate and allow the case to proceed. I concur only in Part I of the majority opinion, however, not in the rationale on which it relies in Part II to decide that remand is appropriate.
Many of the questions the opinion poses appear aimed at determining whether Dearth may be considered a resident of the United States even though he lives in Canada, in which case he would not satisfy the injury-in-fact requirement of Article III standing to challenge laws that prevent nonresidents from purchasing firearms. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). But a prior panel of this court has already held that Dearth has standing, see Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499 (D.C.Cir.2011), which binds this panel absent a relevant change in factual circumstances, see LaShawn A. v. Barry, 87 F.3d 1389, 1393 (D.C.Cir.1996) (en banc) (“When there are multiple appeals taken in the course of a single piece of litigation, law-of-the-case doctrine holds that decisions rendered on the first appeal should not be revisited on later trips to the appellate court.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Even if Dearth’s standing was still an open question, Dearth has averred, and the government has eon-ceded, that he is a United States citizen, that he “does not maintain a residence within the United States,” and that he was unable to purchase a firearm in the United States because he could not provide a state of residence on the form the ATF requires him to complete before such a purchase. See J.A. 29-30, 164. Based on these undisputed facts that the government has taken for granted in the six years since Dearth filed his complaint, this case is properly before us.
Other questions posed in the opinion seek to determine where Dearth has previously sought to purchase firearms. Answers to these questions are irrelevant as well. It is true, as the opinion notes, that many states have their own laws that bar nonresidents from buying firearms, see Maj. Op, at 35 & n. 1. The upshot of these state laws, the opinion seems to imply, is that perhaps Dearth will not be able to purchase a firearm even if he prevails in this suit, in which case he would lack standing because his injury would not be redressable by a favorable outcome. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130. But once again, a prior panel has already addressed this issue and determined that Dearth’s injury is redressable. See Dearth, 641 F.3d at 501. As that panel noted, the government never contended otherwise. See id. (“The Government disputes only whether Dearth has suffered a cognizable injury, as the requirements of traceability and redressability are clearly met.”). Despite this, the opinion implies that Dearth may need to show that he has visited Texas in the past or demonstrate to some undefined degree of certainty that he will return there to buy a firearm if he prevails in this suit. See Maj. Op. at 35 n. 1.
I disagree. Even if it were open to us to reconsider this point, Dearth’s injury remains just as redressable now as it was at the time of the prior panel’s decision. Dearth has sworn that he “intend[s] to purchase firearms within the United States.” See, e.g., J.A. 32. And he has noted for our benefit that even as a nonresident, the laws of Texas, Louisiana, and Virginia would allow him to purchase firearms if federal law did not prohibit him from doing so. See Appellant’s Reply Br. at 7-8. Dearth has thus shown that if he prevailed here he would be able to redress his injury by purchasing a firearm in the United States and he has sworn under penalty of perjury that he will do exactly that if federal law permits him. Article III does not require him to allege anything more about his shopping plans or his travel itinerary.
Satisfied that Dearth has standing to bring this suit, I also believe we have enough facts in the record to decide this case. Judge Henderson agrees. We disagree, however, on the merits. Forced to side either with a position that thinks we must remand for further factual development or with one that decides the issues differently than I would, I choose to break the tie in favor of the former. See, e.g., Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle, 539 U.S. 444, 455, 123 S.Ct. 2402, 156 L.Ed.2d 414 (2003) (Stevens, J., concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part) (abandoning his “preferred disposition of the case” and voting to remand so that there could be a “controlling judgment of the Court”); Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91, 134, 65 S.Ct. 1031, 89 L.Ed. 1495 (1945) (Rutledge, J., concurring) (concurring in the judgment and voting to remand, despite his views on the merits, “in order that disposition may be made of this case”).
Because there will not be a controlling opinion on the merits of the issues in this case, I do not find it appropriate to expound upon the important constitutional questions the case presents. See, e.g., Blair v. United States, 250 U.S. 273, 279, 39 S.Ct. 468, 63 L.Ed. 979 (1919) (“Considerations of propriety, as well as long-established practice, demand that we refrain from passing upon the constitutionality of an act of Congress unless obliged to do so in the proper performance of our judicial function.... ”). But I raise just two qualms with the dissent.
The dissent asserts that Dearth may purchase a firearm in Canada and bring it into the United States so long as the firearm itself is “generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes.” Dissent at 44. That is incorrect. Although the statutes the dissent cites may allow for such transport, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(l), 925(d), federal regulations bar it, see 27 C.F.R. § 478.111 (“[N]o firearm, firearm barrel, or ammunition may be imported or brought into the United States except as provided by this part.”); id. § 478.115(d)(1) (excepting from section 478.111 certain firearms only if the nonresident intends to use them “for legitimate hunting or lawful sporting purposes”). Though the statutes, as the dissent rightfully notes, “turn on the nature of the firearm, not its owner’s purpose,” Dissent at 44, the regulations do just the opposite.
The dissent sees no problem because regulations cannot trump statutes. Dissent at 44 n. 7. But Dearth faces real-life consequences as a result of the way the “regulations are interpreted and enforced in practice,” Dissent at 44 n. 7, regardless of whether a court might one day invalidate those regulations. So long as 27 C.F.R. § 478.111 remains in force, any firearms Dearth purchased abroad will be subject to seizure and forfeiture if he attempts to bring them into the United States for self-defense. See 27 C.F.R. § 478.152. Yet the dissent suggests that the burden Dearth faces is somehow lessened because he has “ample alternative means of exercising” his rights. Dissent at 44. But mark what Dearth must do to bring a firearm purchased abroad into the United States to defend himself: He must carry that weapon over the border, have it seized, argue to a judicial or administrative tribunal that the seizure was improper because the regulations are inconsistent with the relevant statutory text, and then keep his fingers crossed that the tribunal agrees. I fail to see how an alternative that requires breaking the law and then seeking vindication through litigation lessens any potential burden.
The dissent also suggests that Dearth lacks standing to challenge “the ban on rental or loan of a firearm” to nonresidents. Dissent at 48. I disagree. The challenged statutes do not contain a “ban on rental or loan of a firearm.” One of the statutes bans a nonresident from “receiving] any firearms,” see 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(9), while the other bans licensed firearm dealers from “sell[ing] or deliver[ing] .., any firearm to any” nonresident, see id. § 922(b)(3). That second statute, section 922(b)(3), excepts any dealer who rents a firearm to a nonresident— thus permitting rentals in a narrow set of circumstances. Dearth attempted to “receive” a firearm by asking a licensed dealer to “sell” one to him and was turned away because he is a nonresident. The statutes he challenges have thus caused him to suffer a “concrete and particularized” injury sufficient to satisfy constitutional standing requirements. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. 2130. The Constitution does not require Dearth to suffer an injury in every imaginable application of the statute. Cf. Dearth, 641 F.3d at 502 (holding that Dearth has standing because “the challenged provisions have ... thwarted [his] best efforts to acquire a firearm”). Had the statutes instead banned the purchase, rental, or loan of a firearm (or the sale, loan, or rental of one by a dealer), then this would be a different case, and Dearth would have standing to challenge only the prohibition that injures him. But since Congress chose a blanket ban on “receiv[ing]” and “sell[ing]” a firearm, and Dearth suffered an injury due to those restrictions, he has standing to challenge both statutes.
Finally, though I think a remand is unnecessary, I do agree that the record could be better developed. It is not entirely clear, for instance, whether Dearth intends to purchase firearms that he can use interchangeably for both sport and for self-defense, or whether he has in mind different firearms uniquely suited to each activity. I believe there is enough in the record to infer the answer to that question, but perhaps further factfinding on remand will eliminate the need for inferences. Dearth also notes that he plans to store his firearms at his parents’ house in Ohio. Nothing in the record, however, suggests that his parents have consented to that plan. I leave it to the district court to settle these details, along with any others it deems appropriate.
KAREN LeCRAFT HENDERSON, Circuit Judge,
dissenting:
I know enough about this case to decide it now. Stephen Dearth, a non-resident U.S. citizen, and similarly situated members of the Second Amendment Foundation challenge two subsections of 18 U.S.C. § 922, which are “part of a carefully constructed package of gun control legislation ... in existence for many years.” Ball v. United States, 470 U.S. 856, 862, 105 S.Ct. 1668, 84 L.Ed.2d 740 (1985) (citation omitted). A federal firearms licensee (FFL) may not “sell or deliver” a firearm to a person who “does not reside in ... the State in which the [FFL’s] place of business is located.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3). That provision has two exceptions, one of which is relevant here: An FFL may lend or rent a firearm to any person for “temporary use for lawful sporting purposes.” Id. § 922(b)(3)(B). On the reverse side of the coin, it is unlawful for “any person ... who does not reside in any State to receive any firearms unless such receipt is for lawful sporting purposes.” Id. § 922(a)(9) (emphasis added). Because a nonresident citizen like Dearth does not reside in a “State,” these provisions prevent him from (1) purchasing a firearm for any purpose while visiting the United States and (2) renting a firearm for self-defense while here. The plaintiffs contend that these provisions violate the Second Amendment.
Since District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 128 S.Ct. 2783, 171 L.Ed.2d 637 (2008), we have dealt with the predictable wave of Second Amendment litigation by adopting a two-step approach that asks whether the provision under review impinges on an individual’s Second Amendment right and, if so, whether it nonetheless passes muster under the appropriate level of scrutiny. See Schrader v. Holder, 704 F.3d 980, 988-89 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 512, 187 L.Ed.2d 365 (2013); Heller v. District of Columbia (Heller II), 670 F.3d 1244, 1252-53 (D.C.Cir.2011). Both of our cases since Heller and the overwhelming majority of cases from our sister circuits have followed this approach and applied intermediate scrutiny to various statutes regulating firearms. In my view, the proper application of intermediate scrutiny compels the conclusion that the challenged provisions of section 922 are constitutional.
Constitutional challenges to other provisions of section 922 have, post -Heller, been rejected again, and again, and again. Indeed, I can find no case in which a court of appeals has struck down any part of this criminal statute. The Supreme Court has at times shown “a general reticence to invalidate the acts of the Nation’s elected leaders” and noted that “ ‘[pjroper respect for a coordinate branch of the government’ requires that we strike down an Act of Congress only if ‘the lack of constitutional authority to pass [the] act in question is clearly demonstrated.’ ” Nat'l Fed’n of Indep. Bus. v. Sebelius, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 2566, 2579, 183 L.Ed.2d 450 (2012) (quoting United States v. Harris, 106 U.S. 629, 635, 1 S.Ct. 601, 27 L.Ed. 290 (1883) (first alteration added)). I share that reticence. If more exacting scrutiny is needed to invalidate a firearms law, the Supreme Court must lead the way. For the following reasons, I respectfully dissent from my colleagues’ decision to remand the plaintiffs’ Second Amendment challenge to section 922’s ban on the sale of a firearm to a non-resident citizen.
I. Scope of Second Amendment Right
At the first step of the analysis, we ask whether the challenged restrictions impinge upon an individual’s Second Amendment right. As just explained, the challenged provisions of section 922 prohibit a non-resident citizen from purchasing a firearm to use for self-defense while visiting the United States. Because a nonresident citizen is by definition outside his residence when he is here, the facts of this case implicate, if somewhat obliquely, the currently disputed question whether the Second Amendment has any application outside one’s home. Heller's holding guaranteeing the individual right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is expressly confined to the “home,” 554 U.S. at 635-36, 128 S.Ct. 2783, and the Court was careful to emphasize that the Second Amendment, “[l]ike most rights, ... is not unlimited,” id. at 626, 128 S.Ct. 2783. That is, it does not confer “a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose.” Id.
Whether, and to what extent, the Second Amendment applies to a resident citizen outside his house has split the circuits: One circuit has held that the Second Amendment affords no less protection outside the house than in; three have concluded that, if the Second Amendment affords any protection outside the house, it is more limited. Compare Moore v. Madigan, 702 F.3d 933, 941 (7th Cir.2012) (“The Supreme Court has decided that the amendment confers a right to bear arms for self-defense, which is as important outside the home as inside.”), with Drake v. Filko, 724 F.3d 426, 431, 436 (3d Cir.2013) (assuming “the Second Amendment’s individual right to bear arms may have some application beyond the home” but stating “[i]f the Second Amendment protects the right to carry a handgun outside the home for self-defense at all, that right is not part of the core of the Amendment” (emphasis in original; brackets and quotation marks omitted)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 2134, 188 L.Ed.2d 1124 (2014), Woollard v. Gallagher, 712 F.3d 865, 876 (4th Cir.) (assuming arguendo that right has some application outside house), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 422, 187 L.Ed.2d 281 (2013), and Kachalsky v. Cnty. of Westchester, 701 F.3d 81, 89, 96 (2d Cir.2012) (assuming right has “some application” outside house but applying intermediate scrutiny “[b]ecause our tradition so clearly indicates a substantial role for state regulation of the carrying of firearms in public”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1806, 185 L.Ed.2d 812 (2013). State courts are also split. Compare People v. Aguilar, 377 Ill.Dec. 405, 2 N.E.3d 321, 327 (2013) (agreeing with Moore), with Williams v. State, 417 Md. 479, 10 A.3d 1167, 1177 (2011) (“If the Supreme Court ... meant its holding to extend beyond home possession, it will need to say so more plainly.”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 93, 181 L.Ed.2d 22 (2011). The Supreme Court has to date declined invitations to resolve the split.
I prefer the Second, Third and Fourth Circuits’ slant and would hold that, assuming the Second Amendment has some application in this context, its core protection is not implicated by provisions that affect one’s ability to carry a firearm outside his house. See Drake, 724 F.3d at 436; Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 94; United States v. Masciandaro, 638 F.3d 458, 470 (4th Cir.) (“[A]s we move outside the home, firearm rights have always been more limited.... ”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 756, 181 L.Ed.2d 482 (2011). As already noted, the Supreme Court expressly and repeatedly limited its holding to the “home.” See, e.g., Heller, 554 U.S. at 573, 635-36, 128 S.Ct. 2783. I would extend Heller no further unless and until the Supreme Court does so itself:
On the question of Heller’s applicability outside the home environment, we think it prudent to await direction from the Court itself—
There may or may not be a Second Amendment right in some places beyond the home, but we have no idea what those places are, what the criteria for selecting them should be, what sliding scales of scrutiny might apply to them, or any one of a number of other questions. It is not clear in what places public authorities may ban firearms altogether without shouldering the burdens of litigation. The notion that “self-defense has to take place wherever [a] person happens to be,” appears to us to portend all sorts of litigation over schools, airports, parks, public thoroughfares, and various additional government facilities. And even that may not address the place of any right in a private facility where a public officer effects an arrest. The whole matter strikes us as a vast terra incognita that courts should enter only upon necessity and only then by small degree....
There simply is no need in this litigation to break ground that our superiors have not tread. To the degree that we push the right beyond what the Supreme Court in Heller declared to be its origin, we circumscribe the scope of popular governance, move the action into court, and encourage litigation in contexts we cannot foresee. This is serious business. We do not wish to be even minutely responsible for some unspeakably tragic act of mayhem because in the peace of our judicial chambers we miscalculated as to Second Amendment rights____
If ever there was an occasion for restraint, this would seem to be it.
Masciandaro, 638 F.3d at 475-76 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
Moreover, the long history of state restrictions on the carrying of firearms in public supports the view that Second Amendment rights are more limited outside the house. That history has been exhaustively canvassed by numerous courts. See Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 94-96 (documenting “longstanding tradition of states regulating firearm possession and use in public because of the dangers posed to public safety”); Peruta, 742 F.3d at 1182-91 (Thomas, J., dissenting) (history of right to carry concealed firearms in public); see also Drake, 724 F.3d at 431 (“We reject [the] contention that a historical analysis leads inevitably to the conclusion that the Second Amendment confers upon individuals a right to carry handguns in public for self-defense.”); Peterson v. Martinez, 707 F.3d 1197, 1210 (10th Cir.2013) (“There can be little doubt that bans on the concealed carrying of firearms are longstanding.”); Masciandaro, 638 F.3d at 470-71 (“longstanding out-of-the-home/in-the-home distinction bears directly on the level of scrutiny applicable” and therefore “a lesser showing is necessary with respect to laws that burden the right to keep and bear arms outside of the home”). I will not rehash that discussion here.
I would point out, however, that if we consider a factor unique to this case, the Government’s position becomes even stronger: In addition to the long history of regulating possession of firearms outside the house, there is a long history of regulating the acquisition and use of firearms by non-residents of a given State. The Government has identified twelve States and the District of Columbia that, in the early 20th century, imposed various restrictions on the acquisition, use or possession of firearms by non-residents. In 1919, North Carolina made it unlawful “for any person ... to sell, ... purchase or receive ... any pistol [or] so-called pump-gun” without a permit, which permits were available only to residents of North Carolina. Act of Mar. 10, 1919, ch. 197, §§ 1-2, 1919 N.C. Laws 397, 397-98, reprinted in Joint Appendix (JA) 159. Just as North Carolina law did a century ago, section 922 makes it unlawful for an FFL to “sell” a firearm to a non-resident of the FFL’s State, 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3), or for a person who does not reside in any State to “receive” a firearm therein, id. § 922(a)(9). In the 1920s, Michigan and Missouri banned the purchase of pistols and revolvers by non-residents. See Act of June 2, 1927, ch. 372, § 2, 1927 Mich. Acts 887, 887-88, reprinted in JA 155 (banning purchase of pistol without license, which license was available only to individuals residing in State for six months or more); Act of Apr. 7, 1921, § 2, 1921 Mo. Laws 692, reprinted in JA 156 (“[n]o person ... shall ... buy, sell, ... deliver or receive ... any pistol [or] revolver” without permit obtained from circuit clerk in Missouri county in which applicant resided). And numerous states prohibited nonresidents from obtaining permits to carry pistols and revolvers. This history “demonstrates that while the Second Amendment’s core concerns are strongest inside hearth and home, states have long recognized a countervailing and competing set of concerns” regarding the sale of firearms to non-residents and therefore “tradition ... clearly indicates a substantial role for state regulation.” Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 96.
The plaintiffs’ only response is to insist on carbon copy historical analogs. See Appellants’ Br. 41; Appellants’ Reply Br. 13. But “Heller demonstrates that a regulation can be deemed ‘longstanding’ even if it cannot boast a precise founding-era analogue.” NRA, 700 F.3d at 196; accord United States v. Skoien, 614 F.3d 638, 641 (7th Cir.2010) (en banc) (“[W]e do take from Heller the message that exclusions need not mirror limits that were on the books in 1791.”). If we demanded the telescopic level of similarity the plaintiffs demand, few laws could ever be deemed “longstanding” — including, perhaps, the laws considered longstanding in Heller itself. See Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1253 (noting that “Heller considered prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons to be longstanding although states did not start to enact them until the early 20th century” (quotation marks omitted)); United States v. McCane, 573 F.3d 1037, 1047-49 (10th Cir.2009) (Tymkovich, J., concurring) (questioning Heller’s statement that felon dispossession laws are “longstanding”). The salient point is that, for at least a century, numerous States have considered an individual’s residency to be a sine qua non of possessing firearms. Thus, whether or not the Second Amendment provides any protection outside one’s residence generally, the “core” Second Amendment protection announced in Heller does not include the right of a non-resident citizen to possess a firearm without regard to his residence.
II. Means/End Scrutiny
A. Level of Scrutiny
“[T]he level of scrutiny applicable under the Second Amendment surely depends on the nature of the conduct being regulated and the degree to which the challenged law burdens the right.” Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1257 (quotation marks omitted). “That is, a regulation that imposes a substantial burden upon the core right of self-defense protected by the Second Amendment must have a strong justification, whereas a regulation that imposes a less substantial burden should be proportionately easier to justify.” Id. Our precedent dictates that, although a statute’s burden may be “severe,” intermediate scrutiny applies if the burden “falls on individuals who cannot be said to be exercising the core of the Second Amendment right identified in Heller.” Schrader, 704 F.3d at 989. For the reasons explained in Part I supra, I believe the plaintiffs do not seek to exercise a core Second Amendment right. Intermediate scrutiny should therefore apply-
Further, the plaintiffs have ample alternative means of exercising their right. A citizen like Dearth who previously resided in the United States can purchase a firearm while he is a resident and, later, as a non-resident, carry that firearm into the United States with him for any lawful purpose. 18 U.S.C. § 925(d)(4); 27 C.F.R. § 478.115(a). Dearth admits that he never availed himself of this option. Appellants’ 2d Supp. Br. 25. And we know that one of the original plaintiffs did have such firearms. Sept. 20, 2012 Hr’g Tr. 4. Additionally, the plaintiffs could purchase firearms abroad and bring them into the United States so long as the firearm is “generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes.” See 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(l), 925(d). The availability of this option turns on the nature of the firearm, not its owner’s purpose, so the plaintiffs could presumably bring such firearms into the United States and use them for self-defense. See Springfield, Inc. v. Buckles, 292 F.3d 813, 817 (D.C.Cir.2002) (“the phrase ‘generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes’ ... refer[s] to the characteristics of the firearm” (quoting ATF report) (emphasis added)). The availability of these alternative means of exercising the Second Amendment right further justifies intermediate scrutiny. See Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1262. Even if the plaintiffs never took advantage of these options, their failure to do so weighs against them. Cf. Decastro, 682 F.3d at 168.
In the Second Amendment context, intermediate scrutiny is satisfied so long as “the regulation promotes a substantial governmental interest that would be achieved less effectively absent the regulation, and the means chosen are not substantially broader than necessary to achieve that interest.” Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1258 (quoting Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, 782-83, 109 S.Ct. 2746, 105 L.Ed.2d 661 (1989)). Although the Government must establish a “tight ‘fit’ between the [regulations] and an important or substantial governmental interest,” it need not employ “the least restrictive means,” but only “a means narrowly tailored to achieve the desired objective.” Id. (quoting Bd. of Trs. of State Univ. of N.Y. v. Fox, 492 U.S. 469, 480, 109 S.Ct. 3028, 106 L.Ed.2d 388 (1989)). Put differently, “the fit between the challenged regulation and the asserted objective need only be reasonable, not perfect.” Schrader, 704 F.3d at 990 (quoting Marzzarella, 614 F.3d at 98 (brackets omitted)); accord Staten, 666 F.3d at 167; see also Fox, 492 U.S. at 480, 109 S.Ct. 3028 (“What our decisions require is ... a fit that is not necessarily perfect, but reasonable; that represents not necessarily the single best disposition but one whose scope is in proportion to the interest served.” (citation omitted)); Michael M. v. Super. Ct. of Sonoma Cnty., 450 U.S. 464, 473, 101 S.Ct. 1200, 67 L.Ed.2d 437 (1981) (plurality opinion) (“The relevant inquiry ... is not whether the statute is drawn as precisely as it might have been, but whether the line chosen by the ... Legislature is within constitutional limitations.”); Nat'l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. FCC, 555 F.3d 996, 1002 (D.C.Cir.2009) (“The government does not have to show that it has adopted the least restrictive means for bringing about its regulatory objective; it does not have to demonstrate a perfect means-ends fit; and it does not have to satisfy a court that it has chosen the best conceivable option. The only condition is that the regulation be proportionate to the interests sought to be advanced.” (citing Fox, 492 U.S. at 476-81, 109 S.Ct. 3028)).
“In assessing this ‘fit,’ we afford ‘substantial deference to the predictive judgments of Congress.’” Schrader, 704 F.3d at 990 (quoting Turner Broad. Sys., Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622, 665, 114 S.Ct. 2445, 129 L.Ed.2d 497 (1994)). We do so because “[i]n the context of firearm regulation, the legislature is ‘far better equipped than the judiciary' to make sensitive policy judgments (within constitutional limits) concerning the dangers in carrying firearms and the manner to combat those risks.” Id. (quoting Kachalsky, 701 F.3d at 97 (quoting Turner Broad. Sys., 512 U.S. at 665, 114 S.Ct. 2445)). We have said that the Government “needs to present some meaningful evidence, not mere assertions, to justify its predictive judgments.” Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1259; accord Chester, 628 F.3d at 683. At the same time, “[t]he quantum of empirical evidence needed to satisfy heightened judicial scrutiny of legislative judgments will vary up or down with the novelty and plausibility of the justification raised.” Nixon v. Shrink Mo. Gov’t PAC, 528 U.S. 377, 391, 120 S.Ct. 897, 145 L.Ed.2d 886 (2000). And even when applying strict scrutiny, the Supreme Court has allowed the Government to carry its burden by relying “solely on history, consensus, and ‘simple common sense.’ ” Fla. Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 515 U.S. 618, 628, 115 S.Ct. 2371, 132 L.Ed.2d 541 (1995) (quoting Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 211, 112 S.Ct. 1846, 119 L.Ed.2d 5 (1992)); accord Carter, 669 F.3d at 418 (applying this precedent in Second Amendment context); see also Nat’l Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n, 555 F.3d at 1002 (our precedent does not always “require exhaustive evidence documenting the necessity of’ given regulation but instead has “relied on Congress’s reasonable, commonsense determination” that regulation is required). I would find that the Government has carried its burden here.
B. Government Interest
Intermediate scrutiny requires a “substantial” or “important” government interest. Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1258. The Government’s interest in preventing crime is not merely substantial and important; it is “compelling.” See United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 749, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987); Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 264, 104 S.Ct. 2403, 81 L.Ed.2d 207 (1984); Schrader, 704 F.3d at 989-90; Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1258. The Government offers two specific ways in which the challenged provisions of section 922 contribute to its interest in stopping crime: (1) preventing circumvention of State firearms regulations and (2) preventing international firearms trafficking. See Appellee’s Br. 25-30.
In the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, the Congress found:
(1) that there is a widespread traffic in firearms moving in or otherwise affecting interstate or foreign commerce ...;
(2) that the ease with which any person can acquire firearms other than a rifle or shotgun ... is a significant factor in the prevalence of lawlessness and violent crime in the United States;
(3) that only through adequate Federal control over interstate and foreign commerce in these weapons ... can this grave problem be properly dealt with ...; [and]
(5) that the sale or other disposition of concealable weapons by [FFLs] to nonresidents of the State in which the [FFLs’] places of business are located, has tended to make ineffective the laws ... in the several States and local jurisdictions regarding such firearms____
Pub.L. No. 90-351, Title IV, § 901(a), 82 Stat. 197, 225.
Among the provisions enacted in order “to cope with the conditions referred to” in the above findings, 82 Stat. at 226, was 18 U.S.C. § 922(b)(3). Section 922(b)(3)’s ban on the sale of a firearm to a person who does not reside in the FFL’s home state was a response to concerns that local law enforcement efforts in States with stricter firearms regulations were being undermined by an influx of firearms purchased by their residents in States with looser regulations. See S.Rep. No. 89-1866, at 19-20, reprinted in JA 59; H.R.Rep. No. 90-1577, at 4420 (section 922(b)(3) enacted in order to “prevent the avoidance of state and local laws controlling firearms by the simple expediency of crossing a State line to purchase one”); accord S.Rep. No. 90-1097, at 2204. For instance, the Massachusetts State Police traced 87% of the concealable firearms used in crimes to out-of-state purchases. S. REP. NO. 89-1866, at 3, reprinted in JA 43; see also id. at 61-62, reprinted in JA 101-02 (individual Senators’ views summarizing testimony and stating “[t]he record is replete with testimony documenting the fact that the purchase of firearms by persons in other than their resident State is a serious contributing factor to crime”). Section 922(b)(3) is buttressed by section 922(a)(5), which prevents a person other than an FFL from doing what an FFL cannot. Together, these provisions were intended to fix the problem of circumvention of State firearms laws.
The Congress did not, however, cover every angle. As originally codified, section 922(a)(5) barred non-FFLs from transferring firearms to “any person ... who the transferor knows ... resides in any State other than that in which the transferor resides.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(5) (1970). In a statement covering proposed amendments to several firearms laws, the U.S. Department of Justice observed that “[r]ead literally, this language may make it impossible to prosecute an individual who delivers a firearm to an alien or other person, such as a transient, who does not reside in ‘any State.’ ” 134 Cong. Rec. 12,309 (1988) (emphasis added). One Senator addressed the problem again in 1991 and proposed an amendment to close the loophole. He explained:
This section addresses the law enforcement problem posed by aliens legally in the United States, but not residing in any State, who acquire firearms from [FFLs] by utilizing an intermediary. Having acquired firearms in this country, such aliens often smuggle the weapons out of the country____However, the alien’s receipt of a firearm from a licensee or through an intermediary does not violate any specific portion of the Act.
137 Cong. Rec. 2743 (1991). When the amendment was finally enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub.L. No. 103— 322, Title XI, § 110514, 108 Stat. 1796, 2019, it closed the loophole by making it unlawful “for any person, other than a [FFL], who does not reside in any State to receive any firearms unless such receipt is for lawful sporting purposes.” 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(9) (emphasis added).
To summarize: Section 922(b)(3)’s ban on the sale of a firearm to a non-resident responded to specific Congressional findings about the need for such a ban to prevent the circumvention of State firearms laws; section 922(a)(9)’s ban on receipt of a firearm by a non-resident patched a loophole in the statute that increased the likelihood of international firearms trafficking. There can be no doubt, therefore, that the provisions serve the “compelling” governmental interest of crime prevention. See Salerno, 481 U.S. at 749, 107 S.Ct. 2095; Schall, 467 U.S. at 264, 104 S.Ct. 2403; Schrader, 704 F.3d at 989-90; Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1258.
C. Narrow Tailoring
The next inquiry is whether the government interest “would be achieved less effectively absent the regulation^], and [whether] the means chosen are not substantially broader than necessary to achieve that interest.” Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1258 (quoting Ward, 491 U.S. at 782-83, 109 S.Ct. 2746). The challenged provisions of section 922 play a vital role in combat-ting violent crime by preventing the circumvention of State firearms regulations and international firearms trafficking and they are narrowly tailored to serve their purpose.
Section 922(b)(3) prohibits an FFL from selling firearms (with an exception not relevant here) to a non-resident of the FFL’s State. The provision directly addresses the problem of circumvention of local firearms regulations identified by the Congress. See Pub.L. No. 90-351, Title IV, § 901(a), 82 Stat. at 225; S.Rep, No, 89-1866, at 19, reprinted in JA 59; H.R.Rep, No, 90-1577, at 4420; S.Rep. No, 90-1097, at 2204. Standing alone, it plainly passes muster. See Decastro, 682 F.3d at 168 (finding that accompanying provision banning transportation of firearms bought in another State into one’s State of residence “does not substantially burden [the] right to keep and bear arms” because it “does nothing to keep someone from purchasing a firearm in her home state, which is presumptively the most convenient place to buy anything”). Section 922(a)(5) — not challenged here — likewise furthers this interest by preventing a non-FFL from doing what an FFL cannot.
Section 922(a)(9)’s ban on receipt of a firearm by a nonresident is aimed at a different goal: preventing aliens and others not residing in any State from acquiring firearms they might smuggle out of the country. See 134 Cong. Rec. 12,309 (1988); 137 Cong. Rec. 2743 (1991). If preventing international firearms trafficking is the goal, preventing individuals who reside abroad from obtaining firearms in the United States is a “common sense” solution to the problem. Fla. Bar, 515 U.S. at 628, 115 S.Ct. 2371 (citation omitted); see Burson, 504 U.S. at 211, 112 S.Ct. 1846; Shrink Mo. Gov’t PAC, 528 U.S. at 391, 120 S.Ct. 897; cf. TSSAA v. Brentwood Acad., 551 U.S. 291, 300, 127 S.Ct. 2489, 168 L.Ed.2d 166 (2007) (“We need no empirical data to credit [the] commonsense conclusion that hard-sell tactics directed at middle school students could lead to exploitation— ”). This is particularly so with respect to a non-resident citizen, who by virtue of his citizenship may have an easier time crossing our borders. Cf. Moore, 702 F.3d at 940 (“[T]he state can prevail with less evidence when ... guns are forbidden to a class of persons who present a higher than average risk of misusing a gun.”). In addition, the Government has presented anecdotal evidence that firearms trafficking by non-resident citizens is indeed a substantial law enforcement concern. See Appellee’s Br. 32 n. 13 (collecting ATF press releases and other news reports identifying instances of nonresident United States citizens prosecuted for smuggling weapons across Canadian and Mexican borders). Restrictions on speech may be justified by studies and anecdotes, even ones “pertaining to different locales altogether,” Fla. Bar, 515 U.S. at 628, 115 S.Ct. 2371 (citing City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 50-51, 106 S.Ct. 925, 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986)); accord Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly, 533 U.S. 525, 558, 121 S.Ct. 2404, 150 L.Ed.2d 532 (2001) (collecting cases), and there is no reason that restrictions on the receipt of firearms should be treated differently.
The success of sections 922(a)(9) & (b)(3) in preventing circumvention of state law and international firearms trafficking depends in part on the definition of residency. The U.S. Department of Justice’s Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives defines an individual’s “State of residence” to require “presen[ce] in a State with the intention of making a home in that State.” 27 C.F.R. § 478.11. This definition addresses the problem the Congress identified back in 1968 that local law enforcement authorities were unaware of out-of-state firearms being brought into their jurisdictions and used for violent crime. See S.Rep. No. 89-1866, at 19, reprinted in JA 59. The requisite continuity of presence, when coupled with the identifying information that must be provided when purchasing a firearm, also facilitates law enforcement efforts to trace firearms in the course of criminal investigations. 131 CONG. REC. 18, 201 (1985); see Abramski v. United States, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 2259, 2269, 189 L.Ed.2d 262 (2014) (section 922’s record-keeping provisions “help[] to fight serious crime” by facilitating tracing (citing Nat’l Shooting Sports Found., Inc. v. Jones, 716 F.3d 200, 204 (D.C.Cir.2013))); Peterson, 707 F.3d at 1221 (Lucero, J., concurring) (Colorado residency requirement for concealed handgun license justified because local law enforcement officials have access to greater level of information with respect to resident applicants than nonresidents and greater ability to monitor if residents come into contact with local law enforcement authorities).
Each statutory provision challenged here therefore constitutes an independently supported restriction that is narrowly tailored to achieving the compelling government interest in crime prevention. The plaintiffs nevertheless object that taken together these restrictions prevent a nonresident citizen from acquiring firearms in the United States for anything other than the excepted temporary use for sport. As noted, however, the plaintiffs lack standing to challenge the ban on rental or loan of a firearm to a non-resident citizen. See supra n. 4. This disposes of the bulk of the plaintiffs’ arguments, which are largely directed at the “lawful sporting purpose” exception that exists for the rental ban but not the sales ban. Their remaining arguments are unpersuasive.
The plaintiffs appear to suggest that the government interest in preventing non-residents from acquiring firearms in the United States is limited to a non-resident alien and therefore the provisions are overbroad in their application to a non-resident citizen. See Appellants’ Br. 34-35; see also id. at 3 (“Congress did not intentionally create this legal landscape. In 1994, Congress surmised that foreign visitors might illegally smuggle arms overseas.... ”). In my view, the provisions are justified as applied to non-resident citizens as well as to aliens. The salient characteristic of the anti-smuggling rationale is residence. The ability of an individual who lives abroad to obtain firearms in the United States causes concern whether he is a citizen or an alien.
The plaintiffs also fault the Government for submitting what is admittedly a sparse evidentiary record demonstrating the Congress’s rationale for applying the ban on receipt of firearms to non-resident citizens. See Appellants’ Br. 36-38. It is hardly surprising that the Government is not able to offer more because the provisions at issue here were enacted in 1968 and 1994 — long before the individual-right view of the Second Amendment became the law of the land. See United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174, 178, 59 S.Ct. 816, 83 L.Ed. 1206 (1939); Lewis v. United States, 445 U.S. 55, 65-66 & n. 8, 100 S.Ct. 915, 63 L.Ed.2d 198 (1980) (citing Miller for proposition that “the Second Amendment guarantees no right to keep and bear a firearm that does not have ‘some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia’”); Heller, 554 U.S. at 638 n. 2, 128 S.Ct. 2783 (Stevens, J., dissenting) (collecting appellate decisions uniformly holding same until 2001). The Congress had no indication from the judiciary that the challenged provisions might run afoul of the Second Amendment; indeed, several Senators expressly stated their view to the contrary. See S.Rep. No. 89-1866, at 68, reprinted in JA 108 (“The decisions hold that the second amendment, unlike the first, was not adopted with the individual rights in mind, but is a prohibition upon Federal action which would interfere with the organization of militia by the States of the Union.” (citing Miller and other cases)). The Congress had no reason to make an extensive record of findings regarding the Second Amendment consequences of the provisions as applied to this narrow class of individuals. As the Third Circuit recently observed in upholding New Jersey’s handgun permit law:
New Jersey’s inability to muster legislative history indicating what reports, statistical information, and other studies its legislature pondered when it concluded that requiring handgun permit applicants to demonstrate a “justifiable need” would reasonably further its substantial public safety interest, notwithstanding the potential burden on Second Amendment rights, is unsurprising. First, at each relevant moment in the history of New Jersey gun laws, spanning from 1905 to 1981, the legislature could not have foreseen that restrictions on carrying a firearm outside the home could run afoul of a Second Amendment that had not yet been held to protect an individual right to bear arms, given that the teachings of Heller were not available until that landmark case was decided in 2008____Simply put, New Jersey’s legislators could not have known that they were potentially burdening protected Second Amendment conduct, and as such we refuse to hold that the fit here is not reasonable merely because New Jersey cannot identify a study or tables of crime statistics upon which it based its predictive judgment.
Drake, 724 F.3d at 437-38 (footnotes omitted).
Although we demand “evidence, not mere assertions,” Heller II, 670 F.3d at 1259, the “quantum of empirical evidence” required is lower where, as here, the justifications offered are plausible, not novel, Shrink Mo. Gov’t PAC, 528 U.S. at 391, 120 S.Ct. 897. Such evidence may take many forms, including anecdotal evidence, history, consensus and, perhaps most importantly, good old common sense. Fla. Bar, 515 U.S. at 628, 115 S.Ct. 2371. The Government has demonstrated that the challenged provisions are tailored to the specific interests identified: preventing international firearms trafficking and circumvention of State firearms regulations. It has done so by pointing to legislative findings regarding the law enforcement problems posed by the purchase of firearms by non-residents and anecdotal evidence about international firearms trafficking by non-resident citizens.
For these reasons, I would hold that the challenged provisions of section 922 are constitutional insofar as they ban the sale of a firearm to a non-resident citizen. Therefore, I respectfully dissent from my colleagues’ decision to remand.
. At reargument Dearth’s counsel proposed that his client might be able to purchase a firearm in Texas, for instance, because — according to counsel — Texas does not have a residency requirement. But of course counsel’s proposal is not evidence. And we have no evidence that Dearth has ever been in Texas, or that he would drive or fly there to engage in such a transaction, or that he would legally be able to transport a firearm from Texas into whatever other state he was visiting.
I also note that the opinion does not ask Dearth to identify the county or city in which he previously tried to purchase a firearm (or would in the future), even though those jurisdictions may have laws or regulations prohibiting the sale of firearms to nonresidents. The reason that we do not need that information, of course, is that the Constitution does not require it — just as it does not require him to specify in which state he previously attempted to buy a gun (or where he will if allowed).
. The plaintiffs also contend that these provisions violate their rights to international travel and equal protection. I do not consider these claims separately, however, because they trigger nothing more than rational-basis scrutiny. See Califano v. Aznavorian, 439 U.S. 170, 177, 99 S.Ct. 471, 58 L.Ed.2d 435 (1978) (laws with only incidental effect on right to international travel evaluated under rational-basis scrutiny); Dixon v. Dist. of Columbia, 666 F.3d 1337, 1342 (D.C.Cir.2011) (same for laws that do not draw suspect classifications or violate fundamental rights); Kwong v. Bloomberg, 723 F.3d 160, 170 n. 19 (2d Cir.2013) (equal protection does not provide additional safeguard for Second Amendment rights), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 2696, 189 L.Ed.2d 739 (2014). The challenged laws easily satisfy that standard.
. See, e.g., United States v. Decastro, 682 F.3d 160, 161 (2d Cir.2012) (transportation of firearm from another state into one’s state of residence under section 922(a)(3)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 838, 184 L.Ed.2d 665 (2013); NRA v. ATF, 700 F.3d 185, 203-04 (5th Cir.2012) (sale of handgun by federally licensed dealer to person under 21 years old pursuant to section 922(b)(1)), cert. denied, — U.S, -, 134 S.Ct. 1364, 188 L.Ed.2d 296 (2014); United States v. Moore, 666 F.3d 313, 316-17 (4th Cir.2012) (possession of firearm by felon under section 922(g)(1)); Schrader, 704 F.3d at 990-91 (section 922(g)(1) as applied to common-law misdemeanants); United States v. Pruess, 703 F.3d 242, 247 (4th Cir.2012) (section 922(g)(1) as applied to nonviolent felons); United States v. Dugan, 657 F.3d 998, 999 (9th Cir.2011) (possession of firearm by unlawful user of controlled substance under section 922(g)(3)); United States v. McRobie, No. 08-4632, — F.3d -, 2009 WL 82715, at *1 (4th Cir. Jan. 14, 2009) (unpublished per curiam) (possession of firearm by person committed to mental institution under section 922(g)(4)); United States v. Carpio-Leon, 701 F.3d 974, 982 (4th Cir.2012) (possession of firearm by illegal alien under section 922(g)(5)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 58, 187 L.Ed.2d 50 (2013); United States v. Mahin, 668 F.3d 119, 123-24 (4th Cir.2012) (possession of firearm while subject to domestic protection order under section 922(g)(8)); United States v. Booker, 644 F.3d 12, 26 (1st Cir.2011) (possession of firearm by person convicted of domestic violence misdemeanor under section 922(g)(9)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 1538, 182 L.Ed.2d 175 (2012); United States v. Marzzaralla, 614 F.3d 85, 101 (3d Cir.2010) (possession of firearm with obliterated serial number under section 922(k)), cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1158, 131 S.Ct. 958, 178 L.Ed.2d 790 (2011); United States v. Henry, 688 F.3d 637, 640 & n. 3 (9th Cir.2012) (possession of machine gun under section 922(o)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 996, 184 L.Ed.2d 773 (2013); United States v. Rene E., 583 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir.2009) (possession of handgun by juvenile under section 922(x)(2)), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 1133, 130 S.Ct. 1109, 175 L.Ed.2d 921 (2010).
. The Fourth Circuit has twice remanded challenges to provisions of section 922 to the district court for further evidentiary development because the Government had not satisfied its burden of demonstrating the fit between the government interest and the challenged provision. See United States v. Carter, 669 F.3d 411, 421 (4th Cir.2012) (section 922(g)(3)); United States v. Chester, 628 F.3d 673, 683 (4th Cir.2010) (section 922(g)(9)). In each case, the district court upheld the statute on remand, see United States v. Carter, No. 2:09-cr-00055, 2012 WL 5935710, at *7 (S.D.W.Va. Nov. 27, 2012); United States v. Chester, 847 F.Supp.2d 902, 912 (S.D.W.Va.2012), and the Fourth Circuit affirmed, see United States v. Carter, 750 F.3d 462, 464 (4th Cir.2014); United States v. Chester, 514 Fed.Appx. 393, 395 (4th Cir.2013); see also United States v. Staten, 666 F.3d 154, 167 (4th Cir.2011), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 1937, 182 L.Ed.2d 794 (2012).
The Sixth Circuit, applying strict scrutiny, held that section 922(g)(4) — which prohibits possession of firearms by any person "who has been committed to a mental institution”— was unconstitutional on the record before it. See Tyler v. Hillsdale Cnty. Sheriffs Dep't, 775 F.3d 308, 330, 344 (6th Cir.2014). That opinion has since been vacated and the case will be reheard en banc.
. I believe the plaintiffs lack standing to challenge section 922’s ban on rental of a firearm by a non-resident citizen. Their complaint and declarations state only that they want to purchase firearms and, thus, that is the only aspect of the challenged provisions they have standing to contest. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 357-58 & n. 6, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606 (1996) (because “standing is not dispensed in gross,” a plaintiff "who has been subject to injurious conduct of one kind” does not "possess by virtue of that injuty the necessary stake in litigating conduct of another kind, although similar, to which he has not been subject”).
. A panel of the Ninth Circuit agreed with the Seventh Circuit that "carrying weapons in public for the lawful purpose of self defense is a central component of the right to bear arms.” Peruta v. County of San Diego, 742 F.3d 1144, 1175 (9th Cir.2014). That case, however, is currently being reheard en banc.
. See Act of May 21, 1913, ch. 608, § 1, 1913 N.Y. Laws 1627, 1628-29, reprinted in JA 157-59 (permit to carry pistol or revolver inapplicable to "any person not a citizen of and usually resident in the state of New York”); Act of May 29, 1922, ch. 485, § 9, 1922 Mass. Acts 560, 563, reprinted in JA 155 (permit to carry pistol or revolver issued only to "persons residing or having a place of business within the jurisdiction of the person issuing the license"); Act of Feb. 16, 1909, ch. 51, 1909 W. Va. Acts 394, 395-96, reprinted in JA 160-61 (same); Act of Mar. 11, 1924, ch, 137 §§ 1-2, 1924 N.J. Acts 305, 305-06, reprinted in Ik 157 (same for “revolver, pistol or other firearm"); Act of June 2, 1923, ch, 252, §§ 2-3, 1923 Conn, Acts 3707, reprinted in Ik 153 (permit to carry pistol or revolver issued to any person having "bona fide residence” in local jurisdiction or to any “bona fide resident of the United States having a permit or license to carry any firearm" in another State); Act of Mar. 12, 1925, ch. 207 §§ 5, 7, 1925 Ind. Laws 495, 496-97, reprinted in JA 154 (same); Act of July 8, 1932, ch. 465, §§ 4, 6, 47 Stat. 650, 651 (1932), reprinted in Ik 153— 54 (similar District of Columbia statute including concealed carry permits); Firearms Act, ch. 1052, §§ 4, 6, 1927 R.I. Laws 256, 257, 258, reprinted in JA 160 (same); Act of Feb. 25, 1939, ch. 14, 1939 Me. Acts 53, reprinted in Ik 154-55 (concealed carry permits available only to residents of local jurisdiction); Act of June 2, 1927, ch. 372, § 6, 1927 Mich. Acts 887, 888-89, reprinted in Ik 155-56 (banning concealed carrying of pistol without license, which licenses were available only to individuals residing in State for six months or more); Act of Mar, 3, 1919, ch. 74, § 5, 1919 Mont. Acts 147, 148, reprinted in JA 156-57 (same).
. The concurrence contends that the ATF regulations, 27 C.F.R. §§ 478.111(a), 115(d)(1), somehow supersede the statutory command that "[t]he Attorney General shall authorize a firearm or ammunition to be imported or brought into the United States or any possession thereof if the firearm or ammunition ... is generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes.” 18 U.S.C. § 925(d)(3) (emphasis added). However those regulations are interpreted and enforced in practice, they plainly cannot “bar” what the statute "allow[s] for.” Concur. Op. 36. See Mohasco Corp. v. Silver, 447 U.S. 807, 825, 100 S.Ct. 2486, 65 L.Ed.2d 532 (1980) (regulations cannot be "inconsistent with the statutory mandate” or “supersede the language chosen by Congress”); see also Gun South, Inc. v. Brady, 877 F.2d 858, 863 (11th Cir.1989) (“Section 925(d)(3) ... unambiguously requires the [Attorney General] to authorize the importation of sporting firearms.” (emphasis added)).
. Even if the application of the provisions to a non-resident citizen were overbroad, we have permitted some degree of over-inclusiveness in firearms legislation. See Schrader, 704 F.3d at 990-91 (“To be sure, some common-law misdemeanants, perhaps even Schrader, may well present no such risk, but 'Congress is not limited to case-by-case exclusions of persons who have been shown to be untrustworthy with weapons, nor need these limits be established by evidence presented in court.’ ” (quoting Skoien, 614 F.3d at 641)). Our sister circuits have repeatedly done the same. See, e.g., Jackson v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 746 F.3d 953, 966 (9th Cir.2014) (rejecting claim that handgun storage requirement is impermissibly over-inclusive because some handgun owners live alone and thus risk of unauthorized access by children is absent); Peterson, 707 F.3d at 1222 (Lucero, J., concurring) (residency requirement justified because officials have access to more information about residents than non-residents in the aggregate "even if ... this information gap may not be present in every case”); United States v. Huitron-Guizar, 678 F.3d 1164, 1170 (10th Cir.) (upholding section 922(g)(5) and noting ”[i]t is surely a generalization to suggest, as courts do, that unlawfully present aliens, as a group, pose a greater threat to public safety — but general laws deal in generalities” (citation omitted)), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 289, 184 L.Ed.2d 170 (2012); Carter, 669 F.3d at 420-21 (rejecting argument that section 922(g)(3) is over-inclusive because it disarms all drug users without individualized determination of threat to public safety); Marzzarella, 614 F.3d at 99-101 (rejecting argument that section 922(k)’s ban on firearms with obliterated serial number is fatally over-inclusive because laboratory tests can often reveal serial number).
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Hiroko Makino
Hiroko Makino (牧野 紘子) is a Japanese swimmer. She competed in the women's 200 metre butterfly event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.
At the 2014 Junior Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Hawaii, United States, Makino won a silver medal in the 400 metre individual medley with a time of 4:45.23 and a bronze medal in the 4×200 metre freestyle relay, where she split a 2:02.62 to contribute to the final time of 8:09.26. | WIKI |
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My Master’s Dissertation: Secondary Transfer of Trace DNA
By uctzsh0, on 17 April 2016
One of the forefronts of forensic DNA research is the secondary transfer of trace DNA. Secondary transfer is an example of passive transfer and occurs when one person’s DNA is deposited onto an object by someone (or something) else. Trace DNA is usually found in small amounts from sources such as skin cells which are deposited on an object after it has been touched or casually handled. If this object becomes evidence in a criminal investigation, the possibility of placing an innocent individual at the crime scene arises. The occurrence of secondary transfer of trace DNA has only come to light in the last several years and so there is currently not much known about it. The study I have proposed for my dissertation will evaluate if relative pressure of contact has any effect on the transfer of trace DNA. Knowing this will reveal what factors are required for secondary transfer to happen, and help uncover its relevance in a forensic context.
Tobias, Samuel
Me dusting for prints in a CSI practical session
Forensic DNA technology has progressed to the point where genetic profiles can be generated from samples where only a few cells are present. For this reason, steps have to be taken to prevent any contamination of the samples. The research undertaken by the UCL Centre for Forensic Science is carried out in the collaborative UCL division of Biosciences, UCL CFS and UCL Institute of Archaeology Ancient DNA facility. The ultra-clean lab provides a safe and contamination-free space to extract the DNA from the low-template samples of trace DNA.
As the use of DNA in forensic science continues to expand, the need for scientific literature on the subject will only grow as well. The occurrence of secondary DNA transfer is on the leading-edge of forensic biology research; therefore, my ultimate goal is to create a publishable study that will contribute to the field of forensic DNA research in a beneficial way.
CFS Seminar Series – Julie Allard PFS
By uctzgam, on 27 February 2014
February 6, 2014
This seminar was from one of Principal Forensic Services’ forensic biologists, Julie Allard, who specialises in body fluids and their potential to provide DNA profiles for use in a criminal investigation. The types of body fluids discussed included blood, semen and saliva, all of which have presumptive tests for their detection:
• Blood – Leucomalachite Green (LMG) test
• Semen – Acid phosphatase test
• Saliva – Phadebas test
These tests produce a colour change indicating the presence of the body fluid in question, and can be used on different materials including clothes and weapons. Once areas presumed to contain these body fluids have been identified, samples can be sent for DNA profiling. This is where it starts to get a bit tricky, not only can different levels of interpretation be addressed in relation to the DNA evidence obtained, the DNA evidence itself can be troublesome! For example, is there enough DNA present to produce a profile? Is there a mixture of two or more people’s DNA present? Has the DNA profile come from the body fluid in question? Whose DNA and therefore body fluid is present in the sample? Can the presence of a given person’s DNA determine the actions of that individual?
Julie emphasised the importance to take the context of the case into account when answering these questions. A forensic scientist may address the activity level of the evidence, e.g. Person A kicked Person B but must not address the question of whether or not a person committed a crime or not, since this is the job of the jury. The CAI (case assessment and interpretation) model aids a forensic scientist in evaluating the evidence they are given in a balanced, logical, robust and transparent manner.
However, the interpretation of evidence for use in court is a contentious subject, Julie pointed out that as new information arises concerning a case, the evidence must be re-evaluated in light of this new information. Furthermore, it is likely that the information that the prosecution scientist has received does not correlate with the information received by the defence scientist, leading to much disagreement between experts!
Finally, for forensic scientists to effectively use the CAI model to clearly show how a given conclusion was derived from the evidence provided, in light of the case information, Julie stressed that the logical assessment and interpretation steps need to be based upon empirical data that mimics the forensic context.
www.principalforensicservices.com | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Scfavrot
Hello,
My name is Sarah Favrot and I'm a graduate student in the University of San Francisco's Environmental Management program. As a requirement for my Environmental Law II course, I will be creating/expanding a wikipedia article on a relevant public policy topic. Possible Wiki Article Topics:
* 1) Sustainable Communities Strategy (an element of SB 375, the Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008)
* 2) Ocean Beach, San Francisco, California Public Policy: Ocean Beach Task Force; Vision Council; Master Plan; Renewable Energy
* 3) Plastic Bag Ban
* 4) ???
* 5) ???
/sandbox
Amy's Sandbox: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Amybekah/sandbox | WIKI |
Helicopter blades are made out of various materials, including titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, carbon fiber, and fiberglass.
These materials are mixed together to form a composite material in order to take full advantage of each material’s unique properties and strengths.
This hasn’t always been the case, though. It only applies to the modern helicopters you see flying today.
Helicopter blades have been made from a variety of materials over the years.
A Short History of the Materials Helicopter Blades Are Made From
Wooden Blades
The very first helicopters like the Bell 47, which was introduced in 1946 and was the first helicopter certified for civilian use, had blades that were made out of wood.
Wood rotor blades may have been strong and flexible and worked well at the time, but they certainly had their pitfalls.
Wooden blades could easily be damaged beyond repair by the environment and the elements, such as rain, dust, and stone.
This often resulted in a dangerous out-of-balance rotor system, which caused lateral vibration and made starting up the helicopter challenging.
Additionally, as the blades were flown as sets, if one was damaged then you had to replace both, which was hardly efficient or cost-effective.
Metal Blades
Due to the problems that were inherent with wooden blades, metal blades began to appear.
One of the great advantages of switching to metal blades was that the individual blade could be replaced instead of the whole set.
Metal blades weren’t perfect, though.
If a metal blade cracked or was damaged in an important area, it could result in catastrophic failure. A pilot wouldn’t even have any prior warning, so would be unable to take any evasive action.
Soon after, the introduction of honeycomb construction appeared and was an important milestone in the design of helicopter blades.
This allowed the blades to be designed in a better shape that increased performance while also creating greater strength.
Non-Metallic Composite Blades
Metal blades may have been a step-up over wood, but their sudden weakness of being damaged or cracked in a critical area couldn’t be overlooked.
Non-metallic blades made out of composite materials were therefore introduced and gave plenty of warning if a problem started to develop.
The first non-metallic blades utilized fiberglass skins that could prevent catastrophic failure in two ways.
One was that there would be visible damage to the blade itself, and the other was there would be a gradual increasing vertical vibration that pilots could notice.
Composite Blades
Today helicopter blades are made out of composite materials, including titanium, aluminum, stainless steel, carbon fiber, and fiberglass that cover a foam or Nomex core.
This has resulted in several improvements to helicopter rotor-blade design, with their very slow failure arguably being the most important.
This is down to the composite blades being designed in a way that uses crisscrossed layers of fabric to resist cracking. The blades also do not corrode and can be made with fewer joints and fewer parts.
When it comes to performance, composite blades also come out ahead due to the great deal of blade stiffness and flexibility that designers can take full advantage of to create custom molds.
This gives designers a lot of room to create helicopter blades that can reduce vibration, produce as much lift as possible, reduce drag as much as possible, be as efficient as possible, last as long as possible, and closely match actual blade performance to their paper designs.
However, helicopter composite blades can be expensive to manufacture, requiring more money and effort during the fabrication and finishing process.
Ultimately, though, this increased cost and effort is more than worth it in the long run for both safety and performance purposes.
Michael Price - Aviation Expert
Aircraft Engineer
Michael is an aircraft engineer and aviation expert with an insatiable passion for all things aviation-related.
With decades of experience and knowledge under his belt, Michael is an authority on the intricacies of private, commercial, and military aircraft.
Michael has been quoted or mentioned in major publications, including Business Insider, The Observer, Next Big Future, HowStuffWorks, CleanTechnica, Yahoo, UK Defence Journal, 19FortyFive, as well as referenced on Wikipedia. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Monday, 30 January 2017
Why Linux Is More Secure Than Windows
"Security through obscurity" may be a catchy phrase, but it's not the only thing that's catching among Windows users.
The expression is intended to suggest that proprietary software is more secure by virtue of its closed nature. If hackers can't see the code, then it's harder for them to create exploits for it--or so the thinking goes.
Unfortunately for Windows users, that's just not true--as evidenced by the never-ending parade of patches coming out of Redmond. In fact, one of Linux's many advantages over Windows is that it is more secure--much more. For small businesses and other organizations without a dedicated staff of security experts, that benefit can be particularly critical.
Five key factors underlie Linux's superior security:
1. Privileges
Linux systems are by no means infallible, but one of their key advantages lies in the way account privileges are assigned. In Windows, users are generally given administrator access by default, which means they pretty much have access to everything on the system, even its most crucial parts. So, then, do viruses. It's like giving terrorists high-level government positions.
With Linux, on the other hand, users do not usually have such "root" privileges; rather, they're typically given lower-level accounts. What that means is that even if a Linux system is compromised, the virus won't have the root access it would need to do damage systemwide; more likely, just the user's local files and programs would be affected. That can make the difference between a minor annoyance and a major catastrophe in any business setting.
2. Social Engineering
Viruses and worms often spread by convincing computer users to do something they shouldn't, like open attachments that carry viruses and worms. This is called social engineering, and it's all too easy on Windows systems. Just send out an e-mail with a malicious attachment and a subject line like, "Check out these adorable puppies!"--or the porn equivalent--and some proportion of users is bound to click without thinking. The result? An open door for the attached malware, with potentially disastrous consequences organizationwide.
Thanks to the fact that most Linux users don't have root access, however, it's much harder to accomplish any real damage on a Linux system by getting them to do something foolish. Before any real damage could occur, a Linux user would have to read the e-mail, save the attachment, give it executable permissions and then run the executable. Not very likely, in other words.
3. The Monoculture Effect
However you want to argue the exact numbers, there's no doubt that Microsoft Windows still dominates most of the computing world. In the realm of e-mail, so too do Outlook and Outlook Express. And therein lies a problem: It's essentially a monoculture, which is no better in technology than it is in the natural world. Just as genetic diversity is a good thing in the natural world because it minimizes the deleterious effects of a deadly virus, so a diversity of computing environments helps protect users.
Fortunately, a diversity of environments is yet another benefit that Linux offers. There's Ubuntu, there's Debian, there's Gentoo, and there are many other distributions. There are also many shells, many packaging systems, and many mail clients; Linux even runs on many architectures beyond just Intel. So, whereas a virus can be targeted squarely at Windows users, since they all use pretty much the same technology, reaching more than a small faction of Linux users is much more difficult. Who wouldn't want to give their company that extra layer of assurance?
4. Audience Size
Hand-in-hand with this monoculture effect comes the not particularly surprising fact that the majority of viruses target Windows, and the desktops in your organization are no exception. Millions of people all using the same software make an attractive target for malicious attacks.
5. How Many Eyeballs
"Linus' Law"--named for Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux--holds that, "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." What that means is that the larger the group of developers and testers working on a set of code, the more likely any flaws will be caught and fixed quickly. This, in other words, is essentially the polar opposite of the "security through obscurity" argument.
With Windows, it's a limited set of paid developers who are trying to find problems in the code. They adhere to their own set timetables, and they don't generally tell anyone about the problems until they've already created a solution, leaving the door open to exploits until that happens. Not a very comforting thought for the businesses that depend on that technology.
In the Linux world, on the other hand, countless users can see the code at any time, making it more likely that someone will find a flaw sooner rather than later. Not only that, but users can even fix problems themselves. Microsoft may tout its large team of paid developers, but it's unlikely that team can compare with a global base of Linux user-developers around the globe. Security can only benefit through all those extra "eyeballs."
Once again, none of this is to say that Linux is impervious; no operating system is. And there are definitely steps Linux users should take to make their systems as secure as possible, such as enabling a firewall, minimizing the use of root privileges, and keeping the system up to date. For extra peace of mind there are also virus scanners available for Linux, including ClamAV. These are particularly good measures for small businesses, which likely have more at stake than individual users do.
It's also worth noting that security firm Secunia recently declared that Apple products have more security vulnerabilities than any others--including Microsoft's.
Either way, however, when it comes to security, there's no doubt that Linux users have a lot less to worry about.
SOURCE:pcworld.com
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User:Goochelaar
My name is Daniele A. Gewurz. I am a translator (EN>IT, mostly) and a mathematician based in Rome, Italy.
I keep the blog (in Italian) L'Accademia de' Pignuoli; I manage the Dragomanni project for self-publishing of translations (into Italian, for now) by professional translators.
Among my contribution to the Wikipedia, I am particularly fond of the articles I have initiated (in some cases, beginning by translating other Wikipedias' equivalent articles):
Other Wikipedia articles to which I have contributed (not considering vandalism reversions and minor interventions) include:
See the subpage /Writers for some writers and books I'd like to work on, while the subpage /Useful pages links to frequently useful WP pages. | WIKI |
How to Rip Streaming Video
Whether on YouTube, Google Video or just a random website, the Internet is full of embedded streaming video. The only real drawback of these videos is that you have to wait for them to buffer before you can watch them fully. This is not that big a problem for short videos, but for videos that you watch over and over again, the buffering process can become tedious. There is a simple process you can use to save streaming video directly to the computer's desktop, without downloading any programs or files.
girl in the cafe
credit: prostooleh/iStock/Getty Images
Step
Press the Windows Start button in the bottom left corner of the computer screen. From there, select "Control Panel," and then double-click "Network and Internet Connections."
Step
Locate and double-click the "Internet Options" icon in the bottom of the window. Once the "Internet Options" window opens, press the buttons in the center of the screen that say "Delete Files" and "Delete Cookies." The deleting process may take up to a minute to complete — you may think your computer has frozen, but it hasn't, so be patient.
Step
Visit the website with the streaming video you want to save and play the video from start to finish. You will be able to save only the portion of the video that has been played. In addition, do not skip to different sections of the video unless you do not want the skipped sections to be in the saved file.
Step
Select the "Tools" tab from the browser's toolbar, located at the top of the website's window. From the list of options that appear, select "Internet Options."
Step
Select "Settings" from the center of the window that opens; a second small window will then pop up. From this window press the "View Files" button. A list of files will open. Scroll through the list and locate the file of the video you just watched. This file will be the largest in the list, and should be listed at the very top. Right-click on the file name and press "Copy."
Step
Paste the file to your computer's desktop so you can find it easily later. With the cursor anywhere on your desktop, right-click to make an options menu appear. Scroll through the options and left-click when the word "Paste" is highlighted. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:RustyRafters/sandbox
We Caught A Baseball
We Caught A Baseball, also known as We CAB for short, is an American comedy group that started in the late 1990's by a group of young friends who continue to produce material, including:
* Two studio albums - Power wagon, Sno-Commander, Super Jungle Escamator. (released Nov, 11th, 2001) & We Caught A baseball ...Who threw it?!? . (Released June 24th 2004.)
* A Third album in the works - (no information given)
* Video games - The Matrix Man series, and other various titles. (under the brand name Semi-soft interactive , from 1998-2003).
* A two volume collection of rare, previously unreleased songs. - ( We Caught A Baseball ...And got lost!. Vol 1&2. Remastered and released 2008.)
* WeCAB Tv. - Season 1, 1998-2005. Season 2, 2006-2015. Season 3, 2016- still in production!
* The Rusty Rafters Podcast - currently 7 episodes. still in production! (Originally released on Soundcloud only, but will soon migrate to youtube)
* Soundtrack collection - a collection of all music used in WeCAB Tv. (untitled and unreleased as of now).
* Demo collection - 96 Astronauts agree!! Volume 1 soon to be released as a Youtube Exclusive playlist!
Members
The core Members ; Dan Auer, Zac Ciancarelli, George Daniello, James Daniello, and Mike Scanlon, who collaborate on song writing, sketch writing, short films video games, and podcasts.
With George Daniello and Dan Auer acting as primary directors; the team however, does not have any single leader and they work collaboratively when choosing, writing and creating projects.
Other original core members ; include Jerermy Blumenauer (who appears on the 1st album) and Sean Scanlon (who appears on the first 2 albums and season one of WeCAB TV.) left due to personal reasons and life choices.
Satellite members ; who include Raymond Calvosa, Max Ciancarelli, Brett DeCosmo, Ed Peirno, and Ryan Welsch, also take part in the writing, guest appearing, producing and editing of We CAB material.
Special guests ; which include English Anthony, KC, Marianne Daniello (listed as Marianne Stewart on the credits of the 2nd album), Michael D, Ronnie De Nardo, Jessie Goodenough, Author Reed, Rob Stoer, Nicholas Ink, and Pete Tennyson, make cameos or guest appearances on the albums and or on We CAB Tv.
The core group has slightly changed, with 2 members leaving for personal reasons and a few joining throughout the years.
Hystory - (Chronological order)
The Daniello's - Beginning at ages 13 and 14, the Daniello Brothers (James the older one and George the younger one) began making extremely offbeat and comedic video games, under the brand name Semi-Soft interactive, with james Daniello doing the programming and George Daniello taking the duty of art direction, working on and creating The Matrix Man Series, along with a few other games.
They worked on all ideas collaboratively, making all their friends come over, test the games they made, and also take part in the creative process, watching everyone who played burst out in laughter.
Apart from making video games, they also began to take up instruments, James took up the Keyboards and George Took up Bass guitar, spending hours of free time playing together and with the Scanlon's who they met in elementary school.
The Scanlon's - Having gone to the same elementary school as the Daniello's, and being closely the same age, their paths would soon meet and they would find themselves becoming good friends with each other.
Michael Scanlon, (the older one) and Sean Scanlon (the younger one), played instruments and received music lessons from a young age and would soon invite the Daniello's over to the studio, that father John Scanlon, owned and would often play keyboards.
They have produced 2 studio albums, 2 seasons of We CAB Tv with a third in the works, 4 video games and began a series of podcasts.
Using their random and offbeat humor, they soon gained a cult following after the release of their first album Power wagon, Sno-Commander, Super Jungle Escamator. in the fall of 2001.
in the late 90's they produced a series of video games under the brand name Semi-Soft Entertainment video game company, created by the Daniello Brothers sometime in 1998. | WIKI |
User:Utahjbarker/be bold
Being bold is important on Wikipedia. This article was created by a student at Brigham Young University. | WIKI |
Yeni Mosque, Edessa
The Yeni Mosque (Γενί Τζαμί, from Yeni Camii) is a historical Ottoman-era mosque in the town of Edessa, Macedonia, in Greece, and it is the only surviving mosque of the town. It now functions as a museum.
History
Based on the monument's morphology and its mention by Ottoman explorer and traveller Evliya Çelebi in 1668, the mosque's construction can be dated to the mid-1600s. The mosque was made into a museum in 1942, and it is open to visitors today.
Structure
It is a building measuring 15x20 metres and it is sıxteen metres high, with elaborate proportions. It has a square prayer hall with a hemispherical dome, which is covered with scaly tiles. An open colonnaded porch with three low domes with corresponding covering adjoins the northern face, while the tall minaret is in the northwest corner. The building sports thirty-three windows in total.
Inside the mosque, the mihrab (or praying niche) is preserved on the south wall of the building, as well as two wooden square balconies at the corners, which are accessed by stairs opening into the thickness of the wall. A long wooden portico (which no longer exists) used to ran along the northern wall, as is inferred from the corresponding access stairs that once led to it as well as to the mosque's minaret.
Inside, the painted decoration of the dome is also preserved, organized in a radial arrangement. Triangular partitions are decorated with repeating geometric shapes and floral motifs, stars with crescents and heart-shaped clams, elements belonging to the artistic vocabulary of the 19th century. Peripherally, at the base of the dome, excerpts from the Quran are imprinted. | WIKI |
Kutoarjo railway station
Kutoarjo Station (KTA) is a large type A railway station located in Kutoarjo District, Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The station is located at an altitude of +16 meters and is the easternmost active station operated by Operation Area V Purwokerto.
History
Kutoarjo Station was opened on 20 July 1887, along with the opening of ––Kutoarjo– mainline and the 12 km Kutoarjo– branch line. The Purworejo branch line was closed in 2010, and over time the line was used to store disused sliding-roof wagons. The line was planned to be reactivated by late 2023, and beginning in June 2023 the disused wagons were scrapped.
Building and layout
Kutoarjo Station has eight railway lines. Initially the line 2 was a straight line, however after the completion of double track line to Surabaya/Malang in 2007 and was opened on 22 January 2008, the line 3 was used as the straight line for double track towards Surabaya/Malang as well as the main line for the single track towards Jakarta/Bandung, while line 2 is used as the straight line for double track towards Surabaya/Malang and also used for shunting line.
After the opening of double track line to Station on 30 November 2019, line 2 was used as the straight line towards, while line 3 was used as the straight line only to and from Surabaya/Malang. Lines 4 and 5 are used to accommodate trains departing from the station, while line 6 is usually utilized to store out-of-service trains and for shunting. To the east of the line 1 there is a junction for the branch line towards, however the branch line was closed in 2010 and then was used to store disused sliding-roof wagons.
The current station building is not of the original Colonial era building, except for the platform canopy over line 1 to 3 along with some of the doors and wall facing to the platform 1. Kutoarjo Station original building is thought to have a similar architecture to Station. The station building was renovated and altered to tackle overcrowding due to high passenger traffic.
To the east of the station there is a passenger coach depot and a locomotive shed. To the south of the station there are two lines for storing and washing the passenger coaches, while the lines itself lead to a turntable.
Services
The following is a list of train services at Kutoarjo Station
Commuter
* Prambanan Express to
Freight
* Parcel Selatan to and via –
* Parcel Tengah to and via –Lempuyangan
Supporting transportation
The station is served by Trans Jateng bus rapid transit Route P1 to Purworejo, Purworejo Regency and Borobudur, Magelang Regency. | WIKI |
A Novel That Explores the Silencing of Palestinian Trauma
Fiction When you purchase an independently reviewed book through our site, we earn an affiliate commission. CHILDREN OF THE GHETTO My Name Is Adam By Elias Khoury Translated by Humphrey Davies Adam Dannoun, the protagonist of Elias Khoury’s powerful new novel, calls himself a child of the ghetto. He does not mean the Warsaw ghetto — although, growing up in the newly established state of Israel, he allows his university colleagues to make that assumption. He means the “ghetto” of the Palestinian town of Lydda, created by Jewish forces who uprooted tens of thousands of Palestinians on a death march in one of the bloodiest massacres of the 1948 Nakba. (That term, which Arabs use for the founding of the Jewish state, means “catastrophe.”) Adam, a baby at the time, was one of those who remained. Through layers and levels of storytelling — we are in familiar Khoury territory here, moving in and out of various narrations — “Children of the Ghetto” ponders the silence of those who stayed in Lydda. To survive in the new state they lived “as invisible people.” Why were they silent — to avoid being killed? Because they had given up hope? Or because what they had gone through was unspeakable, an experience for which “silence is more eloquent than words”? Our first narrator, “Elias Khoury,” meets a falafel-seller in New York whose nationality — Israeli or Palestinian — is unclear. This is Adam Dannoun, and the ambiguity is deliberate. After Adam commits suicide, his notebooks fall into Khoury’s hands. Resisting his desire to plagiarize them, Khoury introduces the work as part-aborted novel, part-incoherent autobiography, which “mixes … truth and imagination.” We enter the notebooks. Adam begins with the poet Waddah al-Yaman, who died silently in a coffer, hiding from his lover’s husband. There is no way of knowing whether Waddah chose silence to protect his lover, or out of despair that love had died. For Adam, this makes Waddah a “cosmic metaphor” for the Palestinian Nakba. But when, in New York, Adam encounters a figure from his past, he abandons metaphors and turns his narration inward. He seeks to “write the unadorned truth, stripped of all symbols.” The novel is highly intertextual. Khoury engages his own oeuvre in playful metafictional ways, along with real and invented scholarly texts, and larger Palestinian and Israeli literary histories to which this book is a timely and essential contribution. He rejects didacticism — “My story isn’t an attempt to prove something” — pirouetting between saying and unsaying, creating a mass of competing meanings from which Adam’s tormented psychology emerges. If Khoury makes any argument, however, it is that the expression of an “unadorned truth” is impossible, since all language is symbolic and metaphoric; words are weighed down by their histories. The language of trauma is especially charged. As a child, Adam was diagnosed with the aftereffects of “trauma,” but only discovered what this meant at Haifa University when he “took a class in the Nazi Holocaust during which the professor described the trauma that afflicted Jews who had survived the disaster.” The muteness of Palestinians after the Nakba is something “imposed by the victor on the vanquished through the power of the language of the Jewish victim.” The very language of trauma is defined by the colonizers: “Ghetto” is a European word. Comparisons — between Warsaw and Lydda, between the fall from Eden and the Nakba — lead us not into conclusions, but deliver us from binaries. Events and their shadows arabesque after one another, begging for interpretation and eluding it. To Khoury, signification equals death. Life is the opposite of a story. Only because Adam Dannoun is approaching his own death does he consent to narrate himself, to become a “corpse made out of words.” We finally reach the days of “the abyss” in Lydda, when those who remained were forced to bury their dead in mass graves: a horrifying few pages. For all his narrative twisting and disavowals, Khoury gives us a vivid glimpse of the unspeakable. Several texts haunt this extraordinary book — those of Ghassan Kanafani, S. Yizhar, Khoury himself — but I was particularly struck by references to Mahmoud Darwish’s “Memory for Forgetfulness,” about the 1982 Israeli siege of Beirut. For Darwish, recollection both expels the emotions of painful memory, and secures the past against historical forgetting. Unlike the events Darwish describes, however, the Nakba is “an ongoing process that hasn’t ceased.” Silence has not been defeated. No words can purge the Nakba, because the Nakba is still being lived. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Russian propaganda effort helped spread 'fake news' during election, experts say - The Washington Post
Desktop notifications are on | Turn off Get breaking news alerts from The Washington Post Turn on desktop notifications? It looks like you've previously blocked notifications. Please update your browser permissions to allow them. The inside track on Washington politics. *Invalid email address The inside track on Washington politics. *Invalid email address Editor's Note: The Washington Post on Nov. 24 published a story on the work of four sets of researchers who have examined what they say are Russian propaganda efforts to undermine American democracy and interests. One of them was PropOrNot, a group that insists on public anonymity, which issued a report identifying more than 200 websites that, in its view, wittingly or unwittingly published or echoed Russian propaganda. A number of those sites have objected to being included on PropOrNot's list, and some of the sites, as well as others not on the list, have publicly challenged the group's methodology and conclusions. The Post, which did not name any of the sites, does not itself vouch for the validity of PropOrNot's findings regarding any individual media outlet, nor did the article purport to do so. Since publication of The Post's story, PropOrNot has removed some sites from its list. The flood of fake news this election season got support from a sophisticated Russian propaganda campaign that created and spread misleading articles online with the goal of punishing Democrat Hillary Clinton, helping Republican Donald Trump and undermining faith in American democracy, say independent researchers who tracked the operation. Russia's increasingly sophisticated propaganda machinery including thousands of botnets, teams of paid human trolls, and networks of websites and social-media accounts echoed and amplified right-wing sites across the Internet as they portrayed Clinton as a criminal hiding potentially fatal health problems and preparing to hand control of the nation to a shadowy cabal of global financiers. The effort also sought to heighten the appearance of international tensions and promote fear of looming hostilities with nuclear-armed Russia. Two teams of independent researchers found that the Russians exploited American-made technology platforms to attack U.S. democracy at a particularly vulnerable moment, as an insurgent candidate harnessed a wide range of grievances to claim the White House. The sophistication of the Russian tactics may complicate efforts by Facebook and Google to crack down on fake news, as they have vowed to do after widespread complaints about the problem. There is no way to know whether the Russian campaign proved decisive in electing Trump, but researchers portray it as part of a broadly effective strategy of sowing distrust in U.S. democracy and its leaders. The tactics included penetrating the computers of election officials in several states and releasing troves of hacked emails that embarrassed Clinton in the final months of her campaign. They want to essentially erode faith in the U.S. government or U.S. government interests, said Clint Watts, a fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute who along with two other researchers has tracked Russian propaganda since 2014. This was their standard mode during the Cold War. The problem is that this was hard to do before social media. Watts's report on this work, with colleagues Andrew Weisburd and J.M. Berger, appeared on the national security online magazine War on the Rocks this month under the headline Trolling for Trump: How Russia Is Trying to Destroy Our Democracy. Another group, called PropOrNot, a nonpartisan collection of researchers with foreign policy, military and technology backgrounds, planned to release its own findings Friday showing the startling reach and effectiveness of Russian propaganda campaigns. (Update: The report came out on Saturday). The researchers used Internet analytics tools to trace the origins of particular tweets and mapped the connections among social-media accounts that consistently delivered synchronized messages. Identifying website codes sometimes revealed common ownership. In other cases, exact phrases or sentences were echoed by sites and social-media accounts in rapid succession, signaling membership in connected networks controlled by a single entity. PropOrNot's monitoring report, which was provided to The Washington Post in advance of its public release, identifies more than 200 websites as routine peddlers of Russian propaganda during the election season, with combined audiences of at least 15 million Americans. On Facebook, PropOrNot estimates that stories planted or promoted by the disinformation campaign were viewed more than 213 million times. [Could better Internet security have prevented Trump's win?] Some players in this online echo chamber were knowingly part of the propaganda campaign, the researchers concluded, while others were useful idiots a term born of the Cold War to describe people or institutions that unknowingly assisted Soviet Union propaganda efforts. The Russian campaign during this election season, researchers from both groups say, worked by harnessing the online world's fascination with buzzy content that is surprising and emotionally potent, and tracks with popular conspiracy theories about how secret forces dictate world events. Some of these stories originated with RT and Sputnik, state-funded Russian information services that mimic the style and tone of independent news organizations yet sometimes include false and misleading stories in their reports, the researchers say. On other occasions, RT, Sputnik and other Russian sites used social-media accounts to amplify misleading stories already circulating online, causing news algorithms to identify them as trending topics that sometimes prompted coverage from mainstream American news organizations. The speed and coordination of these efforts allowed Russian-backed phony news to outcompete traditional news organizations for audience. Some of the first and most alarming tweets after Clinton fell ill at a Sept. 11 memorial event in New York, for example, came from Russian botnets and trolls, researchers found. (She was treated for pneumonia and returned to the campaign trail a few days later.) This followed a spate of other misleading stories in August about Clinton's supposedly troubled health. The Daily Beast debunked a particularly widely read piece in an article that reached 1,700 Facebook accounts and was read online more than 30,000 times. But the PropOrNot researchers found that the version supported by Russian propaganda reached 90,000 Facebook accounts and was read more than 8 million times. The researchers said the true Daily Beast story was like shouting into a hurricane of false stories supported by the Russians. This propaganda machinery also helped push the phony story that an anti-Trump protester was paid thousands of dollars to participate in demonstrations, an allegation initially made by a self-described satirist and later repeated publicly by the Trump campaign. Researchers from both groups traced a variety of other false stories fake reports of a coup launched at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey and stories about how the United States was going to conduct a military attack and blame it on Russia to Russian propaganda efforts. [Facebook fake-news writer: 'I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me'] The final weeks of the campaign featured a heavy dose of stories about supposed election irregularities, allegations of vote-rigging and the potential for Election Day violence should Clinton win, researchers said. The way that this propaganda apparatus supported Trump was equivalent to some massive amount of a media buy, said the executive director of PropOrNot, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to avoid being targeted by Russia's legions of skilled hackers. It was like Russia was running a super PAC for Trump's campaign. . . . It worked. He and other researchers expressed concern that the U.S. government has few tools for detecting or combating foreign propaganda. They expressed hope that their research detailing the power of Russian propaganda would spur official action. A former U.S. ambassador to Russia, Michael A. McFaul, said he was struck by the overt support that Sputnik expressed for Trump during the campaign, even using the #CrookedHillary hashtag pushed by the candidate. McFaul said Russian propaganda typically is aimed at weakening opponents and critics. Trump's victory, though reportedly celebrated by Putin and his allies in Moscow, may have been an unexpected benefit of an operation that already had fueled division in the United States. They don't try to win the argument, said McFaul, now director of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. It's to make everything seem relative. It's kind of an appeal to cynicism. The Kremlin has repeatedly denied interfering in the U.S. election or hacking the accounts of election officials. This is some sort of nonsense, Dmitry Peskov, press secretary for Putin, said last month when U.S. officials accused Russia of penetrating the computers of the Democratic National Committee and other political organizations. RT disputed the findings of the researchers in an e-mail on Friday, saying it played no role in producing or amplifying any fake news stories related to the U.S. election. It is the height of irony that an article about fake news is built on false, unsubstantiated claims. RT adamantly rejects any and all claims and insuations that the network has originated even a single fake story related to the US election, wrote Anna Belkina, head of communications. The findings about the mechanics of Russian propaganda operations largely track previous research by the Rand Corp. and George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs. They use our technologies and values against us to sow doubt, said Robert Orttung, a GWU professor who studies Russia. It's starting to undermine our democratic system. The Rand report which dubbed Russian propaganda efforts a firehose of falsehood because of their speed, power and relentlessness traced the country's current generation of online propaganda work to the 2008 incursion into neighboring Georgia, when Russia sought to blunt international criticism of its aggression by pushing alternative explanations online. The same tactics, researchers said, helped Russia shape international opinions about its 2014 annexation of Crimea and its military intervention in Syria, which started last year. Russian propaganda operations also worked to promote the Brexit departure of Britain from the European Union. Another crucial moment, several researchers say, came in 2011 when the party of Russian President Vladimir Putin was accused of rigging elections, sparking protests that Putin blamed the Obama administration and then-Secretary of State Clinton for instigating. Putin, a former KGB officer, announced his desire to break the Anglo-Saxon monopoly on the global information streams during a 2013 visit to the broadcast center for RT, formerly known as Russia Today. For them, it's actually a real war, an ideological war, this clash between two systems, said Sufian Zhemukhov, a former Russian journalist conducting research at GWU. In their minds, they're just trying to do what the West does to Russia. RT broadcasts news reports worldwide in several languages, but the most effective way it reaches U.S. audiences is online. Its English-language flagship YouTube channel, launched in 2007, has 1.85 million subscribers and has had a total of 1.8 billion views, making it more widely viewed than CNN's YouTube channel, according to a George Washington University report this month. Though widely seen as a propaganda organ, the Russian site has gained credibility with some American conservatives. Trump sat for an interview with RT in September. His nominee for national security adviser, retired Lt. Gen. Michael T. Flynn, traveled to Russia last year for a gala sponsored by the network. He later compared it to CNN. The content from Russian sites has offered ready fodder for U.S.-based websites pushing far-right conservative messages. A former contractor for one, the Next News Network, said he was instructed by the site's founder, Gary S. Franchi Jr., to weave together reports from traditional sources such as the Associated Press and the Los Angeles Times with ones from RT, Sputnik and others that provided articles that often spread explosively online. The readers are more likely to share the fake stories, and they're more profitable, said Dyan Bermeo, who said he helped assemble scripts and book guests for Next News Network before leaving because of a pay dispute and concerns that fake news was crowding out real news. In just the past 90 days a period that has included the closing weeks of the campaign, Election Day and its aftermath the YouTube audience of Next News Network has jumped from a few hundred thousand views a day to a few million, according to analytics firm Tubular Labs. In October alone, videos from Next News Network were viewed more than 56 million times. Franchi said in an e-mail statement that Next News Network seeks a global perspective while providing commentary aimed at U.S. audiences, especially with regard to Russian military activity. Understanding the threat of global war is the first step to preventing it, he said, and we feel our coverage assisted in preventing a possible World War 3 scenario. Correction: A previously published version of this story incorrectly stated that Russian information service RT had used the #CrookedHillary hastag pushed by then-Republican candidate Donald Trump. 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