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Adelaide Blue Eagles
The Azzurri Sports Club is home to the Adelaide Blue Eagles (ABE), a soccer club based at the Marden Sports Complex, South Australia. It has formerly been known as Napoli Sports Club, Eastern Districts, Eastern Districts Napoli Sports Club, and Eastern Districts Azzurri. Blue Eagles is a participant in the National Premier Leagues South Australia. ABE is a predominantly Italian Australian-supported club. They are the first and last team to turn down the oppurtunity to have butsu play for them.
History
* The club was founded in June 1958 as the Napoli Sports Club, owing to most of the inaugural members originating from the Campania region around Naples in Italy. The name was changed to Eastern Districts due to the (then governing body) South Australian Soccer Football Association's ruling of only allowing one Italian named club in the local competition. The club was incorporated as Eastern Districts Napoli Sports Club, with the team known as Eastern Districts, as it represented a number of eastern suburbs of Adelaide.
* The club entered a team in the Metropolitan League in 1959 and played its first game against Edinburgh, losing 11–1. At first all home games were played at the Victoria Park Racecourse, then in the South Parklands, followed by Adey Reserve in Firle. The club moved to the new facilities at Marden in 2000.
* In 1962 the club played under the name of Eastern Districts Napoli and in 1966 adopted the name Eastern Districts Azzurri. In 1968 the club amalgamated with Seacliff Austria, which enabled them to acquire a place in the 1st division. In 1993 the club changed its name to Adelaide Blue Eagles, with the intention of broadening its appeal.
* Since its inception the club has been very successful particularly in the last decade. It has established itself as one of the leaders of local football both on and off the field, fielding many teams at all levels.
* They currently run a side which competes in the Amateur League, called MSSC Blue Eagles. MSSC stands for Molinara Sports & Social Club.
Current squad
the main squad includes:
Club honours
1st Division Champions: 10
* 1981, 1982, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2011
Federation Cup Winners: 6
* 1984, 1986, 1995, 1997, 1998 and 2010
1st Division Minor Premiers: 6
* 1992, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002
Coca-Cola Cup Winners: 3
* 1981, 1982 & 1990
Former players
* Peter Deng, later in the South Sudan national football team
* Thomas Deng, later in the Australia national football team
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WIKI
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MSSQL Killing database connection
There can be times that you need to kill all connections to a database so that you can perform emergency maintenance. Or for some other reason you need to disconnect the current people who are logged in.
So here is a little stored procedure that will do just that.
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[KillConnectionsdb] @dbname varchar(MAX)
AS
DECLARE @spid int
DECLARE @sql varchar(MAX)
DECLARE cur CURSOR FOR
SELECT spid FROM sys.sysprocesses P
JOIN sys.sysdatabases D ON (D.dbid = P.dbid)
WHERE LTRIM(RTRIM(D.Name)) = @dbname
AND P.spid != @@SPID
OPEN cur
FETCH NEXT FROM cur
INTO @spid
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
PRINT CONVERT(varchar, @spid)
SET @sql = 'KILL ' + RTRIM(@spid)
PRINT @sql
EXEC(@sql)
FETCH NEXT FROM cur
INTO @spid
END
CLOSE cur
DEALLOCATE cur
GO
It is really simply to use.
Just call the stored procedure with in the following way where 'Testing' happens to be the name of the database you want to kill off all the connections.
EXEC KillConnectionsdb @dbname = 'Testing'
Note: this stored procedure will avoid attempting to kill its own connection in the process.
Last Modified: 08 March 2017
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2011-06-03 - MSSQL - Who locks what
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2011-05-22 - MSSQL - Removing the aspnet membership database
2011-05-19 - MSSQL - ShrinkLog
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2011-05-05 - MSSQL - Log Sizes
2011-03-01 - MSSQL - Kill connections by host
2011-02-23 - C Sharp / MSSQL Get inserted value of NEWSEQUENTIALID()
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2011-02-20 - MSSQL - All temp tables are global
2011-02-17 - MSSQL - Convert IP To big int
2011-02-05 - MSSQL - Levenshtein
2011-02-02 - MSSQL - Kill connections to a database
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2011-01-30 - MSSQL - Adding MD5 checksum support
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:HighInBC/RfA standards
The purpose of this page it to lay out my personal WP:RfA standards.
Demonstration of social skills
Social skills are very important to admins.
Civility and personal attacks
It is very important that admins have the ability to remain civil. A history of incivility or personal attacks will likely prevent you from receiving and endorsement from me and may lead to opposition in more egregious circumstances.
Dispute resolution
I like to see a history of a user dealing with heated disputes in a reasonable intelligent manner. This is important when you have special tools that those you may be in a dispute with do not have.
Demonstration of judgement
Admins are given access to special tools, there are several ways a user can demonstrate the required judgement to use these tools prior to becoming and admin.
Blocking
I like to see a history of reports to WP:AIV and WP:UAA. I check how many of the reports have been rejected and how many lead to a block, and I look at the reasoning behind any rejection. If many of your reports are being rejected for reasons of not justifying a block then I would be very hesitant to give that user the power to block directly.
In progress more to come...
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WIKI
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4 in Love (group)
4 in Love is a former Taiwanese all-female pop group. In 2000, BMG recruited four girls between the ages of 16 and 19, and named them 4 in Love.
Ling Chia-lin (冷嘉琳), Huang Hsiao-rou (黄小柔), Yang Cheng-lin (杨丞琳), and Chang Chi-huey (张棋惠) were each given new names based on different weather types: Cloudie, Sunnie, Rainie, and Windie, respectively. The label's strategy for the group was to promote their doll-like voices, and market them as "The World's First 3D Group".
The music video for their first lead single, "Fall in Love", was a first in the Taiwanese music industry for its use of three-dimensional computer animations. In 2001, their second and last album, Who's Afraid of Whom?, earned them a Silver Award in the Most Adored Artiste category at the Malaysian Golden Melody Awards.
Although Rainie's appearance in the hit drama Meteor Garden raised the group's profile, 4 in Love's popularity was still questionable at best. At the group's first autograph session, only a handful of fans had showed up. Their songs, with the exception of "1001 Wishes" (一千零一個願望), were rarely successful on music charts. In 2002, the group was disbanded as investment in their label was pulled after the 1999 Jiji earthquake and the all artistes under the label were terminated from their contracts.
On 25 February 2018, the group reunited and performed at Rainie's concert as a special guest.
Albums
* Fall In Love (November 27, 2000)
* 誰怕誰 Who's Afraid of Whom? (July 19, 2001)
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WIKI
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Kronosaurus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Kronosaurus
Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous
Kronosaurus queenslandicus.jpg
Harvard Museum of Natural History:
restored with too many vertebrae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Kronosaurus
Longman, 1924
K. queenslandicus scale diagram, showing the size of the restored Harvard skeleton with a more accurate estimate
another species
Kronosaurus was a large pliosaur, one of the largest.[1][2] It was one of the largest pliosaurs, and is named after the leader of the Greek Titans, Kronos. It lived in the Lower Cretaceous.
Body-length estimates, based on the 1959 Harvard reconstruction, had put the total length of Kronosaurus at 12.8 meters (42 feet).[3] However, a recent study compared fossil specimens of Kronosaurus to other pliosaurs. The Harvard reconstruction may have included too many vertebrae, exaggerating its length. Its true length was probably only 9–10.9 meters (30–36 feet).[4][5]
References[change | change source]
1. Longman H.A. 1924. A new gigantic marine reptile from the Queensland Cretaceous, Kronosaurus queenslandicus new genus and species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 8: 26–28.
2. Hampe O. 1992. Ein großwüchsiger Pliosauride (Reptilia: Plesiosauria) aus der Unterkreide (oberes Aptium) von Kolumbien. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 145: 1-32.
3. Romer A.S. & Lewis A.D. 1959. A mounted skeleton of the giant plesiosaur Kronosaurus. Breviora 112: 1-15.
4. Kear B.P. 2003. Cretaceous marine reptiles of Australia: a review of taxonomy and distribution. Cretaceous Research 24: 277–303.
5. McHenry, Colin R. 2009. "Devourer of Gods: The Palaeoecology of the Cretaceous Pliosaur Kronosaurus queenslandicus." The University of Newcastle, N.S.W. Australia, Apr. 2009. Web. [1]
Other websites[change | change source]
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Colorectal cancer includes cancer of the bowels, colon, rectum and intestines. It often is diagnosed after the patient shows a number of symptoms including blood in the stools, constipation, rapid weight loss and anemia. The success of treatment of the various types of colorectal cancer depends on how early diagnosis is made, as well as the overall health of the patient.
While cases of colorectal cancer can be found around the world, the disease is especially prominent in more developed countries, and is considered a so-called “disease of affluence.” Medical research is still unable to tell us precisely what causes cancer, but colorectal cancer is strongly associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyles and a high intake of red meat. In fact, there appears to be only a very minor genetic predilection for getting colorectal cancer.
INFLAMED BOWELS
There’s a large body of recent research that indicates that all human illness stems from various types of inflammation. The idea is that modern diets and sedentary lifestyles cause inflammation in the gut and upset the balance of bacteria in the gut. The theory posits that human evolution cannot occur quickly enough to adapt to the radical changes in diet that occurred in recent centuries.
The fact that colorectal cancer occurs most often in developed countries, or among those who’ve adopted a “modern” diet, would seem to support this claim.
Patients who’ve been diagnosed with Crohn’s disease, colitis and other types of bowel or intestinal inflammation are at high risk for various forms of colorectal cancer. Eighteen percent of Crohn’s disease patients get colorectal cancer within 30 years of diagnosis. Those who suffer from various inflamed bowel conditions are strongly advised to monitor symptoms closely, and to make lifestyle choices to improve their overall health.
GENETIC RISKS
From a diagnostic point of view, there seems to be very little genetic predisposition toward colon cancer. According to research published in esteemed medical journal “Lancet” in 2010, those patients with two or more close relatives are twice as likely as a random member of the population to suffer from colorectal cancer, however, this subset accounts for only about one-fifth of all cases.
Researchers distinguish between “epigenetic” and “genetic” alterations in DNA which could lead to the presence of tumors; however for the layman, it should be understood that only a handful of gene alterations – whether mutational or not – can lead to the emergence of malignant growths.
DIAGNOSIS
Patients in a high-risk group for colorectal cancers and who exhibit some of the symptoms listed in the top section are strongly advised to have a regular colonoscopy. If a tumor is discovered, a biopsy should be performed as soon as possible in the interest of early detection and treatment. A computed tomography “CT scan” will be made to determine the extent of the cancerous growths. Once a diagnosis has been made, treatment options will be discussed. There are several options.
TREATMENT
The type of treatment used against colorectal cancer will depend on how advanced the cancer is and the overall health of the patient. Physicians distinguish between “curative” treatment, intended to restore the patient to health, and “palliative” treatment, which aims to ease the pain of terminal patients.
Curative care will usually include surgery, and may also involve radiation and chemotherapy. Palliative treatments may include surgical procedures to ease the impact on affected intestinal tissue, and may involve stents designed to bypass cancerous tissue.
Survival rates mostly depend on the stage of advancement of the cancer. Early stage detection can result in a nearly 100 percent survival rate after five years; this drops to less than five percent in cases of late stage detection.
PREVENTION
A healthy balanced diet and an active lifestyle are the best preventative measures against colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer has been associated with excessive red meat consumption, smoking and alcohol abuse. Some evidence points to high levels of fruit and vegetable consumption being correlated with a lack of colorectal cancer diagnoses.
Over 1 million people are diagnosed with colorectal cancer every year ; it claimed the lives of Ronald Reagan, Pope John Paul II and Robin Gibb of the Bee Gees. The trend for global colorectal cancer diagnoses appears to be on an upward swing, linked to an increase in sedentary lifestyles and obesity rates.
CONCLUSIONS
Don’t gamble with your intestinal health. Reducing the risk of colorectal cancer is yet another incentive to be sure to eat a balanced diet and stay fit. Colorectal cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in the world, but is perhaps the most preventable due to its limited genetic component and association with unhealthy lifestyle choices. In other words, it’s mostly up to you to reduce your risk of colorectal cancer. Make the right choices!
Source: Pacific Prime Insurance
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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ácido acético
Noun
* 1) acetic acid clear colourless organic acid, CH3COOH
Noun
* 1) acetic acid
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WIKI
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Publication
CIKM 2021
Conference paper
HopfE: Knowledge Graph Representation Learning using Inverse Hopf Fibrations
Download paper
Abstract
Recently, several Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) approaches have been devised to represent entities and relations in a dense vector space and employed in downstream tasks such as link prediction. A few KGE techniques address interpretability, i.e., mapping the connectivity patterns of the relations (symmetric/asymmetric, inverse, and composition) to a geometric interpretation such as rotation. Other approaches model the representations in higher dimensional space such as four-dimensional space (4D) to enhance the ability to infer the connectivity patterns (i.e., expressiveness). However, modeling relation and entity in a 4D space often comes at the cost of interpretability. We propose HopfE, a novel KGE approach aiming to achieve the interpretability of inferred relations in the four-dimensional space. HopfE models the structural embeddings in 3D Euclidean space. Next, we map the entity embedding vector from a 3D Euclidean space to a 4D hypersphere using the inverse Hopf Fibration, in which we embed the semantic information from the KG ontology. Thus, HopfE considers the structural and semantic properties of the entities without losing expressivity and interpretability. Our empirical results on four well-known benchmarks achieve state-of-the-art performance for KG completion.
Date
Publication
CIKM 2021
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Dysli
Chloe Kelly Miller
Chloe Pinard, known professionally as Chloe Kelly Miller, born on the 29th of August 1995 in Rouen, France is a painter and sculptor currently working and residing in Paris, France.
Career
Chloé Kelly Miller is a self-taught artist, who was inspired by her paralleling studies and ensuing degree in clinical psychology. Her body of work reflects an eclectic mix of media, featuring photographs, acrylic paintings, and, more recently, sculptures. Her creations often bridge the realms of figuration, exploring the interplay between the visible and invisible, incorporating elements of the psyche, body language, and behaviour. Her art has been showcased in interactive collective, as well as solo exhibitions across France and internationally.
Artwork
Chloe Kelly Miller uses an array of different materials such as acrylic paint, aerosol sprays, ink and pastels. A recurring technique in her artwork is the chiaroscuro technique, referring to the use of light and shadow to create a light illusion on her canvases. Due to her academic background in psychology, she uses symbolisation and self-portraits as her tool for personal narrative and introspection oriented towards psychoanalysis. She has testified that she draws inspiration and creative influences from artists such as Dali, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring, Patti Smith and Robert Mapplethorpe.
Exhibitions (Selected)
* 2023: Résidence JOAL, Galerie JOAL, Paris, France.
* 2023: Textile collaboration with EGOCENTRIK, World.
* 2023: Lausanne Art Fair, Galerie Baralo & Coste, Lausanne, Switzerland.
* 2022: Solo show "A TEMPO," Galerie CORTADE ART, Montauban, France.
* 2022: Collection NFT, Trilem Art x Algorand, France.
* 2022: Solo show "Love will keep us together," Bangkok, Thailand.
* 2022: Residency JOAL, Galerie Joal, Bastia, France.
* 2022: Solo show "LES ÉLÉMENTS," Marseille, France.
* 2021: Art’up Lille, Galerie Cortade Art, Lille, France.
* 2021: Solo show "Dans mon monde," Outsiders galerie, Rouen, France.
* 2021 : Collaboration Sculpture with MICHADU, France.
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WIKI
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Fred Conrad Koch
Frederick Conrad Koch (May 16, 1876 – January 26, 1948) was an American biochemist and endocrinologist. Born in Chicago, Illinois, Koch graduated from the University of Illinois in 1899. He was affiliated with the University of Chicago from 1912 to 1941, serving as chairman of the department of biochemistry from 1936 to 1941. He retired as professor emeritus, and was director of biomedical research at Armour and Company. He was known primarily for his work on male sex hormones and testicular function. He served as the 19th president of the Endocrine Society, which in 1957 established the Fred Conrad Koch Lifetime Achievement Award, the society's highest honor.
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WIKI
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Entrepreneurial economics
Entrepreneurial economics is the field of study that focuses on the study of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy. The accumulation of factors of production per se does not explain economic development. They are necessary factors of production, but they are not sufficient for economic growth.
William Baumol wrote in American Economic Review that "The theoretical firm is entrepreneurless – the Prince of Denmark has been expunged from the discussion of Hamlet". The article was a prod to the economics profession to attend to this neglected factor.
Entrepreneurship is difficult to analyse using the traditional tools of economics, e.g. calculus and general equilibrium models. Current textbooks have only a passing reference to the concept of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneur. Equilibrium models are central to mainstream economics, and exclude entrepreneurship.
Coase believed that economics has become a "theory-driven" subject that has moved into a paradigm in which conclusions take precedence over problems. "If you look at a page of a scientific journal like Nature," he said, "every few weeks you have statements such as, 'We’ll have to think it out again. These results aren't going the way we thought they would.' Well, in economics, the results always go the way we thought they would because we approach the problems in the same way, only asking certain questions. Entrepreneurial Economics challenges fundamental principles, using insights from models and theories in the natural sciences."
Studies about entrepreneurs in economics, psychology and sociology largely relate to four major currents of thought. Early thinkers such as Max Weber emphasized its occurrence in the context of a religious belief system, thereby suggesting that some belief systems do not encourage entrepreneurship. This contention has, however, been challenged by many sociologists. Karl Marx considered the economic system and mode of production as its sole determinants. Weber suggested a direct relationship between the ethics and economic system as both interacted intensively.
Another current of thought underscores the motivational aspects of personal achievement. This overemphasized the individual and his values, attitudes and personality. This thought, however, has been severely criticized by many scholars such as Kilby (1971) and Kunkel (1971).
Richard Cantillon
Richard Cantillon (1680?-1734) was the earliest scholar of whom we know that paid considerable attention to the entrepreneur. He introduced the very concept of entrepreneur. The entrepreneur is functionally described as arbitrager. The motivating factor is the potential profit generated from the activity of "buying at a certain price and selling at an uncertain price".
Jean-Baptiste Say
Jean-Baptiste Say, who has been an entrepreneur during a period of his life, recognizes the "superior kind of labour" of the entrepreneur. He is the "coordinator, modern leader and manager within his firm". He is a kind of "super-manager" because the exercise of the function needs a combination of rare qualities and experience: "Judgement, perseverance, and a knowledge of the world as well as of business...the art of superintendence and administration". To Say, a successful entrepreneur must demonstrate prudence, probity and regularity.
Frank Knight
Frank Knight saw the entrepreneur as someone who undertakes business decisions under conditions of 'uncertainty'. Knightian uncertainty exists where there is no basis for objective probabilities, so that it is unmeasureable and decisions have to be made using subjective judgment. The entrepreneur earns economic profits as a reward for good judgment. Entrepreneurs are seen as being confident and venturesome.
Schumpeter
Schumpeter's concept is a synthesis of three different notions of the entrepreneur: risk bearer, innovator and a coordinator. He assigned the role of innovator to the entrepreneur, driving economic growth through a process of creative destruction, and not to the capitalist. Capitalists supply capital while entrepreneurs innovate. He stated that "whatever the type, everyone is an entrepreneur only when he actually carries out a new combination and loses that character as soon as he has built up his business, when he settles to running it as other people run their business." The focus here is not on a category of person, but on a function. He was perhaps influenced by his family history.
The Schumpeterian entrepreneur disrupts existing equilibrium. Innovation is a chaotic, unpredictable economic process, which cannot be modeled using the equilibrium based analytic methods used in mainstream economic theory.
Israel Kirzner
Israel Kirzner, an economist of the Austrian School, sees the entrepreneur as an arbitrageur who is alert to opportunities for profit that exist due to market disequilibrium.
Harvey Leibenstein
Harvey Leibenstein claimed that entrepreneurship is a creative response to x-inefficiency. Entrepreneurs are also gap-fillers, having the ability to perceive market opportunities and to develop new goods/services that are not currently being supplied. He postulates that entrepreneurs have the special ability to connect markets and make up for market deficiencies. Additionally, drawing from the theories of J.B. Say and Richard Cantillon, Leibenstein suggests that entrepreneurs have the ability to combine various inputs into new innovations in order to satisfy unfulfilled market demand.
Baumol
Baumol has argued that entrepreneurship can be either productive or unproductive. Unproductive entrepreneurs may pursue economic rents or crime. Societies differ significantly in how they allocate entrepreneurial activities between the two forms of entrepreneurship, depending on the 'rules of the game' such as the laws in each society.
David Audretsch
Audretsch defines the entrepreneur as the missing link between investment in knowledge and growth. It is the entrepreneur who adds value to scientific discovery. Entrepreneurship capital is then, just as capital and labor in a macroeconomic model, an essential factor of production in the economy.
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Search results
1. Dravor
Experiences with NetApp DS4243
I'm curious if you have added more drives since and what power consumption you are seeing. Right now I have a r720xd, r710xd, and a r530 all of which are fully populated. Am using unraid and the r710 is running like 130w avg. So reading in another post that this 424x run around 250w idle it...
2. Dravor
Dell R720 NVMe Sadness
I know this thread is mega old but, I'm in the same boat, and am running e5-2620v1 cpu's. You mentioned the PCIe Gen upgrading to Gen 3 with a switch to v2 cpu's. Is this documented anywhere else? This makes a lot of sense and I wish I had known.
3. Dravor
Troubleshooting GPU passthrough ESXi 6.5
That's a good point, and actually surprisingly the other day I think it did shut down without issue. I'll do some more testing in that regard. Thanks!
4. Dravor
Troubleshooting GPU passthrough ESXi 6.5
All, Am running a r720 with a Nvidia P2000. It's running perfectly,until sometimes I try and reboot the VM and it hands. Any attempt to reset the VM results in the crashing of ESXi. I ended up having to full reboot. It looks to me like the VM/ESXi cannot reset the video card? I saw that...
5. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
Does anyone have the MIB's for the switch? Was going to add them to my LibreNMS install to monitor temperature for the switch.
6. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
So got the fans today, and replaced the stock one. Definitely quieter but it's hard to tell how much because of my SuperMicro 1u =) Temps went from 40 degrees to 44, but I am using them in their stock position. Perhaps it's time to put the switch in the back of the rack and reverse the flow.
7. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
What make/model disks are you using on both ends? Using RAID at all?
8. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
Have you tried using iPerf? Setup iPerf on your client, and then run the test from the other host. That is how we are all checking for max throughput.
9. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
So I just ordered the fans that Cypher listed. Do we think we will see much of a different if we use the fans in the standard direction? On a separate note, I have a computer on my 2nd floor that I want to connect, and server room is in the basement. It's way too long for a Twinax cable. So...
10. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
Let me know how loud it is. It is supposed to be36-38dba vs the 50 something dba this switch is. Just not sure it is enough to warrant the difference in cost. It's got half the 10Gb ports, and costs alot more ($600) than what I paid for the used quanta ($170). I am lucky enough to have a...
11. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
Getting two more adapters tomorrow to move my unRaid servers over to 10Gb. So far windows server 2012 and my ESXi 6.5 servers are running without issue. Next question, what is the best model/deal to look for in regard to 2 port cards? Have a situation where I only have one slot. Thanks!
12. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
So I setup LACP and it appears to be working. Was curious though 1/1 shows N/A for LACP. Is that right? Admin Physical Physical Link Link LACP Actor Intf Type Mode Mode Status Status Trap Mode Timeout --------- ------ ---------...
13. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
One thing I noticed that was different: serviceport parms 192.168.1.20 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 what I had to use was: serviceport ip 192.168.1.20 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 thanks!
14. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
Awesome! Going to use the guide to set it up, if I have questions I may ping you. It's amazing how much this thing has come down in price in 18 months.
15. Dravor
Quanta LB6M (10GbE) -- Discussion
Got mine today on an offer of $170 on ebay =) Going to start with connecting my unRaid storage server to it via a Mellanox Card, and a Physical Windows machine. No issues trunking the 4 x 1Gbe ports to connect to my Cisco SG200-26, right? Thanks!
16. Dravor
ConnectX-2 and ESXi 6.0
So I can see the NIC's in the ESXi host. Windows for some reason has 2 IPoIB Nics, and 2 IPoIB Virtual Nics. There is connectivity since the ESXi host shows one port has connected, and one as disconnected, just like they are cabled. I have 2 instances of OpenSM running on Windows, each tied...
17. Dravor
ConnectX-2 and ESXi 6.0
Are these what you needed to remove? [root@ESXi1:/opt/mellanox/bin] esxcli software vib list | grep nmlx4 nmlx4-core 3.0.0.0-1vmw.600.0.0.2494585 VMware VMwareCertified 2015-04-18 nmlx4-en 3.0.0.0-1vmw.600.0.0.2494585 VMware...
18. Dravor
ConnectX-2 and ESXi 6.0
*EDIT* ESXi 6.0 users this is what did it: esxcli software vib remove -f -n nmlx4-core -n nmlx4-en -n nmlx4-rdma Missed that in the first page post =)
19. Dravor
ConnectX-2 and ESXi 6.0
What kind of speeds did you end up getting? I am looking at ordering cards and cabels today. Also which opensm are you running on windows? Thanks!!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Kang Wook-soon
Kang Wook-soon (강욱순; born 2 June 1966) is a South Korean professional golfer.
Professional career
Kang has played on the Asian Tour since it began in its modern form in 1995. He topped the Order of Merit in 1996 and 1998 and was the first man to reach career earnings of US$500,000 on the tour. In 2002 he was the top player on the Korean Tour. In 2003 he missed out on a PGA Tour card by one shot after three-putting the last hole of Final Qualifying to make bogey. He still qualified to play the Nationwide Tour in 2004, but despite recording a top ten finish in his third outing he left after six events. He has seven career wins on the Asian Tour and a ten wins on the Korean Tour; including three Order of Merits wins in 1999, 2000 and 2001.
Asian PGA Tour wins (7)
1Co-sanctioned by the Korean Tour
Asian PGA Tour playoff record (1–2)
Korean Tour wins (11)
1Co-sanctioned by the Asian PGA Tour
Korean Tour playoff record (2–3)
Team appearances
* Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing South Korea): 1997, 1998
* Asian Nations Cup (representing South Korea): 1999 (with Kim Wan-tae, winners)
* World Cup (representing South Korea): 1999
* Dynasty Cup (representing Asia): 2003 (winners)
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WIKI
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Author:Virginia Tracy
Works
* Merely Players: Stories of Stage Life (1909) IA
* "Persons Unknown," (1914) PG
* Starring Dulcy Jayne (1927)
Filmography
* The Queen of Sheba (story) (1921)
* Nero (screenplay / story) (1922)
* The Shepherd King (writer) (1922)
* The Net (writer) (1921)
Individual short stories
* "Acting for the Camera" (ss) in The Century Magazine, Sep 1917
* ' "The Candle's Flame" ' (ss) in The Century Magazine, Sep 1917
* "The Challenge" (ss) in Collier's, Feb 26, 1916
* "The Golden Goose" (ss) in The Century Magazine, Aug 1915
* "The Handicap of Beauty: Its Hampering Influence on Theatrical Ambition" (essay) in The Century Magazine, Jul 1915
* "The Happy Valley" (ss) in Collier's, Nov 20, 1909
* "The Lotus Eaters" (1920) (ss) in The Great Modern American Stories: an anthology, edited by William Dean Howells
* "Peter's Play" (ss) in Collier's, Oct 24, 1908
* "Prodigals Economize" (ss) in Collier's, Dec 11, 1909
* "The Web" (ss) in The Century Magazine, Jan 1915
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Kerry Weiland
Kerry Pauline Weiland Sorbara (Weiland; born October 18, 1980) is an American retired ice hockey and inline hockey player, a defenseman. As a member of the United States women's national ice hockey team, she won four IIHF Women's World Championship medals and a silver medal in the 2010 Olympic women's ice hockey tournament.
Playing career
As a child, Weiland began skating and playing pickup games on her family’s farm. At age five, she followed her older brother when he began playing organized ice hockey with the Matanuska Amateur Hockey Association at the local rink in Wasilla, Alaska and played exclusively on boys' teams until she was thirteen. She played on boys' and girls' teams throughout her teens, including four seasons with the boys' varsity team of her high school, Palmer High School. With the Palmer High Moose boys' team, she became the first female player to earn first-team all-region honors in Alaska prep league history.
NCAA
Her college ice hockey career began in the fall of 1999 with the Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey program in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) conference of the NCAA Division I. The 1999–2000 season was the inaugural season of both the WCHA women's conference and the Badgers women's ice hockey program. Over half of the team were first-year players like Weiland and her fellow freshmen included future US national team goaltender Chanda Gunn and defenseman, Sis Paulsen, the future Director of Hockey Operations for the Badgers women's program.
In her first season, Weiland ranked fifth on the team for scoring, tallying 10 goals and 35 points in 33 games, and recorded the best plus–minus of all Badger defensemen, with +7. During the Wisconsin Badgers program’s second game on October 9, 1999, in which they faced the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs, she set the WCHA all-time records for most penalties and most penalty minutes issued in a single game, with eight penalties and 24 penalty minutes; the records remain untouched. At the end of the season, Weiland was named to the All-WCHA Second Team and was awarded the team’s Most Inspirational Player award and Defensive Player of the Year award.
Named alongside captain Sis Paulsen in their sophomore season, Weiland served as an alternate captain during her last three seasons with the Badgers. The 2000–01 season, the inaugural NCAA Division I women's ice hockey season, was her most offensively productive and she led all defensemen in the country with 49 points (12 goals+37 assists), which set the still-standing Badger program record for most points by a defensive player in a season. Her 37 assists in that season tied for most assists by a defender in a WCHA season with Minnesota Golden Gophers defenseman Winny Brodt’s total from 1999–2000 (their record stood until 2006–07, when it was broken by Meaghan Mikkelson). Her 38 penalties and 76 penalty minutes took second place in the Badger record book behind Sis Paulson’s 40 penalties and 91 penalty minutes from the 1999–2000 season and both currently sit at third, behind Paulson and Lindsay Macy (2003–04). Weiland and Badger teammate Meghan Hunter were both named to the 2001 AHCA All-American Second Team and the 2001 All-WCHA First Team.
The 2001–02 season saw Weiland play a less offensively driven role due to the addition of first-year defensemen Molly Engstrom and Carla MacLeod, who were able to provide additional production from the blue line – though she still recorded 22 points and ranked sixth on the team in scoring. Her junior season featured the highest plus–minus rating (+20) and the fewest penalty minutes (36 PIM) of her college career and was capped by her selection to the 2002 AHCA All-American First Team, becoming the first Badger to earn selection to the top All-American team.
Post-collegiate
Following her graduation, Weiland joined the Edmonton Chimos of the Canadian National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) for one regular season and two playoff games in the 2003–04 season before playing the full 2004–05 NWHL season with the Brampton Thunder. During that time, she also participated in the Esso Women's Nationals with the Chimos (as Team Alberta) in 2004 and with the Thunder competing as (Team Ontario 2) in 2005.
Weiland chose to go abroad after being cut from the 2006 US Olympic team and signed with the Swiss team DHC Lyss in the Leistungsklasse A (LK A) for the 2005–06 Leistungsklasse A season. She ranked second on the team and ninth in the league for scoring, with 16 goals and 11 assists. In addition to playing in the top Swiss league, she served as an assistant coach to the Switzerland women's national under-18 ice hockey team for the 2005–06 season. During her spare time while living in Europe, she visited fourteen countries.
Returning to North America in 2006, Weiland joined the Etobicoke Dolphins for the 2006–07 NWHL season and remained with the team as it became the Vaughan Flames and joined the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) in its inaugural season, 2007–08. She participated in the Esso Women's Nationals in 2007 with the Vaughan Flames (as Team Ontario 2) and served as an alternate captain.
International play
Weiland was first invited to participate in the USA Hockey Women's National Festival in 1999 and took part in a total of eight festivals (1999, 2002–2005, and 2007–2009). Her first national team selection was to the United States women's national select team (also known as the national development team) for the 2002 Four Nations Cup in Canada, at which she won a silver medal. She won gold with the national select team at the 2003 Four Nations Cup in Sweden and was named to the United States national team roster for the 2003 IIHF Women's World Championship in Beijing before the tournament was cancelled due to the SARS crisis.
A year later, she made her World Championship debut with the national team playing on the second pair with Molly Engstrom at the 2004 IIHF Women's World Championship in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she was +8 across five games and won a silver medal, and also took home silver from the 2004 Four Nations Cup in the United States. She was not named to the national team nor the national select team for any tournaments in 2005 and, though she was a prospect for the 2006 United States Olympic team, was cut early in the selection process. Of the conversation when she was cut, she recalled being told that, while she was undeniably skilled, the opportunity was being given to younger players (she was 25 at the time).
After being cut from the Olympic squad, Weiland considered retiring from ice hockey altogether but instead decided to pause her national team aspirations and signed to play in Switzerland for the 2005–06 season. While in Switzerland, she attended various competitions at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, including short track speed skating, curling, biathlon, and several matches of the women's ice hockey tournament.
Upon returning to North America, she caught the 2006 Four Nations Cup on television and realized that she still wanted to pursue her Olympic dreams. Weiland contacted the director of the US national team and was invited to a camp in December 2006, where she was able to try out for the upcoming World Championship team. She made the US roster for the 2007 World Championship and began what she dubbed "a new era and a clean slate" with the national program.
Weiland kicked off her new era at the 2007 IIHF Women's World Championship in Winnipeg, where she played on the third pair with Helen Resor, notched her first World Championship point – the secondary assist on an Engstrom goal against, and won her second World Championship silver medal. Later that year, she won her third Four Nations Cup silver medal at the 2007 Four Nations Cup in Sweden.
In 2008, she relocated to Blaine, Minnesota to participate in the newly established USA Hockey residency program and began renting a flat with forwards Julie Chu and Karen Thatcher. At the 2008 IIHF Women's World Championship, Weiland was on a defensive pair with Chu, who played as a defenseman rather than at forward for the tournament, and took home her first World Championship gold medal. The United States also won gold at the 2008 Four Nations Cup, where Weiland contributed two assists.
She won a second World Championship gold medal as the team’s seventh defenseman at the 2009 IIHF Women's World Championship and notched an assist at the 2009 Four Nations Cup, where the United States took home silver.
Weiland’s Olympic dreams were finally realized in December 2009, when she was announced to the United States' team for the women's ice hockey tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. At 29, she was the third-oldest player named to the roster, after 30 year old forward Jenny Potter and 29 year old defenseman Angela Ruggiero (born January 1980). Deployed alongside Kacey Bellamy on the third defensive pair, she earned the secondary assist on a Natalie Darwitz goal against and scored her first national team goal against, assisted by Erika Lawler. When the United States fell to in the goal medal game, she became the second Alaskan to win an Olympic ice hockey medal, after goaltender Pam Dreyer won bronze in 2006.
Inline hockey
Weiland participated in four FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships with the United States women's national inline hockey team. winning gold medals in 2003, 2006, and 2007, and a silver medal in 2004. Several national ice hockey team players were Weiland’s teammates on the national inline hockey team, including Chanda Gunn (2003, 2004), Jess Koizumi (2006, 2007), Julie Chu (2007), and Angela Ruggiero (2007).
Personal life
Weiland was born on October 18, 1980, the second youngest child of Terry and Teri Weiland. She grew up with four older sisters (Annemarie, Amy, Sarah, and Alicia) and two brothers on the family’s hay farm outside of Palmer, Alaska. Her older brother, Andy, was friends with future-NHL er Scott Gomez during the years he lived in Palmer as a youth and Gomez remembered Weiland as "respectful and quiet - but on the ice, she wasn't scared of anything."
She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison on a full athletic scholarship, double majoring in legal studies and sociology, and graduated in 2003.
Though she played ice hockey in some of the elite women's leagues of the time, Weiland spent years of her playing career living "below the poverty line" and often relied on financial help from her family and intermittent jobs to stay afloat.
Weiland is married to Christina Sorbara, a former member of the Canadian women's national inline hockey team, and they have three children; the eldest was born in 2012 and they welcomed twins in December 2013.
A street in Palmer, Alaska is named after her. Called Kerry Weiland Court, the road serves as the address for MTA Events Center (also known as Palmer Ice Arena), the town’s only indoor ice rink.
Regular season and playoffs
Sources:
Awards and honors
Sources:
WCHA
Records valid through 2021–22 NCAA season.
Career
* 4th most assists by a defender (90) – tied with Courtney Burke
* 6th most points by a defender (124)
* 9th most goals by a defender (34) – tied with Emma Laaksonen and Rachel Ramsey
Season
* 3rd most assists by a defender (37), 2000–01 season – tied with Winny Brodt (1999–2000), Megan Bozek (2012–13), and Sophie Jaques (2021–22)
* 5th most points by a defender (49), 2000–01 season – tied with Meaghan Mikkelson (2006–07)
* 5th most points per game by a defender (1.40), 2000–01 season; 22nd most points per game by a defender (1.06), 1999–2000 season
* 20th most goals by a defender (12), 2000–01 season – tied with five other players: Bobbi-Jo Slusar (2005–06), Anya Miller (2007–08), Anne Schleper (2009–10), Rachel Ramsey (2013–14), and Sydney Baldwin (2017–18)
Single-game
* Most penalties (8), Wisconsin vs. Minnesota Duluth on October 9, 1999
* Most penalty minutes (24 PIM), Wisconsin vs. Minnesota Duluth on October 9, 1999
Wisconsin Badgers
Records valid through 2020–21 Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey season.
Career
* Most penalties (111) – tied with Sis Paulsen
* Most penalty minutes (249 PIM)
* 2nd most points scored by a defensive player (124)
* 18th most points scored (124)
Season
* Most points scored by a defensive player (49), 2000–01 season – tied with Meaghan Mikkelson (2006–07); 6th most points scored by a defensive player (35), 1999–2000 – tied with Courtney Burke (2015–16)
* 3rd most penalties (38), 2000–01 season; 4th most penalties (32), 1999–2000 season
* 3rd most penalty minutes (76), 2000–01 season; 4th most penalty minutes (72), 1999–2000 season; 7th most penalty minutes (65), 2002–03 season
Single-game
* Most penalties (8), Wisconsin vs. Minnesota Duluth on October 9, 1999
* Most penalty minutes (24 PIM), Wisconsin vs. Minnesota Duluth on October 9, 1999
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Chia-liang Kao (高嘉良) > Data-Hierarchy-0.34 > Data::Hierarchy
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Module Version: 0.34 Source
NAME ^
Data::Hierarchy - Handle data in a hierarchical structure
SYNOPSIS ^
my $tree = Data::Hierarchy->new();
$tree->store ('/', {access => 'all'});
$tree->store ('/private', {access => 'auth',
'.note' => 'this is private});
$info = $tree->get ('/private/somewhere/deep');
# return actual data points in list context
($info, @fromwhere) = $tree->get ('/private/somewhere/deep');
my @items = $tree->find ('/', {access => qr/.*/});
# override all children
$tree->store ('/', {'.note' => undef}, {override_sticky_descendents => 1});
DESCRIPTION ^
Data::Hierarchy provides a simple interface for manipulating inheritable data attached to a hierarchical environment (like a filesystem).
One use of Data::Hierarchy is to allow an application to annotate paths in a real filesystem in a single compact data structure. However, the hierarchy does not actually need to correspond to an actual filesystem.
Paths in a hierarchy are referred to in a Unix-like syntax; "/" is the root "directory". (You can specify a different separator character than the slash when you construct a Data::Hierarchy object.) With the exception of the root path, paths should never contain trailing slashes. You can associate properties, which are arbitrary name/value pairs, with any path. (Properties cannot contain the undefined value.) By default, properties are inherited by child paths: thus, if you store some data at /some/path:
$tree->store('/some/path', {color => 'red'});
you can fetch it again at a /some/path/below/that:
print $tree->get('/some/path/below/that')->{'color'};
# prints red
On the other hand, properties whose names begin with dots are uninherited, or "sticky":
$tree->store('/some/path', {'.color' => 'blue'});
print $tree->get('/some/path')->{'.color'}; # prints blue
print $tree->get('/some/path/below/that')->{'.color'}; # undefined
Note that you do not need to (and in fact, cannot) explicitly add "files" or "directories" to the hierarchy; you simply add and delete properties to paths.
CONSTRUCTOR ^
Creates a new hierarchy object. Takes the following options:
sep
The string used as a separator between path levels. Defaults to '/'.
METHODS ^
Instance Methods
store $path, $properties, {%options}
Given a path and a hash reference of properties, stores the properties at the path.
Unless the override_descendents option is given with a false value, it eliminates any non-sticky property in a descendent of $path with the same name.
If the override_sticky_descendents option is given with a true value, it eliminates any sticky property in a descendent of $path with the same name. override it.
A value of undef removes that value; note, though, that if an ancestor of $path defines that property, the ancestor's value will be inherited there; that is, with:
$t->store('/a', {k => 'top'});
$t->store('/a/b', {k => 'bottom'});
$t->store('/a/b', {k => undef});
print $t->get('/a/b')->{'k'};
it will print 'top'.
get $path, [$dont_clone]
Given a path, looks up all of the properteies (sticky and not) and returns them in a hash reference. The values are clones, unless you pass a true value for $dont_clone.
If called in list context, returns that hash reference followed by all of the ancestral paths of $path which contain non-sticky properties (possibly including itself).
find $path, $property_regexps
Given a path and a hash reference of name/regular expression pairs, returns a list of all paths which are descendents of $path (including itself) and define at that path itself (not inherited) all of the properties in the hash with values matching the given regular expressions. (You may want to use qr/.*/ to merely see if it has any value defined there.) Properties can be sticky or not.
merge $other_hierarchy, $path
Given a second Data::Hierarchy object and a path, copies all the properties from the other object at $path or below into the corresponding paths in the object this method is invoked on. All properties from the object this is invoked on at $path or below are erased first.
to_relative $base_path
Given a path which every element of the hierarchy must be contained in, returns a special Data::Hierarchy::Relative object which represents the hierarchy relative that path. The only thing you can do with a Data::Hierarchy::Relative object is call to_absolute($new_base_path) on it, which returns a new Data::Hierarchy object at that base path. For example, if everything in the hierarchy is rooted at /home/super_project and it needs to be moved to /home/awesome_project, you can do
$hierarchy = $hierarchy->to_relative('/home/super_project')->to_absolute('/home/awesome_project');
(Data::Hierarchy::Relative objects may be a more convenient serialization format than Data::Hierarchy objects, if they are tracking the state of some relocatable resource.)
AUTHORS ^
Chia-liang Kao <clkao@clkao.org> David Glasser <glasser@mit.edu>
COPYRIGHT ^
Copyright 2003-2006 by Chia-liang Kao <clkao@clkao.org>.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
See http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html
syntax highlighting:
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Firehawk (roller coaster)
Firehawk was a flying roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Manufactured by Vekoma, it originally opened as X-Flight at Six Flags Worlds of Adventure on May 26, 2001, billed as the Midwest's first and only flying roller coaster. Cedar Fair purchased Worlds of Adventure in 2004 and began efforts to downsize the park. X-Flight was relocated to Kings Island following the 2006 season, where it reopened as Firehawk on May 26, 2007.
The roller coaster's layout was identical to Batwing, another Vekoma Flying Dutchman model, located at Six Flags America. Firehawk closed permanently on October 28, 2018, and was later demolished. On August 15, 2019, it was announced that Firehawk would be replaced by a new Bolliger & Mabillard coaster named Orion, a giga coaster that opened in 2020.
Six Flags Worlds of Adventure/Geauga Lake (2001–2006)
When Geauga Lake was known as Six Flags Ohio, plans for a new roller coaster known as X-Flight were revealed on January 4, 2001. Six days later, Six Flags purchased SeaWorld Ohio – next to Geauga Lake – and merged the two to create Six Flags Worlds of Adventure. X-Flight was advertised as the first flying roller coaster in the Midwest, and it was the park's tenth roller coaster overall – the fifth added since 2000. The new coaster was built on a former bus parking lot, and Geauga Lake Road had to be rerouted around the ride. Regarding the design of the attraction, Jake Bateman, Vice President and General Manager of Six Flags Worlds of Adventure, said:
Land clearing began on December 1, 2000, and construction on the footers began February 9, 2001. X-Flight was originally intended to open on May 5, but due to technical difficulties, its opening was delayed. During testing, problems were discovered with several devices, including the reclining mechanism on the trains and their restraints. X-Flight's media day was eventually held on May 24, 2001, and the ride officially opened two days later on May 26.
Cedar Fair purchased the park from Six Flags in 2004 for $145 million. They announced intentions of returning the park to its roots as a family-oriented amusement park. The efforts to downsize the park eventually led to X-Flight's removal. On November 22, 2006, Geauga Lake park officials announced that X-Flight was being dismantled to be moved to another unspecified Cedar Fair property. Moving the ride would take several months, as the final sections of track and supports wouldn't be removed until March 2007.
Kings Island (2007–2018)
On January 22, 2007, green Vekoma track resembling the track of X-Flight was spotted at Kings Island, a Cedar Fair park in Mason, Ohio. On February 5, 2007, Kings Island officially announced Firehawk as the former X-Flight roller coaster from Geauga Lake. Construction was scheduled to begin later that month, and the opening was set for Memorial Day weekend later that year. X-Flight's neon green track and dark blue supports were re-painted red and steel gray, respectively. It was built in an area next to Flight of Fear, creating a new area named X-Base which connects to nearby area Coney Mall via a walkway under Racer's lift hill. Firehawk officially opened as scheduled on May 26, 2007. It was the first roller coaster to be introduced at the park since Cedar Fair purchased it from Paramount Parks in 2006. The first 2,500 riders received commemorative Firehawk t-shirts.
On September 27, 2018, Kings Island announced that Firehawk would close permanently on October 28, 2018. The ride was demolished prior to the 2019 season. Firehawk's trains were shipped to Carowinds to be used as spare parts for Nighthawk. In 2020, Firehawk was replaced with a giga coaster named Orion. The former photo booth was reused as the new coaster's entrance.
Track
The steel track was 3340 ft in length, and the height of the lift hill was 115 ft. There were approximately 300 sections of track colored red, with steel gray supports. When the ride operated at Geauga Lake, the track was neon green with dark blue supports.
Firehawk had a total of five inversions – one vertical loop, two inline twists, and four 180-degree inline twists that were each counted as a half inversion. These 180-degree inline twists were also known as "Lie-to-Fly" and "Fly-to-Lie" elements, in which riders on their backs were flipped to face the ground or vice versa.
Layout
Once riders were seated and restrained, the train was tilted backwards into a 'lay-down' position and dispatched. The train traveled backwards out of the station, turned left and traveled up the 115 ft lift hill at a 33-degree angle. Once the train reached the top of the lift hill, it dipped down into a twist (called a "Lie-to-Fly") that turned the trains upside down into a flying position where riders faced the ground. After the twist, the train traveled down the first drop, reaching speeds of 51 mi/h. Riders then proceeded through an over banked horseshoe curve element, passing the queue area. Following the horseshoe, the train entered a "Fly-to-Lie" element that turned riders back to a lay-down position. After the banked turn, the ride entered the 66 ft tall vertical loop, where riders experience 4.3 Gs. The train then went into another "Lie-to-Fly" element. Following the loop, riders entered another turn and hit two consecutive inline twists. Following the inline twists, the train entered the final helix followed by the final "Fly-to-Lie" element. Afterwards, the train was slowed to a stop on the brake run before returning to the station.
Station
The coaster featured a dual station which was connected to the main track using a switch track segment (similar to a railroad switch). Dual-station operation allowed for two trains to be loaded simultaneously for more efficient operation. This configuration has existed since the ride debuted at Geauga Lake.
Trains
Firehawk operated with two trains. There were six cars with four seats in each row for a total of 24 riders per train. There were three trains during the ride's first year at Geauga Lake, however only two were used since. The third train became a parts donor for the first two. Originally, riders reclined on the lift hill, rather than in the station, and returned to an upright position prior to re-entering the station. However, this was changed to occur in the station due to problems that arose during the ride's first season. The trains featured the Firehawk logo on the front colored yellow and red. At Geauga Lake, the X-Flight logo was featured on the trains.
Incident
On August 8, 2009, an adult male passenger was rushed to a hospital after he was found with breathing problems following the ride. He died the same evening. The Hamilton County Coroner's Office reported that a heart condition was the likely cause of death and ruled it a natural cause. The ride was re-opened at 12:10 pm on August 9, 2009, after an inspection by the Ohio Department of Agriculture – a division of the state government responsible for amusement park ride safety in Ohio. They determined the ride was operating within the manufacturer's specifications.
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User:Cellos are superior
All I do here is clean up spaces and fix grammer. But everything counts when you're doing it for education!
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Damon Brackets - Beyond the hype
Fact
oR
fiction??
"I heard Damon Braces are better than traditional braces - is that true?"
As an Educator...
As an educator and someone who has taught orthodontics to Orthodontic Residents, I like the facts and opinions that I give my patients to be evidence based in science backed by studies ran and evidence found Orthodontic Peer Reviewed Literature. The current literature shows that the Damon Brackets show no statistically significant increase in treatment efficacy v traditional braces. The American Journal of Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthodontics which is officially endorsed by the American Association of Orthodontists has an article In the Land of No Evidence is the Salesman King? (link) which pokes holes in the claims that Self-Ligating Bracket Manufactures make to disprove other claims. In another article in the Angle Orthodontist which was a systematic review looking at all the previous journal articles written before its publication date of 2010 concludes "at this stage there is insufficient high-quality evidence to support the use of self-ligating fixed orthodontic appliances (Damon Braces) over conventional appliance systems or vice versa." Download PDF
There are many claims coming from the companies and practices utilizing these brackets; including lower levels of friction resulting in more biological forces, fewer extractions and expanders, decreased treatment times, less discomfort, fewer broken brackets, fewer visits to the office, faster space closure, and fewer periodontal complications. These claims are great but what does the scientific literature say? Do self-ligating brackets possess some sort of magic that allows us to straighten teeth more quickly, with less pain, and better results?
Fortunately, there is a cornucopia (I love using that word) of research on self-ligating brackets because their use has skyrocketed in recent years (between 2002 and 2008 the use of self-ligating brackets went from 8.7% to 42%). If you are interested in my sources I will list them at the end of the post.
• CLAIM: Self-ligating brackets align teeth more quickly and allow for faster space closure
• TRUTH: Several studies have DEBUNKED this idea. In fact, at least one study has found that initial alignment of the teeth was significantly SLOWER with self-ligating brackets.
• CLAIM: Using self-ligating brackets decreases the need for extractions and/or palate expanders.
• TRUTH: Let’s first tackle the expander issue. There are two types of expansion in orthodontics: 1) dental expansion where the teeth move within the bones, 2) orthopedic expansion where we move the bones themselves. Dental expansion is something that any bracket system can do regardless of the ligation method. All we need to do is use a wire that is wider than the teeth (the wire is the driving force behind tooth movement not the bracket). Orthopedic expansion is what we use palate expanders for. These are used in cases where the upper jaw is literally too narrow compared to the lower jaw. Why would you want to widen the teeth when the bones themselves are deficient? The expansion that brackets and wires do is NOTHING like the expansion that expanders do. Now let’s talk extractions. When you boil this down to the most basic idea this is a simple math question. You have a set width of teeth and a set width of jawbone available to fit teeth. We can modify the width a bit (with dental and orthopedic expansion) but at a certain point there is simply too much tooth structure to fit in the mouth. There is no magic to this. A specific type of bracket does not change simple mathematics, period.
• CLAIM: Self-ligating brackets result in faster treatment times and fewer visits to the office
• TRUTH: Treatment with self-ligating brackets DOES NOT reduce treatment time or the number of appointments. There is a lot of evidence showing that treatment time is NOT related to the type of bracket that is used. One thing IS true. Self-ligating brackets do seem to decrease the physical time in the chair because the doors are generally faster to close compared to putting on a rubber band, but they DO NOT reduce the total treatment time. The time reduction in the chair is relatively insignificant for any single patient (usually less than 60 seconds per appointment). For an orthodontist who sees 100 patients a day these small numbers add up over time but you as a patient will not notice much of a difference between a self-ligating bracket system and a conventional bracket system.
• CLAIM: Self-ligating brackets have less friction, which results in lower, more biological forces and more efficient treatment
• TRUTH: A recent review found that self-ligating brackets DO have lower friction; however, this is ONLY true when the teeth are already straight and small round wires are used.
• CLAIM: Treatment with self-ligating brackets is less painful than conventional brackets
• TRUTH: Things are a bit unclear here. It seems that the type of bracket has much less to do with discomfort than the type of wire that is used. Studies where half of the mouth has self-ligating brackets and half has conventional brackets show that there is slightly less discomfort with the self-ligation; however, the self-ligating brackets were much slower to align the teeth. A randomized controlled trial (gold-standard for research design) showed that there was no difference between self-ligation and conventional ligation when it comes to comfort/discomfort of moving teeth.
• CLAIM: Self-ligating brackets break less often than traditional bracke
• TRUTH: This is a silly claim, in my mind. There is NO evidence that this is true. Getting brackets to stick to the teeth is much more related to the technique used when placing them than the bracket used. There are many reasons why brackets break off of teeth. One of the most common causes of broken brackets is eating the wrong foods while wearing your braces
• CLAIM: Self-ligating brackets are more hygienic than conventional brackets
• TRUTH: There is some truth to this claim. The rubber band that holds the wire in can harbor more plaque than a self-ligating bracket; however, for kids who are good brushers this is insignificant.
• CLAIM: Self-ligating brackets result in fewer periodontal and root problems compared to conventional brackets.
• TRUTH: There is no scientific evidence to support these claims. Studies have shown no difference between the type of bracket and the condition of the periodontal tissues and roots of the teeth.
Take Home Message:
Your teeth do now know what type of bracket is placed on them. Damon braces do not have a contract that allows doctors who use them to move teeth more quickly, with less pain, resulting in fewer treatment complications compared to traditional braces. I often compare braces to cars. This may seem like a weird comparison but it makes sense. What makes a car move? The engine. How does the car move? The wheels/tires connect it to the road. Braces are no different, the wire is the engine that moves the teeth and the bracket is what connects the wire and the tooth. The only thing the teeth feel is a force to move. This force produces inflammation around your teeth and that makes the teeth sore.
Please don’t read this and assume that I am a “hater” of self-ligating brackets. They are great brackets. The Damon bracket is a very well built, high-quality bracket. However, the things that many people say make these types of brackets different really do not hold up when examined scientifically.
In reality, every orthodontic system works.
What you pay for is not the type of bracket or wire system that a doctor uses but rather their expertise in using the system. I always tell people to go to the office that makes them feel the most comfortable. As long as the office and doctor are up to date on the latest technologies, the team is friendly and skilled, and the office is clean, you should have a result of straight teeth and a healthy bite. The difference lies in the doctor’s skills and interpretation of the aesthetic outcome and his or her ability to harness the technology to work for you. Our dedication to our patients is to cut through the plethora of treatments available, not be swayed by the amount of advertising dollars spent by the manufacturers, and find the treatments that truly benefit our patients. Orthodontic treatment is a short-term partnership between the patient and the doctor and if you are not comfortable with the office treatment, your treatment will not be the pleasant experience that it should be.
References
Songra GClover MAtack NEEwings PSherriff MSandy JRIreland AJ. Comparative assessment of alignment efficiency and space closure of active and passive self-ligating vs conventional appliances in adolescents: a single-center randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014 May;145(5):569-78.
Miles PG. Self-ligating vs conventional twin brackets during en-masse space closure with sliding mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007 Aug;132(2):223-5.
Turnbull NR1, Birnie DJ. Treatment efficiency of conventional vs self-ligating brackets: effects of archwire size and material. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007 Mar;131(3):395-9.
Johansson KLundström F. Orthodontic treatment efficiency with self-ligating and conventional edgewise twin brackets: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Angle Orthod. 2012 Sep;82(5):929-34.
DiBiase ATNasr IHScott PCobourne MT. Duration of treatment and occlusal outcome using Damon3 self-ligated and conventional orthodontic bracket systems in extraction patients: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011 Feb;139(2):e111-6.
Fleming PSDiBiase ATLee RT. Randomized clinical trial of orthodontic treatment efficiency with self-ligating and conventional fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010 Jun;137(6):738-42.
Miles PG, Weyant RJ, Rustveld L. A clinical trial of Damon 2 vs conventional twin brackets during initial alignment. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:480–485.
Pandis NPolychronopoulou AEliades T. Failure rate of self-ligating and edgewise brackets bonded with conventional acid etching and a self-etching primer: a prospective in vivo study. Angle Orthod. 2006 Jan;76(1):119-22.
Pandis NVlachopoulos KPolychronopoulou AMadianos PEliades T. Periodontal condition of the mandibular anterior dentition in patients with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008 Nov;11(4):211-5.
Pandis NNasika MPolychronopoulou AEliades T.
External apical root resorption in patients treated with conventional and self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Nov;134(5):646-51
Chen SSGreenlee GMKim JESmith CLHuang GJ.Systematic review of self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010 Jun;137(6):726.e1-726.e18
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Terry Clark (RAF officer)
William Terence Montague Clark, (11 April 1919 – 7 May 2020) was a British nightfighter navigator/radar operator in the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1938 to 1945. He, along with John Hemingway, was one of the last two verified surviving aircrew of the Battle of Britain.
Clark enlisted in the Auxiliary Air Force in 1938 joining No. 615 Squadron at Kenley in March 1938 as an aircrafthand, then trained to be an aircraft gunner in Hawker Hectors on Army cooperation duties.
He joined No. 219 Squadron, then flying Bristol Blenheims, at Catterick on 12 July 1940, later training on radar as a radio observer, flying in Bristol Beaufighters.
On the night of 16/17 April 1941 Clark flew with the commanding officer of 219 Squadron, Wing Commander T.G. Pike, when Pike's own navigator was taken ill. They intercepted and destroyed a Junkers Ju 88 and a Heinkel He 111 in the Guildford area.
During the night of 27/28 April 1941, flying with Flying Officer D.O. Hobbis, his regular pilot, Clark assisted in the destruction of an unidentified enemy aircraft, on each of 1/2 June and 13/14 June 1941 they shot down a Heinkel He 111.
Clark was awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal, which was gazetted on 8 July 1941. Commissioned as a Pilot Officer in May 1942, Clark had reached the rank of Flight Lieutenant by the end of the war. Post war Clark joined the reconstituted Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (RAFVR) in 1949 serving in the Fighter and Aircraft Control Branches before resigning his commission in 1954.
Clark died on 7 May 2020 at the age of 101, leaving John Hemingway as the last surviving member of The Few.
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Page:The Anabasis of Alexander.djvu/78
56 a battle at daybreak. He then stationed bis military engines near the wall, and having in a short time partly broken and partly shaken down a large piece of it, he led his army near, that the men might enter wherever the wall had been thrown down or shaken. The Persians from Mycale were following close upon them and could almost see their friends and allies being besieged. In the meantime, Nicanor, observing from Lade Alexander's commencement of the attack, began to sail into the harbour of Miletus, rowing along the shore; and mooring his triremes as close as possible together, with their prows facing the enemy, across the narrowest part of the mouth of the harbour, he shut off the Persian fleet from the port and made it impossible for the Persians to give succour to the Milesians. Then the Macedonians from all sides pressed close upon the citizens and the Grecian mercenaries, who took to flight; some of them, casting themselves into the sea, floated along upon their shields with the hollow upwards to an unnamed islet which lies near the city; others getting into their skiffs and hastening to get the start of the Macedonian triremes, were captured by them at the mouth of the harbour. But the majority of them were slain in the city itself. As soon as Alexander had got possession of the city, he sailed against those who had fled for refuge into the island; ordering the men to carry ladders upon the prows of the triremes, with the intention of effecting a landing along the cliffs of the island, as one would mount a wall. But when he saw that the men on the island were resolved to run every risk, he was moved with pity for them, because they appeared to him both brave and loyal; wherefore he made a truce with them on the condition that they would serve as his soldiers. These
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2
Into the original httpd.conf, I have
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
I created a config file in /etc/httpd/conf.d/ with
NameVirtualHost 192.168.0.2:8009
<VirtualHost 192.168.0.2:8009>
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/deve
ServerName "deve:8009"
ErrorLog /var/www/deve_errorlog
CustomLog /var/www/deve_customlog common
Options -ExecCGI -Indexes
</VirtualHost>
I restart the server and I still can see files in
http://192.168.0.2:8009/images
I tought that the more specific rule overides the general one
Where do I miss something ?
2
• What if you visit deve:8009/images ? – derobert Sep 13 '09 at 3:49
• 1
Your ServerName should probably not have the :8009 portion, just the actual name. – Marcin Sep 13 '09 at 3:51
8
You are basically correct, however missing a subtlety in the use of Options.
First, however, don't just stick them in the NameVirtualHost container, use a Directory Statement...
You are correct that the most specific ones apply, however, if an options statement contains a list of options where every one is prefixed with a + or -, then the options are merged with any existing options...
This means
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
is merged with
Options -ExecCGI -Indexes
to form
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks -ExecCGI
Have a look at the apache documentation http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html
and specifically at the example:
...if the second Options directive uses the + and - symbols:
<Directory /web/docs>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
</Directory>
<Directory /web/docs/spec>
Options +Includes -Indexes
</Directory>
then the options FollowSymLinks and Includes are set for the /web/docs/spec directory.
Hence, the behaviour Apache is exhibiting with your configuration is correct.
I would just explicitly declare the options for the NameVirtualHost as follows:
<Directory /var/www/html/deve>
Options +FollowSymlinks -Indexes -ExecCGI
</Directory>
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Bobbuttons
Bobbuttons is quite possibly the funniest person to ever live. That, of course, is open for debate. You can find his witty posts primarily at the Out of the Park Developments forums and the Off Topic Baseball League forums.
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Talk:Sport in Iraq/Archive 1
Untitled
deleted the "jokes" really not funny.. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iraqio (talk • contribs) 17:16, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
* That was vandalism, and it's unfortunately common on Wikipedia. Thanks and please do continue to keep an eye open for it on this page. The Evil Spartan (talk) 19:22, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
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b.r.RepoReconciler(object) : class documentation
Part of bzrlib.reconcile View In Hierarchy
Known subclasses: bzrlib.reconcile.KnitReconciler, bzrlib.reconcile.PackReconciler
Reconciler that reconciles a repository.
The goal of repository reconciliation is to make any derived data consistent with the core data committed by a user. This can involve reindexing, or removing unreferenced data if that can interfere with queries in a given repository.
Currently this consists of an inventory reweave with revision cross-checks.
Method __init__ Construct a RepoReconciler.
Method reconcile Perform reconciliation.
Method _reconcile Undocumented
Method _reconcile_steps Perform the steps to reconcile this repository.
Method _reweave_inventory Regenerate the inventory weave for the repository from scratch.
Method _new_inv_parents Lookup ghost-filtered parents for revision_key.
Method _change_inv_parents Adapt a record stream to reconcile the parents.
Method _setup_steps Setup the markers we need to control the progress bar.
Method _graph_revision Load a revision into the revision graph.
Method _check_garbage_inventories Check for garbage inventories which we cannot trust
Method _parent_is_available True if parent is a fully available revision
Method _reweave_step Mark a single step of regeneration complete.
def __init__(self, repo, other=None, thorough=False):
Construct a RepoReconciler.
Parametersthoroughperform a thorough check which may take longer but will correct non-data loss issues such as incorrect cached data.
def reconcile(self):
Perform reconciliation.
After reconciliation the following attributes document found issues:
• inconsistent_parents: The number of revisions in the repository whose ancestry was being reported incorrectly.
• garbage_inventories: The number of inventory objects without revisions that were garbage collected.
def _reconcile(self):
Undocumented
def _reconcile_steps(self):
Perform the steps to reconcile this repository.
def _reweave_inventory(self):
Regenerate the inventory weave for the repository from scratch.
This is a smart function: it will only do the reweave if doing it will correct data issues. The self.thorough flag controls whether only data-loss causing issues (!self.thorough) or all issues (self.thorough) are treated as requiring the reweave.
def _new_inv_parents(self, revision_key):
Lookup ghost-filtered parents for revision_key.
def _change_inv_parents(self, stream, get_parents, all_revision_keys):
Adapt a record stream to reconcile the parents.
def _setup_steps(self, new_total):
Setup the markers we need to control the progress bar.
def _graph_revision(self, rev_id):
Load a revision into the revision graph.
def _check_garbage_inventories(self):
Check for garbage inventories which we cannot trust
We cant trust them because their pre-requisite file data may not be present - all we know is that their revision was not installed.
def _parent_is_available(self, parent):
True if parent is a fully available revision
A fully available revision has a inventory and a revision object in the repository.
def _reweave_step(self, message):
Mark a single step of regeneration complete.
API Documentation for Bazaar, generated by pydoctor at 2020-05-29 00:47:57.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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BRIEF-Eastern Europe's low buying power hurts Silvano's Q3 2016 results, no growth expected
Feb 23 (Reuters) - Silvano Fashion Group AS: * Q3 2016 turnover at 15.0 million euros ($15.86 million) versus 17.4 million euros year ago * Q3 2016 net profit at 3.2 million euros versus 5.3 million euros year ago * Says 9-month results of 2016 were defined by continued challenges in economies of its major sales markets – Russia, Belarus and Ukraine * Says purchasing power in region`s countries remains low, future expectations are still more on a negative or neutral side * Says it is hard to see some kind of relatively fast recovery in growth rates of economies under discussion Source text: bit.ly/2lzinMy Further company coverage: ($1 = 0.9455 euros) (Gdynia Newsroom)
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Latvian Television
Latvijas Televīzija (Latvian Television, LTV) is the state-owned public service television broadcaster in Latvia. LTV operates two channels, LTV1 in Latvian and LTV7 (previously called LTV2) in Latvian with selected programming in Russian.
The broadcaster has been fully funded by the state budget since 1 January 2021, when, after years of debate, it and radio broadcaster Latvijas Radio exited the advertising market. It is currently led by Ivars Priede, the Chairman of the Board.
LTV is a member of the European Broadcasting Union, having joined on 1 January 1993. From the restoration of independence in 1991 to 31 December 1992, it was a member of the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT). LTV hosted the annual Eurovision Song Contest in 2003, as well as the IIHF Men's Ice Hockey Championships in 2006 and 2021, and the inaugural Eurovision Choir of the Year competition in 2017.
LTV1 broadcasts the Eurovision Song Contest in Latvia each year, and LTV7 also broadcasts many sport events such as the Olympics, various Latvian league and national team games, the Ice Hockey World Championships (since 2018, extended 2028) and the FIFA World Cup.
Origins, 1954 to 1993
The first experimental broadcast of television in Latvia took place on 10 November 1937 at the Latvian Radio Society (Latvijas Radio biedrība) during a public viewing in Riga, using an oscilloscope with the screen size of 45x50 cm. There were plans to launch regular broadcasts of "visual radio" by the Latvian Radiophone in the early 1940s, but these were suspended by the occupation of Latvia and World War II.
The first contemporary test broadcasts started on 6 November 1954 from a studio in Soviet Riga in black-and-white, which were seen by the 20 owners of personal television sets. It is the first and oldest national television station in the Baltic countries. Regular broadcasting started on 20 November 1954. At the beginning, LTV did not have rights to create their own programming except live shows. In 1955, the Riga Television studio in Nometņu iela, Āgenskalns was created to produce its own programming and the first TV tower in Latvia was built.
On 19 March 1958, the first evening news show went on the air - this is considered to be the founding date of the LTV News Service (LTV Ziņu dienests. In 1963, it was renamed Panorāma, as it is known to this day. A second TV channel was launched in 1961 and both channels converted to SÉCAM color in 1974. In 1986, both the Riga TV Tower and the LTV television headquarters in Zaķusala were officially completed.
During the Third Latvian National Awakening, the broadcaster became more open to Glasnost-style freedom of expression and criticism of Soviet rule in Latvia, most notably in the form of the Labvakar political talk show (1988–1993). The buildings in Zaķusala were one of the locations defended during The Barricades. During the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt troops of the OMON unit seized the LTV building on August 21, suspending broadcasts for two days.
1993–2013
On 1 January 1993, Latvian Television and Radio Latvia became members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). On 2 February 1998, LTV along with LNT, Channel 31 (now TV3) and TV Riga (later TV5) converted to PAL color. In 2003, LTV2, the second channel, was rebranded as LTV7. The 7 was due to the initial slogan of the renamed service, "Because every day is like a holiday", which was coupled with its new programming concept, content and higher advertising rates.
In 2008, LTV started broadcasting in digital terrestrial TV standard in MPEG2 format, changing to MPEG4 format on 1 August 2009 as the telecommunications company Lattelecom has been chosen to be the official integrator of digital terrestrial TV in Latvia. Analogue distribution of LTV7 finished on 1 March 2010. LTV completely finished broadcasting LTV1 in analogue format on 1 July 2010. Both LTV channels are also available on the Sirius satellite's Nordic beam as part of the Viasat package.
Public Broadcasting of Latvia (since 2013)
Since 2013, LTV has come under the umbrella of Public Broadcasting of Latvia (Latvijas Sabiedriskie mediji, LSM) along with Latvian Radio, as part of the unification process of both public broadcasters. LTV and Radio Latvia now share one news portal, LSM.lv, and an online streaming service (REplay.lv), with content from both broadcasters.
LTV changed its aspect ratio from 4:3 to 16:9 in 2013. Selected programming such as live broadcast of a staging of The Nutcracker by the Latvian National Opera on LTV1 in 2012 and the matches of the IIHF World Championships on LTV7 (2018–present), were shown in HD. In 2019 a full switch to HDTV broadcasts was announced for 2021 or 2022, although delayed in previous years due to financial constraints. After upgrading their broadcasting technology, both TV channels and content on the REplay.lv and LSM began a gradual switch to Full HD (1080p) on 19 May 2021 for cable and online broadcasts (the switch for free terrestrial operators is scheduled for 2022). The LTV News Service programs (Panorāma etc.) marked their switch to 1080p on August 30 by unveiling a new studio and visuals.
In 2016, LTV launched the online channel Visiem LTV ('LTV to all', also styled VISIEMLTV.LV) for foreign viewers, mostly targeted for the Latvian diaspora. The programming is a mix of LTV1 and LTV7 broadcasts that are not restricted by copyright laws and are available globally.
Until 2021, the broadcaster was funded by grant-in-aid from the Latvian government (around 60%), with the remainder coming from television commercials. Although moving LTV to licence fee funding was long been debated, this was often opposed by the government, with media analysts believing that the real reason for this is that the government is reluctant to lose the control of LTV that state-funding gives it.After years of debate, in June 2018 the Saeima unanimously voted to amend legislation allowing the public broadcaster to exit the advertising market and be fully funded by the state budget. In 2020 the necessary funding was earmarked by the Government of Latvia, with Latvijas Televīzija and Latvijas Radio exiting the ad market effective January 1, 2021.
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/* Output a dictionary suitable for attaching to an HTTP request Original Source: (See copyright notice at ) */ /*" This category adds methods for dealing with HTTP input and output to an NSDictionary. This actually appears as part of the CURLHandle package so strictly speaking, it's in the public domain. "*/ /*" Convert a dictionary to an HTTP-formatted string with 7-bit ASCII encoding; see formatForHTTPUsingEncoding. "*/ - (NSString *) formatForHTTP { return [self formatForHTTPUsingEncoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding]; // default to dumb ASCII only } /*" Convert a dictionary to an HTTP-formatted string with the given encoding. Spaces are turned into +; other special characters are escaped with %; keys and values are output as key=value; in between arguments is &. "*/ - (NSString *) formatForHTTPUsingEncoding:(NSStringEncoding)inEncoding { return [self formatForHTTPUsingEncoding:inEncoding ordering:nil]; } /*" Convert a dictionary to an HTTP-formatted string with the given encoding, as above. The inOrdering parameter specifies the order to place the inputs, for servers that care about this. (Note that keys in the dictionary that aren't in inOrdering will not be included.) If inOrdering is nil, all keys and values will be output in an unspecified order. "*/ - (NSString *) formatForHTTPUsingEncoding:(NSStringEncoding)inEncoding ordering:(NSArray *)inOrdering { NSMutableString *s = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:256]; NSEnumerator *e = (nil == inOrdering) ? [self keyEnumerator] : [inOrdering objectEnumerator]; id key; CFStringEncoding cfStrEnc = CFStringConvertNSStringEncodingToEncoding(inEncoding); while ((key = [e nextObject])) { NSString *escapedKey = [(NSString *) CFURLCreateStringByAddingPercentEscapes( NULL, (CFStringRef) key, NULL, NULL, cfStrEnc) autorelease]; NSString *escapedObject = [(NSString *) CFURLCreateStringByAddingPercentEscapes( NULL, (CFStringRef) [[self objectForKey:key] description], NULL, NULL, cfStrEnc) autorelease]; [s appendFormat:@"%@=%@&", escapedKey, escapedObject]; } // Delete final & from the string if (![s isEqualToString:@""]) { [s deleteCharactersInRange:NSMakeRange([s length]-1, 1)]; } return s; }
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Hole of Burning Alms
Hole of Burning Alms is a compilation album by Papa M, a moniker of American multi-instrumentalist David Pajo, collecting various singles and unreleased tracks released between 1995 and 2000. It was released in the United States by Drag City, and in the United Kingdom by the Domino Recording Company.
Reception
The album received mostly positive reviews. Amanda Petrusich, writing for Pitchfork, remarked that "All these instrumental singles and B-sides make [Pajo's] sonic trajectory clearer and easier to organize–when taken together, they chug hard like [Pajo's] career, shifting chronologically from Slint-ish guitar surges to acoustic country hymns to traveling beats to scummy rock songs." Dusted Magazine reviewer Nathan Hogan stated that the album "organizes his material effectively while also reflecting the breadth of his solo career."
Track listing
All songs were written by David Pajo, except where noted.
* 1) "Safeless" - 5:13
* 2) "Napoleon" - 3:45
* 3) "Vol de Nuit" - 5:38
* 4) "Wedding Song No. 3" - 5:45
* 5) "Mountains Have Ears" - 4:31
* 6) "Vivea" - 7:55
* 7) "Last Caress" (Glenn Danzig) - 3:40
* 8) "Travels in Constants" - 13:43
* 9) "Up North Kids #2" - 4:42
* 10) "She Said Yes" - 3:24
* 11) "Turn! Turn! Turn!" (Pete Seeger) - 16:22
* 12) "Xmas 1997" - 3:50
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Page:Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography - volume 3.pdf/275
UKitUlN<}SIIA S I.IIUIAIIY
858 presiding
Ik'i'ii
«'1<1»t «»f tin* iiu-tlMMlist cliini-li;
pastor ot cl>e largest congregation in lie lias traveled e htate of Minnesota, lensively in Knrope and the Holy l^imi, ami is also noted as a brilliant leeturer. Humbert, Joseph B., railroad president,
]<iul
tiie
was
Aug. 11, IHIIT. in Knox county, Since ISDl he has been president ol
l)orn
lenn.
Knowille and western railway.
(lie
Missions Kroni the
Modern View.
in
Humes, Thomas William, clergyman, au He llior, was horn in 1S15 in 'J'ennessee. was an episco]ml clergAinan and educator of Tennessee. He was the auihor of llie Ixiyai
He
.Mountjiineers of Tennessee.
dietl
1X92 in Tennessee.
Keadings.
Hummer, George
Pierson, educator, busi ness man. political economist, was Immii Dec. 'J.").
IS.'ii;.
in
.fler gradual North tinIndiana normal 3chf>o|, he then becaiiu* superintendent of |miIi
IJelvidere. X..I. iiig
^
from
em
scliooK of Midi., which lie
tilled
lie
years.
I
for
liillaiid.
pusition
seven
He then mgiin
became he manager of the West Michigan f u r n il lire company, nm- ot the i/ed
and
nited States. He tk a leading part in behalf of bimetallism in the presidential eaiiipaigii of |S!Hi. and beeame a eiiididate liir i«iM;.'ri-.- mi thi- -tate tiekct. Humphrey, Charles, legislator, congresswa- lutiii ill I71H in nruii;rc county. iiiaii. N.V. He moved to Ithaca. N.V. In ISi'S27 lie was a repre«.entativ«- from Niw ori (o the nineteenth c-ongress. In I.s:{4 :lat lire tind -erved as speaker in I
He
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Albanv.
N.Y. Charles, congressman, was born alxiut 1712 in Haverford. I'a. Ho was member of the provincial assembly in II 17uisville. Ky. Humphrey, Elizabeth B., painter, artist, wiis born about 18.» in Hopedale, .Mass. In I.SS2 she was awarded two prizes in the coinpeiitive exhibition of L. Prang and company. Her illustrations include landscapes, stilllife, and ligures. She dieil in .Massachusetts. (be
Humphrey, George Scranton, engineer, was Ixirn Aug. 1, 1S.)6, in Ithaca. He attendeil scientific lectures at Cor-
financier,
In 1885 lie b«'came a«sayor superintendent of reduction works in .M.; in 18S7 l>ecanie assistant
nell university.
iind
Carlisle,
manager and treasurer of the Kokonio glass ••oinpany of Indiana; and since 1900 has been treasurer and purchasing agent of the C.. Hunt company of New York City. He has traveled extensively in the I'nited States and Kurope; and ]ittende<l the joint nu'etiiig- of the American and Knglish eng'neering s*M'ieties in Kurope in IHlKt. For many years he was greatly interested in rei»uiilic:in polities; and inns of trust
and honor.
Humphrey,
Harriette
I
lias
tilled
vari«nis other
.
Zephine,
p(}-79. He was the author of Our heohtgy in its Development; and .Sacred
N.V.
Humke, Albert Edward, educator, author, was born Jan. S.i, lsr»4, in Heidelberg. (M-riuany. He was superintendent of city schools of Vineennes, Ind. He lias delivered numy lectures before teachers' institutes; iind'was the |iresi(lent of the Southern InHe is the au(iiitna Teacher-.' association. thor of Schnol
the contiiiental congress from Pennsylvania, lie died in 178t) in Haverford, I'a. Humphrey, Charles Frederick, soldier, wa» l>orn in tlie state of New Vork. In 18t>:{(> he served as private to second lieut'enant in the civil war. In 1898 he wa.s appointed brigadier-general of vohinteers; and assigned t«» duty as chief quartermaster at Havana,
I
Thomas, educat«)r, author, was I'ortsinouth, 'a. He is prolcssor of Knglisli language and literature at tinuniversity ot North Carolina. He is the author of Helps to the Study of Hainlel and Shakespeare's Moral Teaeliing.
Hume,
in
UlOt; IIAIM I Y.
C'liba.
Hume, Robert Allen, niisi^ionary, autlior. was born March IH, 1847, in iioinoay, Indiii. binoe 1874 he has been a missionary in .Aliniednagar, India, lie is the author ot
born
AMKUK'AN
1>1''
I
I.
Loin, lawyer, legislaeongre-ismaii, was iMirn March in Candor, N.Y. He received his edncatitui in the pub' lie schools anil at the aeademy of Cortland.
jurist,
tor,
is:!(t.
—
•
r
N.V. In 1S.>4 he was admitted to the bar.
Maml
the following year
was matle
district
at-
tornev of St. Croix county. Wis. In 18«(» he
was
appointed
cinuily judge,
following
ami the
year
was
elected to that jwsiof tion for a term four years. In I8tn he was elected a ineiniier of the Wisconsin stale senate; and in In 18<5(» lie was electe»l circuit judge of the eighth judicial circuit of Wis(onsin for six years, and received the re-
* S»»."» was elected mayor of the city of Hudson. Wis.
Digitized by
Google
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WIKI
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Irmãos Coragem
Irmãos Coragem is a Brazilian telenovela produced and broadcast by TV Globo. It premiered on 8 June 1970 and ended on 12 July 1971, with a total of 328 episodes. It was TV Globo's ninth "novela das oito" to be aired during that time slot. It was created and written by Janete Clair, and directed by Daniel Filho.
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Joe Reiff
Joseph Reiff (June 5, 1911 – February 9, 1988) was an American basketball player and referee. He was a three-time All-American center at Northwestern University.
Reiff, a 6'3 (1.91 m) center from Crane Technical High School in Chicago, chose to attend nearby Northwestern University and play for Hall of Fame coach Dutch Lonborg. Reiff led the Wildcats to a Western Conference championship in his sophomore year. Reiff led the league in scoring with a 10.0 average. Northwestern finished 13-1 (11-1 in league play) and would later be retroactively named 1931 National Champions by the Helms Athletic Foundation and Reiff was named a consensus All-American.
In his junior year, Reiff finished second in the conference in scoring to Purdue senior John Wooden. In his senior year, Reiff again led Northwestern to a conference title and led the league in scoring for a second time at 14.0 points per game. He was once again named a consensus All-American
After graduating from Northwestern, Reiff played for Rosenberg-Avery of Chicago in the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) and was named to the All-AAU team. He then became a basketball referee in the Western Conference from 1937-1947.
Joe Reiff was a charter inductee into the Northwestern athletics Hall of Fame, elected in 1984.
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WIKI
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Talk:Runemaster
Somebody needs to confirm most Scandanavians were literate in the Early Middle Ages (400 - 900 AD)
The article states that most read runes and most wrote messages. I can't refute this, but I expect that most (that is more than 50% of all adults) in Scandanavia were illiterate during this period. The reference cited makes the claim about reading, but I am unable to confirm that it makes the same claim about writing (I am unable to read Swedish) Volunteers? I did find one reference which contradicts the above claims for Iceland, claiming that the Laws were oral traditions even in the 11th Century and that the transition from oral to literary tradition occurred with the conversion to Christainity in all of Scandanavia (which generally occurred in the 12th Century, NOT the early medieval period. This is more in keeping with my understanding of the general educational accomplishments during the first Millenium in Northern Europe. (talk) 06:20, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
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WIKI
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C# Enumerations Type - Enum
In C#, an enum (or enumeration type) is used to assign constant names to a group of numeric integer values. It makes constant values more readable, for example, WeekDays.Monday is more readable then number 0 when referring to the day in a week.
An enum is defined using the enum keyword, directly inside a namespace, class, or structure. All the constant names can be declared inside the curly brackets and separated by a comma. The following defines an enum for the weekdays.
Example: Define an Enum
enum WeekDays
{
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday,
Sunday
}
Above, the WeekDays enum declares members in each line separated by a comma.
Enum Values
If values are not assigned to enum members, then the compiler will assign integer values to each member starting with zero by default. The first member of an enum will be 0, and the value of each successive enum member is increased by 1.
Example: Default Enum Values
enum WeekDays
{
Monday, // 0
Tuesday, // 1
Wednesday, // 2
Thursday, // 3
Friday, // 4
Saturday, // 5
Sunday // 6
}
You can assign different values to enum member. A change in the default value of an enum member will automatically assign incremental values to the other members sequentially.
Example: Assign Values to Enum Members
enum Categories
{
Electronics, // 0
Food, // 1
Automotive = 6, // 6
Arts, // 7
BeautyCare, // 8
Fashion // 9
}
You can even assign different values to each member.
Example: Assign Values to Enum Members
enum Categories
{
Electronics = 1,
Food = 5,
Automotive = 6,
Arts = 10,
BeautyCare = 11,
Fashion = 15,
WomanFashion = 15
}
The enum can be of any numeric data type such as byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, or ulong. However, an enum cannot be a string type.
Specify the type after enum name as : type. The following defines the byte enum.
Example: byte Enum
enum Categories: byte
{
Electronics = 1,
Food = 5,
Automotive = 6,
Arts = 10,
BeautyCare = 11,
Fashion = 15
}
Access an Enum
An enum can be accessed using the dot syntax: enum.member
Example: Access Enum
enum WeekDays
{
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday,
Sunday
}
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Monday); // Monday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Tuesday); // Tuesday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Wednesday); // Wednesday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Thursday); // Thursday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Friday); // Friday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Saturday); // Saturday
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Sunday); // Sunday
Conversion
Explicit casting is required to convert from an enum type to its underlying integral type.
Example: Enum Conversion
enum WeekDays
{
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday,
Sunday
}
Console.WriteLine(WeekDays.Friday); //output: Friday
int day = (int) WeekDays.Friday; // enum to int conversion
Console.WriteLine(day); //output: 4
var wd = (WeekDays) 5; // int to enum conversion
Console.WriteLine(wd);//output: Saturday
enum is an abstract class. Learn more about enum class members here.
Learn C# using coding questions with answers and explanations.
C# Questions & Answers
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Jordan River Crossing
The Jordan River Crossing (מסוף נהר ירדן, معبر نهر الأردن) or Sheikh Hussein Bridge is the northern international border crossing between Jordan and Israel. It is located between Irbid, in Jordan, and Beit She'an, in Israel.
Access
The Sheikh Hussein Bridge was opened in November 1994, and is the northernmost entry/exit point between Israel and Jordan.
Opening hours
The terminal operates throughout the year, excluding Yom Kippur and Islamic New Year.
The crossing is open for individuals (including tourists and private cars):
* Sunday-Thursday: 07:00 AM to 8:30 PM
* Friday and Saturday: 8:30 AM to 6:30 PM
Cargo terminal operating hours:
* Sunday-Thursday: 07:00 AM to 8:00 PM
* Friday and Saturday: cargo terminal is closed.
On weekends, those departing from Israel to Jordan by private vehicles can access the departure hall until 6pm.
Getting there & from
There is no public transportation to the terminal. Private bus companies do offer transportation to the crossing and across the border, such as the bus from Nazareth to Amman.
Across the bridge
Between the terminals, one must travel by car or bus.
A bus service between the two terminals is available every 25 minutes.
Privately owned Israeli cars may cross through the Israeli terminal and travel in Jordan after a change of license plates, registration and the payment of a tax at Jordan customs. For drivers entering with a private car, International Driving Permits can be issued at the MEMSI branch at the Israeli terminal.
Passing from Israel to Jordan by motorbike or bicycle is forbidden, but entering Israel from Jordan with a motorbike is allowed.
Rental cars may be left in the parking lot, which has a per day fee.
Visa requirements
To use the Jordan River Crossing, all passports are required to be valid for at least 6 months. Jordanian visa is available on arrival to Israeli citizens, issued at the Jordanian terminal and costs JD10 for travellers who are planning to stay in Jordan for at least 3 nights and JD40 for travellers who are planning on staying there for a shorter period (a fee of JD120 is charged for multiple entry valid six months); however, all Israeli tourists visiting Jordan need to hire a escorting Jordanian guide in advance.
Israeli visa exemption applies to citizens of over 90 countries, who do not require a visa to enter Israel for a maximum stay of 3 months for tourism only, whereas Jordanian citizens must have an Israeli visa before arrival and confirmation to travel from the Israeli government is most likely required.
Currency exchange
There are no ATMs at Israeli and Jordanian terminals. Exchange is available at the local banks at both the terminals after exit.
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WIKI
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List of snack foods from the Indian subcontinent
This is a list of Indian snacks arranged in alphabetical order. Snacks are a significant aspect of Indian cuisine, and are sometimes referred to as chaat.
Unsorted
* Ganthiya
* Saggubiyyam punugulu
* Sooji toast
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Featured and good topic candidates/New York and New Jersey campaign/archive1
New York and New Jersey campaign
This topic is based on the content of Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1775, which is unified by the article on the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War. I want to be sure that User:Kieran4 is recognized for his work raising some of the more important articles (6 of the 15) in this set to GA. Magic ♪piano 00:46, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
* Support Seems a complete and rounded topic to me, linked by the campaignbox. Meets the criteria in my opinion, well done to you both. Woody (talk) 13:34, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose - This is impressive but I think you need to include the articles Long Island order of battle and Trenton order of Battle, or alternatively (if you feel they are non-notable) merge these articles into their respective battle articles. Other campaign topics include order of battle articles, when they exist, and I feel the same must apply here - rst20xx (talk) 15:39, 24 April 2010 (UTC)
* I don't think the the orders of battle are conveniently mergable. I suspect I can turn them into FLs (higher-quality fairly complete descriptions exist), but obviously not within the timeframe of this nomination. Under the circumstances, I'll withdraw the nom until I can get them done. Magic ♪piano 18:13, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
* Nomination withdrawn - good luck with the lists :) - rst20xx (talk) 22:25, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Afghan media under pressure after journalist deaths
KABUL (Reuters) - Afghan media are facing growing pressure to cut back coverage of militant attacks following the death of two television reporters who were among 20 killed in an attack on a sports club in Kabul last week. Following an explosion in April that killed nine reporters, photographers and cameramen covering an attack, Afghanistan has been the deadliest country in the world for journalists this year, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists. On Wednesday, Samim Faramarz, a reporter for Tolo News, and cameraman Ramiz Ahmadi were killed by a car bomb apparently targeting first responders and journalists as they were covering a suicide attack at a wrestling club in Kabul. Their deaths came two and a half years after seven Tolo TV employees were killed by a Taliban suicide attacker who rammed a car bomb into a bus driving them home from the station. Media coverage of attacks had already been noticeably reduced following the deadly blast in April and last week’s incident is likely to restrict coverage further, said Lotfullah Najafizada, head of Tolo News. “The space is shrinking,” he told Reuters. “We have lost colleagues in four separate attacks in two years alone. That demonstrates that the media is under immense pressure.” Afghanistan’s vibrant media sector has been one of the comparatively few undisputed success stories in the years following the overthrow of the Taliban, with the appearance of stations like Tolo as well as an array of competitors including 1TV, Ariana News, Shamshad TV and Khurshid TV. With international media presence in Afghanistan sharply reduced since the withdrawal of international troops in 2014, domestic media outlets have filled the gap but their work has become increasingly difficult. “You have a lot of no-go areas, there is a long list of things you cannot do,” Najafizada said. Already large parts of the countryside, much of which is under the control of the Taliban, are out of bounds for journalists, who have been regarded with suspicion and sometimes outright hostility by the insurgents. As the major cities still controlled by the government become increasingly dangerous, there would be more restrictions on coverage, less access and less support, he said. “This is certainly creating another layer of restrictions for a free press which is worrying.” For the journalists and media workers themselves, the growing roll call of colleagues killed while working is an increasingly oppressive fact of life. “It has been proved to the world that Afghanistan is not a safe place for people of Afghanistan and for journalists,” said Soraya Amiri, a Tolo News producer. “This is a clear and bitter fact that we have to believe and accept.” Reporting by James Mackenzie
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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What is Cardiac Arrest?
A cardiac arrest is also called a cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest and indicates a sudden stop in effective and normal blood circulation due to failure of the heart to pump blood.
Cardiac arrest is different from myocardial infarction or heart attack but may be caused by a heart attack. When the blood flow to the heart is stopped due to narrow or obstructed coronary arteries, a heart attack occurs. This may lead to a cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest.
What happens in cardiac arrest
1. Once the usual blood circulation stops, oxygen delivery to all vital organs is also stopped. The organ that is the most quickly and severely affected by this is the brain. The patient loses consciousness and breathing is shallow and minimized. If the cardiac arrest persists for over five minutes, permanent brain damage may occur.
2. The pulse that is usually seen in the carotid artery in the neck as well in the wrists and ankles is lacking.
3. Cardiac arrest may lead to sudden cardiac death or SCD. Heart attack is an important cause of SCD.
Causes of cardiac arrest
Some of the most important causes of cardiac arrest include:
• Heart attack or myocardial infarction (seen in 30% of cases)
• Cardiac anatomical abnormality
• Cardiac rhythm disturbance or arrhythmia. The most common fatal abnormal heart rhythm is ventricular fibrillation.
• Cardiomyopathy
• Sepsis and major infection
• Drug overdose
• Major injury and blood loss. Lung or heart injury may also lead to cardiac arrest.
• Advanced cancer
• Extremely high or low body temperature
• Extremely high or low blood level of potassium
• Severe oxygen deprivation
• Pulmonary embolism
What needs to be done?
A cardiac arrest is a medical emergency. For every minute that a person is in cardiac arrest before arrival of a defibrillator, the chances of survival are reduced by about 10%. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is attempted along with defibrillation of the heart to try and reinstate the heart's pumping rhythm.
To provide adequate CPR, a person needs to check that:
A = Airways are open by tilting the head back and lifting the chin of the patient
B = Breathing signs can be seen and heard
C = Circulation is attempted with cardiac compression
Further Reading
Last Updated: Feb 26, 2019
Dr. Ananya Mandal
Written by
Dr. Ananya Mandal
Dr. Ananya Mandal is a doctor by profession, lecturer by vocation and a medical writer by passion. She specialized in Clinical Pharmacology after her bachelor's (MBBS). For her, health communication is not just writing complicated reviews for professionals but making medical knowledge understandable and available to the general public as well.
Citations
Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:
• APA
Mandal, Ananya. (2019, February 26). What is Cardiac Arrest?. News-Medical. Retrieved on June 18, 2019 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cardiac-Arrest.aspx.
• MLA
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• Chicago
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• Harvard
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Comments
1. Guruprasad Panamalai Guruprasad Panamalai India says:
Very informative article. Thanks.
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Advanced airway management and ECG rhythms make all the difference during cardiac arrest
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Home Fire Prevention
previous next
“Home Fire Prevention,” Ensign, Oct. 1982, 61–63
Home Fire Prevention
Over 1900 home fires are reported daily in the United States alone, and 75 percent of all fire deaths happen in one- and two-family dwellings, mobile homes, and apartments. One half of the six-billion-dollar loss and two-thirds of fire-related deaths and injuries are in residences. In the U.S. the biggest cause of fire-related deaths is asphyxia, or smoke inhalation. Most fatal fires occur in homes while the residents are asleep. The facts represent the seriousness of home fires worldwide.
The following precautions can reduce the possibility of fire in your home and improve your chances of survival in case of fire. (Contact the fire prevention bureau at your local fire department for more details—including a possible home safety survey.)
1. Install and Maintain Smoke Detectors.
These give early warning and provide the single most effective defense against smoke, the biggest danger. Most fatal fires occur between midnight and 6:00 A.M., and, contrary to popular belief, the fire does not ordinarily awaken sleepers in time to escape. The biggest killer, carbon monoxide, is an odorless, tasteless, and invisible gas that quietly robs us of oxygen.
2. Practice EDITH (Exit Drills in the Home).
Fire reduces oxygen availability and adds poisonous gases and deadly smoke (the big killers). As a result, people do not think clearly, their actions are irrational. Children hide under the bed or in a closet; parents grab stuffed animals instead of their infants; adults claw at doors rather than turn knobs. Practicing beforehand what to do will help you do the right thing during a fire even if your thinking does become muddled. For details, refer to the accompanying chart.
Determine before the drills:
• Location of primary and secondary exits from each room.
• Who will be responsible for infants, the elderly, or the disabled.
• Who will phone the fire department.
Remember, even if you do not confirm the existence of a fire, when your smoke detector sounds get your family out of the house and call the fire department.
3. Keep a lid on grease fires.
Cooking-related fires rank consistently as the first or second cause of fire across the United States. Use a lid, another pan, or a breadboard to smother the flames in a pan. A multipurpose fire extinguisher will also work. NEVER use water or flour and never try to carry a pan of flaming grease! If there is a fire in the oven or the broiler, close the appliance door and turn off the power.
4. Use care in installing and using solid fuel devices.
Increased use of wood stoves and fireplaces is causing a dramatic increase in the number of home fires. If you’re planning to add or modify a wood-burning device, have it done properly, according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Once it is in use, have it checked and cleaned by a professional. In many communities the fire or building department will provide inspections; in some communities, inspections are mandatory.
5. Turn the water-heater thermostat down.
Children are extremely vulnerable to burns. Although children under five make up only 7 percent of the population (in the U.S.), they account for 17 percent of all deaths due to burns. In fact, we lose more children to burns than we do to cancer and infectious diseases.
The most common cause of burn deaths in young children is scald burns. Indeed, three-fourths of all burns are due to hot liquids. When a liquid is heated to 120°, a third-degree burn (the most serious) can result in five minutes; at 135°, ten seconds; and at 155°, one second!
Most water-heater thermostats are preset at 160° or “Hot.” At this temperature, a third-degree burn could result after only one second of exposure! Tap water, a cup of hot water, or a bowl of soup can prove deadly. A setting of “Low” or “Warm” will keep the water hot enough to perform household tasks.
In one family a one-year-old child, who was left alone in the bathtub while the babysitter went looking for an older child, turned on the hot water. She was severely scalded and had to be rushed to the hospital. In order to save her life, doctors had to amputate both legs at the knees. That was three years ago. The girl is a happy, playful child now, but the parents report: “The first thing we learned was to turn down the thermostat on our water heater. A lot of friends who lived through this horrible tragedy with us have also turned theirs down.”
6. Never leave a child alone in a bathroom or a kitchen, even for a minute.
Most children’s burns occur when the parent is under stress, busy, or preoccupied, or while the child is under the supervision of someone other than the parents. Another good idea is to keep pot handles away from children’s reach.
7. Practice Stop, Drop, and Roll.
In 1980, every child admitted to hospitals in Massachusetts with serious burns due to clothing fires had reacted in the same way: scream, panic, and run. Running fans the flames and magnifies the problem. To reduce available oxygen and combustible surface, stop and drop to the ground or floor. Rolling, especially with a blanket, coat, or rug, smothers the flames. Covering the face with the hands protects the eyes and other areas such as the lungs. Practice stop, drop, and roll with the entire family.
8. Keep an ABC fire extinguisher in your home.
In most cases of fire, you should simply exit the building and call the fire department. However, there may be an occasion when a fire extinguisher will be needed. A multipurpose type is good for almost any kind of fire. Learn how to use it as soon as you get one. Keep it handy and recharge it immediately after use. If you test it, recharging is required.
9. Remove multi-electrical cords and cube taps.
Multi-electrical cords and cube taps have plug-in units that increase the number of electrical devices that can be plugged into one outlet. Plugging more electrical devices into an outlet than the outlet was designed for can overload the circuit and cause fires. Make certain you have no such electrical “spaghetti factories” in your house. Furthermore, any wiring that is frayed or worn should be replaced. Check Christmas lighting each year before using it.
10. Store and handle flammable liquids properly.
Keep gasoline and other flammable liquids away from children’s reach and from areas where fumes can be ignited. Fumes are the big hazard. Hot-water heaters and gas engines are notorious for starting gasoline fires. Static electricity can also ignite the fumes, which are heavier than air and gather along the floor and other low places.
11. Cool the burns.
When you get burned, get cool water on the burn as soon as possible. Regardless of the cause or severity, cool water stops the burning, reduces pain, and lessens the swelling. In the case of burned clothing, remove all items that are not sticking to the flesh. If there is any concern about the severity of the burn, keep the burn cool and seek medical help.
Finally, support the efforts of your local fire department to educate the public in fire safety. All fires can’t be prevented, but many deaths caused by them can be. Robert Leinbach, Arlington, Virginia
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Overview
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding that occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues that cover and protect it, the subarachnoid space. The primary symptom is typically a sudden, severe headache, which is often described as the worst headache one has ever had. This condition most commonly arises when an aneurysma balloonlike bulge in a blood vesselbursts in the brain. It can also be caused by trauma, an arteriovenous malformation (a complex tangle of blood vessels), or other vascular or health problems. Without treatment, a subarachnoid hemorrhage can lead to permanent brain damage or even death.
Symptoms
The primary symptom of a subarachnoid hemorrhage is a thunderclap headachean extremely intense and sudden onset headache. If you experience a thunderclap headache, it’s crucial to call your emergency hotline or go to the nearest emergency room, especially if accompanied by other symptoms.
Additional symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage may include:
• Lowered levels of consciousness and alertness.
• Convulsions.
• Vomiting
• Nauseous.
• Abrupt weakness.
• Numbness in a specific part of your body.
• Stiff neck.
• Lightheadedness.
• Changes in personality and mood, such as irritability and confusion.
• Photophobia, or sensitivity of the eyes to light.
• Changes in vision, such as blind spots, double vision, or momentary blindness in one eye.
• Aches in your muscles, particularly in your shoulders and neck.
Causes
Subarachnoid hemorrhage often results from head trauma, such as from a severe fall or car accident. Another frequent cause is the rupture of a brain aneurysm, which leads to bleeding in the space between the brain and skull
A brain aneurysm is a condition where an artery in the brain becomes dilated and can burst, causing bleeding. When a brain aneurysm ruptures spontaneously, without any associated head trauma, it can also cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In fact, about 85% of nontraumatic cases of SAH are due to ruptured brain aneurysms.
Less common causes of SAH include:
• Blood thinner use.
• Bleeding disorders.
• The usage of methamphetamine or cocaine.
• Bleeding from an Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM), a tangle of blood vessels.
Risk Factors
Subarachnoid hemorrhage can affect anyone but is most common in individuals aged between 40 and 60. In older adults, this type of hemorrhage is often due to falls resulting in head injuries. For younger individuals, the leading cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage is typically vehicle accidents.
Factors that increase the likelihood of experiencing subarachnoid hemorrhage include:
• Past history of a brain aneurysm rupture.
• An unruptured aneurysm in your body, either in the brain or somewhere else.
• A strong aneurysm family history.
• Hypertension, or elevated blood pressure.
• Usage of blood thinners, such as warfarin.
• Usage of methamphetamine or cocaine.
• Using cigarettes.
• Overconsumption of alcohol.
• History of polycystic kidney disease
• EhlersDanlos syndrome, Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD), and other connective tissue diseases.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Color plate model distinction?
Update:07 Jun 2017
Summary:
Color refers to the color coated steel plate, color coa […]
Color refers to the color coated steel plate, color coated steel plate is a steel plate with organic coating, with good corrosion resistance, bright color, beautiful appearance, easy molding and has a steel plate and the original strength and low cost. The substrate of the color coated steel plate is a cold rolled substrate, a hot-dip galvanized substrate and an electro galvanized substrate. Coating types can be divided into polyester, silicone modified polyester, PVDF two and plastic sol. The surface state of color coated steel plate can be divided into coated sheet, embossing plate and printing plate, color coated steel appliances widely used in construction and transportation industries, the construction industry is mainly used in steel plants, airports, warehouses and other industrial and commercial refrigeration roof of the building walls and doors, building color steel less. It is the difference between the different materials and plastic magnet can suck move.
Color steel refers to the color coated steel plate, the traditional coating is divided into several categories, the most high-grade is fluorocarbon coating, almost 20 years of anti-corrosion. Generally from the steel mill to reel in the form of distribution to all parts. We often see the color steel plate refers to the processing of sheet metal, the thickness of about 50~100mm, it is composed of the middle filler and two sides of color steel plate. Among them, the color plate thickness of 0.4mm, 0.5mm, 0.6mm and other different thickness, the middle layer can be polyamine, rock or foam, etc.. Because of the special profiles, the construction of timber steel buildings is very fast (such as Xiaotangshan hospital in SARS), but the strength is low.
The steel structure material is a new international last century in the late 90s, now the domestic conch, Dalian Shide is the production of the new building materials factory. Note that the plastic now refers to the material, mainly used for doors and windows, can be directly used in the traditional buildings and residential areas (this is the main distinction with Caigang), also can quickly set up temporary housing, the cost is slightly higher than the steel material.
Strictly speaking, plastic steel and color steel in the metal characteristics and surface treatment and can not be very good distinction, because of the same; now the market is mainly in the structure of profiles,
As is common carbon steel magnet can suck. Also note, adding chromium in stainless steel is low carbon just on the basis of (more than 13%) after the product, so the magnet will not suck. Magnet can prove whether the non-ferrous materials.http://www.dreamhouseowner.com/
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:La Plata
La Plata, Maryland
This page need to be disambiguated with La Plata, Charles County, Maryland. Search on "La Plata" comes instantly here.
(There are other La Platas in the US, but I do not know if they are in Wiki.
Walt
* La Plata is one of the largest cities in Argentina, capital of Argentina's largest province, with an internationally important paleontological museum, on the Rio de la Plata by which 20 million people live. I think it's right that this is the La Plata, but perhaps a line at the top to redirect the occasional searcher for another, much smaller La Plata to a disambiguation page could be useful. Mtiedemann 00:16, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
That has been done now. There is both a link from this page to the La Plata Maryland page, and also a link from La Plata Maryland to this one. I guess the reason why this page is the "La Plata" is also historical, when I started this page there was no other "La Plata" in Wikipedia. S
name La Plata
What does the name La Plata mean? Why was this name chosen? G Clark 00:08, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
* La Plata means The Silver, and its named after the Rio de la Plata river. Argentina, on the other hand, comes from the latin word Argentum, also meaning silver. This name was chosen by the Spanish Conquistadores because they though those lands where rich in this material.
* Never the less, the English name of the Rio de la Plata is River Plate instead of River of Silver or Silver River, named form with old English, when the word Plate was taken from French (Etymology: Plate \Plate\, noun. [Old French plate a plate of metal, a cuirsas, French plat a plate, a shallow vessel of silver, other metal, or earth, from plat flat, Greek.] ) Mariano (t/c) 07:11, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
Thank you G Clark 10:57, 13 October 2005 (UTC)
Facts versus hear say
Some people have added some things without any proper justification. For example, the Freemason symbolism of La Plata. I think that this statements should be either justified with enough facts to make them uncontroversial, or properly qualified in their character of speculations, or urban myths. Also, I think it is not very useful to put vague statements like "personalities from the spanish speaking world came to La Plata to work in the University" Who are they? When did they come? S.
* In any case, such dubious or vague claims need to be supported by citations. If no citations are forthcoming, the claims should be removed. Skinsmoke (talk) 18:11, 3 March 2012 (UTC)
WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:55, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
Map
I lived in greater La Plata for seven days short of a year. I learned the street numbers while I was there, but it has been a while, so I don't remember what the street numbers change to when going northwest across the tracks. However, I'm not just interested for my own personal knowledge. La Plata is a planned city that has (as far as I know) a unique way of numbering the streets. There should be a map of this city that we could use on this page, along with how and why the streets are numbered like this. — Val42 (talk) 17:27, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
* i think this can help http://www.laplatamagica.com.ar/mapa.htm -- anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:00, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
Cut & Paste move
This article was recently cut & paste moved to La Plata, Buenos Aires. I disagree with the move because I believe that La Plata in Argentina easily fulfils the primary usage guideline. The other settlements with the name are villages and a small town in the US and a small town in Colombia. None of them can be seen as being anywhere near as important as a city (pop: 690,000) which is the capital of Buenos Aires Province (pop:15,000,000). If anyone feels that the article needs to be moved, please request it properly on this talkpage. Thanks King of the North East 20:59, 26 April 2009 (UTC)
Images
This article has too many images, and there are three sections where text gets "sandwiched" between images, or between an image and an infobox or table. Some images should be removed, or there should be more text to make the images more distant from each other (or perhaps both things). This page is a better place to show all the images of the city in an organized gallery MBelgrano (talk) 01:38, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
Improving the article's English
It would be useful if english speakers pointed out which parts of the article they find to be in bad english. --Facu89 (talk) 04:04, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on La Plata. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
* Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.inpres.gov.ar/seismology/seismology/historic/hist.panel.htm
Cheers. —cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 21:04, 18 October 2015 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on La Plata. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
* Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090331143434/http://www.actc.org.ar:80/php/circuitos.php?pista=la_plata to http://www.actc.org.ar/php/circuitos.php?pista=la_plata
When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).
Cheers.—cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 08:57, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on La Plata. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090430123737/http://www.laplatamagica.com.ar/curi1882tercepar.htm to http://www.laplatamagica.com.ar/curi1882tercepar.htm
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110507093800/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-21 to http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-21
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 01:03, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 4 external links on La Plata. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081201034359/http://www.eldia.com.ar/especiales/historicas/index.htm to http://www.eldia.com.ar/especiales/historicas/index.htm
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081222120239/http://www.laplatamagica.com.ar/Historia.htm to http://www.laplatamagica.com.ar/Historia.htm
* Added tag to http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/definitivos_bajarArchivo.asp?idc=97&arch=x
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101001180328/http://www.laplatavive.com/atracciones/museos.asp to http://www.laplatavive.com/atracciones/museos.asp
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110338/http://www.mapa.laplata.gov.ar/ to http://www.mapa.laplata.gov.ar/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 22:54, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
Rewriting
I did a first pass on the article, through the Sports topic. A few notes:
- The wording and formatting could probably use another polish in general
- There's still some information on here that's either too detailed, belongs on linked pages instead of this one, or both
- The numbers under the Population section don't appear to be correct. I went to INDEC's website and downloaded the 2010 census and it provided a total population of 654,324 (Provincia de Buenos Aires, partido La Plata. Población total por sexo e índice de masculinidad, según edad en años simples y grupos quinquenales de edad. Año 2010) Aorandolph (talk) 22:42, 19 September 2022 (UTC)
Street grid orientation?
La Plata is well known for its rectangular grid layout, which is almost perfectly aligned to a North-South direction (well, the diagonals are, most streets run at 45 degrees to this) except that it's 3 degrees off. Anyone know why it's so close, but not quite? Andy Dingley (talk) 02:11, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Initial configuration required from installation of Postfix on CentOS to startup.
Publication date：January 4, 2021
INFOMARTION ＞ Initial configuration required from installation of Postfix on CentOS to startup.
summary
This is the initial configuration procedure required to install and start Postfix on CentOS. This description assumes CentOS7. We would like to configure it with a submission port.
If you are also installing Dovecot, please see here.
Postfix is for sending mail and Dovecot is for receiving mail. Those who need to send mail should install Postfix, and those who want to receive mail should install Dovecot as well.
The versions are as follows
CentOS Version7.6 (1810)
Postfix Version2.10.1
Table of Contents
1. install
2. Setting details
3. summary
1. install
This section describes the configuration of Postfix from installation to startup.
1-1. Installing Postfix
Execute Postfix installation by yum command. Please work as root user.
[username@hostname ~]$ su -
[root@hostname ~]# yum -y install postfix
1-2. Startup Confirmation
Check the startup to confirm that it has been successfully installed.
[root@hostname ~]# /usr/sbin/postfix start
[root@hostname ~]# ps aux | grep postfix
root 1485 0.7 0.2 89744 2128 ? Ss 16:02 0:00 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w
postfix 1486 0.2 0.4 89848 4080 ? S 16:02 0:00 pickup -l -t unix -u
postfix 1487 0.2 0.4 89916 4104 ? S 16:02 0:00 qmgr -l -t unix -u
root 1489 0.0 0.1 112824 964 pts/0 S+ 16:02 0:00 grep --color=auto postfix
If there is a process running as postfix user as described above, it is OK. Let's stop it.
[root@hostname ~]# /usr/sbin/postfix stop
2. Setting details
2-1. initialization
We will do the initial configuration of Postfix. Basically, Postfix configuration is described in "/etc/postfix/main.cf", so we will modify main.cf.
[root@hostname ~]# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
Correct as follows
main.cf【Before change】
#
#myhostname = host.domain.tld
#myhostname = virtual.domain.tld
～omission～
#
#mydomain = domain.tld
～omission～
#myorigin = $myhostname
#myorigin = $mydomain
～omission～
#inet_interfaces = all
#inet_interfaces = $myhostname
#inet_interfaces = $myhostname, localhost
inet_interfaces = localhost
～omission～
mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
#mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain
#mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain,
# mail.$mydomain, www.$mydomain, ftp.$mydomain
～omission～
#mynetworks = 168.100.189.0/24, 127.0.0.0/8
#mynetworks = $config_directory/mynetworks
#mynetworks = hash:/etc/postfix/network_table
～omission～
#
#home_mailbox = Mailbox
#home_mailbox = Maildir/
main.cf【After change】
#
myhostname = example.com
#myhostname = virtual.domain.tld
～omission～
#
mydomain = example.com
～omission～
#myorigin = $myhostname
myorigin = $mydomain
～omission～
inet_interfaces = all
#inet_interfaces = $myhostname
#inet_interfaces = $myhostname, localhost
#inet_interfaces = localhost
～omission～
#mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost
mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain
#mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost, $mydomain,
# mail.$mydomain, www.$mydomain, ftp.$mydomain
～omission～
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8, 192.168.100.0/24
#mynetworks = $config_directory/mynetworks
#mynetworks = hash:/etc/postfix/network_table
～omission～
#
#home_mailbox = Mailbox
home_mailbox = Maildir/
"myhostname", "mydomain", and "myorigin" are settings related to the domain. The "example.com" should be set to the domain name of the server. The "example.com" part of "https://example.com/" is the domain name.
The email address is username@example.com.
"mynetworks" is a setting related to the network. This is an IP address that can be connected to postfix. If the mail server and the server to be linked are different servers, modify this value accordingly.
"home_mailbox" is the mail directory. It stores sent e-mails.
2-2. OS user, or reject if not defined in $alias_maps
Set up the OS user and the user listed in $ALIAS_MAPS to send mail. An OS user is a user added by useradd.
[root@hostname ~]# vi /etc/postfix/main.cf
Correct as follows
main.cf【Before change】
#local_recipient_maps = unix:passwd.byname $alias_maps
#local_recipient_maps = proxy:unix:passwd.byname $alias_maps
#local_recipient_maps =
main.cf【After change】
local_recipient_maps = unix:passwd.byname $alias_maps
#local_recipient_maps = proxy:unix:passwd.byname $alias_maps
#local_recipient_maps =
Add the following to the end of main.cf
main.cf
### MAIL SIZE （20Mbyte）
message_size_limit = 20971520
### TLS
smtpd_use_tls = yes
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key
Set "smtpd_tls_cert_file" and "smtpd_tls_key_file" according to your environment. Set the path where the server certificate is stored.
SSL settings are required in advance, so if you have not set up SSL settings, please do so first. Please refer to the following.
Initial configuration required from installation of Apache on CentOS to startup
2-3. postfix submission port settings
Configure the settings for sending mail using the submission port.
[root@hostname ~]# vi /etc/postfix/master.cf
※Note that the file to be edited is not "main.cf" but "master.cf", so the file names are similar.
Correct as follows
master.cf【Before change】
#submission inet n - n - - smtpd
～omission～
#-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
～omission～
#-o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions
～omission～
#-o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions
～omission～
#-o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
master.cf【After change】
submission inet n - n - - smtpd
～omission～
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
～omission～
-o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated
～omission～
-o smtpd_sender_restriction=permit_sasl_authenticated
～omission～
-o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated
Install the necessary libraries for SASL authentication with yum.
[root@hostname ~]# yum -y install cyrus-sasl
[root@hostname ~]# yum -y install cyrus-sasl-plain
[root@hostname ~]# yum -y install cyrus-sasl-md5
[root@hostname ~]# yum -y install cyrus-sasl-devel
Edit saslauthd to use UNIX accounts for authentication.
[root@hostname ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/saslauthd
Correct as follows
saslauthd
#MECH=pam
MECH=shadow
2-4. Enable SASL
Enable SASL.
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl enable saslauthd
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl is-enabled saslauthd
enabled
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service | grep saslauthd
saslauthd.service enabled
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
2-5. Startup Confirmation
Check if Postfix starts.
[root@hostname ~]# /usr/sbin/postfix start
[root@hostname ~]# ps aux | grep postfix
root 1838 0.0 0.1 89744 2080 ? Ss 18:14 0:00 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w
postfix 1839 0.0 0.3 89848 3988 ? S 18:14 0:00 pickup -l -t unix -u
postfix 1840 0.0 0.3 89916 4008 ? S 18:14 0:00 qmgr -l -t unix -u
root 1845 0.0 0.0 112824 968 pts/0 S+ 18:15 0:00 grep --color=auto postfix
If there is a process running as the postfix user as shown above, the configuration has been successfully completed and the process is running. Now that the startup has been confirmed, let's stop the process.
[root@hostname ~]# /usr/sbin/postfix stop
2-6. Automatic startup setting
Lastly, although it is not required, it is hard to start Postfix every time the server is rebooted, so we will configure Postfix to start automatically when the server starts. Register the systemctl command to the systemctl command. Please note that this procedure is for CentOS7, so those who are using other than CentOS7 need to use the service command.
Check if "/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service" exists. If not, create "postfix.service" as follows Execute as root user.
[root@hostname ~]# touch /etc/systemd/system/postfix.service
[root@hostname ~]# vi /etc/systemd/system/postfix.service
The following information is provided
[Unit]
#Description.
Description=Postfix
#Control before and after execution
#Before=xxx.service
After=syslog.target network.target
[Service]
#User and group designation
User=root
Group=root
#Once activated, set the status to Activated.
Type=oneshot
RemainAfterExit=yes
#Start, stop, reload
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/postfix start
ExecStop=/usr/sbin/postfix stop
ExecReload=/usr/sbin/postfix reload
[Install]
#runlevel3 equivalent setting
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Next, register it with the systemctl command.
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl enable postfix
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl is-enabled postfix
enabled
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service | grep postfix
postfix.service enabled
[root@hostname ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
3. summary
We have described the initial configuration required when Postfix is installed.
I struggled with the setup quite a bit, so please refer to this if you are building Postfix.
Thank you for taking the time to read this to the end.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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4 Ways to Remove Files from Git Commit History
4 Ways to Remove Files from Git Commit History
The definitive guide to remove Git files from tracking, staging area, commit history and the remote repository after push.
4 Ways to Remove Files from Git Commit History
Deleting source code files without a source control management system leads to irreversible data loss. This post will provide 4 different ways to remove files from git history.
Here comes the necessity of a version control system (e.g. Git) that you can use to delete files, undo changes to specific data, or remove entire sets of code changes from history (delete a commit from Git).
In this post, we'll dig deep with wiping out files using Git bash commands from either staging (tracked data), commit history, or the remote repository on Windows environment.
Before we start, it's essential that you determine what you are trying to accomplish with your removal operation before you run any commands.
Is your file in working directory only and not tracked yet by Git? If Git monitors your file, Is it in the staging area or commit history? Is it already in the remote repository?
These are all questions that you should ask yourself before starting the actual deletion of files.
To remove files or directories from commit history or back out changes from a single file, you can go through the following sections:
1. Prerequisites to using Git Bash on Windows to delete files.
2. Preparing a demo project for testing Git bash deletion.
3. Remove a file from Git commit history.
4. Deleting an entire directory from Git commit history.
5. Removing a file from the remote repository (GitHub).
6. Undo changes in the staging area and local repository.
7. Revert an entire Git commit in history by commit ID - (add deleted files - remove added files)
8. Summary.
Prerequisites to using Git Bash on Windows to delete files
In this post, we will assume that you have Git bash installed on Windows that runs commands correctly.
However, we recommend that you take a look at the Easiest Way to Install Git Bash Commands on Windows and make sure you applied all the necessary configurations before getting started with the demo that follows.
We also assume that you have the required Git knowledge of repositories and how to clone a remote one to your local system. If not, you can take a look at the 3 Ways to Create Git Local and Remote Repositories.
Preparing a demo project for testing Git bash deletion
In this section, you will prepare a demo project to test the different Git removal and backing out commands on some of its files.
You can skip this part if you'd like to run the deletion commands on your project, but we recommend it to avoid any unexpected risks. To set up the demo project, follow these steps:
Step 1: Open Git bash on your windows machine.
Step 2: Browse to your projects path - we assume it's "C:\Projects\Git". Create that directory with the same path then run the following command on Git Bash:
With the double quotes as shown in the command.
Step 3: Clone the demo project called "Kaizen" from GitHub by running the following command:
Then once Git finishes the cloning, browse to the project Git working directory by running the following command:
Git should now show you that it stepped into the project working directory and the current branch is (master).
Step 4: Now, let's ask Git about the status of the pulled repository by running this command:
Git should now show that it's in a clean working directory as shown in the below screenshot:
Git Working Directory Status
Now you should be all set for testing the different scenarios of deleting files from history with Git commands.
Remove a file from Git commit history
In this section, we will delete a file from the pulled local Git repository and push the deletion to the remote repository.
In the "Kaizen" project let's remove the "minimal.html" file from the repository and go from there until we push the deletion to the master origin.
Step 1: To delete the "minimal.html" file, run the following Git command:
then by running the git status command, you should find that Git has deleted the file and staged the deletion to be committed as shown in the next screenshot.
Running "git status" command
Step 2: Now, it's time to commit the staged deletion to the local repository with the following command:
Then by rerunning the git status command, you should get a response from Git that you are in a clean working directory and you got nothing more to commit.
At this step, Git deleted the file on the local repository only, but if you went to the remote repository on GitHub, you'd find that the file still exists there.
That is because the deletion commit is not pushed to the remote repository yet.
Step 4: To push the committed deletion to the remote repository, run the following command:
After running the previous push command, the file should no more be existing in GitHub and Git should show a response like the one in the following screenshot:
"git push" command response
By running the previous four steps, you should have the file removed entirely from Git commit history and the remote repository.
Deleting an entire directory from Git commit history
Deleting a directory/folder in Git is similar to deleting a file. Let's assume that you want to remove the "level1" directory under the "Kaizen" project.
To eliminate that directory, run the following Git command:
If you followed the previous command by a git status command, you'd find that Git staged the directory deletion and the files beneath it to be committed.
At this step, you can run the git commit command followed by the push command to push the removal up to the remote repository in GitHub as shown in deleting a file in the previous section.
Removing a file from the remote repository (GitHub)
You can delete files directly from GitHub by going to the repository page, click the file to remove, then on the file page click the delete icon as shown in the following screenshot:
Remove file from Git remote repository
Once you click the delete icon, GitHub will send you to the next step where you will be prompted to enter a commit message, and an optional commit description then click the "Commit Changes" green button to commit your changes.
Once the changes are committed, it's time that you align your local repository with the changes that happened on the remote one - which is the file deletion. To align your local repository, you will need to run the following Git pull command:
Once you pulled all the changes successfully, you can check your local repository's file structure, and you will find that the last pull removed the file.
Undo changes in the staging area and local repository
This section shows how you can back out your changes to a file after staging or committing it to the history.
To demonstrate this, you are going to add a couple of changes to a single file, one of them will be committed while the other one will be staged, then you will undo both with commands.
Let's assume you are going to do these changes to the "hipster.txt" file found in the root directory.
Step 1 - Editing the file: To edit this file from Git bash, type in the following command:
The above command will run successfully assuming that you configured notepad as the default file editor in your Git bash installation.
Otherwise, you can edit the file manually using any other external editor. Now let's add some text to that file then close notepad.
Step 2 - Add the change to the staging area then committing it: As previously shown, you can stage your changes by running the following command:
Then commit your changes by running the following command:
Step 3 - Adding the second change and staging it: As shown in step 2, repeat the same procedure by editing the file, adding your second amendment to the staging area, but this time, do not commit your changes.
Step 4 - Checking Git status and viewing the history: Now let's make sure that the previous three procedures are done correctly by running a git status command followed by a git log to see the history of changes in the local repository.
To do this, type in the following commands:
In this case, Git will show you that the second change is found in the staging area while the first modification is in the commit history of the local repository as shown in the screenshot below:
Tracking file changes in staging area
Step 5 - Backing out the changes in the staging area: In this step, we will execute the Git bash command that backs out the second change done to "hipster.txt" and added to the staging area.
To undo the staged change, run the following command:
By running the previous command, Git will unstage the second change done to "hipster.txt" and move it to the working directory as an untracked change.
If you run git status you will get a result like the following screenshot:
To get rid of that change entirely from the working directory, run the following command:
Now, if you followed the above command by a git status, you should find that you are in a clean working directory without any changes in the staging area.
At this point, you have successfully deleted the modifications done to the file "hipster.txt" and saved in the staging area.
Step 6: Backing out the changes in the commit history (local repository): At this stage, let's undo the first change done to "hipster.txt" and committed to the local repository. To do this, run the following command:
The previous command will back out the changes that are committed and entirely removed that commit from the history but, as shown in the last step, Git will just unstage that change, but it's still there in the working directory as an untracked change.
To completely wipe out that change, rerun the git checkout command in step 5. Now, if you run git log command again to view the history, you'd find that the latest change committed is removed which means you have successfully removed your file changes from both tracking and the commit history.
Revert an entire Git commit in history by commit ID - (add deleted files)
Let's assume that you discovered a bug somewhere in the code and you found that the bug exists in one of the commits in the history and the only way to resolve this is to remove the entire commit but this time, the commit is not the last one (head) in your local repository.
In this section, you will remove a whole commit by commit ID.
If the commit you're about to revert has some files deleted, then Git will add the deleted files back and vice versa.
The first step is to run the git log command (mentioned before) to check the commit IDs in the history then copy the target commit ID you want to delete and run the following command:
Assuming that the commit ID you want to delete is 089148c.
At this step, Git will prompt you to enter a commit message for the reverted change then after you finish writing your message, click the escape button on your keyboard then type in :wq to exit the revert message screen.
You will also notice that Git will add a new commit that will actually revert the original commit mentioned earlier.
To reflect your revert to the remote repository, you can simply push your changes with the following command:
Summary: Removing files and backing out changes from tracking and commit history
In this post, we introduced how important a source control is to any software development company and how to decide what you are trying to delete or undo and if they are single files, directories or entire commits.
Then we prepared a demo project to start removing files from and began to erase individual files by Git then directories then ran commands to back out changes in the staging area and the commit history.
Then we introduced how to revert a commit from history by ID. If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment.
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4 Ways to Remove Files from Git Commit History
Fady Soliman
Fady SolimanMember since
Jun 22, 2013
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2 Comments
Very useful article, Thanks for sharing this
delete files from local repo(curent working directory) by using git rm command git rm file1 file2 file3 file4.................. 2. commit your changes to github git commit -m "files deleting" 3. push your changes git push
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Rescue Me (Fontella Bass song)
Authorship
I don't see any evidence that Fontella Bass co-wrote the song. Original labels like this - - do not credit her as a writer. If there is contrary evidence, we need a reliable source. Ghmyrtle (talk) 09:34, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
Removal of commercial songs
Removing songs from commercials is a good reason thanks to the ongoing retail apocalypse phenomenon, and also there's a "citation needed" meaning it's just being lazy.
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WIKI
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Talk:Brian McConnell
This should be in the Canadian Engineers section, not Canada-bio. how do we move it??
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WIKI
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Talk:Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Art Museum
Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Art Museum => Art Museum of Prykarpattia
Ukrainian titles are difficult to translate with any degree of consistency, but maintaining a page under the name of a museum that was changed in the 1990s seems unnecessarily arbitrary.
Sicklemoon (talk) 22:36, 4 July 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Make an ActiveRecord object previewable, and display the preview using existing/custom templates
Ruby
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install.rb
preview.gemspec
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README.md
Preview
Make an ActiveRecord object preview-able, and display the preview using existing/custom templates
Install
gem install preview
Usage
Within controller:
previewable
This will enable preview generation for the resource that is handled by the controller (eg: post for PostsController)
Within view-form:
f.preview
Will generate a preview button, on pressing which, the preview opens in a new tab.
(f is the form object for the model.)
More options:
previewable :actions => [:mycreate]
The preview functionality works for forms that submit to the mycreate action, instead of the default (create, update)
previewable :template => "myshow"
The preview is generated using the myshow.html.erb template instead of the default (show.html.erb)
How it works:
When the form is submitted through the preview button, it sends all the form values to the create/update actions on the server. This gem adds a before_filter to those actions, where it creates the resource instance variable (@post for PostsController) using the passed values, and then renders the template using the instance variable.
Note:
The resource preview object is not persisted - no data is written to the database.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Does my child have bipolar?
It’s hard enough to help a child through the normal ups and downs of adolescence. If your child also has bipolar disorder, it can be even more overwhelming—but the first step is to figure out whether your child has bipolar disorder in the first place.
Bipolar disorder in children
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition where a person experiences episodes of high and low moods, called mania and depression. When someone is manic, they might have lots of energy, feel unstoppable, and act impulsively. When they’re depressed, they might feel worthless or empty, have trouble getting out of bed, and have thoughts about death or suicide.
In adults, episodes of mania and depression usually last for several weeks or even months. In between, the person will feel relatively “normal.”
With children, it’s a bit different. Children with bipolar disorder often cycle between mania and depression more rapidly—sometimes several times within a single day. Children also commonly experience mixed episodes: times when they experience symptoms of mania and depression at the same time.
Bipolar disorder in children also commonly gets confused with other conditions, such as conduct disorder, anxiety, and depression. But the most common mix-up is between bipolar disorder and ADHD. (It’s also possible for a child to have more than one of these conditions at the same time.)
Bipolar or ADHD?
Bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share some overlapping symptoms:
• Getting distracted easily.
• Having a short attention span.
• Feeling irritable.
• Having trouble sitting still.
• Speaking so quickly it’s hard to follow what they’re saying.
One of the keys to distinguishing between the two is to look for symptoms that are common only in bipolar disorder and not in ADHD:
• Feeling extremely excited or happy.
• Racing thoughts.
• Self-harm or thoughts of suicide.
• Psychotic symptoms, like seeing or hearing things that aren’t there.
• Only sleeping a few hours a night, and not feeling tired the next day. (Kids without bipolar disorder might have trouble sleeping, but they’ll usually at least try to sleep more. And they’ll feel tired the next day.)
• Grandiosity: acting as though the rules don’t apply to them, or acting like an authority figure to other children or even teachers.
• Hypersexuality: being more interested in sex than most children their age—and as a way of seeking pleasure, not just out of curiosity.
• Intense goal-oriented activity: drawing intricate pictures, writing long stories, building complicated structures with toys.
Getting a diagnosis
You can look for warning signs of bipolar disorder in your child, but you can’t diagnose them yourself. If you think your child may have bipolar disorder, it’s important to get them to a doctor or a counselor who can evaluate them. The person doing the evaluation will talk to both you and the child—parents and children usually give very different descriptions of the symptoms, and both of those descriptions are helpful. Whoever diagnoses your child will also be able to help you find treatment options.
You might find it helpful to take our online bipolar test on behalf of your child, or to have your child take it themselves. Only a mental health professional can diagnose bipolar disorder, but it can be a good starting point for talking to your child about what they’re experiencing. You can also print off the results and take them with you when you do speak to a professional.
References
Treatment & Resources
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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公寓
Noun
* 1) multi-storied apartment building
* 2) residential unit in such a building; apartment; flat; condominium
Usage notes
In Taiwanese usage, the term commonly refers to low-rise residential buildings of not more than 6 floors, generally without an elevator. Higher-rise buildings have to be legally equipped with elevators and called (7-11F) or more generically.
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WIKI
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Convention of Malvana
The Convention of Malvana (also spelled Malwāna, මල්වාන ගිවිසුමෙන්ද Malwana Giwisumenda) was a 1598 agreement between the Sinhalese chiefs of Sri Lanka and the Portuguese. The convention was organised by the Portuguese General Jerónimo de Azevedo who felt as though the Sri Lankan natives did not demonstrate ample allegiance to King Philip I of Portugal. Following the 1597 death of Dharmapala of Kotte, ruler of the Kingdom of Kotte, Azevedo summoned two deputies from each Korale to a convention. The event took place on 29 September at Malwana or Colombo—the exact location has been disputed.
At the convention, Azevedo initially suggested to the deputies for the native Sri Lankan inhabitants to abandon their traditional customs, in favor of political loyalty and cultural assimilation to King Philip and Portugal. Following two days of deliberation, the deputies described their resistance to abandoning their customs. Azevedo consented to respecting the natives' way of life, including their laws and customs, provided they swear allegiance to King Philip and recognise and respect the sovereignty of the Portuguese colonial government. A group of eight representatives from the pool Sinhalese delegates, all reportedly Christian, promised their loyalty to the King of Portugal. Thome Rodrigo was present at the signing.
The convention has been widely criticised as a Portuguese attempt at providing the facade of legality and justification for their colonisation of Ceylon.
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WIKI
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Padmini Swaminathan
Padmini Swaminathan is an Indian feminist economist. She is the current Chairperson of the Centre for Livelihoods at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Hyderabad. She has also served as the Director of the Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS) and held the chair for Regional Studies of the Reserve Bank of India at MIDS until her retirement in 2011. Swaminathan studies industrial organization, labour, education and health from a gender perspective.
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WIKI
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Sparq
Sparq may refer to:
* SPARQL, programming language
* SPARQCode, standard encoding for the contents of a QR barcode
* SPARQ Training, creators of a standardized test for athleticism
* SyQuest SparQ drive, a short-lived (1998–1999) removable-disk hard drive
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WIKI
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Nguyễn Ngọc Loan
Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan (11 December 1930 – 14 July 1998) was a South Vietnamese general and chief of the South Vietnamese National Police.
Loan gained international attention when he summarily executed a handcuffed prisoner of war named Nguyễn Văn Lém on February 1, 1968, in Saigon, Vietnam during the Tet Offensive. Nguyễn Văn Lém was a Viet Cong (VC) member. The Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ stated that Lém was a very high ranking political official, but had not been a member of the Viet Cong military. The event was witnessed and recorded by Võ Sửu, a cameraman for NBC, and Eddie Adams, an Associated Press photographer. The photo and film became two famous images in contemporary American journalism.
Despite the determination of the Immigration and Naturalization Service that Loan committed war crimes, owing to which he was liable for deportation back to Vietnam, the then US President, Jimmy Carter, personally intervened to halt the deportation proceedings.
Early life
Loan was born in 1930 to a middle-class family in Huế and was one of eleven children. He studied pharmacy and graduated near the top of his class at Huế University before joining the Vietnamese National Army in 1951. He soon studied at an officer training school, where he befriended classmate Nguyễn Cao Kỳ. Loan received pilot training in Morocco before returning to Vietnam in 1955, serving with the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) for the next decade.
He received additional training in the United States at some point during this period, enabling him to speak English fluently by the time he rose to prominence in the late 1960s. Loan's career followed Kỳ's, and when Kỳ became commander of the RVNAF, Loan served as chief of staff. During the February 1965 Operation Flaming Dart airstrikes targeting North Vietnam Loan flew as Kỳ's wingman.
Career
In June 1965, when Kỳ became prime minister of South Vietnam, he promoted Loan to colonel and appointed him director of the Military Security Service. This was followed within a few months by an appointment to director of the Central Intelligence Organization, giving Loan simultaneous control of both military intelligence and security. He was further made director general of the Republic of Vietnam National Police in April 1966. Holding these positions enabled Loan to wield immense power, and he supervised the suppression of the early 1966 uprising of Kỳ's rival General Nguyễn Chánh Thi and dissident Buddhists. When Kỳ agreed to become vice president to Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in 1967, the former relied on the support Loan provided for him in order to retain power.
Loan was a staunch South Vietnamese nationalist, refusing to give Americans special treatment in his jurisdiction. For example, in December 1966 he rejected the arrest of Saigon mayor Van Van Cua by American military police and insisted that only South Vietnamese authorities could arrest and detain South Vietnamese citizens. He also insisted that U.S. civilians, including journalists, fell under South Vietnamese jurisdiction while in Saigon. Loan's uncompromising stand caused him to be regarded as a troublemaker by the Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. Loan was also skeptical of the U.S. CIA-backed Phoenix Program to attack and neutralize the clandestine VC infrastructure.
Loan's men were also involved in the arrest of two VC operatives on 15 August 1967 who had been engaged in sending out peace feelers to U.S. officials behind the back of the South Vietnamese in an initiative code-named Buttercup. His stand against such "backdoor" dealing, and his opposition to releasing one of the communist negotiators, reportedly angered the Americans, and forced them to keep both him and the South Vietnamese better informed of diplomatic dealings involving their country.
Loan was an accomplished pilot—he led an airstrike on VC forces at Bù Đốp in 1967, shortly before he was promoted to permanent brigadier general rank. The Americans were displeased at his promotion, and Loan submitted his resignation shortly thereafter. The South Vietnamese cabinet subsequently rejected Loan's resignation.
Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém
Nguyễn Văn Lém (also known as Bảy Lốp) was a Vietcong captain. On 1 February 1968, during the Tet Offensive, he was captured in a building in the Cho Lon quarter of Saigon, near the Ấn Quang pagoda. Lém wore civilian clothing at the time of his capture. Handcuffed, he was brought to Loan, who then summarily executed him on the street using his sidearm, a .38 Special Smith & Wesson Bodyguard Model 49 revolver, on allegations of murdering South Vietnamese Lt. Col. Colonel Nguyen Tuan, his wife, six of his seven children, and 80-year-old mother. A reporter for The New York Times later wrote that this likely violated the Geneva Conventions. Max Hastings, writing in 2018, said that some of the allegations made against Lém were true. Only one of Lt. Col. Tuan's children, Huan Nguyen, survived the attack and went on to become the first Vietnamese American promoted to rear admiral in the United States Navy. Hastings also wrote that American historian Edwin Moise "is convinced that the entire story of Lém murdering the Tuân family is a post-war invention." Hastings concluded that "the truth will never be known."
The execution was captured on photo by Associated Press photographer Eddie Adams and on video by NBC News television cameraman Võ Sửu. After the execution, Loan told Adams: "They killed many of our people and many of yours." Võ Sửu reported that after the shooting Loan went to a reporter and said '' These guys kill a lot of our people, and I think Buddha will forgive me. ''
Interviewed by Oriana Fallaci in May 1968 for her book Nothing, and So be it, he stated that he was aware of the indignation he caused and that he understood Fallaci's point of view when she regarded him as a cold-blooded killer. He said that he killed Lém because he felt enraged that the VC were wearing civilian clothes. Speaking to Fallaci, he said: "He wasn't wearing a uniform and I can't respect a man who shoots without wearing a uniform. Because it's too easy: you kill and you're not recognized. I respect a North Vietnamese because he's dressed as a soldier, like myself, and so he takes the same risks as I do. But a Vietcong in civilian clothes - I was filled with rage." Loan has also recounted, "If you hesitate, if you didn't do your duty, the men won't follow you".
The photograph and footage were broadcast worldwide, galvanizing the anti-war movement. Eddie Adams' photo won Adams the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography. Adams later stated he regretted he was unable to get a picture "of that Viet Cong [Lém] blowing away the [Tuan] family".
Subsequent career
A few months after the execution picture was taken, Loan was seriously wounded near Saigon by machine gun fire to his right leg. Again, his picture hit the world press, this time as Australian war correspondent Pat Burgess carried him back to his lines.
On 8 June 1968 President Thiệu replaced Loan as Director of National Police with Trần Văn Hai. In late June he went to Australia for medical treatment, returning to Vietnam later that year. In May 1969 he and his family flew to the US where he received medical treatment at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and remained in Alexandria, Virginia until December 1969 when they returned to Vietnam. Shortly after his arrival in the US Adams was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his photo and this brought attention on Loan. Senator Stephen M. Young denounced Loan in the Senate calling him a "brutal murderer."
In August 1970 he was appointed to a Defense Ministry position that involved long-range planning but lacked actual power. Loan helped construct hospitals for war wounded and was a frequent visitor to children's hospitals and orphanages. His leg wound continued to trouble him and it was amputated in September 1974.
Later life
In 1975, during the fall of Saigon, Loan approached the US Embassy for evacuation, but was refused and he and his family escaped aboard an RVNAF plane and eventually reached the US. There he moved to Dale City, Virginia. He then opened a restaurant called "Les Trois Continents" in the Washington, D.C. suburb of Burke, Virginia at Rolling Valley Mall. The restaurant served hamburgers, Vietnamese cuisine, and pizza, but was described as more of a pizzeria. Loan also worked as a secretary in a Washington firm at this time. When interviewed, Loan stated "All we want to do is to forget and to be left alone."
Adams later apologized in person to Loan and his family for the damage his photograph did to his reputation.
House of Representatives member Elizabeth Holtzman forwarded a list of Vietnamese officials who may have committed crimes (including Loan) to Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). House of Representatives member Harold S. Sawyer later requested the Library of Congress investigate Loan. In 1978, the INS contended that Loan had committed a war crime, following a report by the Library of Congress which concluded that the summary execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém had been illegal under Vietnamese law, in an attempt to revoke his permanent resident status to ensure that he could not become a United States citizen. They approached Adams to testify against Loan, but Adams instead testified in his favor and Loan was allowed to stay. The deportation was halted by the intervention of United States President Jimmy Carter, who stated that "such historical revisionism was folly".
Loan visited the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and praised it.
In 1991, he closed his restaurant and retired after a decline in business following increased publicity about his past. Adams recalled that on his last visit to the pizza parlor shortly before it closed, he had seen written on a toilet wall, "We know who you are, you fucker".
Death
Nguyễn Ngọc Loan died of cancer on 14 July 1998, aged 67, in Burke, Virginia. After his death, Adams praised him: "The guy was a hero. America should be crying. I just hate to see him go this way, without people knowing anything about him."
Eddie Adams wrote a eulogy to Loan in Time:"The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera. Still photographs are the most powerful weapon in the world. People believe them, but photographs do lie, even without manipulation. They are only half-truths. What the photograph didn't say was, 'What would you do if you were the general at that time and place on that hot day, and you caught the so-called bad guy after he blew away one, two or three American soldiers?'."
Personal life
Loan was married to Chinh Mai, with whom he raised five children.
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WIKI
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UnigineEditor
Interface Overview
Assets Workflow
Settings and Preferences
Working With Projects
Adjusting Node Parameters
Setting Up Materials
Setting Up Properties
Landscape Tool
Using Editor Tools for Specific Tasks
Extending Editor Functionality
FAQ
Programming
Fundamentals
Setting Up Development Environment
Usage Examples
UnigineScript
C++
C#
UUSL (Unified UNIGINE Shader Language)
File Formats
Rebuilding the Engine and Tools
GUI
Double Precision Coordinates
API
Containers
Common Functionality
Controls-Related Classes
Engine-Related Classes
Filesystem Functionality
GUI-Related Classes
Math Functionality
Node-Related Classes
Networking Functionality
Pathfinding-Related Classes
Physics-Related Classes
Plugins-Related Classes
Rendering-Related Classes
Unigine::LandscapeMapFileCreator Class
Header: #include <UnigineObjects.h>
This class is used to generate a landscape map file (.lmap) to be used for landscape layer map creation.
Usage Example#
Source code (C++)
// callbacks to be fired in the process of landscape map file creation
void progress(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator)
{
Log::message("%d %f\n", int(creator->getProgress()), creator->getTimeSeconds());
}
void begin(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator)
{
Log::message("%f\n", creator->getProgress());
}
void end(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator)
{
Log::message("%f\n", creator->getTimeSeconds());
}
// ...
// defining grid size (2х2 tiles) and resolution
ivec2 grid = ivec2(2,2);
ivec2 resolution = ivec2(2048) * grid;
// creating a landscape map file creator and setting grid size, resolution, and path
creator = LandscapeMapFileCreator::create();
creator->setGrid(grid);
creator->setResolution(resolution);
creator->setPath("test.lmap");
// adding necessary callbacks
creator->addCreateCallback(MakeCallback(&create));
creator->addProgressCallback(MakeCallback(&progress));
creator->addBeginCallback(MakeCallback(&begin));
creator->addEndCallback(MakeCallback(&end));
// running the creator to generate a new "test.lmap" file
creator->run();
// ...
// creating a new landscape layer map based on the created "test.lmap" file
landscape_map = LandscapeLayerMap::create();
landscape_map->setPath("test.lmap");
LandscapeMapFileCreator Class
Members
LandscapeMapFileCreator ( ) #
The LandscapeMapFileCreator constructor.
void setResolution ( const Math::ivec2 & resolution ) #
Sets a new landscape map resolution.
Arguments
• const Math::ivec2 & resolution - Two-component vector (X, Y) representing new landscape map resolution along X and Y axes to be set.
Math::ivec2 getResolution ( ) #
Returns the current landscape map resolution.
Return value
Two-component vector (X, Y) representing current landscape map resolution along X and Y axes.
void setGrid ( const Math::ivec2 & grid ) #
Sets a new grid size for the landscape map.
Arguments
• const Math::ivec2 & grid - Two-component vector (X, Y) representing number of tiles of the landscape map along X and Y axes.
Math::ivec2 getGrid ( ) #
Returns the current grid size for the landscape map.
Return value
Two-component vector (X, Y) representing number of tiles of the landscape map along X and Y axes.
float getProgress ( ) #
Returns the current landscape map file creation progress.
Return value
Current landscape map file creation progress (percentage).
double getTimeSeconds ( ) #
Returns the landscape map file creation time. You can use this method to get total file generation time when processing an End callback.
Return value
Landscape map file creation time, in seconds.
void setPath ( const char * path ) #
Sets a new path to the .lmap file to be generated.
Arguments
• const char * path - New path to the .lmap file to be generated.
const char * getPath ( ) #
Returns a path to the .lmap file to be generated.
Return value
Path to the .lmap file to be generated.
void run ( bool is_empty = false, bool is_safe = true ) #
Runs the landscape map file creation process. You can set callbacks to be fired in the beginning, upon completion and during the process to monitor progress and display statictics.
Arguments
• bool is_empty - true to enable recursive search (i.e. down the whole details hierarchy of the detail mask), false - to search only among the top-level details of the detail mask.
• bool is_safe - true to enable recursive search (i.e. down the whole details hierarchy of the detail mask), false - to search only among the top-level details of the detail mask.
void * addCreateCallback ( Unigine::CallbackBase4< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator>, Ptr<LandscapeImages>, int, int > * func ) #
Adds a callback function to be called on creating a landscape layer map file. The signature of the callback function must be as follows:
Source code (C++)
void create_callback(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator, LandscapeImages images, int x, int, y);
You can set a callback function as follows:
Source code (C++)
addCreateCallback(MakeCallback(create_callback));
Example: Setting a landscape layer map file creation callback function for a certain class:
Source code (C++)
// callback function implementing certain actions to be performed on creating a landscape layer map file
void CreateFile(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator, LandscapeImages images, int x, int, y)
{
// insert your specific landscape layer map file creation handling code here
}
// ...
virtual int AppWorldLogic::init()
{
// setting the CreateFile() function to handle file creation
Landscape::addCreateCallback(MakeCallback(&CreateFile));
}
Arguments
• Unigine::CallbackBase4< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator>, Ptr<LandscapeImages>, int, int > * func - Callback pointer.
Return value
ID of the last added landscape layer map file creation callback, if the callback was added successfully; otherwise, nullptr. This ID can be used to remove this callback when necessary.
bool removeCreateCallback ( void * id ) #
Removes the specified callback from the list of create file callbacks.
Arguments
• void * id - Create file callback ID obtained when adding it.
Return value
True if the create file callback with the given ID was removed successfully; otherwise false.
void clearCreateCallback ( ) #
Clears all added create file callbacks.
void * addProgressCallback ( Unigine::CallbackBase1< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator> > * func ) #
Adds a callback function to be called on landscape map file creation progress. The signature of the callback function must be as follows:
Source code (C++)
void progress_callback(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator);
You can set a callback function as follows:
Source code (C++)
addProgressCallback(MakeCallback(progress_callback));
Example: Setting a progress callback function for a certain class:
Source code (C++)
// callback function implementing certain actions to be performed on landscape map file creation progress
void FileCreationProgress(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator)
{
// insert your specific progress handling code here
}
// ...
virtual int AppWorldLogic::init()
{
// setting the FileCreationProgress() function to handle landscape map file creation progress
Landscape::addProgressCallback(MakeCallback(&FileCreationProgress));
}
Arguments
• Unigine::CallbackBase1< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator> > * func - Callback pointer.
Return value
ID of the last added progress callback, if the callback was added successfully; otherwise, nullptr. This ID can be used to remove this callback when necessary.
bool removeProgressCallback ( void * id ) #
Removes the specified callback from the list of progress callbacks.
Arguments
• void * id - Progress callback ID obtained when adding it.
Return value
True if the progress callback with the given ID was removed successfully; otherwise false.
void clearProgressCallback ( ) #
Clears all added progress callbacks.
void * addBeginCallback ( Unigine::CallbackBase1< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator> > * func ) #
Adds a callback function to be called on beginning the landscape map file creation. The signature of the callback function must be as follows:
Source code (C++)
void begin_callback(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator);
You can set a callback function as follows:
Source code (C++)
addBeginCallback(MakeCallback(begin_callback));
Example: Setting a begin file creation callback function for a certain class:
Source code (C++)
// callback function implementing certain actions to be performed on beginning the landscape map file creation
void FileCreationBegin(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator)
{
// insert your specific handling code here
}
// ...
virtual int AppWorldLogic::init()
{
// setting the FileCreationBegin() function to handle beginning of the landscape map file creation
Landscape::addBeginCallback(MakeCallback(&FileCreationBegin));
}
Arguments
• Unigine::CallbackBase1< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator> > * func - Callback pointer.
Return value
ID of the last added begin file creation callback, if the callback was added successfully; otherwise, nullptr. This ID can be used to remove this callback when necessary.
bool removeBeginCallback ( void * id ) #
Removes the specified callback from the list of begin file creation callbacks.
Arguments
• void * id - Begin callback ID obtained when adding it.
Return value
True if the begin file creation callback with the given ID was removed successfully; otherwise false.
void clearBeginCallback ( ) #
Clears all added begin file creation callbacks.
void * addEndCallback ( Unigine::CallbackBase1< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator> > * func ) #
Adds a callback function to be called on completion of the landscape map file creation. The signature of the callback function must be as follows:
Source code (C++)
void end_callback(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator);
You can set a callback function as follows:
Source code (C++)
addEndCallback(MakeCallback(end_callback));
Example: Setting a file creation completion callback function for a certain class:
Source code (C++)
// callback function implementing certain actions to be performed on completion of the landscape map file creation
void FileCreationEnd(LandscapeMapFileCreatorPtr creator)
{
// insert your specific handling code here
}
// ...
virtual int AppWorldLogic::init()
{
// setting the FileCreationEnd() function to handle completion of the landscape map file creation
Landscape::addEndCallback(MakeCallback(&FileCreationEnd));
}
Arguments
• Unigine::CallbackBase1< Ptr<LandscapeMapFileCreator> > * func - Callback pointer.
Return value
ID of the last added file creation completion callback, if the callback was added successfully; otherwise, nullptr. This ID can be used to remove this callback when necessary.
bool removeEndCallback ( void * id ) #
Removes the specified callback from the list of file creation completion callbacks.
Arguments
• void * id - End callback ID obtained when adding it.
Return value
True if the progress callback with the given ID was removed successfully; otherwise false.
void clearEndCallback ( ) #
Clears all added file creation completion callbacks.
Last update: 2019-11-28
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Browse Publications Technical Papers 2014-01-1286
2014-04-01
Fuel Design Concept for Robust Ignition in HCCI Engine and Its Application to Optimize Methane-Based Blend 2014-01-1286
A fuel design concept for an HCCI engine based on chemical kinetics to optimize the heat release profile and achieve robust ignition was proposed, and applied to the design of the optimal methane-based blend.Ignition process chemistry of each single-component of natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, n-butane and isobutane, was analyzed using detailed chemical kinetic computations. Ethane exhibits low ignitability, close to that of methane, when the initial temperature is below 800 K, but higher ignitability, close to those of propane, n-butane and isobutane, when the initial temperature is above 1100 K. Furthermore, ethane shows a higher heat release rate during the late stage of the ignition process. If the early stage of an ignition process takes place during the compression stroke, this kind of heat release profile is desirable in an HCCI engine to reduce cycle-to-cycle variation during the expansion stroke.According to results from engine operation tests using dual-component fuels with methane as the primary component and ethane, propane, n-butane and isobutane as the secondary component, methane/ethane shows a lower COV of IMEP when CA50 is set at the same timing for the expansion stroke. Furthermore, methane/ethane also shows a lower knocking intensity when CA50 is set at the same timing, close to the knocking limit, due to its lower in-cylinder pressure rise rate.These results suggest that methane/ethane can be the optimal methane-based blend for an HCCI engine to achieve both better fuel economy and higher performance by its robust ignition and high anti-knocking properties.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Castabala (city)
Titular see of the Catholic Church
Formerly this article stated that Castabala "was" a titular see of the Catholic Church "until 1894", referring to a Catholic Encyclopedia article on Castabala. That article states that the "Latin title [was] suppressed, [in] 1894. In 1894, the see was occupied by Bishop Lootens, who continued in that capacity until 1898. Since then, six bishops have served as Titular Bishop of Castabala. As recently as 2010, Bishop Tejeda was Titular Bishop of Castabala until he retired. One must conclude that the suppression of its "Latin title" means something other than its discontinuation as a titular see. Castabala is a Greek name; perhaps prior to 1898 this titular see had a Latin name. Regardless, I reworded the article to reflect that Castabala continues to be a titular see of the Catholic Church. Vereverde (talk) 19:53, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Regal fritillary
The regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia) is a striking nymphalid butterfly found among some of the remaining tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies in the east-central United States. This prairie-specialist butterfly has a characteristic deep orange color and unmistakable dark hindwings with two bands of spots (Brock 2003). On the female, both bands of spots are white. However, on the male, the outer band of spots is orange in color. Females also tend to be slightly larger than males. The ventral surface of the hindwings is olive brown to black in color with bold silvery white spots (Selby 2007). The wingspan of S. idalia usually measures 68 - 105 mm (Selby 2007). Flight is in the summertime from approximately June to September and adults tend to be swift in flight, coasting close to the ground (Brock 2003). It is listed as a species of special concern and believed extirpated in the US state of Connecticut.
Regal fritillary larvae are approximately 0.08 inches long after they hatch and reach a length of approximately 1.75 inches when fully developed (Edwards 1879). The mature larvae have a black body with yellowish-orange bands and stripes. There are yellowish middorsal and lateral stripes and a number of dorsal, subdorsal, and lateral fleshy spines extending from the body. The head of the mature larva is rounded and small, orangish-red on top and black underneath (Edwards 1879).
The larval food source for the regal fritillary and all members of the genus Speyeria are violets (Viola spp.) (Selby 2007). The violets are an extremely important component of habitat sustainability for the regal fritillary and there is a correlation between the number of violets present and the number of butterflies found in a given area (Kelly and Debinski 1998). Violet species that the larvae feed on include Viola pedata (bird's-foot violet), V. pedatifida (blue prairie violet), V. papilionacea (common blue violet), V. lanceolata (lance-leafed violet), V. nuttallii (Nuttall's violet) (Kelly and Debinski 1998), V. sagittata (arrowleaf violet), and V. tricolor (Johnny Jumpup) (Selby 2007). These various violet species are associated with the different areas of the regal fritillary's range. For example, the bird's-foot violet and the prairie violet tend to be the preferred larval food source for the regal in the Midwest and Great Plains regions (Selby 2007).
The adult butterflies may feed on a variety of nectar plants and their availability throughout the summer flight time can be as important as the presence of larval food plants in determining whether an area can support populations of butterfly species (Selby 2007). Milkweeds, thistles, coneflowers, blazing-stars, bergamots, clovers, goldenrods, and ironweeds are some of the most important nectar sources for adult regal fritillaries. Milkweeds and thistles have been observed to be the preferred nectar source throughout the regal fritillary's range (Selby 2007). These two types of plants provide a constant supply of nectar due to their staggered growth times. Common milkweed starts blooming when male regal fritillaries begin to emerge early in the summer and thistles tend to bloom later in the season which is crucial to females approaching oviposition (Selby 2007).
Reproduction and life cycle
The regal fritillary is univoltine, having a single generation per year (Selby 2007). Adult male butterflies emerge in early June along with the first milkweed plants. Adult females emerge shortly after and mating takes place in late June and early July. After mating, females enter a 6 to 8 week period of reproductive diapause, or a suspended period of development. The ovaries remain undeveloped during this time. Oogenesis does not initiate until late August when juvenile hormone sharply increases (Kopper et al. 2001). Once oogenesis takes place, the eggs are fertilized and soon after, oviposition occurs. The female lays over 1,000 eggs and possibly more than 2,000 (Vaughan and Shepherd, 2005). The small larvae hatch in late September and into October. Immediately after hatching, the tiny larvae seek protective covering in the leaf litter and overwinter there. At this stage the larvae delay development over the winter months and this is known as larval diapause (Kopper et al. 2001). Once spring arrives, the larvae emerge and begin feeding on violets. They grow and mature through six instar stages until late May when they pupate (Selby 2007).
The life cycle of the regal fritillary is unique and is thought to be an adaptation to the phenology, or seasonal timing and nature, of their larval food plant, the violet (Kopper et al. 2001). These small perennial violets produce abundant foliage in the spring for the growing larvae. However, in most areas they senesce in the heat of the summer and become unavailable to the larvae at that time. When this occurs, the regal fritillary is entering into its adult life and is no longer dependent on the violet. The fact that the violets remain unable to support larvae throughout the rest of the summer helps to explain the regal fritillary's univoltine life cycle. The larval diapause coupled with the adult female reproductive diapuase enables the larvae to maximize the benefits of fresh and abundant violet foliage when they are active in the spring (Kopper et al. 2001).
Declining populations
With a loss of more than 99% of the original native tallgrass prairie landcover today (Powell et al. 2006), decreased sustainable habitat area for the regal fritillary has become a real threat. Drastic declines in regal fritillary populations have led to much concern about the butterfly's future (Kopper et al. 2001). Historically, the regal fritillary's range extended from eastern Colorado to Maine. However, due to habitat loss and large-scale population declines, their range has been far reduced, especially in the east.
From the 1960s through the early 1990s, eastern populations had declined so severely that only a few remain. (Powell et al. 2006) The regal fritillary was once present in 18 states east of Illinois. Today, only three populations remain in the eastern region. These populations have been located east of Indiana: Fort Indiantown Gap Pennsylvania, Radford Army Ammunition Plant in Virginia. Populations in the Midwest and Great Plains are much more widespread; however, they remain extremely vulnerable as their numbers continue to decline. The regal fritillary is not federally listed as an endangered species, but it has been assigned a NatureServe conservation status of G3, which is considered vulnerable (Selby 2007). S. idalia was a Category II species, or a possible candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act, until 1996 when this category was eliminated by the federal government (Kelly and Debinski 1998). WildEarth Guardians submitted a new petition to list the species in 2013 (WildEarth Guardians 2013). The findings of formal review have not been published as of 1 May 2014.
Threats
The greatest threat the regal fritillary faces is habitat destruction (Powell et al. 2006). A number of factors continue to contribute to the loss, fragmentation, and degradation of the butterfly's habitat. Row crop agriculture, urban developments such as housing and business construction, road construction, and gravel mining all contribute to the disappearance and degradation of the prairies that regal fritillaries depend on. Since regal fritillaries require relatively non-degraded native tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies, the alteration of these landscapes has pushed them into a highly vulnerable status (Selby 2007).
Largely due to the loss and degradation of the tallgrass prairie landscape, violet plant density tends to be limited or greatly reduced in certain areas. This has been shown to have a negative impact on regal fritillary populations. A study conducted by Kelly and Debinski (1998) looked at larval food source limitations as a factor in the declining regal fritillary populations. The authors correlated violet plant density to population size and weights of regal fritillary butterflies. It was found that prairies with significantly lower violet densities had smaller populations of S. idalia. Butterfly weights were also slightly lower in areas with low violet density (Kelly and Debinski 1998). As a result, a number of concerns have been raised regarding the health of the regal fritillary. Areas with few or no violets can be detrimental to female fecundity because there are few suitable places for the eggs to be laid (Kelly and Debinski 1998). Also, smaller fragmented populations are susceptible to restricted gene flow and reduced genetic variability (Williams et al. 2003). This study also showed that habitat quality for the regal fritillary is just as important as the amount of habitat available. Increased violet density and nectar availability are essential to maintaining healthy populations (Kelly and Debinski 1998).
Habitat fragmentation and isolation can have large-scale genetic effects on high gene flow species such as the regal fritillary. There is an increased likelihood of population extirpation among high gene flow species experiencing habitat fragmentation (Williams et al. 2003). Williams et al. (2003) compared levels of genetic differentiation and diversity among populations with a relatively continuous habitat to populations in isolated habitat areas. It was found that the isolated and highly fragmented populations had increased differentiation, or divergence from other populations, and decreased genetic diversity in comparison to non-fragmented populations. Restricted gene flow and population bottlenecks likely occur among populations in fragmented habitat areas, causing these phenomena (Williams et al. 2003). As habitat fragmentation continues to increase in much of the regal fritillary's Midwestern range, genetic problems may become a real threat, disrupting gene flow and increasing the risk of disease.
Prescribed burning is an attractive and widely used conservation tool among land managers today. The historic role that fire played in the prairie landscape can be highly beneficial to many plant species. Prescribed burns have also become a popular low-cost alternative for removing woody vegetation on rural and agricultural lands (Powell et al. 2006). However, there has been some evidence that intensive fire management used on prairie lands can negatively affect the regal fritillary. Powell et al. (2006) examined the effects of prescribed prairie burns by surveying a number of prairies in Kansas. Butterflies were observed on both recently burned and unburned sites to determine the effects of prescribed burning on the populations. Population density of the regal fritillary may tend to vary among sites but was generally considerably higher at sites that had not been burned in the past year (Powell et al. 2006). Prescribed burns are usually conducted in the early spring when the first instar larvae are vulnerable, buried in the leaf litter. Extensive prairie burns kill the overwintering larvae and can have a drastic effect on their population in the following years. One recently burned prairie that was studied used minimal patch burning, burning only small portions of the entire area at a time. This site had by far the highest regal fritillary abundance of any burned site (Powell et al. 2006).
A serious potential threat to the regal fritillary was discovered in a captive breeding study. Wagner (1995) found that disease is a possible mortality factor in some S. idalia populations. In a captive group, nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) caused an 80% loss. The virus is transmitted from females to offspring in eggs or between individuals through excreta (Wagner 1995). NPV could potentially be damaging to populations in the wild (Mason 2007); thus, for reintroduction purposes, culturing a virus-free line is critical.
The regal fritillary is highly vulnerable to environmental factors year-round. Extreme weather conditions over a large geographical range can severely influence their populations. First instar larvae are highly sensitive to extreme weather conditions as they overwinter in the leaf litter and as they begin their search for food plants in the spring. Hard frosts late in the spring, severe storms, and cool damp conditions have all been shown to negatively impact larvae survival (Selby 2007). Larval development rates tend to be proportional to the temperature. Therefore, unusually cool conditions in the spring can drastically slow larval growth rates, increasing their exposure to mortality factors (Selby 2007). Some environmental factors can limit adult regal fritillary activity as well. Prolonged periods of cooler temperatures, cloudy skies, and rain can restrict normal activities, perhaps limiting reproduction (Selby 2007).
The increased use of pesticides and herbicides can have profound negative effects on the regal fritillary as well. Heavy spraying of herbicides can eliminate nearby larval food plants and nectar sources that they depend on (Selby 2007). The indiscriminate use of pesticides also poses a threat to regal fritillaries and other prairie-specialist butterflies. The bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis ("Bt", the agent used in gypsy moth control) is lethal to all Lepidoptera larvae. It is thought that the gypsy moth control programs used in the east along wooded grassland edges may have been a final factor leading to the loss of some populations (Selby 2007). Broadcast spraying of insecticides for pest control on adjacent crop land and rangeland continues to be a direct threat to the regal fritillary.
Conservation
Future losses among regal fritillary populations can be prevented by identifying critical habitat areas and managing them to maintain and improve habitat size, quality, and connectivity (Selby 2007). It is essential that land be set aside and protected in this manner. Land management practices should focus on the maintenance of intact native prairie remnants and the vegetation that is crucial to the regal fritillary's continued survival. Managing for abundant larval food plants and nectar resources is extremely important. The timing, intensity, level, and duration of management activities must be adapted and monitored (Selby 2007). It has been suggested that proper management practices could play a crucial role in slowing, and possibly even reversing, the current wave of regal fritillary extirpations (Swengel 2004).
The Midwest landscape includes few prairie remnants which are embedded in an agricultural matrix (Davis et al. 2007). Thus, it is extremely important that the land surrounding prairie remnants be included in management decisions and practices. The quality of the matrix surrounding a particular habitat fragment often makes a difference on a species' dispersal ability (Davis et al. 2007). Edge effects must be considered and managed to improve the butterfly's dispersal capabilities. Connectivity between regal fritillary habitats is extremely important to consider in land management practices and would likely increase gene flow and genetic diversity in certain areas. This would help to reduce some of the negative effects associated with habitat fragmentation, increasing the overall health of regal fritillary populations.
Though it was found that extensive fire management can have direct negative impacts on regal fritillary populations, prescribed burns can be beneficial to many plant species, including violets and nectar plants (Selby 2007). This could in turn provide some increased habitat benefits for the butterfly if prescribed burns are used appropriately. Fire management also helps to remove cool season exotics and woody vegetation that encroach on native prairie plants such as the violet. Thus it is important to understand both the positive and negative effects of fire management and its combined effects on the long-term survival of the regal fritillary (Selby 2007). It is recommended that only small portions, no more than 20% of the total butterfly habitat, be burned in a given year. It has also been suggested that 3 to 5 year burn rotations be used where a certain plot of land must remain unburned for at least 3 to 5 years before it can be burned again. These practices would likely minimize the negative effects of fire management on regal fritillary populations, while likely providing them with some increased benefits due to higher quality food and nectar resources. It has also been suggested that very light grazing is also beneficial to these prairie specialist butterflies and can effectively be used in combination with limited prescribed burning (Selby 2007).
A limited use of herbicides and pesticides is fine; however, it should be closely monitored and carefully applied where the regal fritillary is concerned (Selby 2007). Increasing awareness among surrounding agricultural areas regarding the use of herbicides and pesticides is critical. Decreasing the use of herbicides and pesticides on agricultural lands directly adjacent to prairie habitats may be beneficial to regal fritillary populations as well as to many other native prairie insects. It is best to avoid or limit the widespread and indiscriminate use of these control agents in such areas (Selby 2007). Prairies that manage for invasive plants and woody vegetation by applying herbicides should do so with extreme caution and moderation. The use of selective applications such as spot spraying is better as well as using non-persistent herbicides. Reseeding may also be necessary after some herbicide applications so that beneficial native species remain plentiful. However, the use of herbicide on prairie lands should be a last resort to removing unwanted vegetation in order to protect regal fritillary populations (Selby 2007).
Since there is limited knowledge about the exact distribution and abundance of many regal fritillary populations, it is crucial that inventory and monitoring practices are carried out. A better understanding of the regal fritillary could further conservation efforts. Accurately surveying populations is crucial to monitoring practices and provides a great deal of useful information about specific populations. Pollard transect surveys obtain results of relative abundance values which can be used to track trends in abundance over time (Selby 2007). This method is better for long-term monitoring of populations and can be useful in tracking the status of the regal fritillary over time.
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WIKI
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HARBOR BANCORP & SUBSIDIARIES; Edward J. Keith; Elena Keith, Petitioners-Appellants, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 96-70037.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted May 6, 1997.
Decided June 10, 1997.
As Amended Aug. 6, 1997.
Mary Gassmann Reichert, Bryan Cave, St. Louis, Missouri, for petitioners-appellants.
Richard Farber (argued), Gary R. Allen, Edward T. Perelmuter, Tax Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for respondent-appellee.
Before MAGILL, RYMER, and THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Honorable Frank J. Magill, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
OPINION
RYMER, Circuit Judge:
Taxpayers Harbor Bancorp and Edward and Elena Keith appeal from a decision of the Tax Court denying tax-exempt status to interest the taxpayers earned on bonds issued by the Riverside County, California, Housing Authority. The Tax Court determined that (1) the Riverside County bond issues were subject to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 because the bonds were issued after December 31, 1985, and (2) the interest on the bonds is taxable because they are “arbitrage bonds” under the 1986 Act, in that (a) the proceeds were used, without the Housing Authority’s permission or knowledge, to make “nonpurpose investments” with a return higher than the interest rate on the bonds, and (b) the Housing Authority did not rebate the excess earnings, or arbitrage, to the U.S. Treasury. The Tax Court had jurisdiction under I.R.C. §§ 6214, 7442, and 7460(b). We have jurisdiction under I.R.C. § 7482, and we affirm.
I
This is a complicated story involving two separate but substantially identical municipal bond issues of the Riverside County Housing Authority. There are two controlling questions, involving two pivotal events in the life of the bonds.
One question is whether 1985 or 1986 tax laws control. This depends on whether the bonds were issued in an irregular pair of closings on December 31, 1985, or instead were issued February 20, 1986 when actual dollars began to flow within the Housing Authority’s financing plan. The second question is whether, given that a financial institution that took part in the bond financing plans misappropriated the bond proceeds and invested them, the Authority was obligated to pay the Treasury the spread between the yield on the bonds and the return on the unexpected investments if it wanted to preserve the tax-exempt status of the interest paid to the bondholders in this case.
A
The Riverside County Housing Authority is an arm of the County whose governing body is the County’s board of supervisors. In 1985, the Authority wanted to finance construction of low- and moderate-income housing in the County with municipal bonds. After some deliberation, the Authority settled on a “conduit financing” plan. Conduit financing differs from the traditional “government financing” structure of municipal bond issues in which a public entity uses the bond proceeds to build public facilities. In conduit financing, the governmental bond issuer channels the funds to a private entity, such as a housing developer, to use for a public purpose. See generally J.R. Eustis, Jr. & D.M. Weiner, Raising Funds with Tax-Exempt Bonds, 240 PLl/Tax 141 (1986), available in Westlaw.
In late 1985, Riverside County approved bond issues and conduit financing plans for two housing developments, to be known as the Whitewater Garden Apartments and the Ironwood Apartments. One-fifth of the units in each development were to be for low- and moderate-income families. Whitewater was expected to have a total of 460 units; Ironwood was expected to have 312.
The conduit financing was designed to work as follows. The Housing Authority would issue the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds through two Wall Street underwriters — Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities (DLJ) and Drexel, Burnham, Lambert, Inc. — with Interfirst Bank of Houston holding the proceeds as trustee for the bondholders. The Authority would lend the bond proceeds — about $18 million for the Whitewater project and about $12 million for Ironwood — to the Respective developers, and assign each developer’s note to the trustee, Interfirst. Each developer would hold the bond proceeds in an earmarked “developer loan fund” at a predesignated bank.
Next, under the plans, the Whitewater'and Ironwood developers would obtain letters of credit by mortgaging the property where each project was to be built. The bank that issued the letter of credit in exchange for the mortgage would then sell that mortgage for cash to a predesignated institution, then use that cash to buy a guaranteed investment contract (GIC) with sufficient returns to pay the interest and principal on the bonds. The bank would pledge the GIC to the trustee, Interfirst, to secure the bonds. The goal was that, in exchange for fees to various financial institutions, each bond issue would be backed by an investment-grade instrument, the GIC, as well as by the developer’s note. One downside was that the developers would carry extra debt. The developers were expected to pay off their notes and mortgages with the rental income from the projects.
SBE Development, Inc., which had been active in California’s construction industry for more than a decade, was chosen as the primary developer for each project. As the designated “letter of credit provider” for the Whitewater project, the County selected Mercantile Capital Finance Corp. No. 47 (MCFC 47). The letter of credit provider for Ironwood would be Mercantile Capital Finance Corp. No. 30 (MCFC 30). As the “mortgage purchaser” for both Whitewater and Ironwood, the County selected Unified Capital Corp. The two MCFCs were controlled by James J. Keefe, who was-also one of three people who controlled Unified Capital. Unified Capital’s eventual diversion of the bond proceeds would start the chain of events that has led to this ease.
The principals involved in preparing the Whitewater and Ironwood bond issues knew of changes in the tax laws that would apply to municipal bonds issued after December 31, 1985, so they believed it was important to complete the issues by the end of the year. Yet by mid-December, after the County supervisors had approved the bond issues and after certain financing documents had been executed at a pre-closing, both Wall Street firms whom Riverside expected would underwrite the bonds pulled out. An investment banker at DLJ arranged to install Matthews & Wright, Inc., another Wall Street firm, in their place. Matthews & Wright was a well-known underwriter of municipal bonds, and DLJ itself was preparing an initial public offering of Matthews & Wright’s stock. However, the County wasn’t told of the substitution of Matthews & Wright at this time.
In order to beat the end-of-year tax deadline, DLJ had planned to have another institution “warehouse” the bonds — that is, to buy them before January 1 and hold them until they could be rated by a bond agency and marketed. Matthews & Wright now took over the warehousing arrangements. On December 29, 1985, Matthews & Wright informed its lawyers and counsel for Inter-first that Commercial Bank of the Americas, a corporation headquartered in the Northern Mariana Islands (and not at that time chartered as a bank), would buy the bonds and warehouse them. An Interfirst executive did a limited one-day cheek on Commercial Bank’s bona fides by confirming that it was listed in a directory of international banks. Unknown to Interfirst, the founder, operator, and sole shareholder of Commercial Bank wás an executive of Matthews & Wright.
Two days later, on New Year’s Eve 1985, the parties held what appeared to be closings of the Whitewater and Ironwood bond issues at Matthews & Wright’s New York offices. These closings, which were among dozens done by Matthews & Wright in much the same way on the same day, were casual affairs considering the amounts of money involved. No representative of Riverside County or the Housing Authority attended. The law firm representing Matthews & Wright as underwriter’s counsel sent an associate. Interfirst sent an employee who was in New York on other business but who knew little about the bonds or the financing plans and who followed step-by-step directions from her headquarters during the transactions.
At the closings, counsel for Matthews & Wright, apparently acting on behalf of bond counsel for Riverside, handed temporary Whitewater and Ironwood bond certificates to Arthur Abba Goldberg, vice president of Matthews & Wright. In exchange, Goldberg handed Interfirst’s representative drafts for the face value of the bonds. These drafts (the equivalent of checks) had been prepared from starter kits for new accounts at a credit union that Goldberg himself controlled. The accounts on which the drafts were nominally drawn didn’t exist. In closings that same day, Matthews & Wright wrote 24 drafts on Goldberg’s credit union for a total of some $750 million, or about 15 times the credit union’s assets. Interfírst had accepted large checks from underwriters in the past, however, and it had no reason to think the credit union drafts could be dishonored upon demand for payment.
The drafts were never cashed. Upon receiving them, Interfirst’s representative by prearrangement endorsed over the drafts “without recourse” to buy two investment contracts from Commercial Bank of the Americas. The general manager of Goldberg’s credit union acted as the signatory for Commercial Bank in the sale of the investment agreements, although he later testified that he knew nothing about Commercial Bank, which in fact was a shell with no material assets. (Prior to the closings, Matthews & Wright — which at this point in the deal was the bondholder for whom Inter-first was acting as trustee — had agreed to hold Interfírst harmless for investing the proceeds of the issuances with Commercial Bank.) Yet Interfírst recorded on its books for December 31 its receipt of the drafts and its purchase of investments with Commercial Bank worth over $30 million.
Finally, in a move that came as a surprise to Interfírst, Goldberg directed Commercial Bank’s signatory to endorse the same two credit union drafts back to Matthews & Wright to buy the bonds so Commercial Bank could warehouse them. When the dust cleared, Commercial Bank, which hours earlier had had no assets to speak of, owned the bonds, but no part of the deal had taken place through the banking system. The drafts ended up in a desk drawer at the credit union on which they were drawn.
Riverside’s bond counsel didn’t learn of the substitution of Matthews & Wright for DLJ and Drexel until February 10. By then, Riverside’s lawyers and Housing Authority officials believed that the bond issuances had closed on December 31. At the urging of its bond counsel, Riverside County subsequently passed a resolution ratifying the selection of Matthews & Wright as its underwriter.
February 20, 1986 was the second pivotal day for the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds, as it was the day Unified Capital diverted the proceeds of the pending public bond sales from their intended purposes. On that day, Matthews & Wright used a line of credit from a bank to buy the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds from Commercial Bank of the Americas, using the bonds themselves as collateral for the credit line. Commercial Bank then deposited the proceeds of its sale of the bonds into the “developer loan funds” at Heritage National Bank of Austin, Texas, in accordance with the Whitewater and Ironwood conduit financing plans.
As agreed under the financing plans, the Whitewater and Ironwood development partnerships then mortgaged their properties in exchange for letters of credit from MCFCs 47 and 30, respectively. But under a prior, secret agreement, unknown to the Housing Authority, the developers transferred control of their developer loan funds in the accounts at Heritage National Bank to Unified Capital, expecting that Unified would later disburse the money as needed.
Unified Capital, as it had agreed to do, purchased the Whitewater and Ironwood mortgages from MCFCs 47 and 30 — except that Unified used the developer loan funds in the Heritage accounts instead of its own money. MCFCs 47 and 30 then used the purchase money from Unified (i.e., what remained of the bond proceeds after subtracting the various institutions’ fees) to buy two GICs. As planned, the MCFCs pledged the GICs as security for repayment of the principal and interest on the bonds.
The income streams from the GICs exactly equaled the debt service needed to pay the bondholders; the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds were secure investments for the public. The problem for Riverside was that Unified had taken the developer loan funds while the money zipped around on February 20, and had ultimately diverted the proceeds, via MCFCs 47 and 30, into the GICs. As a result, the Whitewater project was never built. The Ironwood apartments were completed with funds borrowed elsewhere, but SBE Development went insolvent in the process. And the bondholders turned out to be loaning money for a purpose other than low- and moderate-income housing.
B
Harbor Bancorp and the Keiths bought Whitewater and Ironwood bonds in July 1986 and treated the interest as exempt from their gross taxable income on their subsequent returns.
On February 21, 1991, the Commissioner notified the Housing Authority that pursuant to I.R.C. § 148(f), the IRS would consider the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds arbitrage bonds, and would treat the interest on them as taxable, unless the Authority timely paid the federal government a total of about $3.8 million that had been earned in excess of the yield on the bonds by investing the bond proceeds in the GICs. The Authority did not pay, and the Commissioner began treating the interest on the Riverside bonds as taxable.
In March 1993, Harbor and the Keiths filed petitions in the Tax Court challenging the Commissioner’s assessments of tax on the interest they earned on the Riverside bonds. The Harbor and Keith dockets were consolidated and tried as a test case.
In October 1995, the full Tax Court issued a reviewed decision denying the petitions. Harbor Bancorp & Subsidiaries v. Commissioner, 105 T.C. 260, 1995 WL 605411 (1995). The court ruled that the issue date of the bonds was February 20, 1986, so the bonds were subject to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, and that the bonds were taxable arbitrage bonds under § 148(f) because the proceeds were used for nonpurpose investments within the meaning of that section, although the court found that the Housing Authority did not intend for that to happen. The court did not reach the Commissioner’s alternative arguments that the interest on the Riverside bonds is also taxable under § 103(b)(1), - (c)(2), and -(k).
II
While the Tax Court’s determination that the New Year’s Eve 1985 closings were shams is a finding of fact we review for clear error, see Bail Bonds By Marvin Nelson, Inc. v. Commissioner, 820 F.2d 1543, 1548 (9th Cir.1987), we review the legal standards the court applied in reaching its conclusions de novo. Id.; see Sacks v. Commissioner, 69 F.3d 982, 986 (9th Cir.1995). At the same time, “the Commissioner has latitude in the interpretation of the Internal Revenue Code ... and ... the Tax Court’s opinions bearing on the Internal Revenue Code are entitled to respect because of its special expertise in the field.” Take v. Commissioner, 804 F.2d 553, 556 (9th Cir.1986) (citing Chevron U.S.A, Inc. v. NRDC, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 844-45, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2782-83, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)). We owe no deference to the Commissioner or to the Tax Court on issues of state law. See United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., 474 U.S. 121, 131, 106 S.Ct. 455, 461, 88 L.Ed.2d 419 (1985) (requiring deference to “[a]n agency’s construction of a statute it is charged with enforcing”). We defer to the Commissioner’s construction of tax regulations unless her position is “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation.” Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 512, 114 S.Ct. 2381, 2386,129 L.Ed.2d 405 (1994) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
III
Harbor Bancorp and the Keiths (Harbor) argue that the Tax Court shouldn’t have applied the arbitrage provisions of I.R.C. § 148(f) to the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds in the first place because § 148(f) applies to bonds issued on or after January 1, 1986, see Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub.L. No. 99-514, § 1314(d), 100 Stat. 2085, 2664 (1986), and, Harbor argues, the court erred in finding that the Riverside bonds were issued February 20, 1986 rather than in the New Year’s Eve 1985 closings.
The IRS regulations that were in effect in 1985 defined the “date of issue” of a state or municipal bond as
the date on which there is a physical delivery of the evidences of indebtedness in exchange for the amount of the issue price. For example, obligations are issued when the issuer physically exchanges the obligations for the underwriter’s (or other purchaser’s) check.
Treas. Reg. § 1.103-13(b)(6) (added 1979, superseded 1994). The Commissioner argues, as she did in the Tax Court, that we should apply a similar regulation proposed in 1992 and promulgated in 1994, which currently defines the issue date as
the date on which the purchaser receives the purchase price in exchange for that bond. In no event is the issue date earlier than the first day on which interest begins to accrue on the bond or bonds for Federal income tax purposes.
Treas. Reg. § 1.150-l(c)(2) (1996).
The Tax Court applied the former regulation but indicated that its result would be the same under the latter. 105 T.C. at 275 & n. 8. Because the record indicates the bonds began to generate interest December 1, 1985 — and furthermore, the Commissioner has not argued that the sentence in § 1.150-1(c)(2) regarding the date that interest begins to accrue is material — we agree with the Tax Court that for our purposes there is no difference between the two regulations. Under either version, the question is when the Authority received the “purchase price” or “issue price” from the underwriter.
The Tax Court concluded that the New Year’s Eve 1985 transactions were shams that didn’t suffice to issue the bonds under the regulations. It reasoned:
Courts have never regarded “the simple expedient of drawing up papers” as controlling for tax purposes when the objective realities are to the contrary. Commissioner v. Tower, 327 U.S. 280, 291 [66 S.Ct. 532, 537-38, 90 L.Ed. 670] (1946). Here, the hastily drawn up papers used at the putative closings ... utterly fail to reflect objective reality. The alleged payment for the bonds took the form of share drafts from starter kits, drawn on nonexistent accounts at a Jersey City credit union. The agent of the trustee promptly endorsed these items, without recourse to the trustee, to the order of an undercapitalized institution located in Saipan that had recently lost its banking license [Commercial Bank]. In exchange, the trustee took the Saipan institution’s investment agreements. If, on December 31, 1985[ ] — the alleged “date of issue” — the trustee had sought either to cash the share drafts or to collect upon its investment agreements, it would have been unsuccessful.... These items fell embarrassingly short of representing actual payment for the bonds within the meaning of the Commissioner’s regulations.
105 T.C. at 276. The court found that the bonds were issued “February 20, 1986, when actual funds were transferred” out of Matthews & Wright’s line of credit, to Commercial Bank, and eventually into the GICs. Id.
Harbor thinks this is wrong for a number of reasons. It argues that a check constitutes valid consideration for a bond purchase, and that to hold otherwise, as the Tax Court did, suggests that a bond purchaser may not rely on what the regulation says but must instead pay in cash or gold bullion to effectuate an issuance of municipal bonds. Harbor points out that there were no limitations on the faces of the drafts, nor did the trustee have any reason to believe that the drafts would have been dishonored had they been presented for payment on that date. As the parties therefore became unconditionally liable to each other at that time, Harbor submits, the transaction was closed for tax purposes. Harbor also maintains that the December 31,1985 closing wasn’t a sham because issuance of the bonds and the bond financing documents had been thoroughly reviewed and agreed to prior to December 31. On that date, in its view, the conduit borrowers became obligated to make payments under the Developer Note and the Loan Agreement; the Housing Authority became obligated to pay principal and interest on the bonds to the bondholders; Matthews & Wright became obligated to the Housing Authority on $30 million in checks (albeit that when delivered, were drawn on insufficient funds); and the Housing Authority’s intentions were bona fide. Further, Harbor argues, the New Year’s Eve closings were not mere tax avoidance devices, but had economic substance beyond creating the tax benefit, in that, if things had gone right, Riverside and the Housing Authority would have gotten benefits in the form of more affordable housing for residents of the County, real estate taxes from the projects, tourism, and so forth. Finally, Harbor says that when Matthews & Wright paid for the bonds, it acquired the market risk between December 31, 1985 and whenever the bonds were re-marketed to the public. The shift in economic risk and relationships among the parties, Harbor argues, shows that the events on New Year’s Eve 1985 were not shams. Harbor relies primarily on cases upholding sale-leaseback arrangements against claims by the Commissioner that they were shams. See Frank Lyon Co. v. United States, 435 U.S. 561, 580, 584, 98 S.Ct. 1291, 1301-02, 1303-04, 55 L.Ed.2d 550 (1978); Sacks, 69 F.3d at 988-92; see also Pritchett v. Commissioner, 827 F.2d 644, 647 (9th Cir.1987) (holding taxpayer’s debt wasn’t sham where taxpayer was personally liable but debt was to be repaid from returns on investing the principal).
The Commissioner argues that the Tax Court got it right because the December 31 events were tax-motivated and lacking in economic substance. The heart of her position is that worthless checks cannot be given effect for federal tax purposes. As she reads the regulations, the requirement that the bonds be exchanged for the amount of the “issue price” presupposes a check that- is backed by sufficient funds if presented for immediate payment. The Commissioner also relies on so-called “circular check scheme” cases where we have held that taxpayers may not receive tax benefits based on checking arrangements that lack economic substance. See Erhard v. Commissioner, 46 F.3d 1470, 1477 (9th Cir.1995) (upholding Tax Court’s finding that debt created when taxpayer-controlled corporations loaned money to each other in laundering “system” was sham); Goldberg v. United States, 789 F.2d 1341, 1343 (9th Cir.1986) (same result involving the same tax advisor); Thompson v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 1024, 1976 WL 3733 (1976) (same), aff'd, 631 F.2d 642 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 452 U.S. 961, 101 S.Ct. 3110, 69 L.Ed.2d 972 (1981); see also American Principals Leasing Corp. v. United States, 904 F.2d 477, 483 (9th Cir.1990) (upholding disallowance of three taxpayers’ depreciation deductions for property leased to each other in a circle because their investments were not “at risk” under I.R.C. § 465). The Commissioner also suggests that the December 31 events were entirely tax-motivated since the bonds were not going to be marketed to the public until 1986 anyway. Finally, she contends that it doesn’t matter whether Interfirst or Riverside was aware that the drafts weren’t backed by funds on New Year’s Eve 1985 because in any event Matthews & Wright did not acquire ownership of the bonds until it actually paid Commercial Bank for them on February 20, 1986.
It is axiomatic that tax law follows substance and not form. Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331, 334, 65 S.Ct. 707, 708, 89 L.Ed. 981 (1945); Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465, 469-70, 55 S.Ct. 266, 267-68, 79 L.Ed. 596 (1935). Resolving the parties’ substance-versus-form arguments in this case is complicated by the fact that the authorities they rely on, and the theories they advance, have mainly to do with deciding the tax consequences of a transaction for the persons involved in it. Obviously, the taxpayers in this case had nothing to do with the events of December 31, 1985. Furthermore, the question in this case that requires us to consider the substance of the New Year’s Eve transactions is quite different from the questions in the cabes upon which the parties rely. Here, we have only to decide the relatively straightforward question what the “issue date” was— not whether (for example) the transactions that took place on December 31, 1985 caused anyone to receive income, or entitled anyone to a deduction, as of that date for federal tax purposes. For these reasons, we don’t believe the sale-leaseback or check-circle cases are particularly helpful, given that their focus is on whether taxpayers succeeded in deferring income or generating deductions.
Instead, we must look at the New Year’s Eve bond sales as a whole to determine whether the Tax Court clearly erred in finding that they lacked substance. “The high stakes in tax cases, and the high intelligence of tax lawyers, make[ ] it impossible to have a simple checklist or rigid formula for determining whether a transaction is a sham.” Sacks, 69 F.3d at 988. We do not disagree with Harbor’s point that the fact that the parties wanted the issue date to be in 1985 in order to beat the effective date of more restrictive arbitrage bond rules is ‘“legally neutral.’” Id. at 986 (quoting Chisholm v. Commissioner, 79 F.2d 14, 15 (2d Cir.1935)). Nor do we question the benefit that Riverside perceived in deciding to issue the bonds in the first place. However, as we see it, these arguments sidestep the question whether the bonds were exchanged for the “amount of the issue price” on December 31, 1985 or February 20, 1986.
Despite the force of the taxpayers’ arguments, we cannot say that the Tax Court clearly erred in finding that the bonds weren’t really issued on New Year’s Eve. It is true, as Harbor contends, that the bonds were handed over to Matthews & Wright, and that by signing drafts drawn on the credit union, Matthews & Wright assumed an unconditional obligation to pay the face amounts. See U.C.C. § 3^414 (draft is unconditional promise to pay even if dishonored). But to the extent the drafts boiled down to promises to pay when the paperwork for remarketing was completed, there was no security behind them.
While as commercial paper accepted in due course, see U.C.C. § 3-302, the drafts did not necessarily lack any value, still they were no good on December 31. As the Tax Court found, the drafts were drawn on nonexistent accounts, and there is no dispute that Matthews & Wright lacked funds, at the credit union or elsewhere, to pay the face amounts on that date. Indeed, although it was unknown to Interfirst or Riverside, there is evidence that Matthews & Wright knew it couldn’t come up with $30 million for the bonds on New Year’s Eve and had no intention of doing so. In any event, after receiving the drafts, Interfirst endorsed them— making sure it had no liability for doing so— to an offshore institution that had essentially no assets but which provided “investment agreements” for the full amount of the “issue price” in return. In short, no real money was changing hands.
Although it is tempting to let Interfirst’s and Riverside’s ignorance — and certainly the taxpayers’ innocence — obscure the reality of the bond issuances, we cannot ignore the fact that all parties to the New Year’s Eve transactions knew nothing was going to happen until the bonds had been rated, they were sprung from the warehouse, and actual funds were transferred into the black box. We don’t pretend to know or comment on all the possible ways that an end-of-the-year deal could have been done, and bonds could have been “issued” on December 31, without raising questions about whether anything really happened. Yet it is obvious that avenues were available for Interfirst and Riverside to be assured that the “checks” given for the bonds (and in turn, the investment agreements given for the “checks”) were worth $30 million. As the record shows — and as prior iterations of this deal had contemplated — funds could have been wire transferred, or cashier’s or certified checks could have been used. Instead, the parties used drafts from starter kits, which the credit union manager himself testified had no value. The Tax Court was entitled to find that the December 31 transactions weren’t real, and that the bonds were actually issued February 20, 1986.
IV
Harbor argues that even if, as we have concluded, the Riverside bonds are subject to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, they are not “arbitrage bonds” under I.R.C. § 148(f), in that the Housing Authority itself did not make “nonpurpose investments” within the meaning of that section, nor did it benefit from such investments, since the money invested in the GICs was in essence stolen from the developer loan accounts. Thus, Harbor argues, the Authority wasn’t obligated to pay a rebate to the Treasury in order to maintain the bonds’ tax-free status.
Under § 103, the interest on state and municipal bonds is generally excluded from taxable income. Section 103(b)(2) makes an exception if the bond is an “arbitrage bond” within the meaning of § 148. Section 148(a) and (f) define an arbitrage bond as follows:
(a) Arbitrage bond defined. — For purposes of section 103, the term “arbitrage bond” means any bond issued as part of an issue any portion of the proceeds of which are reasonably expected (at the time of issuance of the bond) to be used directly or indirectly—
(1) to acquire higher yielding investments, or
(2) to replace funds which were used directly or indirectly to acquire higher yielding investments.
For purposes of this subsection, a bond shall be treated as an arbitrage bond if the issuer intentionally uses any portion of the proceeds of the issue of which such bond is a part in a manner described in paragraph (1) or (2).
(f) Required rebate to the United States.—
(1) In general. — A bond which is part of an issue shall be treated as an arbitrage bond if the requirements of paragraphs (2) and (3) are not met with respect to such issue....
(2) Rebate to United States. — An issue shall be treated as meeting the requirements of this paragraph only if an amount equal to the sum of—
(A) the excess of—
(i) the amount earned on all non-purpose investments (other than investments attributable to an excess described in this subparagraph), over
(ii) the amount which would have been earned if such nonpurpose investments were invested at a rate equal to the yield on the issue, plus
(B) any income attributable to the excess described in subparagraph (A),
is paid to the United States by the issuer in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (3).
(3) [procedures for rebate]
§ 148(a), (f). A “nonpurpose investment” is defined as “any investment property” that is “acquired with the gross [bond issue] proceeds” but which is not purchased “to carry out the governmental purpose of the issue.” Id. § 148(f)(6)(A).
The Tax Court found that Unified Capital caused nonpurpose investments to be made when it appropriated the bond proceeds and paid them to the MCFCs, which caused the proceeds to get tied up in the GICs. Harbor doesn’t dispute that the GICs were bought for a nongovernmental purpose or that they earned a higher return than the bonds; it concedes that the GICs would be nonpurpose investments if the Housing Authority itself had bought them with the bond proceeds. Instead, it argues that the GICs were not nonpurpose investments, and no rebate was owed by the Authority, because the definition of nonpurpose investments in § 148(f) doesn’t cover investments that the issuer doesn’t itself make or benefit from.
The Commissioner argues that under the “plain meaning” of § 148(f), which defines a nonpurpose investment as “any investment property” purchased with the gross proceeds for a nongovernmental purpose, the rebate obligation is triggered if anyone makes “any” such investment with the bond proceeds, with or without the issuer’s consent. The Tax Court agreed. It ruled that
[w]hile the Housing Authority did not directly purchase the GIC’s and, presumably, did not intend that the bond proceeds be used to purchase the GIC’s, the GIC’s were in fact purchased with the proceeds of the bonds and committed to provide funds for the repayment of principal and interest on the bonds rather than for the governmental purpose of constructing multifamily housing. Thus, the GIC’s fall within the statutory definition of nonpur-pose investments.
105 T.C. at 278. The court added: “[T]he literal provisions of section 148(f)(1) and (2) make no reference to the issuer’s intent. Rather, the language of section 148(f)(2) is computational in nature and unambiguous.” Id. at 283.
Unlike the Tax Court, we do not believe that the language of § 148(f) is plain or unambiguous as applied in this case. Nonetheless, we believe the Commissioner and the Tax Court could properly interpret the Code as they have.
A
We begin as always with the words of the statute. United States ex rel. Hyatt v. Northrop Corp., 91 F.3d 1211, 1213 (9th Cir.1996). Harbor argues that the use of the term “rebate” in § 148(f) implies that the issuer must be in possession of the earnings (as the Authority was not). While the word “rebate” does suggest the return of money received, we note that “reimburse” and “render” are synonyms for “rebate,” The New Roget’s Thesaurus 339 (N. Lewis ed., rev. ed.1978), which suggests that a rebater needn’t always possess the rebated funds in the first place. Thus, the presence of the term “rebate” doesn’t compel Harbor’s conclusion. Furthermore, as the Commissioner argues, there is a sense in which Riverside at least constructively received the return on the GICs, since the income was used to pay Riverside’s bond obligations; and to that extent, Riverside would be “rebating” a benefit to the Treasury. Harbor also submits that the use of the word “any” in defining nonpur-pose investments as “any investment property” meeting certain conditions is ambiguous, and that it should be read narrowly to cover only investments made by the issuer. But as we shall discuss, the Commissioner’s reading is grounded in the statute, as § 148(f) (6) (A)(i) broadly defines the “nonpurpose investments” on which a rebate is required to include “any investment property which is acquired with the gross proceeds,” without limitation to investments made by the issuer. Furthermore, we are mindful that what is ultimately at stake is the exclusion of the interest on the bonds from Harbor’s gross income under § 103, which, like other exclusions, must be “construed narrowly in favor of taxation.” Hawkins v. United States, 30 F.3d 1077, 1080 & n. 3 (9th Cir.1994).
On the other hand, we do not accept the Commissioner’s view that the “plain meaning” of § 148(f) requires that the rebate obligation be triggered if anyone makes any nonpurpose investment with the bond proceeds, even without the issuer’s consent. Rather, “employing traditional tools of statutory construction,” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843 n. 9, 104 S.Ct. at 2782 n. 9, we believe that § 148(f) must be read alongside § 148(a) (“Arbitrage bond defined”). Subsection (a) defines an arbitrage bond with reference to the issuer’s actions and the issuer’s expectations. Read together with the primary definition in § 148(a), then, the key phrase “the amount earned on all nonpurpose investments” in § 148(f) might likewise refer only to investments made by the issuer. Under this reading, § 148 would mean that a bond is an arbitrage bond if the issuer intentionally makes a higher yielding investment (subsection (a)), or if the issuer accidentally makes a nonpurpose investment and doesn’t rebate the excess earnings to the Treasury (subsection (f)).
We believe this alternative construction of § 148 is at least as plausible as the Commissioner’s. The Tax Court declined to “superimpose an intent requirement” onto § 148(f), 105 T.C. at 284, but that isn’t what’s at stake. Rather, the question is whether an investment, be it intentional or unintentional, must be made by the bond issuer itself in order to qualify as a nonpurpose investment under § 148(f). Unlike the Tax Court, we are not persuaded that because Congress drafted the rebate provision of § 148(f) in the passive voice (“the amount earned”), Congress necessarily intended subsection (f) to be triggered by investments made by parties other than the issuer, when subsection (a) is not so triggered. The construction of § 148(f) adopted by the Commissioner and the Tax Court may be permissible, but it isn’t compelled by the text itself.
B
Both sides also argue from legislative history, but it doesn’t help clarify whether Congress intended nonpurpose investments under § 148(f) to include ones that the bond issuer neither makes nor benefits from. Harbor cites congressional committee publications that describe the amounts that an issuer must rebate under § 148(f) by using passive phrases — “profits earned,” “amounts earned,” “actually earned” — -just like those in § 148(f) itself. See Staff of Joint Committee on Taxation, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., General Explanation of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, at 1206 (Comm. Print 1987); Staff of Joint Committee on Taxation, 98th Cong., 2d Sess., General Explanation of the Revenue Provisions of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, at 949 (Comm. Print 1984). Like the Code, these publications (which in any event are not legislative history) do not say who must do the earning in order to trigger § 148(f). The Commissioner cites general statements from the Senate Report on the 1986 Act which are also unilluminating.
C
Harbor bases its central argument on the language of the accounting regulations implementing § 148(f). Harbor maintains that (1) because Treas. Reg. § 1.103 — 13(f) says that in calculating a rebate due under § 148(f), a bond issuer “shall allocate the cost of its acquired obligations” (emphasis added) to the unspent proceeds of the issue, and (2) because “acquired obligations” includes “non-purpose investments,” Treas. Reg. § 1.103-13(b)(4)(iv)(B), therefore (3) an issuer is responsible only for rebates attributable to “its” nonpurpose investments. Harbor argues that the word “its” in the regulations shows that § 148(f) isn’t triggered by investments — like the GICs in this case — that the issuer doesn’t own.
We disagree. First, the cited accounting regulations are just that, accounting rules: they do not purport to cabin or define the underlying tax obligations of § 148(f). Therefore, the Code controls. Furthermore, as the Commissioner argues, her regulations’ use of the word “its” can be squared -with her broad reading of § 148(f) if one assumes that the word “its” “reflects the fact that the proceeds of ‘its’ [the issuer’s] bonds are used to acquire the obligation” with or without the issuer’s consent. The regulations add nothing to the Code.
D
Harbor also relies on State of Washington v. Commissioner, 692 F.2d 128 (D.C.Cir.1982), which held that an issuer did not earn arbitrage unless its net investment returns exceeded the administrative costs of the bond issue, such as banking and legal fees. Although Congress overruled this holding of State of Washington in the 1986 tax reform, I.R.C. § 148(h), Harbor argues that the 1986 Act effected only a “mathematical change” in calculating arbitrage, and that State of Washington still stands for the proposition that arbitrage occurs only when the issuer itself earns profits by investing the bond proceeds.
State of Washington interpreted a Code section different from today’s § 148(f). At the time, I.R.C. § 103(c)(2) defined an arbitrage bond as one whose proceeds were reasonably expected to be used to buy securities with “a yield ... which is materially higher ... than the yield on” the bond issue itself. State of Washington turned on the definition of “yield.” The state argued that the IRS regulations were inconsistent with § 103(c)(2), because under the regulations an issuer couldn’t deduct its administrative costs when calculating the “yield” on its bonds. The Tax Court and the District of Columbia Circuit agreed. The appeals court said that in § 103(e)(2), Congress was trying to measure the “actual return” to the issuer on its investments, and that administrative expenses were part of the “cost of money” to be used in figuring that actual return. State of Washington, 692 F.2d at 131-33.
Harbor relies on a passage from the D.C. Circuit opinion in which the court rejected the Commissioner’s argument that the “yield” on Washington’s bond issue was the interest rate that the bond holding public received. The court held instead that “yield” must be calculated using the dollars paid out and received by the issuer.
Yield can be consistently determined only by using the purchase prices in the transactions to which the State was a party— the purchase price paid to the State for its bonds [by the underwriter] and the purchase price paid by the State for [its own investment]. It is the State that borrows money, and it is the State that [invests the proceeds]; only the State can earn arbitrage profits, and only the State can eliminate those profits by restricting the yield of its investment.
Id. at 131-32 (emphasis added).
Harbor suggests that the underscored phrase indicates that “arbitrage” includes only investments made by the issuer. However, read in context, the D.C. Circuit was saying only that under § 103(e)(2), the bondholders couldn’t earn arbitrage profits, and so the yield the bondholders received wasn’t relevant. The court did not hold that no one but the issuer could make arbitrage profits. And even if it had, State of Washington wouldn’t influence our reading of § 148(f), since § 148(f) defines arbitrage profits not in terms of the “yield” the issuer “expects” to earn on securities, but as “the amount earned on all nonpurpose investments” made with the proceeds, which could easily be a broader category.
E
Although we are left with phrases (“the amount earned on all nonpurpose investments” and “any investment property acquired with the gross proceeds”) in § 148(f) that are ambiguous, we conclude that the Commissioner and the Tax Court could treat the bonds as arbitrage bonds. By its terms, the rebate obligation under § 148(f) is triggered when amounts are earned on nonpur-pose investments over and above the amount which otherwise would have been earned. Whereas § 148(a) hinges its definition of an arbitrage bond on whether the “issuer” intentionally uses proceeds to acquire higher yielding investments, § 148(f) does not limit its definition of a bond on which a rebate is required according to whether the issuer makes the investment, or receives the earnings, directly. This affords the Commissioner and the Tax Court “ample ground” for their interpretation. Take, 804 F.2d at 558.
Harbor argues that the Commissioner’s position is overly harsh, and it predicts dire results if governmental bond issuers are required to account for unauthorized investments made with the proceeds of their issues in order to preserve the bonds’ tax-free status. However, Harbor doesn’t point to compelling evidence, in either the language of § 148 or its history, that this result would violate congressional intent. And the Commissioner offers her own plausible policy argument that her expansive reading of § 148(f) will encourage bond issuers to maintain tight control over the proceeds, and will protect federal taxpayers from having to subsidize unapproved, nongovernmental uses of tax-free state and municipal obligations. As the Commissioner’s definition of nonpurpose investments that trigger § 148(f) is a persuasive construction of a complex provision of the Tax Code, we uphold it.
To sum up, because the Whitewater and Ironwood bonds were issued in February 1986 and are arbitrage bonds under § 148(f), the interest on them is taxable, and the Tax Court correctly denied the Harbor Bancorp and Keith petitions.
AFFIRMED.
. By order of the Chief Judge, pursuant to I.R.C. § 7460(a) and (b), a single Tax Court judge conducted the trial and issued a report of his findings and recommendation, after which the full Tax Court issued a reviewed decision. See Smith v. Commissioner, 926 F.2d 1470, 1473 n. 3 (6th Cir.1991). The full Tax Court adopted the trial judge's findings of fact but not his proposed disposition. The trial judge's report is not part of the record on appeal. I.R.C. § 7460(b).
. The parties were using temporary, unsigned certificates as evidence of the Whitewater and Ironwood obligations prior to getting the bonds into marketable form. The Commissioner has not argued that the use of the temporary certificates affected the legitimacy of the New Year's Eve closings. Cf. I.R.C. § 150(a)(1) ("The term ‘bond’ includes any obligation.”).
. By endorsing the credit union drafts to Commercial Bank without recourse, Interfírst insulated itself from liability if the drafts were dishonored; Interfírst was not releasing Matthews & Wright, the original maker, from its liability to Interfírst. See U.C.C. § 3-415(b) (defining endorsement without recourse).
. Section 1314(d) of the 1986 Act provides:
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, in the case of a bond issued after December 31, 1985, section 103 of the 1954 Code shall be treated as including the requirements of section 148(f) of the 1986 Code in order for section 103(a) of the 1954 Code to apply.
100 Stat. at 2664.
. The Tax Court noted that
[l]ogic indicates that the amount earned on the [GICs] was substantially in excess of the amount which would have been earned if the amounts invested in the GIC's had been invested at a rate equal to the yield on the bond issues. The amount available to buy the GIC’s — the bond proceeds — had been diminished by substantial fee payments and by the purchase of land.... Because an amount that was substantially less than the bond proceeds was invested in the GIC's, and [yet] the GIC's nevertheless generated enough revenue to pay the bonds' debt service requirements, it follows that the GIC's paid interest at higher rates than the yield on the bonds.
105 T.C. at 279.
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CASELAW
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Jack Pope
Andrew Jackson Pope Jr., known as Jack Pope (April 18, 1913 – February 25, 2017), was an American judge, attorney, author and legal scholar who served as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Texas.
Pope previously held the record for the longest sitting justice in Texas Supreme Court history before current Chief Justice Nathan Hecht surpassed him. Altogether, Pope served on the bench for 38 years, including the District Court, Court of Appeals, and Supreme Court. At the time of his 100th birthday, he was the oldest living former Chief Justice of any supreme court in the United States, as well as the longest living chief justice of any supreme court of any state in United States history.
Early life
Pope was born in Abilene, Texas to Dr. Andrew Jackson Pope Sr., a physician, and Ruth Adelia Taylor, a native of Nebraska. He is a descendant of Andrew Jackson Berry, who fought at the Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution. After completing high school in Abilene in 1930, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Abilene Christian College (now Abilene Christian University) in 1934, where he had served as Students' Association President. Pope then served as a student editor of the Texas Law Review at the University of Texas School of Law, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree and in 1937 was licensed by the bar. In 1938, he married Allene Nichols, an elementary school teacher and graduate of the University of Texas whom he met while attending law school; the couple had two sons.
Early legal career
After obtaining his license to practice law in Texas in 1937, Pope "joined his uncle, former state representative Walter E. Pope," at his law firm in Corpus Christi. His practice consisted of both civil and criminal matters, such as creditors' rights, oil and gas, personal injury, and family law.
He went on to manage his uncle's business, the Highway Transportation Company, a passenger "bus line which operated between Houston, Corpus Christi, and San Antonio." During this time, he was engaged in the legal interpretation of the new transportation regulatory laws, as well as New Deal labor laws.
When the United States entered World War II, Pope joined the Naval Reserve in 1944. He served on the legal staff of the Naval Air Training Station in Corpus Christi, as well as on stations in Washington, D.C. and San Diego, until his discharge in 1946.
District Judge
In late 1946 Pope was appointed by Democratic Governor Coke R. Stevenson to fill the unexpired term of Judge Allen Wood of the 94th District Court. Governor Stevenson's successor, Beauford H. Jester, then appointed Pope to Judge Wood's four-year term, which began January 1, 1947.
He became Texas' youngest district judge at the time when he sat on the bench at 33 years of age. During his time on the district court bench, Pope began writing for and lecturing at legal institutes and before bar associations across South Texas. His concerns included legal ethics, trial administration, best practices for presenting and excluding evidence, and the Texas jury system. On several occasions he was appointed to other regional courts to assist when another judge was recused from presiding.
Court of Appeals Justice
In 1950 the Nueces County Bar Association prepared a resolution urging him to campaign for the 4th Court of Civil Appeals in San Antonio. Since 1892, of the fifteen judges who had served on that court, all but five had come from San Antonio. The legal community of Nueces County and the Rio Grande Valley counties hoped to change that trend by nominating and actively campaigning for the young judge., After winning the primary in July, Pope was appointed to the 4th Court of Appeals' bench by Governor Allan Shivers to replace Justice Lorenz Broeter, who had resigned. Pope sat on the court until 1950, whereupon he began serving his own six-year term, with voters subsequently re-electing him to an additional two terms, for a total of 14 years., In 1961 Pope's judicial review of water rights derived from Spanish and Mexican land grants in the case State v. Valmont Plantations set a legal precedent which would thereafter set the standard for the adjudication of Texas water law.
Supreme Court Justice
In December 1963, Pope declared his intention to run for a vacancy position on the Texas Supreme Court, after receiving 80 petitions from 55 Texas counties with over 2,000 signatures of attorneys pledging their support, and in 1964 he was elected an associate justice. During his tenure as an associate justice, he spearheaded an initiative with the State Bar of Texas to institute a program for continuing statewide judicial education, and to develop judicial ethics rules. His efforts resulted in both compulsory continuing judicial education and the Court's adoption of The Texas Code of Judicial Conduct in 1974. He was also directly involved in the creation of the Texas State Law Library in 1971, and served on the Friends of the State Law Library Board of Directors.
Supreme Court Chief Justice
When Joe R. Greenhill resigned as chief justice in October 1982, Governor William P. Clements appointed Pope to succeed Greenhill. As a Republican, Clements had crossed party lines to appoint Pope, a lifelong Democrat. However, when Democrat Mark White was elected governor that November, a group of 14 Democratic legislators in the Texas Senate publicly stated that they would "bust" all lame-duck appointments by the outgoing Republican governor regardless of qualifications. The Democratic senators attempted to negotiate terms to keep true to their statement of blocking all of the Republican's appointments, while also preserving the power of the Chief Justice position for the Democratic party. However, Pope refused to promise a retirement or interim-only judgeship, saying: "The citizens of Texas do not want their Chief Justice, or any judge, to make a deal to get a job. If he'll make a deal to get a job, he may keep on making deals to keep that job." At a news conference in early 1983, Governor White stated that he did not oppose Pope's confirmation; and in February the Senate voted 29–2 in approval.
After federal cuts to legal-assistance financing in the early 1980s, as Chief Justice he advocated a way for Texas to guarantee income to finance legal assistance for the poor by using pooled trust-account interest. This program, known as Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts (IOLTA), is now used in every U.S. state.
Later life and death
Upon his 1985 retirement Pope had written over 700 opinions for the Supreme Court, with an additional 500 opinions as a district judge and court of appeals justice. Although he had served as a judge for over 38 years, 21 of those years on the Texas Supreme Court, nearing the Court's mandatory retirement age in 1985 Chief Justice Pope wryly commented: "Just about the time I was getting the hang of being a judge, I had to retire."
In 1989 Abilene Christian University established the Jack Pope Fellows Program "to offer scholarships to ACU students pursuing public service careers." The interdisciplinary program gives students with "good minds and character" public service educational opportunities in and out of the classroom. Also in 1989, Pope co-founded the non-profit Texas Center for Legal Ethics with other former Chief Justices Joe R. Greenhill and Robert W. Calvert. Its mission is to promote the values contained in the Texas Lawyers’ Creed of Professionalism.
In 2011, at age ninety-eight, he wrote a memoir called My Little United Nations: A Team Approach to Growing Older and Wiser and Having Fun Along the Way— an account of staying physically and emotionally healthy, despite increasing age and the death of his wife in 2004, with the help of a diverse team of caregivers from around the world.
On May 28, 2013, Governor Rick Perry signed into law House Bill 1445, which raised the limit on civil penalties and restitution collected by the Attorney General's Office eligible for supporting legal assistance for the indigent to $50 million per year. The Legislature called the law the Chief Justice Jack Pope Act, in honor of his earlier work championing the IOLTA program which provides legal assistance for the poor. The Act came as a response to shrinking returns under that program.
Pope died on 25 February 2017 at the age of 103. He was survived by his two sons, three grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.
By the time of his retirement in 1985, Pope had written more than a thousand legal opinions. Upon Pope's passing, Texas Chief Justice Nathan Hecht, a Republican, called him "a judicial icon. His hard work, scholarship, common sense, humor, and integrity are legendary. No Texas judge has ever been more committed to serving the rule of law and the cause of justice. He was my mentor, role model, counselor, and most especially my friend. Texas has lost a great, great man."
Awards
In 2009 he received the TCLE's inaugural Chief Justice Jack Pope Professionalism Award, "presented annually to both an appellate judge and an appellate lawyer who 'epitomize the highest level of professionalism and integrity.'" On September 22, 2010, the judicial section of the State Bar of Texas presented him with its inaugural Judicial Lifetime Achievement Award at its Annual Judicial Conference in Corpus Christi. On April 18, 2013 Pope was honored with a ceremony recognizing his 100th birthday in the Texas House of Representatives within the Texas State Capitol. The House passed a resolution in his honor and "heard words of praise from four U.S. presidents, as well as the nine U.S. Supreme Court justices."
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Title: Global model analysis of negative ion generation in low-pressure inductively coupled hydrogen plasmas with bi-Maxwellian electron energy distributions
A global model was developed to investigate the densities of negative ions and the other species in a low-pressure inductively coupled hydrogen plasma with a bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution. Compared to a Maxwellian plasma, bi-Maxwellian plasmas have higher populations of low-energy electrons and highly vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules that are generated efficiently by high-energy electrons. This leads to a higher reaction rate of the dissociative electron attachment responsible for negative ion production. The model indicated that the bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution at low pressures is favorable for the creation of negative ions. In addition, the electron temperature, electron density, and negative ion density calculated using the model were compared with the experimental data. In the low-pressure regime, the model results of the bi-Maxwellian electron energy distributions agreed well quantitatively with the experimental measurements, unlike those of the assumed Maxwellian electron energy distributions that had discrepancies.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; [1]
1. Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744 (Korea, Republic of)
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
22408254
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Resource Relation:
Journal Name: Physics of Plasmas; Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 3; Other Information: (c) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY; ANIONS; BOLTZMANN STATISTICS; ELECTRON ATTACHMENT; ELECTRON DENSITY; ELECTRON SPECTRA; ELECTRON TEMPERATURE; ENERGY SPECTRA; EXCITATION; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; HYDROGEN; ION DENSITY; PLASMA; PRESSURE RANGE KILO PA; REACTION KINETICS
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Asthma Allergy Immunology
Asthma Allergy Immunology
2010, Vol 8, Num, 1 (Pages: 013-022)
Blood eosinophil counts, ECP levels, ECP/eosinophil ratios in the acute asthma exacerbations triggered by upper respiratory tract infections
Cüneyt TAYMAN 1, Serap ÖZMEN 2, Selim BADUR 3, Zafer ARSLAN 4,
1 Fatih Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Pediatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye
2 Dr. Sami Ulus Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Ankara, Türkiye
3 İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Viroloji ve Temel İmmünoloji Bilim Dalı, İstanbul, Türkiye
4 Mesa Hastanesi, Allerji Kliniği, Ankara, Türkiye
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Objective: Asthma exacerbations are often triggered by viral respiratory tract infections in children. The aim of the present study was to determine the interaction between asthmatic attacks triggered by viral upper respiratory tract infections and other identified factors on the number of eosinophils, serum eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and ECP/eosinophil ratios.
Materials and Methods: Nasal mucosal swabs were obtained on the first admission from children who were hospitalized in the allergy department due to asthmatic attacks with upper respiratory tract infection symptoms, in order to determine viral causative agents. To determine the viral causative agents, viral studies were performed on the samples obtained. Eosinophil count, ECP, and ECP/eosinophil ratios were measured from the blood samples taken immediately on admission. The results were compared to determine the effects of asthmatic attacks, viral factors, drugs, and environmental exposures such as smoking on these values.
Results: Forty-two patients who fulfilled the study criteria were enrolled into the study. While respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was primarily identified as the causative agent, influenza A/H3N2 and parainfluenza type 3 were determined as the other viral causative agents in 13 (33.3%) of 42 patients. RSV, with 9 cases, was the most frequently identified viral agent in all types of asthma attacks. There was a positive correlation between ECP values and number of eosinophils. There were no significant effects on the number of eosinophils, ECP levels or ECP/eosinophil ratio according to factors such as attacks due to viral infection, allergen sensitivity, usage of prophylactic medications, smoking exposure, and severity of attacks.
Conclusion: In children, asthma attacks are triggered by viral factors, especially RSV. During the attack period, the severity and causes of the attacks had no significant impact on inflammatory markers such as ECP levels, number of eosinophils, and ECP/eosinophil ratio. Furthermore, allergen sensitivity, prophylactic medications and smoking exposure do not affect these levels.
Keywords : Asthma, exacerbation, virus, eosinophil, eosinophilic cationic protein
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3 Replies Latest reply: Aug 29, 2012 3:32 PM by LaPastenague
P.Verma Level 1 Level 1 (0 points)
Hi,
I have got a Synology 411j NAS attached to the network and when I was trying to take the first Time Machine backup (700GB) it got interrupted 2 times. But every time after it was interrupted I started it again and it picked it up from where it left.
First it completed around 200 GB and when restarted it did show me that 500 GB remaining, then it completed 400 GB and interrupted and when restarted it was showing that it's backing up 100 GB.
I understand that the first backup should be un interrupted, but in this case (700GB) over the network , some problem or other comes up, so will it cause any problem ? at the end when the first backup is completed, is there any way to check that it has backed up all the files it was supposed to ?
iMac, Mac OS X (10.7.4)
• LaPastenague Level 8 Level 8 (43,165 points)
What is causing the interruptions.. ??
If the computer is set to sleep turn it off. If the computer is using wifi to network.. use ethernet at least for the first backup.
TM should check the backup.. but if you are depending on it.. then IMHO wipe and start again.. You should easily do 700GB in one night via gigabit.
I would also do a disk image.. you can use free software like superduper or clonezilla .. this is far easier to restore a drive and doesn't use the complex structure that TM uses.. it is just a direct image.
• P.Verma Level 1 Level 1 (0 points)
Well, really don't know what's causing the interruption. My router is close to the entry of the house and that's where the NAS is connected, so it's really not feasible to keep my iMac there for 1 to 2 days to complete the First Time backup. So what I did was that I used another GigaBit router upstairs in my Study and connected NAS and iMAC to that router thru ethernet wires. That gave me access to NAS thru that router, started the backup but after few hours it stopped with the error that 'There was a network error'.
Also in this process the speed I got was around 8 to 10 MBps, which is much less then what I was expecting from a GigBit router.
Another thing which comes to my mind is that there is 230GB of data in my iPhoto and that's the most important one for me, so I can try the first time backup with only iPhoto folder and everything else excluded and then in next runs I can keep on adding the folders. Does this look the approach you would recommend or this one is also risky.
• LaPastenague Level 8 Level 8 (43,165 points)
With the latest TC and IMac you should easily manage gigabit.. there is something wrong with a cable or the connection is via a bad port or something.. the Gen 4 TC can do around 50MB/s at peak rates in my network..
I suggest you plug the TC directly into the imac.. so just disconnect the TC and take it to the imac and do the backup.
Another thing which comes to my mind is that there is 230GB of data in my iPhoto and that's the most important one for me, so I can try the first time backup with only iPhoto folder and everything else excluded and then in next runs I can keep on adding the folders. Does this look the approach you would recommend or this one is also risky.
That should not be relevant and no I still would not back up that way.. you can make a copy for sure.. as I already suggested a disk image is much faster and better.
But if you want TM to work then do a single full backup of the disk.. 60GB/hour I can manage on a gen3 or gen4 TC.
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'Star Wars: The Last Jedi' review
(CNN)If expectations for "Star Wars: The Last Jedi" were inordinately (and perhaps unfairly) high, thank "The Force Awakens," which had a huge donut hole in the shape of Luke Skywalker at its center. Yet even with Luke integrated into the story, the film feels like a significant letdown, one that does far less than its predecessor to stoke enthusiasm for the next leg in the trilogy. Running more than 2 ½ hours, the eighth "Star Wars" movie built around the Skywalker clan is the longest under that banner and showcases an abundance of action. But despite the enormous scope and visual spectacle, too many key components of the film -- including those that have kept die-hard fans guessing and debating -- prove unsatisfying. To be fair, writer-director Rian Johnson delivers some genuine surprises, and has dotted the movie with its share of pleasurable moments, from disarming humor to the first space battle to callbacks to earlier films -- practically flashing a sign to ensure opening-night audiences will have opportunities to whoop and holler. "The Last Jedi" also adds a number of new characters, most of whom feel pretty disposable with the exception of Rose (Kelly Marie Tran), a plucky rebel whose vulnerability seems well calibrated to connect with the fan base. Still, the eagerly awaited arrival of Luke (Mark Hamill) -- with his promised tutelage of Rey (Daisy Ridley), and past role in the dark descent of Kylo Ren (Adam Driver) -- doesn't ignite as anticipated. While "Force Awakens" did an admirable job of engineering a baton pass by establishing the new cast (the other key members being John Boyega as Finn and Oscar Isaac as Poe), "Last Jedi" bogs down in the middle and, the cooler parts notwithstanding, doesn't rally enough at the finish to offset that. Granted, "Star Wars" has weathered past disappointments -- including the clunkier qualities of George Lucas' second trilogy -- without damaging the franchise, and the emotional investment fans have in a property that's passed from parents to their kids can't be overstated. Related: 'Star Wars' galaxy leaves plenty of space to navigate Like those movies, though, which produced standout moments, "The Last Jedi" feels like less than the sum of its parts. And where "Force Awakens" director J.J. Abrams nicely set the table for this sequel, this film leaves Abrams (who will reprise that role on Episode IX) with his work cut out for him. The flaws also invite second-guessing about Lucasfilm's pre-release vote of confidence by anointing Johnson as the force behind a separate trilogy set in that far-away galaxy. In crass commercial terms, no clairvoyance is necessary to predict that "The Last Jedi" will be a huge hit, blunting any criticism. Yet if "The Empire Strikes Back" stands as the defining chapter in the "Star Wars" saga, as second movies go, "Last Jedi" ranks closer to the "Attack of the Clones" end of the gene pool. Carrie Fisher's death last year serves as a somber footnote to the movie, and beyond her warming presence, there's a lovely dedication to her in the closing credits. What precedes that overall, alas, represents a creative step back, not a leap forward. Optimistically, "The Last Jedi" leaves plenty of intriguing possibilities for the climactic installment. But there's also the kind of room for improvement that remind us when it comes to "Star Wars," such hopes -- new or otherwise -- spring eternal. "Star Wars: The Last Jedi" premieres Dec. 15 in the U.S. It's rated PG-13.
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Correlation Engine 2.0
Clear Search sequence regions
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment represents, in many cases, the earliest clinical phases of Alzheimer disease. Anti-inflammatory agents have epidemiologic support as drugs potentially beneficial in Alzheimer disease. In vivo studies have shown that Triflusal and its active metabolite 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid have potent anti-inflammatory actions in the central nervous system. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Triflusal in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 900 mg of Triflusal or placebo for 18 months. The primary outcome was a change in Cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale; conversion to dementia was a secondary outcome. A slow rate of recruitment forced a premature cessation of the study. Two hundred and fifty-seven subjects were enrolled and followed-up for an average of 13 months. The significance level was not reached for the primary outcome even though a trend in favor of Triflusal was observed. However, there was a significant difference in the probability of progression to dementia of Alzheimer's type with a lower risk in the Triflusal compared with the placebo group (hazard ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-4.01; P=0.024). In this study, Triflusal therapy was associated with a significant lower rate of conversion to dementia that is likely to be clinically relevant. Because the trial was prematurely halted, these results should be interpreted with caution and require further confirmation.
Citation
Teresa Gómez-Isla, Rafael Blesa, Merce Boada, Jordi Clarimón, Teodoro Del Ser, Gemma Domenech, Jose M Ferro, Beatriz Gómez-Ansón, Jose M Manubens, Jose M Martínez-Lage, David Muñoz, Jordi Peña-Casanova, Ferran Torres, TRIMCI Study Group. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled-trial of triflusal in mild cognitive impairment: the TRIMCI study. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 2008 Jan-Mar;22(1):21-9
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Page:The Scientific Monthly vol. 3.djvu/68
62 THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY
scorides (40 B.C.) the physician of Cleopatra, and Aristoxenes (a.d. 79). Demetrius of Bithynia and Heron of Alexandria are well known nameB in Alexandrine medicine. Heron, a mathematician and physicist as well as physician, was a contemporary of Archimedes; he described a water- organ, the invention of his teacher Ctesibius.
The other great school of medicine in a Grecian colony which alone rivalled Alexandria in learning and culture was Pergamos, that same Pergamos where " Satan^s seat is,^' as it is expressed in the address to the Angel of the church at Pergamos. The library at Pergamos was almost as famous as that at Alexandria: when Ptolemy Soter would not allow the exportation of papyrus from Egypt, the Pergamites used animal skins for their books, hence " parchment.'*
The age-renowned Galen was a graduate of the school at Pergamos, and the names of his teachers in anatomy and pathology survive to this day. He studied anatomy also at Smyrna under one Pelops, and for some time at Alexandria under Heraclianus. It was here, he says, he had the good fortune to see a human skeleton.
Claudius Galenus (to give him his Latinized name) was a Greek, he wrote in Greek, and his works were not translated into Latin until the fifteenth century. Galen, the son of an architect Nicon, was born at Pergamos in a.d. 130 and died in Rome, it is believed, about the year 200. Nicon, having had a dream bearing on his son's future, devoted him to a study of philosophy and medicine from as early as his fifteenth year. On retumiing from his travels to his native city when he waa about 28 years old, Galen was appointed surgeon to the school of Gladi- ators at Pergamos. Six years later he went to Home where he lectured on physiology and on medicine, it would appear, on Hippocratic lines. He does not seem to have had very amicable relations with his colleagues, so he left Bome for a time and returned to Pergamos. After about a year's absence, he was recalled by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius to whom he be- came physician. Declining to accompany his master on his military ex- pedition against the Marcomanni, Galen remained in Bome as physician to the Emperor Commodus. Though Galen cetrainly extended the knowl- edge of both structure and function beyond Hippocratic limits, he cor- rected, unfortunately, but few of the worst Hippocratic mistakes. It is doubtful whether he ever dissected the human body, for, as Vesalius pointed out, his anatomical descriptions apply chiefly to the monkey and the pig. Hence he commits the serious anatomical error of placing the human heart in the mid-line instead of to the left of it. In physiobgy he went far beyond Hippocrates, probably because he dissected so many animal types, and certainly because he examined some of them while still alive. Galen was known in Bome as the ''wonder worker," on account of his having cured Commodus of a very severe illness.
If Hippocrates is the Father of Medicine, and Aristotle the Father
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WIKI
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-- Virginia to Ask U.S. Supreme Court to Expedite Hearing on Health-Care Law
Virginia will seek expedited U.S.
Supreme Court review of President Barack Obama’s health-care
overhaul, asking the justices to take the rare step of
considering the case without waiting for an appeals court
decision. Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli said today he will
urge the high court to uphold a federal trial judge’s conclusion
that Congress overstepped its authority by requiring Americans
to either obtain insurance or pay a penalty. Supreme Court experts said the court is unlikely to go
along. The Justice Department said it would oppose immediate
high court review, reducing the likelihood that the justices
will agree to Virginia’s request. “The department continues to believe this case should
follow the ordinary course of allowing the court of appeals to
hear it first,” said Tracy Schmaler , a Justice Department
spokeswoman. The Supreme Court has taken the step being sought by
Cuccinelli, known as certiorari before judgment, only a handful
of times in the past half century and generally only when the
justices are simultaneously considering a related case that has
cleared the appellate level. Cuccinelli said the case was worthy of unusual treatment. A
decision by the court to take up the case now would guarantee a
ruling before the 2012 presidential election. ‘A Prompt Resolution’ “Regardless of whether you believe the law is
constitutional or not, we should all agree that a prompt
resolution of this issue is in everyone’s best interest,”
Cuccinelli said in a statement. The chances of the court agreeing to hear the case in the
face of government opposition are “zero,” said Carter
Phillips , a lawyer in Washington at Sidley Austin LLP who has
argued more than 60 Supreme Court cases. Another top Supreme Court lawyer, Theodore Olson of Gibson
Dunn & Crutcher LLP, said yesterday those prospects will be
reduced by the opposition of the solicitor general, the Justice
Department lawyer who serves as the government’s advocate at the
Supreme Court. ‘Considerable Deference’ “If the solicitor general opposes cert before judgment,
the justices of the Supreme Court certainly would accord
considerable deference to his views,” said Olson, who served as
solicitor general under President George W. Bush . Olson said the public would be well served by fast-track
consideration by the high court. The court has granted certiorari before judgment twice in
the last decade. In 2004 the justices agreed to consider the
constitutionality of the federal sentencing guidelines using two
cases, one of which came directly from federal trial court. Similarly, in 2002 the justices accepted two appeals
challenging race-based admissions policies at the University of
Michigan . An appeals court had ruled in one of the cases and was
holding off issuing a decision in the second. The last time the court granted certiorari before judgment
in a standalone case was in 1988 in another fight over the
federal sentencing guidelines. In agreeing to hear that case,
the Supreme Court pointed to “the disarray among the federal
district courts.” Insurance Mandate U.S. District Judge Henry Hudson in December ruled that the
insurance mandate was beyond Congress’s power to regulate
interstate commerce. A federal appeals court based in Richmond,
Virginia, is scheduled to hear the Obama administration’s appeal
of that ruling in May -- alongside an appeal of a different
judge’s decision upholding the law. Separately, a federal judge in Florida this week declared
the entire law unconstitutional in a challenge brought by 26
states. That case is on course to be reviewed by a different
federal appeals court in Atlanta, although Utah Attorney General
Mark Shurtleff said he wants to seek direct Supreme Court
review. A third appeals court, based in Cincinnati, is also poised
to consider the law in the next several months. The Supreme Court hasn’t directly considered a challenge to
Congress’s power under the Constitution’s commerce clause since John Roberts became chief justice in 2005. ‘Compel an Individual’ Opponents say the health plan is unlike anything the
Supreme Court has ever upheld because the law would require
people to take action: either buy health insurance or pay a
fine. Hudson said no Supreme Court or appeals court ruling
authorizes Congress to “compel an individual to involuntarily
enter the stream of commerce” by buying something. The Obama administration argues that people who would opt
not to buy insurance without the mandate will affect interstate
commerce eventually -- and potentially impose costs on the
government, insurers and hospitals -- when they seek emergency
room or other medical services. The administration also contends that the individual
mandate is essential to the law’s goal of increasing health-care
availability and affordability. The government says that, without such a rule, people could
forgo buying insurance until they became sick, at which point
the new law would require insurers to provide coverage. The
effect would be to eventually drive insurers out of business,
the administration says. To contact the reporter on this story:
Greg Stohr in Washington at
gstohr@bloomberg.net . To contact the editors responsible for this story: Mark Silva at msilva34@bloomberg.net .
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Page:The life and adventures of James P. Beckwourth, mountaineer, scout, pioneer, and chief of the Crow nation of Indians (IA lifeadventuresof00beckrich).pdf/158
150 I approached their village with great caution, moving a few miles a day, until I occupied a position on a hill near it, where I had an almost bird's-eye view of the village underneath. I then sent all my extra horses, together with the boys and women, to the rear; I divided the warriors into three parties, reserving the smallest division of fifty men to myself. I placed the two chief divisions in juxtaposition, out of view of the enemy, and, with my small party, intended to descend upon the horses, thinking to draw them after me; my two concealed divisions would then inclose them as in a lane, and we, returning, would place them under a triple fire. I addressed them briefly, begging them to show the enemy they were Crows, and brave ones too, and that, if they would strictly obey my directions, we could retrieve all our recent reverses.
The two corps d'armée being in position, I was advancing with my small division, when we came suddenly upon two of the enemy, whom we instantly killed and scalped. We rode on, being in full sight of the enemy, but they made no offer to come out of their camp. We tried every means to provoke them to advance; we shook our two scalps at them, yet reeking with blood, and tantalized them all we could; but they would not move. To have charged them as they were situated would have entailed upon us severe loss. We had taken two scalps without loss of blood, more glorious in an Indian's estimation than to take one hundred if a single life was sacrificed. We had braved our foes; we had stamped them as cowards, which is almost equal to death; so, contenting myself with what was done, I concluded to draw off my forces and return home. We were received at the village with deafening applause. Every face was washed of its mourning-paint; gloom gave way to rejoicing; and the scalp-dance was performed with enthusiasm and hilarity. I was illustrated with the distinguished name of Big Bowl (Bat-te-sarsh), and hailed as a deliverer by all the women in the village.
A little girl, who had often asked me to marry her, came to me one day, and with every importunity insisted on my accepting her as my wife. I said, "You are a very pretty girl, but you are but a child; when you are older I will talk to you about it."
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WIKI
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Neighboring Sounds (band)
Neighboring Sounds is an indie band from Bergen, Norway. 2004-2006 the band was called The First Cut and before 2004 the band was called Crash (n).
Crash (n) was formed in 2000 in Bergen, Norway. The band released two 7", one 10" and a CD, toured Europe and Scandinavia once and the UK twice. After Aaron Arjuna Rudra left the band in 2003 the band chose to change name and continued as The First Cut. The band did numerous shows and released a CD in 2006 called "Silence afterwards", but due to different circumstances the band found it hard to carry on with touring and kept a low profile throughout 2005 and 2006. The First Cut was on a hiatus from 2005 until 2014. Thomas Santuna Larssen played bass in Datarock, and Ralph Myerz and the Jack Herren Band while Kristian Gundersen used to play in the band I.O.U. Arild Eriksen sang and played bass in Bouvet.
In 2014 the band reformed under the name Neighboring Sounds. Yngve Andersen from the band Blood Command played bass. The band first recorded a few songs with Kenneth Ishak of Beezewax in 2016 but only released the song Everyone's From Somewhere Else digitally. Thomas Larssen joined the band again in 2016. The band recorded another few songs with Kenneth Ishak in 2019 and released the single Spolia in 2020 on the label Sound Fiction.
Anders Blom from the bands Flight Mode, Youth Pictures of Florence Henderson, Islandsgate and Ben Leiper joined on bass in 2021.
Neighboring Sounds recorded the album "Cold in the smart city", which was released in autumn 2023 on the labels Friend Club (US), strictly no capital letters (UK), Bcore disc (ES), Friend of mine (JPN), Adagio830 (GER), Lilla Himmel (N) and Sound fiction (N).
Discography
* As Neighboring Sounds
* Cold in the smart city LP/Digital (2023)
* Polis Digital (2023)
* No commons Digital (2023)
* Holiday palaces Digital (2023)
* Everyone's From Somewhere Else 7" (2021)
* Spolia Digital (2020)
* Everyone's From Somewhere Else Digital (2020)
* As The First Cut
* Silence Afterwards CD (2006)
* As Crash (n)
* Crash (2000) 7" on Sound Fiction.
* Young Boy I Can Help You Through Your Exams (2001) 10" on Sound Fiction and Premonition Records.
* Split with Solea (US) (2002) 7" on Sound Fiction.
* Young Boy I Can Help You Through Your Exams and more (2003) CD on *Firefly Recordings.
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User:DETVWikiGroup
CaliberEntertainment
CaliberEntertainment Is a Philiphino Owned Company By, DechicoHoldings LLC.
CaliberEntertainment First Started Brodcasting On YouTube And Announced Its Soon Coming On CableTV.
DechicoHoldings Owner Said
Though For The Time CaliberEntertainment Will be a YouTube Exclusive TV Network.
DechicoHoldings Owner Also Said
For Now CaliberEntertainment Will be Standalone And YouTube Based.
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WIKI
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Page:Vincent's systems of cutting all kinds of tailor-made garments.djvu/206
SHIRT BLOUSE. Diagram 299.
0 to 2, about 2 inches.
0 to 8, depth of scye.
0 to 15½, natural waist length.
0 to 19, full length desired, plus 2 seams.
15½ to 1,1 inch.
Draw lines at right angles to 0, 2, 8, and 15½.
0 to ¾, $1/undefined$ of neck.
Raise point ¾ above line and shape back neck.
2 to 6, width of back, plus seam.
8 to 20, half chest, plus 2 inches.
Draw lines from 0 to 1 and 1 to 6.
8 to 8 is ¼ breast, less 1 inch.
Take out about 3 inches under the arm at the waist.
Make the width of back about $1/undefined$ breast.
Shape yoke from E to C, to taste.
Let back overlap yoke, two seams at E and C.
Add on about 2 inches all down back for fulling in to yoke as per dot and dash line.
20 to 12 is the across chest measure.
Take Registered Square, and place angle on line 12, 20 with point at 12, and front dropped ¼ inch below line, and mark up to F the length of front shoulder, less width of back neck.
12 to 16 is the over-shoulder measure, less ½ W of back.
Make width of shoulder from F to D agree with back from ¾ to 6.
Shape the scye by these points, as shown in diagram.
F to V is $1/undefined$ of the neck.
V to I is the same amount as F, V.
If a front yoke is desired, cut off from B to I, and grow it on to ¾ 6, as shown, letting it overlap two seams.
If a full front is desired, add on 3 or 4 inches at the front, and allow two seams at top as per dot and dash line.
Complete as diagram.
SHIRT SLEEVE. Diagram 300.
0 to 3, 3 inches.
0 to 20, length of sleeve desired.
0 to 8½ half scye, plus 1 inch.
20 to 6, $1/undefined$ breast.
Cut seam from 8½ to 6, hollow or straight, to taste.
Diagram 302 shows the cuff and Diagram 301 the collar, both of which are marked in plain figures, and indicate the usual widths, etc.
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WIKI
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The word Cherokee according to a Cherokee descendant means aniyun-wiga, when translated the name means real people or people of the mountains. However, the Europeans referred to them as the Tsalangi or the Jalagi meaning the people of the caves. The Cherokee later learnt to adapt to the new name given to them by the Europeans. The descendants of the Cherokee people claim that they settled in the South eastern parts of the United States of America in ancient times before the onset of the ice age. They do this by recalling the oral, traditional narratives passed down from their ancestors. Historians and traditionalists do not agree with them, and demand that they have been living in the area for a shorter period perhaps after the 13th century or the ice age period.
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According to an insider the Cherokee people were organized into groups of seven clans. Each clan was represented by an elder. The seven members formed the white organization in the society. This most senior people were the elders who were called the ani-Kutani. They had a lot of powers in the community, and they had the power of cleansing the young warriors before they left for any kind of war. The priesthood was hereditary, and they had many duties apart from the one of cleansing the young warriors before they left for war. The other duties included; praying on behalf of the community members, healing the sick, and conducting religious activities in the community.
The younger group of men in the society was those who engaged in fighting. They were sometimes forced to go into war to protect them, even though the community never liked wars and termed it as pollution of their purity. This second group was known as the red organization. Their duty was to protect the community against enemies and conquer new lands. The priests always purified them before they left for any war. They were also purified after they came back from war in order to ensure that the spirits of those they killed in the war did not contaminate the village.
According to the Cherokee descendants they argue that this method was ruined when the priests started abusing the young warriors by taking their young wives as their own. This enraged the younger men, and they went into battle with the priests. This led to the death of many priests ruining the hierarchy that had been holding the group together for centuries. According to the outsiders they have the same view about the decline of the priests in the community. They say that the decline was as a result of the revolts by the young men against the priests who had developed the habit of abusing them and taking their wives. This was the beginning of democracy in the Cherokee community. When Ethnographers like James Mooney went to the area in the 1800s, a lot of things had changed, and there was no trace of the original organization of the comunity where the people depended on the priests for guidance. People were now basing their decisions on their own individual believes, and knowledge to make decisions. They were living their lives in an informal manner with no authority to respond to, and no priests to purify them or give them advice.
The Cherokees spoke in Iroquoian language. This backs up their oral myths that they originated from the south because the great lake area was the most common setting or origin for the Iroquoian language. According to outsiders they say that the Cherokees might have broken off from a larger community as they were migrating from the northern region to the southern parts of the United States of America. They believe that this is the reason why they have some common words. This is because the Tuscarora inhabited the southern parts of the region in the historic times. This communication is believed by the outsiders to be related to other languages like the Seneca, Mohawk and the Cayuga. Sequoyah developed a syllabify to be used in writing the Cherokee language in the years of 1770 to 1843. He used symbols to represent a syllable in a word. However, not all of the Cherokee people accept the fact that Sequoyah was the first person to devise a way of writing the Iroquoian language. They claim that this had been the group’s’ style of writing though this style had been closely guided within the community and the children were sworn to uphold it to themselves.
The outsiders, on the hand, think and believe that Sequoyah was the founder of this writing skill and give him credit for his discovery. This marked a new beginning for the Cherokees. They were now able to read and write and even started writing their own newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix. It made it possible, for Durbin Feeling to write a dictionary in the Cherokee native language and translate it into English. This proved to be a difficult task because the verbs in the Cherokee language may have up to 126 different forms when translated to the English language. The Language has not become extinct like most of the other indigenous languages. This has been due to its constant use by the Cherokees and use in churches, also there are bilingual lessons taught in schools to ensure its continuity. Sources from medicine men, after the myth of how to write the Cherokee language, showed that the writing style was used in highly spiritual matters only.
The Cherokee people claim that there was no abnormality in their community. They have a myth to explain how the diseases that they started contacting began. They claim that it was due to an agreement by the wild animals they used to hunt down for food. This had been made easier by the invention of weapons that assisted them in hunting them down. The animals agreed that the hunter had to apppease the spirit of the animal he slain. If he failed to do so them the other animals would strike him down with a serious disease. The plants overheard the plans of the animals and came up with ways to sure them. The Cherokee healers used the plants as herbs to cure the diseases caused by animals and performed peculiar rituals. The outsiders do not have a myth to explain neither how upset originated nor its cause. They, however, recognize the fact that the people of the Cherokee community used herbs from plants to cure diseases.
The citizens of Cherokee according to insiders claim that their main food was meat from wild animals. This was primarily the work of men. The outsiders claim that the main food of this population was crops grown in gardens owned by women. Women also went out to look for wild fruits and roots to use in the preparation of food.
The Cherokees were different outfits according to the seasons, gender or position held in the society. Priests are believed to have been wearing long cloaks decorated with feathers and hats made of feathers. Chiefs wore the same attire. Ordinary men wore breechcloth, leggings and hunting jackets while women wore short skirts only. A noticeable thing about the men‘s appearance was the topknot left at after shaving their heads and tattoos on their faces.
The outsiders and insiders may differ in some aspects of the Cherokee’s history, but they tend to agree on most things. The outsiders seem to put believes of the insiders in a weighing scale. This is because an insider is a member of the community and can be biased at times when stating specific facts about his or her community. The insider explain the history of the Cherokees from a first hand experience and can even back up his points using standard oral narratives or songs that he has been taught ever since he, or she was young and value to be true. The outsider, on the hand, relies on second hand information from the insiders or any other source of information to make his or her interpretation. The outsiders seem to prove or disapprove of the findings of a member and vice versa.
However, most of the historical aspect of the Cherokees does not conflict despite the people who have written them. The difference is inadequate and is there because of the methods used to make conclusions. The outsiders rely on the anthropological findings, and other analytical methods to write about this history while the insider consult the other members of his community to find out things that he is not so sure of before he puts it down on paper. Therefore, it is crucial for the reader to compare the output of an insider and a stranger when doing a research on the history of a group of people or thing. This will help him or her to determine where the truth lies and do more research on the information that seems to differ.
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6i4 UPHAM. UPHAM. for college in Preston Richardson's private school, which afterwards became Harford Academy, and later, Harford University. He entered the junior class, Amherst, from which college he was graduated in the class of 1830 with honors. He spent the first year after his gradua- tion in teaching in Amherst Academy, and the next year in studying theology at An- dover. He was tutor in Amherst College the next two years (1832-34), and during the next two (i834-'36) he finished his theological studies, partly at Andover and partly at New York, under Dr. Skinner, in the class out of which the Union Theolog- ical Seminary was developed. He was licensed to preach February 29, 1836, by the Third Presbytery of New York, and was ordained at North Amherst in 1854. He has been professor in Amherst College, first of Latin and Greek, then of (".reek only, from 1X36 until the present time. Professor Tyler was married in Bing- hamton, N. Y., September 4, 1839, to Amelia Ogden, daughter of Mason and Mary (Edwards) Whiting (grand-daughter of President Edwards). Of this union were four sons : Mason Whiting, William Wellington, Henry Mather, and John Ma- son Tyler — all graduates of Amherst. Two are professors, in Smith College and Amherst, one a lawyer in New York Citv, and one a mechanical engineer. Professor Tyler is a trustee of Williston Seminary, Easthampton ; Smith College, Northampton; and Mt. Holyoke Seminary and College, South Hadley. He gave the address at the quarter-century celebration, Williston Seminary, and the semi-centen- nial address at Amherst College and at Mt. Holyoke Seminary. He has published the following works : " Memoirs of Rev. Henry Lobdell, M. I)., Missionary at Mosul ; " " Plato's Apology and Crito ; " "The Theology of the Greek 1'octs ; " "The History of Amherst Col- lege," etc. The degree of I). 1). was con- ferred upon him by Harvard University in 1857, and T,T,. I), by Amherst in [871, and again by Harvard at its two hundred and fiftieth anniversary in 1886. UPHAM, SAMUEL O., was born in Waltham, Middlesex county, January 21, 1824. His was a common school education. He was an operative in cotton mills in his youthful days, but upon finally leaving school he was apprenticed to a hatter, and served four years, then followed the busi- ness until 1 860. His first entry into political life was in 1S55, when he was elected to tin- lower branch of the Legislature. In 185N, when General Hanks was elected governor, Mr. I'pham was elected messenger to the governor and council, and held the position three years. From 1861 to '65 he was inspector in the Boston custom house, retiring to go into business in that city. From 1867 to '71 he was a member of the board of select- men of Waltham, and in July, 1869, he was appointed postmaster under President Grant's administration. This office he in id until March, 1886, and his faithful, efficient, and conservative administration is a part of Waltham's local history. Released from his office, he was solicited as a leader in the political contest of 1886, and was nominated and again elected to the Legislature. As the senior member of the House, he presided over its delibera- SAMUEL O UPHAM. tions until the election of a speaker, lie was re-elected in 1887. In 1888 he was
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Scholars often debate the letter Q’s placement in the acronym LGBTQ. The letter Q stands for Queer, and it comes after the letter T, which stands for Transgender. Many wonder the necessity of being identified as Queer when there are three identity categories aside from being heterosexual. The book GenderQueer: A Story from a Different Closet tells about the author Allan D. Hunter’s struggles on coming to terms with his gender identity and sexual orientation.
From a young age, Derek (Allan’s nickname) knew he was different. Being the type who enjoyed reading a good book like the Nancy Drew series, he found sports unappealing, making him stand out from the typical elementary boy clichés. He felt comfortable socializing with girls a lot more than with the boys. In fact, he used to refer to guys as them. He also felt the importance of obeying authority. Only when he reached upper elementary school did he feel genuinely alone when a lot of girls thought hanging out with boys was unordinary. Derek’s male peers let no opportunity waste in making Derek feel isolated. Aside from calling him slurs, they teased him about the clothes he wore and the style of hair he preferred.
Having to move to different places did not make matters easier for Derek, and he felt the need to change himself to feel less isolated. In middle school, most peers wasted no time in bullying Derek, and the school teachers and the guidance counselor did little to nothing in helping him. In order to fit in and experience less bullying, Derek decided to join the boy scouts, a decision his parents encouraged, and he became a chef in the organization.
Derek did make some friends with other females who were his sister Jen’s friends. While Jen did feel it was awkward to have her big brother socialize in her friend group, her friends did enjoy his company. Derek went on a hayride with Jen and her friend. In another instance, Jen and her friends decided to throw Derek a birthday party for turning fifteen after making him agree to let the girls give him a “makeover.” The girls made him wear the clothes they picked out for him, along with making him listen to the music they played and get along with the people they invited. Later on, when Derek started high school, he realized the high school has its own distinct culture along with making friends with people he never would have associated with as a child.
In high school and his neighborhood, Derek experienced liberties he never had before. He had the right to choose his classes; he voluntarily took choir. He also made friends with a girl on his block; and from there, he joined a social circle that indulged in drugs. At the same time, Derek was no longer for the idea of obeying authority. He felt less isolated when he decided to forgo the rules that adults set for kids and adolescents. He also no longer thought of guys as them but as us.
From being a college drop-out to going to vocational school, Derek started being more anxious about his identity. While he did go to counseling services, all the counselors offered was “sympathy but no answer.” From his time at vocational school, Derek experimented with his sexuality. Having been called gay all his life, Derek experimented to see whether he actually was when a male individual offered to share a bed with him. Afterward, Derek realized he was indeed heterosexual but was “not any damn good at it.” While he did attend parties and socialized, he still felt ostracized; he felt the problem was with his over joyful behavior and flamboyant clothing. He realized that people believed he was a homosexual and became more self-conscious.
Deciding to go back to college for better job prospects and more learning, Derek met people there and took classes that put him on a pathway to discovering who he really is. He started to understand that he was more like a female than like a male but felt no sexual attraction for males, nor did he feel he was transgender. During Christmas break, while he was contemplating his identity and realizing how many people thought he should come out as gay, he reached an epiphany about the nature of his identity: “I’m one of the girls. That’s my gender. I’m male. That’s my sex.”
Derek came to understand that masculinity does not determine one’s sex. While he is feminine, he still is a man. Contrary to what many thought about his sexual orientation, he came out of the closet as heterosexual with female characteristics.
Derek says he came out of a different closet, but the same door. The “door” represents the struggle one faces about discovering his identity and/or his sexual orientation. The “closet” represents the harboring of one’s gender identity and/or sexual orientation, a secret that is not meant to be a secret. Derek’s decision to wear a denim wraparound skirt showcased he had come to terms with his identity and was no longer inside the closet. Derek discovered his identity and had no desire to treat his identity as something out of the ordinary, a reason why he has given numerous lectures in explaining his identity along with writing several academic papers on the issue.
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Landscape detailing
Landscape detailing describes the process of integrating soft and hard landscape materials to create a landscape design. It requires knowledge of landscape architecture, landscape engineering, and landscape products.
Landscape detailing can be boiled down to three different steps: function, structure, and appearance. Function allows to satisfy the requirements of the landscape to serve a purpose. Structure is the physical implementation of function through the best available resources, usually those of a local character. Appearance is about obtaining visual satisfaction, commonly known as aesthetic values.
Landscape detailing can influence the attitude and mood of a landscape. A study was conducted on how young people feel when in a natural oriented landscape versus an engineered habitat. The results showed that more structured landscapes are preferred in young people. Detailing in landscape allows the designer to make choices that help influence the landscape, allowing the potential to be shown.
Landscape can have an influence on how communities and societies evolve and vice versa. Communities can shape how the landscape is used based on the needs of the community. An example of this is Canada's landscape and the role the rail roads had in shaping the community. With the introduction of the rail road, Canada's wild lands were more susceptible to exploitation and allowed the community to experience Canada's array of National Parks.
Landscape detailing is not just limited to actual land, but can also be seen as a way to improve the waterfront area, making the waterfront a more appealing setting for the public to enjoy. Typically, when addressing the relationship of landscape detailing and water, drainage is considered and how the landscape can be manipulated to prevent flooding and maintain water flows.
With today's every expanding technologies, there has been an increase in ways to convey landscape detailing. The visualization tools can be split into two categories: traditional and computerized. Traditional ways to convey details in the landscape would be simply a pen/pencil, paper maps, and models, while the computerized way would to use GIS, 3D virtual modelling, or simulations using layers of photography to convey urban areas that have potential to be molded.
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Letter from Lord Harris on 11 February 1879
Sydney, February 11. My Dear E.,—I am not certain whether you will be astonished or not at what I have to tell you, but I know you will be distressed that your friends, a party of gentlemen travelling through these Colonies for the purpose of playing a few friendly games of cricket, should have been insulted and subjected to indignities it distresses us to look back upon. We began the return match with the NSW Eleven on Friday 7, scored 267, and got our opponents out for 177 by 3.30 on the Saturday afternoon. Murdoch, who had carried his bat out in the first, and A. Bannerman went to the wickets to commence the second innings. At 19 on the telegraph the former was run out. Before he got back to the pavilion I heard shouts of "not out", "go back", etc., arise from that quarter, and saw the occupants of it rise almost en masse. I at once saw what was the matter, and instead of waiting for D. Gregory (the captain) to come out to me, perhaps unwisely walked to the pavilion to meet him at the gate. He, I found, in the name of the NSW Eleven, objected to Coulthard, the umpire. I must here diverge to explain certain facts connected with the Colonies which are not known or understood at home. Contrary to our custom, it is here the exception to employ professional umpires. This I was not told until after the disturbance. As you know, we brought no umpire, and on arrival at Adelaide I asked the representatives of the Melbourne CC if they could recommend anyone to us whom we could take about with us throughout our tour. They mentioned this man Coulthard, a professional on their ground, whom they had constantly tried and found competent, and added that if we on trial also considered him competent, the MCC would be very glad to give him leave of absence so long as we wanted his services. I considered him on trial a good and trustworthy umpire, and arranged with the MCC that he should accompany us to NSW. Had we known on arrival that a feeling existed in these Colonies against the employment of professional umpires, it is possible we might have acted differently; but, understand, at the same time, that I have seen no reason as yet to change my opinion of Coulthard's qualities, or to regret his engagement, in which opinion I am joined by the whole team. To resume my account of the disturbance on the ground on the Saturday. I asked Gregory on what grounds the objection was raised, and he said at first general incompetence, but afterwards admitted that the objection was raised on account of the decision in Murdoch's case. I implored Gregory, as a friend, and for the sake of the NSW Cricket Association, which I warned him would be the sufferer by it, not to raise the objection, but he refused to take my view of the case. Looking back in the midst of this conversation, I found the ground had been rushed by the mob, and our team was being surrounded, I at once returned to the wickets, and in defending Coulthard from being attacked was struck by some 'larrikin' with a stick. Hornby immediately seized this fellow, and in taking him to the pavilion was struck in the face by a would-be deliverer of the 'larrikin', and had his shirt nearly torn off his back. He, however, conveyed his prisoner to the pavilion in triumph. For some thirty minutes or so I was surrounded by a howling mob, resisting the entreaties of partisans and friends to return to the pavilion until the field was cleared, on the grounds that if our side left the field the other eleven could claim the match. I don't suppose that they would have done so, but I determined to obey the laws of cricket, and may add that for one hour and a half I never left the ground, surrounded the whole time, with two short intervals, by some hundreds of people. At about five o'clock the crowd was cleared off somehow. I then took the opinion of the Eleven as to changing the umpire, and it was decided ''nem. con.'' that there were no grounds for the objection, and that we should decline to change him. I informed Gregory of the decision, whereupon he said, 'Then the game is at end'. On Coulthard appearing from the pavilion groans arose from the crowd. I turned to Mr Barton, the NSW Eleven umpire, and asked if I could not claim the match according to the laws of cricket. His answer was, 'I shall give it you in two minutes' time if the batsmen do not return'. I said to him, 'I won't claim it yet. I'll give the other side every chance of reconsidering a decision arrived at, I believe, unadvisedly, and in a moment of passion. Please ask Gregory what he means to do.' On returning Mr Barton informed me that Gregory would send two men to the wickets—a curiously sudden change of mind I think you will allow. However, before the batsmen could appear the crowd had covered the ground for the second time. After some twenty minutes it was cleared for the second time also. A. Bannerman and Thompson then took their places at the wickets, but before a ball could be bowled the crowd broke in for the third and last time. I remained on the ground until the time for drawing the stumps, surrounded as before. Beyond slyly kicking me once or twice the mob behaved very well, their one cry being, 'Change your umpire'. And now for the cause of this disturbance, not unexpected, I may say, by us—for we had heard accounts of former matches played by English teams. It was started at fomented by professional betting men in the pavilion, members of the association - one a member of the legislative assembly - aided and abetted the bookmakers in raising the cry. I blame the NSW Eleven for not objecting to Coulthard before the match began, if they had reason to suppose him incompetent to fulfil his duties. I blame the members of the association (many, of course, must be excepted) for their discourtesy and uncricket like behaviour to their guests; and I blame the committee and others of the association for ever permitting betting, but this last does not, of course, apply to our match only. I am bound to say they did all in their power to quell the disturbance. I don't think anything would have happened if A. Bannerman had been run out instead of Murdoch, but the latter, besides being a great favourite, deservedly I think, was the popular idol of the moment through having carried his bat out in the first innings. As a contrast to the reception the Australian Eleven met with after beating the MCC at Lord's, I may say that when we won the match on Monday, hardly a cheer was given us by the ring. The occupants of the pavilion barely acknowledged our victory. They are capital winners out here, but I am afraid I can't apply the same adjective to them as losers. To conclude, I cannot describe to you the horror we felt that such an insult should have been passed on us, and that the game we love so well, and wish to see honoured, supported, and played in an honest and manly way everywhere, should receive such desecration. I can use no milder word. The game was finished on Monday without interruption. Coulthard had made two mistakes in our first innings—one favouring us, the other the opposite. Murdoch's decision was considered by coverpoint and point to be a good one, and I repeat that the NSW Eleven had no grounds whatever for raising an objection. We never expect to see such a scene of disorder again—we can never forget this one.
I remain, Yours sincerely,
"HARRIS"
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1 Reply Latest reply on Sep 30, 2011 4:23 PM by twwlogin
RMM3 KVM console not responsive to keyboard and mouse input
twwlogin
I have a SR2625URLX with the RMM3 module. The system has the following firmware levels:
BMC FW Rev : 00.57
Boot FW Rev : 00.18
SDR Package Version : SDR Package 0.26
Primary HSC FW Rev : 02.17
Mgmt Engine (ME) FW Rev : 01.12.007.0
The Baseboard LAN configuration and RMM3 configuration are on different subnets. I have tried Java 6u10, 6u16, and 6u22 with the same results. While I can get the console to display, the laptop keyboard is useless and the mouse tracking does not work. I am running the console under Vmware on an Ubuntu system with a Windows XP guest. Mouse tracking is set to ABSOLUTE. I am currently resorting to the software keyboard because the keyboard input doesn't work either. Basically, the remote console is useless.
I have also tried Java 6u16, 6u18, and 6u22 under Ubuntu 10.04. I have the same problem. With the mouse tracking set to RELATIVE in ubuntu, without even touching the mouse, the mouse cursor moves *ON ITS OWN*!
• 1. Re: RMM3 KVM console not responsive to keyboard and mouse input
twwlogin
Odd but I was able to VNC into an Ubuntu desktop at work and get access to the KVM console. I don't see why this would work though and running the Java console on my Ubuntu laptop (same version as what is on the desktop at work) does not work. Of course, I am connected to the RMM3 through a VPN from the laptop whereas the Ubuntu desktop at work has a direct connection. But, if the VPN is blocking anything, should all input and output for the Java console be blocked?
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diff mbox
[release/branch,1/2] Document the GDB 8.3 release in gdb/ChangeLog
Message ID 20190511183823.6081-2-brobecker@adacore.com
State New
Headers show
Commit Message
Joel Brobecker May 11, 2019, 6:38 p.m. UTC
gdb/ChangeLog:
GDB 8.3 released.
---
gdb/ChangeLog | 4 ++++
1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)
diff mbox
Patch
diff --git a/gdb/ChangeLog b/gdb/ChangeLog
index 1c125de18b..359b615178 100644
--- a/gdb/ChangeLog
+++ b/gdb/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+2019-05-11 Joel Brobecker <brobecker@adacore.com>
+
+ GDB 8.3 released.
+
2019-05-11 Joel Brobecker <brobecker@adacore.com>
* version.in: Set GDB version number to 8.3.
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User:Mbfarias16/sandbox
Chinese maritime history
China's early trade exports included pepper, safflower, and fine spices. There were two main trade routes during this time; an Islamic merchant network from Arabia to ports of China, and the Tamil network from the Chola kingdom to the coast of India. Water was the cheapest and usually the only way to transport goods in bulk over long distances. In addition, it was the safest way to transport commodities. The long trade routes created popular trading ports called Entrepôts. there were three popular Entrepôts; the Malaka in southwestern Malaya, Hoi An in Vietnam, and Ayuthaya in Thailand. These super centers for trade were ethnically diverse, because ports served as a midpoint of voyages and trade instead of a destination. The Entrepôts helped link the coastal cities to the "hempispheric trade nexus". The increase in sea trade initiated a cultural exchange among traders. From 1400 to 1600 the Chinese population doubled from 75 million to 150 million as a result of imported goods, this was known as the "age of commerce.
in the age of navigation include maps
The oldest known map is dated back to 12,000 B.C. and was found in a spanish cave, and was discovered by Pilar Utrilla. The early maps were oriented with east being at the top. This is believed to have begun in the the region of the middle east. Religion played a role in the drawing of maps. Countries that were predominantly Christian during the middle ages placed east at the top of the maps in part due to Genesis,"the lord god planted a garden toward the east in Eden". This lead to maps containing the image of Jesus Christ, and the garden of Eden at the top of maps. The latitude and longitude coordinate tables were made with the sole purpose of praying towards Mecca. The next progression of maps came with the Portolan chart. The portolan was the first map that labeled North at the top and was drawn proportionate to size. Landmarks were drawn with great detail.
Islamic maritime history
Control of sea routes dictated the political and military power of the Islamic nation. The Islamic border spread from Spain to China. Maritime trade was used to link the vast territories that spanned the Mediterranean sea to the Indian ocean.The Arabs were among the first to sail the Indian ocean. Long distance trade allowed the movement of "armies, craftsmen, scholars, and pilgrims". Sea trade was an important factor not just for the coastal ports and cities like Istanbul, but also for Baghdad and Iraq, which are further inland. Sea trade enabled the distribution of food and supplies to feed entire populations in the middle east. Long distance sea trade imported raw materials for building, luxury goods for the wealthy, and new inventions.
The history of books starts with the development of writing, and various other inventions such as paper and printing, and continues through to the modern day business of book printing. The earliest history of books actually predates what would conventionally be called "books" today and begins with tablets, scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. Then hand-bound, expensive, and elaborate books known as codices appeared. These gave way to press-printed volumes and eventually lead to the mass printed tomes prevalent today.
The book also became more accessible to the disabled with spoken books and the advent of Braille.
Contemporary books may even have no physical presence with the advent of the e-book.
Reading for the blind
Braille is a system of reading and writing through the use of the finger tips. Braille was developed as a system of efficient communication for blind and partially blind alike. The system consists of sixty-three characters and was read left to right. These characters are made with small raised dots in two columns similar to a modern domino piece to represent each letter. Readers can identify characters with two fingers and reading speed could reach one hundred and twenty words per minute and top out at two hundred words per minute.
The making of Braille
Braile was named after its creator Louis Braille in 1824 in France. Braille stabbed himself in the eyes at the age of three with his fathers leather working tools. Braille spent nine years working on a previous system of communication called night writing by Charles Barbier. Braille published his book "procedure for writing words, music, and plainsong in dots", in 1829. In 1854 France made Braille the "official communication system for blind individuals". Valentin Haüy was the first person to put Braille on paper in the form of a book. In 1932 Braille became accepted and used in English speaking countries. In 1965 the Nemeth Code of Braille Mathematics and Scientific Notation was created. The code was developed to assign symbols to advanced mathematical notations and operations. The system has remained the same, only minor adjustments have been made to it since its creation.
The history of books starts with the development of writing, and various other inventions such as paper and printing, and continues through to the modern day business of book printing. The earliest history of books actually predates what would conventionally be called "books" today and begins with tablets, scrolls, and sheets of papyrus. Then hand-bound, expensive, and elaborate books known as codices appeared. These gave way to press-printed volumes and eventually lead to the mass printed tomes prevalent today.
The book also became more accessible to the disabled with spoken books and the advent of Braille.
Contemporary books may even have no physical presence with the advent of the e-book.
Spoken Books
The Spoken book was originally created in the 1930s to provide the blind and visually impaired with a medium to enjoy books. In 1932 the American Foundation for the Blind, created the first recordings of spoken books on Vinyl records. In 1935, a British based foundation, Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB), was the first to deliver talking books to the blind on vinyl records. Each record contained about thirty minutes of audio on both sides, and the records were played on a gramophone. Spoken books changed mediums in the 1960's with the transition from vinyl records to cassette tapes. The next progression of spoken books came in the 1980s with the wide spread use of compact discs. The use of compact discs reached more people, making it possible to listen to books in the car. In 1995 the term audiobook became the industry standard. Finally, the internet enabled audio books to become more accessible and portable. Audio books could now be played in there entirety instead of being split, or having to change disks.
I'd like to make a list of suggested improvements for the article of the history of books.
* 1) In section three on east asia on woodblock printing, I'd like to include the proper term of xylography and the process in detail. In addition, include some pictures
* 2) Include the fact that that china was responsible for the printing of the first book Jikji.
* 3) In the section dealing with parchment talk more about why parchment was developed, instead of it was developed.
* 4) possibly consider making a section dedicated to book burning.
* 5) In the section of the printing press, include the Gutenberg bibles. Also, explain Gutenberg's contribution to the development of books.
* 6) Include a section which talks about books in the form of audio-books, and Braille. Possible section for disabled readers.
* 7) Talk about amazon as the first online book seller. Include the name of the first book sold on amazon. possibly include the expansion of amazon/literature.
* 8) The E-book section should include other ebook platforms besides amazons kindle. Add ibooks and B&N Nook. Include
* 9) There will be sentences that need to be edited as well.
Here is a list of some of the sources I have collected.
https://sfbook.com/the-evolution-of-the-book.htm
https://pitt.libguides.com/historybooksprinting/originsofthebook
https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/j.ctt1pwt87v.8?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=ebooks&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3Fsd%3D%26amp%3BsearchType%3DfacetSearch%26amp%3Bfacet_chapter%3DY2hhcHRlcg%253D%253D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3BcurrentPath%3D%252Faction%252FdoBasicSearch%26amp%3BQuery%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bebooks%26amp%3Bpage%3D1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/20024803?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3A9e76bcdaab5cce025220684501094f81
https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/3659444?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3Adbe6e4d43bf318f6e162e94e9798664e
https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/2713139?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3Afafafb43efd2781af624fbc5e09e4077
https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/25614307?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3Abc72043f7b7e1c2f3f3c60eee3b5603c&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
https://www-jstor-org.oca.ucsc.edu/stable/40372194?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=what&searchText=is&searchText=the&searchText=history&searchText=of&searchText=books&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bbooks&refreqid=search%3A86386cb43fb5ca506e5b293cc11b68f0
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_understanding-media-and-culture-an-introduction-to-mass-communication/s06-01-history-of-books.html
https://archaeologyofreading.org/historiography/
https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3403038/darnton_historybooks.pdf?sequence=2
http://historycooperative.org/a-history-of-e-books/
I plan to edit the wikipedia page the History of Books. I plan on adding a section for the introduction of the mass market paperback. In addition I'd like to add to the section of culture the life cycle of the printed book. If time permits I'd like to also add a section for the audiobook. The article makes no mention of its existence. If it helps I'd like to make small adjustments on grammar and sentences.
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 54 Part 1.djvu/37
PUBLIC LAWS ENACTED DURING THE SECOND 1 SESSION OF THE SEVENTY-SIXTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Begun and held at the City of Washington on Thursday, September 21, 1939, and adjourned without day on Friday, November 3, 1939 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, President; JOHN N. GARNER, Vice President; KEY PITTMAN, President of the Senate pro tempore; WILLIAM B. BANKBEAD, Speaker of the House of Representatives; SAM RAYBURN, Speaker of the House of Represent- atives pro tempore, September 25-October 9, 1939. [CHAPTER 11 JOINT RESOLUTION October 11, 1939 To make provision for certain expenses incident to the second session of the [H. . Res. as4] Seventy-sixth Congress. [Pub. Res., No. 63] Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums are hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the payment of expenses incident to the second session of the Seventy-sixth Congress, namely: For payment to Della Logan, widow of Honorable M. M. Logan, late a Senator from the State of Kentucky, $10,000. To pay the widow of Thomas M. Eaton, late a Representative from the State of California, $10,000. To pay the widow of Thomas S. McMillan, late a Representative from the State of South Carolina $10,000. The two foregoing sums to be disbursed by the Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives. For mileage of the President of the Senate and of Senators, $51,000. For mileage of Representatives, the Delegate from Hawaii, and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and for expenses of the Delegate from Alaska, $171,000. For the payment of twenty-one pages for the Senate and forty- eight pages for the House of Representatives, at $4 per day each, for the period commencing September 21, 1939, and ending with the last day of the month in which the Seventy-sixth Congress adjourns sine die at the second session thereof, so much as may be necessary for each the Senate and House of Representatives. Approved, October 11, 1939. '[Ext'a session.] 3 Appropriations, cer- tain expenses of sec- ond session, Seventy- sixth Congress. M. M. Logan. Payment to widow. Thomas M. Eaton. Payment to widow. Thomas 8. Mc- Millan. Payment to widow. Milage. Pages.
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How long do peptides last?
How Long Do Peptides Last? [Infographic]
Peptides, short chains of amino acids, are susceptible to various forms of degradation such as contamination, oxidation, and other destabilizing factors. This article delves into the best practices for peptide storage, providing a detailed guide to maximize their shelf life. Check out our peptide reconstitution calculator to help manage peptide solutions effectively.
Peptide Storage - Infographic
How long do peptides last? Infographic
Understanding Peptide Stability
Peptides come in various forms, and their stability is highly contingent on their storage conditions. Lyophilized (freeze-dried) peptides, for example, have different storage requirements compared to peptides in solution. The stability of these compounds is influenced by their susceptibility to environmental factors such as temperature, light, and humidity.
Short-Term Storage
For immediate use within days or weeks, storing peptides in a refrigerator at temperatures under 4°C (39°F) is generally sufficient. Lyophilized peptides are notably resilient and can remain stable at room temperature for several weeks. This makes them particularly versatile for short-term experiments where frequent access is required.
Long-Term Storage
For storage extending several months to years, freezing peptides is recommended. The optimal condition for long-term preservation is at -80°C (-112F), where they can maintain stability for extended periods. It is crucial to avoid frost-free freezers for storing peptides, as the temperature fluctuations during defrost cycles can lead to peptide degradation.
Repeated freeze-thaw cycles are detrimental to peptide integrity. Each cycle can increase the peptide’s susceptibility to degradation, which can compromise experimental results. To mitigate this, peptides should be aliquoted in small volumes, ensuring that only the amount needed for immediate use is thawed.
Special Considerations for Reconstituted Peptides
Once peptides are reconstituted, their stability can decrease significantly. Peptide solutions generally remain stable for up to 30 days when refrigerated at 4°C (39F). It’s advisable to use sterile buffers at a pH of 5-6 and to aliquot solutions to minimize exposure to freeze-thaw cycles. For long-term storage of solutions, freezing at -80°C (-112F) is optimal.
Practical Guide and Recommendations
To facilitate understanding, here’s a chart summarizing the storage guidelines for peptides:
State Condition Temperature Stability Duration
Lyophilized Short-term Room temperature 30-60 days
Refrigerator 1-2 years
Long-term Freezer (-18°C) 2-3 years
Freezer (-80°C) Indefinite
Reconstituted Short-term Refrigerator (4°C) Up to 30 days
Long-term Freezer (-80°C) Indefinite with care
FAQ
How long do peptides last in powder form?
Lyophilized peptides stored at room temperature are stable for about 30-60 days without significant degradation. When refrigerated at under 4°C, their shelf life extends to 1-2 years, and they can last 2-3 years or indefinitely when frozen at -18°C and -80°C respectively.
How long do peptides last in the fridge?
Lyophilized peptides can be stored in the fridge for up to two years. For reconstituted peptides, the fridge can maintain their stability for about 30 days.
How long does reconstituted peptides last in the fridge?
Reconstituted peptides generally remain stable for up to 30 days when stored at 4°C, depending on the peptide's length and inherent instability factors.
How long do peptides last at room temperature?
Lyophilized peptides can last between 30-60 days at room temperature. However, once reconstituted, their stability drastically reduces, and they should be refrigerated or used promptly.
How long do peptides last once reconstituted?
Once peptides are mixed with a solvent, they should ideally be used within 30 days when stored in the refrigerator. For longer storage, freezing at -80°C is recommended, though care must be taken to avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Conclusion
Proper storage is essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of peptides. By following the guidelines provided and utilizing tools like a reconstitution calculator, researchers can effectively manage their peptide stocks, ensuring that their experimental results remain reliable and consistent. When planning to buy peptides, consider the storage requirements to maintain their efficacy over time.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Parent hydride
In chemistry, a parent hydride in IUPAC nomenclature refers to a main group compound with the formula AH_{n}, where A is a main group element. The names of parent hydrides end with -ane, analogous with the nomenclature for alkanes. Derivatives of parent hydrides are named by appending prefixes or suffixes to the name of the parent hydride to indicate the substituents that replace the hydrogen atoms.
Parent hydrides are used in both the organic nomenclature, and inorganic nomenclature systems. * extensive body of chemistry
Reactions and structure
Parent hydrides are useful reference compounds, but many are nonexistent or unstable. Group III parent hydrides exist only under extraordinary conditions. Borane dimerizes irreversibly. Gallane and heavier congeners polymerize, sometimes with loss of hydrogen. Plumbane and bismuthane, stibane, indane, thallane are unstable.
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Sikkim Cricket Association
Sikkim Cricket Association (SCA) is the governing body of the Cricket in the Indian state of Sikkim and the Sikkim cricket team. It is headquartered in Rangpo, Sikkim. Among other duties, SCA is responsible for organizing various cricketing tournaments in the state. It is affiliated to the Board of Control for Cricket in India as a Full Member.
Sikkim Cricket Ground in Rangpo, Pakyong district is the official cricket ground in Sikkim and has been leased to Sikkim Cricket Association in 2002 by the Government of Sikkim.
Mr. Tika Subba is the current President of Sikkim Cricket Association.
History
Sikkim Cricket Association was formed and registered under the Government of Sikkim in 1987. In 1989 Polly Umrigar and Madhav Mantri both BCCI members visited Sikkim and were very impressed with the Mining Cricket Ground (the home ground of SCA) and its potential for being converted into a world-class stadium.
It was in 1991, Sikkim Cricket Association got affiliated to Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)
In 1994, the Sikkim team participated in their first Junior Level National Tournament, and also in 1997 the first match was played in Sikkim Cricket Ground, Rangpo, Sikkim against Bihar U-19 team and the match was Inaugurated by The Honorable Chief Minister of Sikkim.
Tournaments
The Sikkim Cricket Association participates in following BCCI tournaments.
* Ranji Trophy(Multi-Day)
* Vijay Hazare Trophy(One Day)
* Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy (Twenty20)
* Col. C. K. Nayudu Trophy (Multi-Day) U23 Men's
* Men's U23 One Day
* Vinoo Mankad Trophy (One Day) U19 Men's
* Cooch Behar Trophy (Multi-Day) U19 Men's
* Vijay Merchant Trophy (Multi-Day) U16 Men's
* Senior Women's One Day League
* Senior Women's T20 League
* Women's U23 One Day League
* Women's U23 Twenty20 League
* Women's U19 One Day League
* Women's U19 Twenty20 League
Home ground
* Sikkim Cricket Ground
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Village Links of Glen Ellyn
The Village Links of Glen Ellyn is a public golf course located in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.
Founded in 1967, it was the first publicly owned 18-hole golf course in DuPage County, Illinois. It has long been recognized as one of the top golf courses in the Chicago area. It was the host course for the PGA Tour's Western Open General Qualifying virtually every year from 1980 through 2006. It has hosted other high level golf events including the 1986 Illinois Open and multiple State Match Play Championships. It has hosted the 36-hole U.S. Open Sectional Qualifying five times (1985, 1991, 1995, 2005 and 2012). In 2005 it was the only golf course in the United States to host both a PGA Tour event qualifying and a U.S. Open Sectional Qualifying in the same season.
The Village Links of Glen Ellyn has long been one of the leading golf courses in the United States in promoting environmental friendly management. It was the first public golf course in the world to become fully certified as a Wildlife Sanctuary by Audubon International. Golf Course Superintendent Timothy Kelly was recognized as the National Public Golf Course Environmental Steward of the Year three consecutive years in the 1990s.
The Village Links of Glen Ellyn was one of the first golf courses to develop and implement a pace of play program. Its KEEP PACE program, created in 1979, is arguably the most successful program of its kind and has been adopted by hundreds of courses nationwide in some form or another. KEEP PACE encourages golfers to maintain their position with the group ahead, while traditional efforts focused on not slowing down the golfers in the group behind.
The Village Links of Glen Ellyn has both a 9-hole course and an 18-hole course. The 18-hole course was extensively renovated in 2004. The golf course architect for that renovation, Garrett Gill of River Falls, Wisconsin, is the son of the Village Links original architect David Gill of St. Charles, Illinois.
In 2013 the golf course clubhouse was expanded and a new restaurant and bar, Reserve 22, opened. Reserve 22 features a full-service restaurant and bar, and a 150-seat banquet facility.
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Possessed (band)
Possessed is an American death metal band, originally formed in 1983. Noted for their fast style of playing and Jeff Becerra's growled vocals, they are often called the first band in the death metal genre, and paved the way for the 1980s Bay Area thrash metal scene, along with Metallica, Exodus, Testament and Death Angel. The band is also notable for featuring future Primus member Larry LaLonde, who was the guitarist for Possessed from 1984 to 1987.
After breaking up in 1987, and reforming from 1990 to 1993, the band reformed again under original bassist and vocalist Jeff Becerra in 2007. Possessed has released three studio albums − Seven Churches (1985), Beyond the Gates (1986) and Revelations of Oblivion (2019) − as well as one live album, two compilation albums and two EPs.
Formation (1983)
The band originated in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1983, when San Pablo and El Sobrante residents Mike Torrao (guitar) and Mike Sus (drums) started a garage band with vocalist Barry Fisk and former Exodus bassist Jeff Andrews under the name Possessed. While the quartet had begun writing some music together, the line-up would be cut short when Fisk committed suicide by gunshot in front of his girlfriend's house in Tara Hills, California, and Andrews subsequently opted not to participate in the group any longer.
Meanwhile, bassist and vocalist Jeff Becerra had recently split with his band Blizzard in the neighboring city of Pinole. That band included Larry LaLonde and Danny Boland on guitars and Michael Miner on drums, all of whom were high school students in the same graduating class. After being approached by Torrao and Sus, Becerra joined Possessed filling both the vacant vocal and bassist positions. The band had placed an advertisement for a new guitarist, which was responded to by Brian Montana leading to the second incarnation of Possessed.
Initial career (1983–1987)
Possessed spent 1983 and 1984 practicing and working on their sound by performing at local venues and becoming an active part of the Bay Area thrash scene. They recorded the 3-song demo Death Metal in 1984. After concerts with Metallica and Exodus, the latter group brought the band's demo recording to the attention of Brian Slagel, head of Metal Blade Records. Slagel showed interest in the band and offered to put their song "Swing of the Axe" on the upcoming compilation Metal Massacre VI. Following the release of the compilation, guitarist Brian Montana left the band due to creative differences and was replaced by Blizzard guitarist Larry Lalonde. The band then hired Mechanics Bank heiress Debbie Abono (nee Downer), mother of LaLonde's then-girlfriend, Julie, to manage the band.
The compilation drew the attention of Combat Records who signed the band and released their debut album Seven Churches in 1985, with Roadrunner Records handling European distribution. In November of the same year, the band flew to Montreal, Quebec, Canada for the WWIII Weekend Festival in support of the Seven Churches release, playing alongside Celtic Frost, Destruction, Voivod and Nasty Savage. The concert was Possessed's first and largest arena appearance, with nearly 7,000 in attendance. Possessed followed the release with a supporting tour which included a performance with Slayer and Venom at San Francisco's Kabuki in 1986.
On Halloween 1986, Possessed released their second album Beyond the Gates. They embarked on a short European tour with Voivod and in the U.S. opening for Dark Angel. In May 1987, the band issued a five-song EP produced by guitarist Joe Satriani titled The Eyes of Horror which marked a change in musical direction for the band. The Satanic themes they had become noted for were almost completely absent, and the songs had more of a thrash metal style than their earlier death metal sound. The song "Storm in My Mind" was written by Lalonde and the rest by Torrao, who had written most of the band's earlier material. Soon after the release, internal tensions among the band members led to their break up.
In 1989, Jeff Becerra was held up at gunpoint by two assailants and was shot twice, leaving him paralyzed from the chest down. Despite this, he continued to play a role in the death, black, and thrash metal scenes, and received a degree in labor studies and plans to attend law school.
Reformations (1990–present)
Mike Torrao formed a new version of Possessed in 1990, taking over lead vocals himself, and recorded a two-song demo in 1991. Several different line-ups were attempted, and a four-song demo was recorded in 1993, but the group failed to gain momentum and disbanded shortly thereafter.
In 2007, it was announced Jeff Becerra would be performing under the "Possessed" name at the Wacken Open Air festival and would be backed by the members of Sadistic Intent, one of the bands featured on the Possessed tribute album Seven Gates of Horror released in 2004. They would also headline the Gathering of the Bestial Legions III festival in Los Angeles. This same lineup also performed at Maryland Deathfest VIII in May 2010. After a U.S. tour with Danzig and Marduk, Rick and Bay Cortez along with Ernesto Bueno returned to Sadistic Intent, while drummer Emilio Marquez remained.
By late 2012, Possessed had begun writing new material for their first full-length studio album since 1986's Beyond the Gates. They had performed several new songs live which were expected to appear on the new album.
In 2017 the band signed a three-album recording contract with Nuclear Blast Records. By this time, the band consisted of Becerra and Marquez along with guitarists Daniel Gonzalez and Claudeous Creamer and bassist Robert Cardenas. Initially set for release in 2018, the band's third studio album Revelations of Oblivion was released on May 10, 2019, their first in 33 years. The album entered the UK Rock & Metal Singles and Albums Charts at #7 in its first week.
In a February 2021 interview, vocalist Becerra stated that he would begin writing new material for the next Possessed album after the conclusion of the Revelations of Oblivion tour. Becerra said in December 2023 that the band will record their new album in 2024.
Influences
At least four Possessed members who had written and recorded with the band at some point (vocalist/bassist Becerra and former guitarists Torrao, Montana and LaLonde) cite early Exodus and Venom as their main influences, in addition to NWOBHM acts like Motörhead, Iron Maiden and Judas Priest, and other bands such as Rush, Scorpions and Van Halen. Although AllMusic attributed Slayer as being a musical influence for Seven Churches, the first Slayer album Show No Mercy had not been released until December 1983, shortly after members of Possessed were already writing material for their demo and debut album. Lyrically, most of Possessed's songs focused on Satanism and death.
Legacy
Possessed are often cited as the first death metal band, largely because of the early use of grunted vocals, ultra-fast drumming and guitar tremolo picking as previously noted. In the 2004 book, Choosing Death: The Improbable History of Death Metal and Grindcore, Jeff Becerra staked claim to creating the "death metal" nomenclature in 1983. The band's efforts on Seven Churches have been called an influence by groups like Death, Pestilence, Sepultura, Deicide, Morbid Angel, Sadistic Intent, Cannibal Corpse, Gorguts, Sinister, Vader, God Dethroned and Amon Amarth, the latter five bands having appeared on a 2004 Possessed tribute album. Possessed's "The Exorcist" had been covered earlier by Cannibal Corpse on the 1993 Hammer Smashed Face EP.
Even while the band had played only a handful of gigs in the Bay Area, they earned a huge capital of popularity in Europe's metal scene. Members of Napalm Death were influenced by Possessed and credit the band for their musical shift from grindcore to a more death metal direction after Scum. In addition to their impression on overseas death metal, the group would also inspire black metal acts like Germany's Falkenbach, Greece's Rotting Christ, Switzerland's Samael and Norway's Dimmu Borgir.
Chuck Schuldiner, who had relocated his band Death to the Bay Area to write Scream Bloody Gore with Chris Reifert, in tandem with Possessed's rise, told magazine Metal Maniacs:
Possessed was different from all the other bands who were coming out at that time. They weren't pure noise, and they attempted to incorporate a lot of different musical ideas into their songwriting, not just rehash the same thing. They were into progressing as a band, which paved the way for other groups to expand their sound and do different things.
In the book Choosing Death, Mantas/Death drummer Kam Lee called Possessed the first death metal band, and added:
When we were in Mantas, (Chuck Schuldiner, Rick Rozz and myself) still had a more Venom/Motörhead sound kinda going on. And then I remember Chuck getting the Possessed demo, and I just remember hearing it and just freaking out like, 'Man, this is the way we gotta be.'
Author Daniel Ekeroth expanded on Lee's assessment of the 1984 Death Metal demo in his book, Swedish Death Metal:
Unlike virtually all other contemporary bands, Possessed left the Venom/Motörhead touches behind, creating "symphonic" tunes, and combining loads of complex riffs and drum patterns with the rawest sounds and fastest paces imaginable...Becerra took his vocal style one step beyond anything the world had heard before, as he seemed to scream and grunt at the same time. All these ideas would later be considered trademarks of death metal, and Possessed's demo has since generally been considered the first pure death metal recording.
Possessed's association with Debbie Abono would be a "first" for both sides: Abono would be the band's first manager, and Possessed were Abono's first managed signed band. A grandmother in her mid-fifties at that time, Abono had no previous connection to heavy metal music other than as a concert designated driver for her daughters, one of whom was a girlfriend of guitarist Larry LaLonde. Due to generation gap, Abono also had limited awareness of the sometimes blasphemous themes of heavy metal, and was allegedly offended upon reading the lyric sheet of Seven Churches. Nevertheless, she agreed to manage and represent Possessed as long as Becerra and LaLonde finished high school commitments. Although the group's relationship amongst themselves and their first manager would reach points of discord and eventual termination, Abono would go on to manage additional bands in the Bay Area thrash metal scene like Exodus, Vio-lence and Forbidden Evil, as well as death metal bands like Chicago's Broken Hope and Florida's Cynic and Obituary. While Possessed's first album, Seven Churches, was praised for its speed and the brutality of the vocals, the second album, Beyond the Gates, disappointed both fans and critics alike. Released on Halloween of 1986, the album was not as powerful and as influential as its predecessor, and the band's popularity suffered because of it. The band members themselves expressed disappointment in the release, in general, and the sound production in particular.
Whereabouts of former members
In 1993, former drummer Mike Sus retired from music to pursue other careers, going on to get a degree in psychology and is helping injured people to live a normal everyday life. He is also a drug addiction counselor.
Former guitarist Larry LaLonde joined the Bay Area thrash metal band Blind Illusion which released The Sane Asylum in 1988, after which Lalonde went on to join the influential funk metal band Primus in 1989 (led by former Blind Illusion bassist Les Claypool).
In 1995, former guitarist Mike Torrão joined a new death metal band, Infanticide, but never released any songs to the public. Infanticide broke up in 1997. He has since worked as a landscaper and plays music only in his spare time. As of 2008, Torrao is working with the band INaCAGE in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Members
Current Former
* Jeff Becerra – vocals (1983–1987, 2007–present), bass (1983–1987)
* Daniel Gonzalez – guitars (2011–present)
* Robert Cardenas – bass (2012–present)
* Claudeous Creamer – guitars (2016–present)
* Chris Aguirre – drums (2023–present)
* Barry Fisk – vocals (1983; died 1983)
* Jeff Andrews – bass (1983)
* Brian Montana – guitars (1983–1984)
* Mike Sus – drums (1983–1987)
* Mike Torrão – guitars (1983–1987, 1990–1993), vocals (1990–1993)
* Larry LaLonde – guitars (1984–1987)
* Duane Connley – guitars (1990)
* Dave Alex Couch – guitars (1990)
* Colin Carmichael – drums (1990)
* Chris Stolle – drums (1990)
* Bob Yost – bass (1990–1992; died 2010)
* Mark Strausburg – guitars (1991–1993)
* Walter Ryan – drums (1991–1993)
* Mike Hollman – guitars (1993)
* Paul Perry – bass (1991–1993)
* Emilio Márquez – drums (2007–2023)
* Ernesto Bueno – guitars (2007–2010)
* Rick Cortez – guitars (2007–2010)
* Bay Cortez – bass (2007–2010)
* Tony Campos – bass (2011–2012)
* Kelly McLauchlin – guitars (2011–2013)
* Mike Pardi – guitars (2013–2016)
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Grismore, Indiana
Grismore is an unincorporated community in Perry Township, Noble County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
Geography
Grismore is located at 41.49556°N, -85.63472°W.
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James Robertson (footballer, born 1873)
James S. Robertson (born 1873) was a footballer active prior to the First World War.
Robertson's earliest known club was Chatham of the Southern League. In 1898 he joined another Kent-based club, New Brompton, where he spent three seasons and made a total of 63 Southern League appearances. In his first eleven games he played as a defender, but he then took over from Archibald Pinnell as goalkeeper for two games before returning to his outfield role. After leaving New Brompton he had a short spell with Bristol City of The Football League and later played for Accrington Stanley.
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Will I Ever Get Over This Grief?
the Sweet Spot Nearly four years after the death of her sister, a reader says her pain has only become more pronounced. Dear Sugars, My sister died of a rare and aggressive disease. She was sick for 10 years, but the disease progressed quickly in the end and I never really got to say goodbye to her. By then, she couldn’t speak, so I’m not sure if she understood what we were saying to her. She was my best friend and the best person I’ll ever know. It’s been nearly four years since she died, and I’m still completely grief stricken. I miss her every day and waves of intense sadness strike often, even when I’m at work or out with friends. I cry myself to sleep most nights. I’ve seen two therapists, but it hasn’t helped because there’s nothing I can do to change my problem. My sister is gone. I have good parents and friends, but it isn’t enough. There’s a hole in my heart. My grief hasn’t lessened or gotten easier to deal with over the years, it’s only become stronger and harder. Sometimes I pretend my sister is still alive and I call and text her even though her phone is no longer in service. I’m not suicidal, but I honestly don’t know how to continue on in this way. Everything feels wrong. My heart aches. Will things ever get better? Stuck in Sadness Cheryl Strayed: I’m sorry for your loss, Stuck. I know precisely what you mean when you say that nothing can be done to change your problem, because the only thing that would change it would be for your sister to be alive again. There’s a stark truth in that. You’ll never stop being sad your sister died. You’ll always want her back. But the other stark truth is that you have to find a way to thrive again, even if your heart aches while doing it. In the years after my mother died, I had to accept the upsetting reality that I’d never get her back. You’d think that would have been clear from the moment she was gone — and of course, in a rational sense, it was — but grief isn’t rational. I think you haven’t truly let go of the idea that if you love and grieve your sister hard enough, she’ll be given back to you. You’re stuck in your sadness because it’s better than being stuck with the idea that you’ll have to live the rest of your life without her. Steve Almond: You don’t specify this in your letter, but I sense that your sister died relatively young, in her prime, and the 10 years she was sick constituted a significant portion of her lifetime. Part of your struggle, therefore, beyond having to live without your sister, is living with the feeling that you were the lucky sister, the healthy one. My hunch is that you’ve felt intense guilt about that for a long time, especially given your intimacy. So maybe the problem isn’t just that your sister is gone, Stuck, but that you’re still here. Guilt often takes the form of doomed loyalty: If you allow yourself to take pleasure in life that means you’re moving on, which is a betrayal of your sister. This may be why you feel these waves sadness when you’re at work or with friends — because you’re at the greatest risk of finding meaning and joy in these settings. It’s as if your guilt has installed an alarm system of sorrow. I wonder if it might help to think a bit more about what your sister would have wanted for you. Would she have wanted you to cling to her loss so ardently that you feel stuck? Or would she have wanted you to embrace life? CS: What Steve and I know without having met your sister is that she surely wanted you to embrace life — even if that life is one that includes profound loss. This is why it’s so important to practice acceptance. Acceptance allows us to stop resisting what’s true — in your case, Stuck, that you’re tremendously sad that your sister died. What if you didn’t try to change that? What if you simply accepted that right now deep sorrow is your response to the loss of someone who was essential to you? What if you decided that the hole in your heart isn’t evidence that you’re stuck, but rather that your sister’s horrible death blew your life apart? What if you interpreted your grief not only as proof of your loss, but the power of your love? Your question about whether things will “get better” speaks directly to the backward values many of us have internalized about loss — that to heal we must turn away from sorrow and avoid negative emotions and at least appear to be moving on. But the way we truly move on isn’t to unburden ourselves from the weight of our grief; it’s to learn how to bear it and eventually carry it. It doesn’t happen in a day or a year. It happens over time. And it happens only after we accept that it can. SA: The only honest answer we can give to your ultimate question (“Will things ever get better?”) is to turn it back on you. Will things ever get better, Stuck? Your sister’s illness and untimely death were events nobody could control. As Cheryl suggests, you will have to bear the weight of that loss for the rest of your life. But you do get to decide how to carry that weight. Can it be a form of ballast rather than a millstone? That’s what your sister was to you when she was alive. In a sense, she’s still alive, which is why you talk to her. Don’t stop doing that. Instead, ask her for help in answering the questions that have lodged so painfully in your heart. Is it O.K. that I survived? Can I let myself off the hook? Can I enjoy my life without letting you go? Listen to her answers, Stuck. I sense they’ll be the right ones. Emerging from a period of grieving doesn’t mean that you pitch grief overboard. It means, simply, that you create the space for a truth of equal weight: You aren’t betraying your beloved sister’s death by remaining fiercely, even joyously, alive — you’re honoring her life.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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How to Update your OS on a BlackBerry using BlackBerry Desktop Software 6.0 and 5
1. Connect the BlackBerry smartphone to the computer and open the BlackBerry Desktop Manager.
2. Click the Device menu and select Update my device, as in the following image:
3. A dialog box appears and indicates that there are no BlackBerry Device Software updates available. Click View other versions in the lower left corner, as in the following image:
4. The check box for the currently installed version is selected in the Available Versions list. Click the Install button, as in the following image:
5. Select the check boxes for the appropriate update options and click the Install Update button, as in the following image:
The BlackBerry Device Software is reloaded on the BlackBerry smartphone.
BlackBerry Desktop Manager 4.5 to 5.0 SP1
1. Connect the BlackBerry smartphone to the computer and open the BlackBerry Desktop Manager.
2. Click Application Loader.
3. Click the Start button under Update Software, as in the following image:
4. Click Next to start the installation process.
5. Type the password for the BlackBerry smartphone, if prompted, and click OK.
6. Select the check boxes next to the names of the applications to be loaded, and then click Next, as in the following image:
7. Click Settings, and then select the check boxes beside Delete all application data and Erase all currently installed applications.
8. Clear the check box next to Back up device data automatically during the installation process.
9. Click OKNextFinish.
10. When the process has completed, the message The loading operation was successful will appear. Click Close to return to the BlackBerry Desktop Manager.
4 Responses to “How to Update your OS on a BlackBerry using BlackBerry Desktop Software 6.0 and 5”
1. Kingsley Says:
most i be online to use this process? Though the process work but only when i am online. please help me i want to use it offline
• No you need to download all the OS and files to your computer first, then once you have installed everything on your computer you can disconnect from the internet.
Ignore anything that says connect and carry on.
2. hi, does it also “wipe” the system first before it loads the new os?
thanks
• It will wipe the device during the process but it is also possible to wipe it yourself using one of the tools available on the internet such as BBSAK
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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For a long time, the word democracy was synonymous with anarchy due to the horror stories of ancient Athenian democracy. The self‐taught polymath and enthusiastic democrat George Grote rehabilitated democracy by arguing that Athens, the birthplace of democracy, was a vibrant and liberal society. Grote was no mere academic; he was also on the frontline for the fight for democratic rights such as the secret ballot and a more inclusive voting system.
Today the word democracy is intimately associated with the legitimacy of our respective governments. However, this was not always the case. For a very long time, democracy was thought of as a potentially dangerous idea which often resulted in anarchy and a suspension of civil rights. Ancient Athens is the metaphorical birthplace of democracy. Thus how we interpret the fate of Athens colours how we interpret the legitimacy of democracy. The 19th‐century reformer and self‐taught classicist George Grote was responsible for the rehabilitation of democracy as a viable and virtuous form of government. His work was crucial in changing democracy from a dirty word to one which inspires ideals of justice, freedom and fairness. But George Grote was no stuffy academic. He spent a great deal of his life fighting for democratic reform in his home country of England. His magnum opus on Athenian democracy was produced after Grote had spent a great deal of time advocating for democratic reforms. As both a politician and a scholar, Grote was dedicated his life to the ideal of a society in which all people had a say in how things ought to be.
George Grote was born in Kent in England on the 17th of November 1794. George’s grandfather had started a successful banking house in London which his father (also George) later inherited. Grote was born into a comfortable life. His education began with his mother Selina who tutored him before sending him to grammar school first in Kent and then in Surrey. At school, Grote was an astute and successful student. Considering his family’s comfortable financial situation, he could have easily attended higher education at university. However, his father had different ideas. Grote’s father disdained academic learning and instead wished for him to attend the practical affair of running the family business. Despite his father’s disdain, Grote spent much of his spare time studying philosophy, economics, teaching himself languages such as German and Italian, and most consequently, studying the history of ancient Greece. But his father’s disdain for academic learning was not the only factor stopping him from attending college. The two great universities of England Cambridge and Oxford were deeply intertwined with the Anglican church. If anyone wished to attend these esteemed institutions, they had to first declare their belief in a series of doctrinal statements in agreement with the Church of England. Grote, who later became a religious skeptic would have to compromise his conscience to gain an education in the subjects he deeply adored. And so Grote fulfilled his duties at the family bank, quietly studying at night when he had a spare moment.
The Philosophical Radicals
The private nature of Grote’s study changed in 1819 when he met James Mill, one of the leading members of what came to be known as the Philosophical Radicals. Like so many others, James Mill made a lasting impression upon the young Grote, who was only twenty‐one years old.
Following their meeting, George became associated with the philosophical radicals. Very cool name, but what exactly is a philosophical radical? Led by Jeremy Bentham and James Mill, the goal of the philosophical radicals as a political party was to eliminate the privilege and abuses of the oppressive aristocracy. The pernicious influence of the aristocracy was to be snuffed out through concrete democratic reforms such as universal suffrage, frequent elections, and most importantly, the secret ballot. In early 19th‐century England only men who owned property of a certain value were permitted to vote. The vast majority of people had no say in the political process. On top of this votes were not cast anonymously. Imagine if your landlord threatened to evict you unless you voted for their preferred political party. Despite your strong convictions, you need a place to sleep. You comply and vote for their candidate. Today we have avoided this issue through secret ballot voting, the practice of making our votes anonymous and therefore immune to public scrutiny.
However, like many things, this was not always the case. During Grote’s life, votes were not cast anonymously. Instead, one’s decision was public knowledge, the idea of hiding one’s convictions was deemed a sinister practice. Conservative political commentators viciously attacked secret ballot voting as a un‐English idea. The open system of voting allowed those in positions of power to impose their beliefs upon others, through either shady bribery or outright coercion.
In 1821 Grote published his first written work entitled Statements of the Question of Parliamentary Reform. In this lengthy pamphlet, he attacked the views of James Mackintosh. Grote explained that naturally, all individuals and groups are self‐interested. If only a particular class or sect were capable of voting, they would benefit themselves at the expense of others. This was the situation in England, the aristocracy held a firm grip on political power and used it to line their pockets. Grote estimated that measly two hundred families voting controlled the majority of seats in parliament. To solve this, he argued for universal suffrage, frequent elections and the secret ballot, the planks of the philosophical radicals. By now Grote was married to Harriet Levin, a supporter of the philosophical radicals and a biographer. At some time around 1823, Harriet suggested to her husband that he should follow his true passion for ancient history and dedicate his efforts towards writing. George did not follow her advice immediately, later realizing as many men do that their wife is nearly always right. But in 1826 we see the beginnings of Grote’s thoughts on democracy in a review of William Mitford’s History of Greece, a figure who we will discuss a little later.
The Political Career of Grote
On the 6th of July, 1830, Grote’s father died. Until now, Grote had been working arduously at the family bank detracting from his more philosophical work. With his father’s death, he gained a sizable inheritance giving him the means to dedicate his life to study and leisure. Despite having the means for a scholarly life, Grote had to dedicate a large portion of his time as the executor of his father’s will. Harriet wrote that for a time “every spare moment” Grote had “ was employed in the aid of movement out of doors.” Despite his business he still managed to publish Essentials of Parliamentary reforms in 1831, which for the most part was a rehash of his previous pamphlet in 1821. In 1831 a parliamentary election was called. Grote, who was popular among the entrepreneurial class of London, was urged to run based upon his upstanding reputation in the community and his reformer credentials. Grote’s popularity is attested in the newspapers of his day. The Examiner commended Grote’s “high honour and respectability” while the Morning Chronicle noted that he “has long been distinguished as a most enlightened reformer.” Grote did not run for office in 1831, due to party reasons. Harriet wrote that “the History of Greece must be given to the public before George can embark in any active scheme of a political kind.” In 1832, again not listening to his wife, Grote ran for office as a member of parliament. In his campaign, he advocated for the secret ballot, more frequent elections, the elimination of certain taxes, free trade, and the abolition of slavery. Grote’s progressive campaign won in a landslide due to both his progressive ideas and personal character. Grote would serve in parliament for nine years constantly advocating for the implementation of the secret ballot to no avail. But ultimately, Grote was not a good fit for political life, and the philosophical radicals began to lose their momentum. By 1841 Grote did not stand for reelection and returned to private life. Grote was finally free to pursue his love of ancient history.
Grote’s masterwork was entitled a history of ancient Greece and a hefty twelve volumes long. As the title the suggests, it was a history of ancient Greece, but Grote put Athens at the centre of attention as not only an impressive achievement from the past but a model to be copied and adapted in the present. This sounds pretty tame, but at the time it was anything but tame. It was a thesis statement which went against all conventional knowledge for the last two thousand years. To explain why Grote’s work was so different, we must delve into the nature Athenian democracy and its reception throughout European history.
The History of Athens
After overthrowing a pair of tyrannous brothers the Athenian reformer Cleisthenes took charge of Athens in 508BC. While there had been democratic reforms under another lawmaker named Solon, Grote attributed the flourishing of democracy to the reforms of Cleisthenes. Under Cleisthenes male, Athenian citizens could vote in the assembly or Ecclesia. Bills were put forward to the assembly by the council which consisted of 500 citizens chosen at random who presided in the council for a single year.The assembly elected magistrates who applied the laws and led the army. Criminal cases were handled by large juries composed of random citizens. While there were further reforms after Cleisthenes, his were by far the most important. We can see that the Athenian system but a great deal of trust in the people. Many offices were decided by random selection instead of elections. For the Athenians democracy was not merely voting, respectfully taking turns to rule and be ruled. There was also a large set of complicated institutions which kept those in power accountable. After playing a major role in defeating the Persian empires invasions into Greece, Athens became the leading cultural, economic and political powerhouse. Athens quickly transformed into a city bustling with commerce, literature, science, art, architecture, poetry, music, and most famously philosophy. The Athenians took great pride in their city and attributed their success to their novel system of government. But nothing lasts forever. Athens and the other significant power of Greece Sparta eventually came into conflict in what became known as the Peloponnesian war in 431BC. After a long and complicated war, Athens was subdued by Sparta in 404BC Athens walls were torn down, and an oligarchy was installed in the once democratic city. While Athens quickly shook off its unpopular oligarchic regime and returned to democracy, Athens never returned to its former glories. It began to decline and was eventually subdued by the Kingdom of Macedonia by Philip of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great.
Where Did It All Go Wrong?
How did the once‐dominant power of Greece become so feeble? The ancient commentators were all in agreement democracy was to blame. One of the world’s most famous philosophers Plato condemned democracy as mob rule which granted tyrannical powers to the unwashed and uneducated masses. The famous Athenian historian Thucydides recorded numerous horror stories of the bipolar decisions the Athenians made in foreign affairs in the assembly. A classic example is the revolt of a city called Mytilene, which was under Athenian rule. Upon hearing of the revolt, the Athenian assembly voted to kill every man Mytileanian and sell every woman and child into slavery. The next day the Athenians stripped of their passion decided only to kill the leaders of the revolt instead. The ancient sources were unanimous in their assessment. Democracy was a corrupt form of government and should be avoided at all costs. The corpus of texts that make up the canon of classics was deeply respected in the Victorian era, meaning their words, despite being written two millennia ago, still carried great weight. It was common to see ancient Greece and Rome being used to justify a wide array of ideological positions throughout the enlightenment. Attitudes around Grote’s time While the world was undergoing major changes during the enlightenment, attitudes on democracy were slow to change. James Madison in the Federalist papers explained that “democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention”. Thomas Jefferson, in a similar vein, described democracy as “nothing more than mob rule.” The French Revolutions fervent endorsement of democracy followed by anarchy did few favours to the reputation of Athens. William Mitford, an English Tory supporter and ardent opponent of the French Revolution, published his own ten‐volume History Of Greece published throughout 1784–1810. Mitford’s history was written in large part to articulate “the inherent weakness and the indelible barbarism of democratic government.” Mitford concluded that democracy was a form of government run by the dregs of society which usurped civil liberties, redistributed private property, and made ill‐informed decisions. He believed that people were easily manipulated by the flashy rhetoric of demagogues leading to all sorts of misery. The lesson Mitford took from Athens was that constitutional monarchy is the best way to run a nation. Mitford’s text was hugely popular, making it the perfect target for Grote.
Grote’s Scholarly Endeavour
While Grote had not attended college, after long hours at the bank he studied as often as he could. Through his efforts, he had become a self‐taught polymath and polyglot. By not formally studying classics in university Grote, had a surprising advantage, he was free from the prejudices and assumptions commonly held by the academies of his day. He was never told what to think by anyone. He came to his own independent conclusions. The vast majority of Grote’s contemporaries, such as Mitford placed great faith in the words of ancient accounts of democracy. Grote did not. Instead, he embarked upon a rigorous cross‐examination of all the sources he could access. What quickly became apparent was that the critics of democracy were inconsistent. On one end they would accuse the Athenian citizenry of being ruthlessly efficient tyrants and on the other end being incompetent thumb twiddlers. Grote concluded you couldn’t have it both ways, either the Athenians were ruthless, or they were dumb. By pointing out these inconsistencies, Grote began to prove the picture painted of Athenian democracy was heavily biased and generally articulated by disgruntled aristocrats. In tandem with this Grote began arguing that the institutions established by Cleisthenes and later reformers produced an amazing stability by keeping those in power accountable to the public. Grote not only exposed the falsities of the anti‐democratic tradition, he also made the positive case for democracy.
Grote’s Moral Endeavour
Moral character was of the utmost importance to Victorian Britain. For Grote to rehabilitate democracy, he also had to articulate the virtues of the Athenians. Grote attaches Athens greatness to their political institutions which promoted their unique national character. Grote did not believe the Athenians achievements were due to any inherent or inborn greatness; it was due to their institutions. He explained that the Athenian experiment of democracy was “Their grand study” which aimed to “surround the delivery of that judgment with the best securities for rectitude, and the best preservatives against haste, passion, or private corruption.”
Athens contemporary rivals were city‐states run by oligarchies. Grote believed that these oligarchies only promoted the interests of those in power similar to England. But Athens was unique. It had an active citizenry which was encouraged to share their perspective with others and come together to make decisions. No one class or sect dominated society, instead Athenians rich and poor alike worked together for a common goal. Grote argued that oligarchies could at best rely upon their subjects “passive acquiescence and obedience.” On the opposite end of the spectrum, Athenian democracy relied upon active citizens, who through their efforts cultivated an “energy of public and private action, such as could never be obtained under an oligarchy.” By exercising their influence at assemblies, citizens came to identify their “own safety and happiness with the vote of the majority, and became familiarised with the notion of a sovereign authority.” This sovereign was the Athenian people which was “composed of free and equal citizens.” The open society Citizens through the power of the assembly both expressed their thoughts and listened to others. Open and free expression of ideas without suppression was crucial to the Athenian experiment, and according to Grote, this led the Athenians to become a liberal people. Free speech became “words which no Athenian citizen afterwards heard unmoved.” Grote explained that the Athenians recognized the benefits of the free exchange of ideas, tolerance and constant discussion. Grote eulogized Athens liberal nature stating that “Within the limits of the law, assuredly as faithfully observed at Athens as anywhere in Greece, individual impulse, taste, and even eccentricity, were accepted with indulgence; instead of being a mark, as elsewhere, for the intolerance of neighbours or of the public.” The free exchange of ideas led to Athens becoming a cultural monolith which leaped ahead in all manner of intellectual endeavours. Grote believed few governments in his time ever achieved the generous tolerance or promoted the intellectual curiousity that Athens had cultivated.
But What About When Democracy Goes Wrong?
But what about all the times Athens pursued terrible ideas and made short‐sighted decisions how did Grote respond to democracies obvious mistakes? In Athens history there were many terrible blunders, but Grote’s reply was that all systems of government are bound to make mistakes, even democracy eventually.The crucial difference lies in incentives. Democracies may fail, but since the people run them, they have every reason to attempt to benefit themselves. An autocratic government has no reason to benefit anyone but those in power. Grote explains further that democracies learn by making decisions consistently and applying new knowledge. On the other hand, even the most enlightened autocratic government always runs the risk of becoming unenlightened. For Grote, democracy is a dynamic system which adapts and grows with new knowledge and experience.
The Legacy of Grote
As Grote published his twelve volume tome, he received more and more praise for his immense effort and unparalleled scholarship. His History of Greece quickly became a widely used textbook in universities such as Cambridge. Thanks to Grote, democracy became less of a dirty word as time passed. While many liberal‐minded thinkers praised his work, it is worth mentioning the impact he had upon John Stuart Mill, a colossal figure in classical liberal thought. Mill gave glowing reviews of Grote’s work, but most importantly, we can see traces of Grote within Mill’s democratic thinking. In two of Mill’s seminal works On Liberty and Considerations of Representative Government, we can observe the democratic spirit of Grote. In On Liberty Pericles, the Athenian leader stands out as a model of self‐development and toleration. In the third chapter Considerations of Representative government where Mill discusses democracy, like Grote he discusses the benefits of an active citizenry. Mill’s democratic streak was deeply indebted to Grote’s scholarship. While Mill preferred representative democracy to Athenian direct democracy, the tolerance and civic virtue of Athens inspired his political thought. The 20th‐century liberal thinker Karl Popper made use of Grote’s history in his work Open Society and Its Enemies. Written in 1945 following the end of World War II, Popper attacks the ideological roots of totalitarian ideologies such as fascism and communism which he believed were at complete odds with the liberal society we ought to protect. Popper believed Athens was the birthplace of both liberal democracy and what he termed the open society, a society marked by critical thinking and political freedom.To this end, Popper constantly makes use of Grote’s portrait of Athens as a progressive, cosmopolitan and individualist society to berate totalitarianism and emphasize the virtues of liberalism. Grote’s magnum opus is still a revered piece of scholarship that has received lavish praise from contemporary historians many arguing that despite being written nearly two hundred years ago, Grote’s scholarship is still admired, a rarity in academia where new research constantly debunks old research. The classical scholar Terrence Irwin commented that “Grote’s work constitutes a contribution of the first rank both to the study of Greek history and to the study of Greek philosophy. None of his English contemporaries equalled his contribution to either area of study; and no one at all has equalled his contribution to both areas.” George Grote is without a doubt one of the most impressive people I have ever researched. He was a humane thinker who diligently strove to reform society in favour of the disenfranchised. While he was not ultimately successful in his goals to reform the British government he did a great deal to shift the overton window towards new ideas which would eventually be adopted. As well as an activist he was a dedicated politician and a man renowned for his upstanding character. But above all else what I find most amazing about Grote is his abilities as a self‐taught man. It is inspiring to see a person through sheer passion follow their intellectual curiosities to their fullest while somehow balancing heading a reform movement and working a full‐time job. Last but not least Grote, is probably one of the more dramatic examples of how historians can change the world. How we view the past deeply affects how we act the present, Grote’s dramatic overturning of the anti‐democratic tradition is a perfect example of how historians by looking to the past can paradoxically carve a new path into the future
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FINEWEB-EDU
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replastering
Noun
* 1) A second or subsequent plastering; a new application of plaster to a surface.
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WIKI
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BS 60964:2010 pdf download – Nuclear Power Plants — Control rooms — Design
5 Design principles for the main control room 5.1 Main objectives of the main control room The nuclear power plant objective is that it can be operated safely and efficiently from the main control room in all plant operational states and accident conditions. The main control room provides the control room staff with the human-machine interface and related information and equipment, e.g. the communication interface, which are necessary for the achievement of the plant operational goals.
In addition, it provides an environment under which the control room staff are able to perform their tasks without discomfort, excessive stress, or physical hazard.
5.2 Functional design objectives of the main control room The principal objectives of the control room design are to provide the operator with accurate, complete, operationally relevant and timely information regarding the functional status of plant equipment and systems. The design shall allow for all operational states, including refuelling and accident conditions, optimise the tasks and reduce to an appropriate level the workload required to monitor and control the plant safely, and provide necessary information to other facilities outside the control room. The control room design shall provide an optimal assignment of functions which achieves maximum utilization of operator and system capabilities. An additional objective of the control room design is to permit station commissioning to take place effectively and to permit modifications and maintenance.
5.3 Safety principles A control room shall be designed to enable the nuclear power plant to be operated safely in all operational states and to bring it back to a safe state after the onset of accident conditions. Such events shall be considered in the design of the control room. Equipment controlled from the control room shall be designed, as far as practicable, so that an unsafe manual command cannot be carried out, e.g. by using a logical interlock depending on the plant status. Account shall also be taken of the need for functional isolation and physical separation where redundant safety systems or safety and non-safety systems are brought into close proximity. IEC 60709 gives requirements for this. Account shall be taken of the need to ensure safety if the control room and its systems are affected by fire, and to reduce the possibility of fire to a practicable minimum, as outlined in IEC 60709. Appropriate measures shall be taken to safeguard the occupants of the control room against potential hazards such as unauthorized access, undue radiation resulting from an accident condition, toxic gases, and all consequences of fire, which could jeopardize necessary operator actions. There shall be adequate routes through which the control room staff can leave or reach the control room, or gain access to other control points, under emergency conditions.
5.4 Availability principles With a view to maximizing the plant capacity factor, consideration shall be given in the control room design to:
– facilitating planned operations for load changing, start-up and shut-down;
– minimizing the occurrence of any undesired power reduction or plant trip caused by operators’ erroneous decision-making and actions, or by local disturbances associated with malfunction or failure of I&C systems;
– achieving the design output and performance of the plant. The availability-related design specifications shall not violate the adopted safety principles.
5.5 Human factors engineering principles In order to provide an optimal assignment of functions which ensures maximum utilization of the capabilities of human and machine and aims to achieve the maximum plant safety and availability, the design shall pay particular attention to human factors principles and human characteristics of personnel with regard to their anthropometrics, perceptual, cognitive, physiological and motor response capabilities and limitations.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Early western travels, 1748-1846 (1907 Volume 2).djvu/97
fatigue my Canadians had undergone rendered it necessary to prepare for wintering, and induced me to settle at Lac la Mort. The weather was also setting in cold, and threatened to be very severe, which was an additional motive. Having refreshed ourselves, and secured the canoes, I took two Indians to shew me a spot proper for building upon. We fixed close to the lake side, where we erected a loghouse, thirty feet long, and twenty feet wide, divided into two apartments, into which we deposited our goods. The next concern was to conceal our canoes in the woods, and to hide the rum under ground, except a small quantity for immediate use, knowing by experience the necessity of keeping it from the Indians, as our safety so essentially depended on it.
Having arranged every domestic concern, and spread our table in the wilderness, we prepared our winter firing, as wood is very difficult to bring home in severe weather. At leisure times we hunted, to increase our stock of provisions, which would not have been sufficient to support our household, and not choosing to risk the uncertainty of the arrival of Savages, who sometimes bring animal food to the traders. As the snow began to fall very heavy, we were prevented from making {55} long excursions, without using snow shoes. For the space of a fortnight we hunted with great success, and caught a number of small animals, on which we feasted daily; these proved a seasonable relief, and saved the corn and grease. We had been settled about three weeks, when a large band of Savages arrived; having only eight Canadians with me, I desired them to act with the utmost precaution, as our number
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WIKI
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Page:Harvard Law Review Volume 2.djvu/309
RBCBNT CASES. 29I
Is prima facu eTidence of negligence (^Watson v. IVeiks, unreported), the care- less act of a farm servant, causing a farm horse to run away and knock down a Tisitor crossing the farm, does not render the farmer liable to the visitor for any breach of duly. Tolhausen v. Davits^ 57 1*. J, Q. B, 392; noted in 4 Law Quart 488.
See Corby v. Hill^ 4 C. B. N. s. 556, and note, for cases on duty of owner of premises to bare licensees.
Negligence — Imputed Negligence. — The plaintiff was injured by being thrown out of a vehicle driven by a person who had invited her to drive, whose efficiency she had no reason to doubt, and over whom she had no control. Held^ that his negligence was no bar to her recovery against the town for a defect in the highway. Tmvn of KnightsioTtm v. Afusgrovet 18 N. E. Rep. 452 (Ind.).
The court denied the doctrine of Tkorogood v. Bryan^ 18 C. B. 115. The case of The Bernina^ 12 P. Div. 58, 57 L. J. Rep. Q. B. 65, was not cited. See 2 Harv. L. Rev. 140; and see, also, Hoag v. R, R, Co,^ 18 N. E. Rep. 648 (N. Y.).
Negligence — Volenti non fit Injuria. — In an action for negligence against a railway company for injuries sustained by the plaintiff in falling down steps leading to the platform of the railway station, which were in a dangerous condi- tion, it was held that an admission by the plaintiff, on cross-^xamination, that he thought it was dangerous to go down the steps, was not sufficient to entitle the defendants to succeed on the ground that the maxim volenti non fit injuria applied, but that the onus of proof lay upon the defendants to show that the plaintiff "freely and voluntarily, with full knowledge of the nature and extent of the risk be ran, impliedly agreed to incur it," and to establish the fact that the maxim applied. Osborne v. London <Sb JV. IV, Ry. Co., 59 L. T. Rep. N. s. 227 (Eng.); s. C. 38 Alb. L. J. 460.
The authority of Thomas v. Quatermaine, 18 Q. B. D. 685, is questioned.
Sale — Warranty — Recoupment of Damages. — A warranty by the vendor of a printing-press, that the machine will work "satisfactorily," does not entitle the vendee to recoup damages in an action against him for the price. If the cov- enant bad been that the press should work well, the ordinary rule would have applied, and the damages would have been the difference in value between a press which would work reasonably well, and that which was actually furnished; but it is impossible to fix the value of a machine which would work to the ** sat- isfaction" of defendant. Campbell Printing.Press Co, v. Thorpe 36 Fed. Rep. 414 (Mich.).
The opinion contains a very excellent discussion of the authorities on sales with warranties.
Trusts — CoNSTRUcnvE Trusts — Purchase by Attorney of Outstand- ing Title. — An attorney, employed to prepare an abstract of title to land about to be sold by his client, discovered a defect which he concealed. The land was conveyed to the proposed purchaser by a warranty deed. The attorney then, by false representations, procured from the proper parties the legal title for himself. Held, that he could not maintain ejectment, since he was a constructive trustee of the legal title for his client's grantee. Downard v. Hadleyy 18 N. E. Rep. 457 (Ind.).
It is doubtful whether the trust was based on a duty owed by the attorney to the grantee, or whether it was based on the client's equity against the attorney, to which the grantee became entitled by virtue of the warranty.
Waters and Watercourses — Right of the State in Great Ponds. — The State of Massachusetto authorized by statute the city of Fall River to take so much water from a pond called "Watuppa Pond," that owners of land bordering on a natural stream flowing therefrom were greatly damaged. It was held that the "Colony Ordinance of 1647," providing that householders shall have free fishing and fowling in any great ponds over ten acres in size within the pre- cincts of the town, and may pass and repass on foot through any man's land, so that they trespass not on corn or meadow land, vests in the State both the jus publicum and the jus privatum in great ponds, so that it can devote their waters to a public use without compensation to those injured thereby. tVatuppa Res- ervoir Co. V. City of Fall River, 18 N. E. Rep. 465 (Mass.).
For a criticism of this case see "The Watuppa Pond Cases," 2 Harv. L. Rev. 195. It should be noticed that the statement, made by Chief Justice Morton in hit opinion, that by Sutute of 1869^ c 384, the State of Massachusetts
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WIKI
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Draft:Tobi Ogundiran
Tobi Ogundiran (born Oluwatobi Ajibola Ogundiran in 1995) is a Nigerian writer of speculative fiction, writing primarily fantasy, dark fantasy and horror. He is the author of the critically acclaimed Jackal, Jackal (Undertow, 2023) a collection of eighteen dark and fantastic stories, and the Guardian of the Gods duology, beginning with In the Shadow of the Fall (Tordotcom Publishing, July 2024. The New York Times has described his prose as having a "warm, enthusiastic vitality." He graduated as a medical doctor from Penza State University, Russia and is currently pursing his M.F.A. in Creative Writing at the University of Mississippi.
Ogundiran has received many accolades. His work has been a finalist for the Locus, Shirley Jackson, British Science Fiction Association, as well as the Nommo awards. In 2023, he won the Ignyte award for his short story "The Lady of the Yellow Painted Library".
Literary works
Ogundiran's debut collection Jackal, Jackal, was released by Undertow Publications in 2023 to considerable acclaim. It was named a Publishers Weekly Top Ten Summer Read, placing at number five. The New York Times reviewed the collection, noting "the varied stories in the collection are told with verve."
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WIKI
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Page:Sienkiewicz - The knights of the cross.djvu/462
24 head net, the other was in perpendicular stripes. With a handsome sword at her side, her face as bright as the dawn, it was impossible to take one's eyes from her, such was the girl's beauty.
"Upon my word," said the rejoiced Matsko, "art thou some wonderful young lord, or a flower, or what?"
Then he turned to the other youth and asked: "But who is this here—some traitor of course?"
"This is only Anulka," said Yagenka. "I should feel awkward among you if I were alone; how could I go? So I took Anulka; it is pleasanter with company than alone, besides I need help and service. No one will know her either."
"Well, granny, here is a wedding for thee! One was not enough; we must have two."
"Do not tease."
"I will not tease, but in the daytime every one will know her and thee."
"Why should they?"
"Thy knees turn in—and hers also."
"Oh, give us peace! "
"I will, for my time is past; but will Stan and Vilk give it? God knows. Dost know, thou gadfly, whence I come?From old Vilk's house."
"By the dear God! What do you tell me?"
"The truth, as this is truth, that old and young Vilk will defend Bogdanets and Zgorzelitse against Stan. Well, to challenge enemies, to fight with them is easy, but to make enemies guard one's property, no drone can do that."
Here Matsko told of his visit at Vilk's house, how he had snared the men and hung them both on a hook. Yagenka listened with great astonishment, and when he had finished she said,—
"The Lord Jesus has not spared cunning in your case, and I see that everything will be as you wish."
"Ah, girl, if everything were as I wish thou wouldst have been mistress of Bogdanets this long time."
At this Yagenka looked at him for a while with her blue eyes, and then approaching kissed his hand.
"Why dost thou kiss me?" asked the old man.
"Oh, nothing! I merely say good-night to you, for it is late, and we must start before daybreak."
And taking Anulka with her she went out, and Matsko conducted Hlava to his room, where, after they had lain down on buffalo skins, both fell into deep, strengthening sleep.
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WIKI
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Letter of Recommendation: Candle Hour
Letter of Recommendation One of my best teenage memories starts with a natural disaster. In January 1998, my parents and I returned to our home in Montreal to find that a giant tree limb had ruptured our living room. What would soon be known as the Great Quebec Ice Storm had struck. It was the most catastrophic in modern Canadian history. Accumulations of freezing rain had cracked our maple tree nearly in half. It shattered our front window, glass fringing the tree limb like a body outline in a murder scene. Outside, downed power lines sparked like electric snakes. More than a million Quebecers were left without power. Cars were crushed and impaled by fallen limbs. Because the ice could inflict violence at any moment, everyone retreated indoors, making for an oddly quiet state of emergency. Except for the distant beeps of electrical-crew trucks, all you could hear was the crack of trees buckling under the weight of the ice, day and night. Long after the sidewalks were cleared, we tiptoed past the eaves of tall buildings and kept our voices low, steering clear of icicles thick as baseball bats and sharp as spikes, primed to fall at any moment. For seven days and seven nights, until the power returned, we lived by candlelight. We learned to be mindful of candles: how to stand them up, walk with them, nurture their light. At first it was maddening to cook dinner — to carefully carry a plate of candles to the cupboard, poke around for ingredients, then go off again in search of a knife, taking care not to drip wax into the cutlery drawer. I learned how to brush my teeth and bathe by candlelight; the light bounced off the mirrors, making the bathroom for once the brightest room in the house. In our bedrooms, we piled under blankets and read ourselves to sleep by the flickering flames. Outside, our neighborhood descended into darkness at twilight, but if I stared hard enough at windows blurred with ice, I could just make out little dancing lights. Decades later, no one in my family remembers what we talked about, or ate, or how we spent our afternoons that week. But we all remember the candles. I’ve since settled in California, and last January events in the world left me with a hunger for silence. I adopted a strict information diet: no television news or social media. One evening, I didn’t even bother to flick on the lights in my apartment. I walked quietly to the window and watched the last of the day, the darkness swallowing the trees along my street. Instinctively, I went looking for a book of matches in the back of the kitchen junk drawer. Opening a closet, I felt around until I discovered the remnant of a housewarming gift: a milk-white candle. I struck a match and lit the dusty wick. I commandeered a plate from the cupboard and set it on my coffee table. I nestled in a blanket, listening to the wind in the courtyard. Eventually, for the first time in too many days, I found myself surrendering to sleep. That was the start of a practice I’ve taken to calling Candle Hour. An hour before I go to bed, I turn off all my devices for the night. I hit the lights. I light a candle or two or three — enough to read a book by, or to just sit and stare at the flame, which, by drawing oxygen, reminds me I need to breathe, too. I surround myself with scents and objects I like — some fresh rosemary plucked from a neighbor’s bush, a jar of redwood seed pods. I have a journal ready, but I don’t pressure myself to write in it. Candle Hour doesn’t even need to last a full hour, though; sometimes it lasts far longer. I sit until I feel an uncoupling from the chaos, or until the candle burns all the way down, or sometimes both. Candle Hour has become a soul-level bulwark against so many different kinds of darkness. I feel myself slipping not just out of my day but out of time itself. I shunt aside outrages and anxieties. I find the less conditional, more indomitable version of myself. It’s that version I send into my dreams. At night, by candlelight, the world feels enduring, ancient and slow. To sit and stare at a candle is to drop through a portal to a time when firelight was the alpha and omega of our days. We are evolved for the task of living by candlelight and maladapted to living the way we live now. Studies have noted the disruptive effects of nighttime exposure to blue-spectrum light — the sort emanated by our devices — on the human circadian rhythm. The screens trick us into thinking we need to stay alert, because our brains register their wavelength as they would the approach of daylight. But light on the red end of the spectrum sends a much weaker signal. In the long era of fire and candlelight, our bodies were unconfused as they began to uncoil. Tonight’s candlelight will cast the same glow on my Oakland walls as it did on my parents’ walls in Montreal in 1998. I’ll feel in my bones that the day has passed — as all days, even fearful ones, eventually do. The day’s last act is cast in flickering gold. I’ll watch the flame bob and let my mind wander, until I realize I’m sleepy. After a while, I’ll lean over and blow it out, ready now for darkness — where renewal begins.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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What is a cannabinoid?
Cannabinoids are a fundamental part of the cannabis plant. These naturally occurring chemical compounds contribute to the myriad effects cannabis consumers experience when they light up a joint, eat an edible, or drop a cannabis-infused tincture under their tongue.
While it’s true that cannabis represents a rich source of cannabinoids, cannabinoids actually encompass any compound capable of influencing the body’s endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids are also found within the human body, in several other plant species, and can even be formulated synthetically.
Distinct cannabinoids can induce effects as far-ranging as euphoria, pain relief, paranoia, sleepiness, and even increased appetite—yes, certain cannabinoids can even cause the munchies.
In this guide to cannabinoids, we’ll explore different kinds of cannabinoids, unpack how these potent compounds can affect the body, and explain the role cannabinoids play in plants.
Types of cannabinoids
Cannabinoids can be categorized into three groups:
• Phytocannabinoids are found in the cannabis plant and a handful of other plants
• Endocannabinoids, or endogenous cannabinoids, can be found in the bodies of mammals, including humans
• Synthetic cannabinoids are formulated in laboratories
Phytocannabinoids
Cannabis represents the most abundant and diverse source of phytocannabinoids, or plant cannabinoids on the planet. More than 150 different cannabinoids are found in the cannabis plant.
However, the cannabis plant doesn’t directly produce cannabinoids. Rather, it produces cannabinoid acids, like THCA and CBDA, that must be activated to become the cannabinoids consumers know and love, like THC and CBD.
Heating or leaving cannabis to dry out over time activates these acids, thanks to a process known as decarboxylation. For example, when you light a joint or heat weed before making cannabutter, THCA is converted into THC: the psychoactive, intoxicating cannabinoid that so many covet. THCA can’t get you high—but THC can.
While the consumption of raw cannabinoid acids is beginning to garner a following, most people prefer to consume cannabinoids that have been activated.
Until recently, it was believed that cannabinoids were unique to the cannabis plant, but new findings suggest otherwise. Black pepper, cacao, echinacea, rhododendrons, and black truffles also contain compounds that interact with the body’s endocannabinoid receptors. These compounds are not the same as the cannabinoids found in cannabis, but are cannabimimetic—they can induce effects similar to cannabis’ cannabinoids.
Related articles
Endocannabinoids (endogenous cannabinoids)
Endocannabinoids form part of the body’s endocannabinoid system. These compounds, also known as endogenous cannabinoids—”endo” or “endogenous” means “within”—are produced by different organs and tissues in the body and have a similar structure to cannabinoids found in cannabis.
The body can synthesize endocannabinoids to help regulate processes as diverse as pain, memory, mood, immunity, sleep, and responses to stress. The two main endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol). In short, endocannabinoids help to keep critical bodily functions running smoothly.
Synthetic cannabinoids
These compounds don’t occur naturally in plants or people but are synthesized using chemical processes. There are more than 200 synthetic cannabinoids, nearly all of which are designed to exert powerful effects on the body’s cannabinoid receptors.
One such example, AMB-FUBINACA, is reported to be 75 times stronger than THC, the main psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis. However, the safety of certain synthetic cannabinoids is questionable as they can have detrimental effects on consumers, causing anxiety, paranoia, and impaired brain function.
Synthetic cannabinoids can also be made by chemically manipulating CBD, which can be extracted from industrial hemp. Another example of synthetic cannabinoid production is the “pharming” of cannabinoids using brewer’s yeast, which acts as a medium for growth—bacteria and algae have been used as mediums too.
While cannabinoids grown from yeast are structurally and chemically the same as those that appear in cannabis, they’re technically synthetic because they are the product of genetic engineering.
The effects of cannabinoids on the body
Ultimately, everyone’s endocannabinoid system, or endocannabinoid tone, is unique. Different bodies vary in their responses to phytocannabinoids. While some of us feel chill when sharing a joint with friends, others can be plunged into a state of anxiety. Researchers are still uncovering how specific cannabinoids influence our bodies.
The endocannabinoid system
Cannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, or the ECS. The endocannabinoid system helps to maintain equilibrium in bodily processes such as sleep, memory, mood, appetite, and pain.
In the simplest terms, the ECS is a signaling network that extends throughout the body. This extensive network is made up of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids—cannabinoids that the body produces—and enzymes that help to create and break down endocannabinoids after they’ve been used.
Cannabinoid receptors form a fundamental part of this system. There are two known types in the body: CB1 and CB2. These receptors are located in the brain, spinal cord, organs like the gastrointestinal tract, and peripheral parts of the body. Endocannabinoids can stimulate these cannabinoid receptors, provoking responses such as feelings of sleepiness, relaxation, or hunger.
Related articles
How cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system
However, endocannabinoids aren’t the only substance that can stimulate endocannabinoid receptors. The cannabinoids found in cannabis—phytocannabinoids—are structurally very similar to those produced by the body. These plant cannabinoids can bind with the cannabinoid receptors in our endocannabinoid system, triggering responses throughout the body.
The effects delivered by phytocannabinoids are diverse and can include euphoria, paranoia, pain relief, increased appetite, sleepiness, reduced inflammation, and even enhanced creativity.
THC, for example, can induce euphoria, relieve pain, slow perception of time, and stimulate appetite. CBD can alleviate inflammation, ease anxiety, and suppress seizures.
However, evidence is growing that cannabinoids don’t just interact with cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoids also appear to work on other receptors in the body, such as serotonin 5-HT receptors. The vast array of effects that cannabinoids can trigger are determined by how strongly they can bind to these receptors.
Consumption method
The method of cannabis consumption also influences effects. Different delivery methods, such as smoking, oral consumption, or transdermal application, can strongly influence the bioavailability of cannabinoids. Bioavailability refers to the extent to which a substance enters the bloodstream and can deliver an active effect.
The bioavailability of inhaled THC averages 30%, for example, and the effects can kick off in as few as ten minutes. On the other hand, when THC is eaten in a brownie, the bioavailability is 4-12%, with effects taking up to one hour or more to kick in.
This reduced bioavailability and delayed onset occurs because cannabinoids must make their way through the gastrointestinal tract and into the liver where it is processed. The majority of the THC is broken down in the liver and converted into other products, resulting in low bioavailability.
Related articles
The role of cannabinoids in the plant
Cannabinoids also have a highly functional role in safeguarding the well-being of the cannabis plant. Cannabinoids accumulate in the sticky, resinous trichomes of cannabis, which are most readily found on female buds.
According to recent research, cannabinoids act as a sunscreen, absorbing harmful UV-B radiation that may damage the plant’s growth. What’s more, studies have shown that increased cannabinoid production occurs in cannabis flowers when they are exposed to extra UV-B radiation.
It’s likely that cannabinoids hold a range of other defensive roles too. For example, trichomes, where cannabinoids are mostly found, are common to many plant species and help to protect against predatory insects and pests, water loss, and overheating.
Cannabis also appears to produce more cannabinoids when exposed to certain stressors, like heat, low soil moisture, or even soil that lacks nutrients. Ironically, it looks like a little bit of stress may be a good thing for cannabinoid production.
Major cannabinoids
THCA and CBDA are by far the best known cannabinoid acids produced by cannabis. These two cannabinoids occur in much higher concentrations than other cannabinoids present in the plant. THC potency has increased over time, suggesting that cannabis aficionados have deliberately bred plants that yield increasingly high THC content.
Both THC and CBD are psychoactive cannabinoids, so they can alter nervous system function and temporarily change perception, mood, cognition, and behavior. THC is intoxicating and can get you high, while CBD does not. Both cannabinoids also boast a range of other physical and mental effects. There’s a vast repository of research exploring their therapeutic uses.
These two major cannabinoids also form the basis for defining cannabis. Nowadays, cannabis strains, or chemovars, are often categorized by their major cannabinoid content. There are three main types:
• Type I: High concentrations of THC
• Type II: Equal levels of THC and CBD
• Type III: High levels of CBD
Minor cannabinoids
More than 150 cannabinoids have been identified in cannabis, and counting. However, the vast majority of these are minor cannabinoids, which make up less than 1% of the cannabis bud. Nevertheless, consumer and expert interest in minor cannabinoids has risen in recent years as many are curious about the untapped potential of these little-known cannabinoids.
Certain intoxicating minor cannabinoids, like delta-8 THC and delta-10 THC, are fast developing a reputation for providing a high. These minor cannabinoids occur naturally in very low concentrations and are often synthesized from cannabinoids in hemp plants to sidestep legal issues.
Researchers are also beginning to delve into the therapeutic properties of prominent minor cannabinoids, like THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin), CBG (cannabigerol), and CBN (cannabinol). In the future, we may see minor cannabinoids combined with terpenes, flavonoids, and other compounds to formulate personalized cannabis healthcare that targets individual issues and conditions.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Ropica gardneri
Ropica gardneri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1939.
It is 6 mm long and 1.5 mm wide, and its type locality is Kotturpuram, Chennai. It was named in honor of J. C. M. Gardner, an entomologist who worked in Dehradun.
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WIKI
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