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All About My Wife
All About My Wife is a 2012 South Korean romantic comedy film directed by Min Kyu-dong, about a timid husband who hires a professional Casanova to seduce his seemingly perfect but fearsome wife, hoping this will make her divorce him. Starring Im Soo-jung, Lee Sun-kyun and Ryu Seung-ryong, the movie was released in theaters on May 17, 2012.
It is a remake of the Argentine film Un novio para mi mujer ("A Boyfriend for My Wife").
Plot
After seven years of marriage, the mild-mannered Doo-hyun (Lee Sun-kyun) is at the end of his rope, Jung-in (Im Soo-jung), his wife is driving him crazy with her endless nagging and complaining. He can't even bring himself to ask for a divorce because of the fights that will follow. When Doo-hyun's company transfers him out of state, it seems like his dream of getting away is coming true. But to his horror, Jung-in surprises him by moving across the country to be with him. Desperate but too afraid to ask for a divorce, Doo-hyun recruits his next-door neighbor and legendary Casanova Sung-ki (Ryu Seung-ryong) to seduce his wife and make her leave him first. After scoping her out, Sung-ki is intrigued by the challenge and confidently agrees to seduce Jung-in as his career finale. Meanwhile, to give her something to do, Doo-hyun has already arranged for Jung-in to get a spot on the local radio station, shooting her mouth off about life's injustices. As times goes on, Sung-ki eventually succeeds in grabbing Jung-in's attention, and the two slowly grow closer. But though Doo-hyun asked for it, he grows to regret his decision and decides to spy on his wife and her lover. He starts to have feeling for his wife again, and does not want to divorce her anymore. But in the meantime Sung-ki falls in love with Jung-in. Doo-hyun asks Sung-ki to stop seducing his wife, but in return the latter threatens that he would disclose to his wife that Doo-hyun recruited him if he comes in-between them. The later part is about who wins Jung-in's heart.
Cast
* Im Soo-jung - Yeon Jung-in
* Lee Sun-kyun - Lee Doo-hyun
* Ryu Seung-ryong - Jang Sung-ki
* Lee Kwang-soo - PD Choi, radio host
* Kim Ji-young - Song, radio writer
* Kim Jung-tae - Park Kwang-shik, Doo-hyun's colleague
* Lee Sung-min - Company Director Na, Doo-hyun's boss
* Kim Do-young - Na's wife
* Jung Sung-hwa - newspaper delivery man
* Lee Dal-hyeong - captain at police station
* Park Hee-von - female cop at police station
* Jo Han-cheol - public officer at divorce court
* Nam Myung-ryul - judge at divorce court
* Lee Do-ah - Pyeongchang Company employee
* Kim Sun-ha - waitress at noodle shop
Box office
With 594,195 tickets sold during the opening weekend of May 18 to 20, the film's debut made a splash atop the local box office, putting up a strong fight against Hollywood films The Avengers and Men in Black 3. Benefiting from positive word-of-mouth, it continued its impressive commercial run, with over 4.5 million admissions in total.
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WIKI
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Thursday, May 17, 2012
Show memory map of a process
How to show memory map of a process? or how to check how much memory a process is consuming?
Use pmap.
How to use pmap:
1. get a pid of a process you are interested in checking, in this example apache:
[mainuser@serverone ~]$ ps -eaf | grep http
root 1759 4493 0 04:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 1760 4493 0 04:02 ? 00:00:25 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 1761 4493 0 04:02 ? 00:00:23 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 1762 4493 0 04:02 ? 00:00:21 /usr/sbin/httpd
apache 1763 4493 0 04:02 ? 00:00:18 /usr/sbin/httpd
2. run the pmap command against the PID number:
[mainuser@serverone ~]$ sudo pmap 1760 | tail
97406000 28K r--s- /usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules.cache
97463000 16K rw--- [ anon ]
97467000 524288K rw-s- /tmp/apc.tE1RRo (deleted)
b7467000 11096K r---- /usr/local/zend/lib/libicudata.so.38
b7f3d000 4K rw--- /usr/local/zend/lib/libicudata.so.38
b7f3e000 64K rw-s- /dev/zero (deleted)
b7f4e000 504K rw-s- /dev/zero (deleted)
b7fcc000 32K rw--- [ anon ]
bfd74000 144K rwx-- [ stack ]
total 2742152K
3. The process, which is apache is consuming about 2.7GB of memory
That's all folks :)
No comments:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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LED light and insects
Mühlenstr. 8, 27404 Elsdorf +49 4286 3460370 info@helecta.com Licht, Jahre voraus!
Impact of LED light on insects
Attraction effect of LED luminaires and lamps on nocturnal insects
Today, electric lighting is indispensable for working at night, security in traffic, and the well-being of people. It has also been shown, however, that the significantly increased light emission experienced since the introduction of electric lighting has undesirable effects on the natural flora and fauna. Today, electric lighting is indispensable for working at night, security in traffic, and the well-being of people. It has also been shown, however, that the significantly increased light emission experienced since the introduction of electric lighting has undesirable effects on the natural flora and fauna.
Just like almost the entire animal kingdom on earth, nocturnal insects also use celestial bodies such as moonlight and starlight for their orientation. Their compound eyes perceive light in the UV range, that is, in the wavelength range below 420 nm. The human eye, on the other hand, can perceive light up to around 400 nm, as can be seen in the comparative graphic.
Nocturnal insects always fly at the same angle to the moon. If a light source with similar wavelengths is present on the natural flight route of an insect, this becomes the point of reference. The insect then stays at a certain angle to the new light source. As this light source is much closer than the celestial body, though, the insect will inevitably keep on flying around the new light source in an ever tighter spiral. When insects bump into the hot lamp housing, they burn their wings and can no longer fly as a result, which makes them easy prey for insectivores. This results in a depletion in the existence of nocturnal insects of approx. 150 animals per luminaire and night, which in turn impacts on the entire eco-system and thus on the food web of the animal kingdom. Even if this complex, ecological connection has not yet been fully researched, the effects of synthetic light emission should be reduced to maintain the natural equilibrium of fauna and flora.
For this reason, studies have been performed to research the visibility, and consequently the attraction effect of various lamps on nocturnal insects. The results of a study from Tirol shows clear differences in the flight approach behaviour, depending on the type and frequency spectrum of the light of different lamp types. This is clearly illustrated in the following overview, which perfectly demonstrates that under the same conditions LED lamps attracted less than half as many insects as the sodium lamp, which to date has been the most insect-friendly lamp.
Based on studies such as these, institutions involved in nature conservation specify a wavelength of 380 nm as the lower limit of the light spectrum. The lower limit recommended by entomologists is already at 420 nm, however. This is exactly in the blue range of the spectrum of many light-emitting diodes. The spectra of Helecta retrofit lamps as a comparison. For both light colours – 3500K and 5000K – the spectrum contains virtually no units under 420 nm wavelengths.
Spectrum Helecta retrofit 5000KSpectrum Helecta retrofit 3500K
Helecta LED retrofit lamps can therefore be considered particularly insect-friendly, both from a general technological aspect and as regards the light-emitting diodes used. They comply with and exceed the recommendations of environmental associations.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Conference Paper
Collision Recognition and Direction Changes Using Fuzzy Logic for Small Scale Fish Robots by Acceleration Sensor Data.
DOI: 10.1007/11540007_41 Conference: Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, Second International Conference, FSKD 2005, Changsha, China, August 27-29, 2005, Proceedings, Part II
Source: DBLP
ABSTRACT For natural and smooth movement of small scale fish robots, collision detection and direction changes are important. Typical
obstacles are walls, rocks, water plants and other nearby robots for a group of small scale fish robots and submersibles that
have been constructed in our lab. Two of 2-axes acceleration sensors are employed to measure the three components of collision
angles, collision magnitudes, and the angles of robot propulsion. These data are integrated using fuzzy logic to calculate
the amount of propulsion direction changes. Because caudal fin provides the main propulsion for a fish robot, there is a periodic
swinging noise at the head of a robot. This noise provides a random acceleration effect on the measured acceleration data
at the collision instant. We propose an algorithm based on fuzzy logic which shows that the MEMS-type accelerometers are very
effective to provide information for direction changes.
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ABSTRACT: Design and implementation of an autonomous service robot system based on ubiquitous sensor networks(USN) is proposed. Autonomous acquisition of the position information of a service robot is obtained through the integration of a given global map, USN motes and distance sensors without using cameras. Navigation of the service robot in a building is based on the given building map and the acquired position information. The functions that are relevant to robot movement such as path control, obstacle detection and avoidance are managed by a server notebook PC on the robot platform. According to a given building map, a proper set of locations for USN motes are determined. When a service robot passes by a mote, a set of an LED and a photo-transistor on the service robot and motes detects each other. When a mote detects a specified signal, then it reports to its server immediately. When a service robot detects a mote and then it receives a report from a mote in a short interval of time such as 100 msec, then a server makes decision that the service robot is in front of a mote which reported just before. Since the locations of motes are known, the location of a service robot is determined by the detection sensors and USN motes. Between the USN motes, position data of a service robot is obtained by the distance sensors and encoders that are mounted on the robot platform. Autonomous errand services from any location to given places by user's commands in a large building are possible through experiments by a Pioneer2 and ZigbeX system.
01/2007;
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ABSTRACT: We introduce an autonomous water pollution monitoring system that searches the sources of water pollution and makes measurements of relevant data using a fish robot. A fish robot searches and monitors various areas using GPS receivers and directional information. A fish robot has three microcontrollers which provide full functions, for example, motor operations for the swimming of a fish robot, analog sensor data acquisition including temperature and infrared distance sensors, decoding GPS information, counting the time of sonar in ultrasound sensors and a directional sensor, collecting information of water pollution measurement sensors from Vernier Labpro, and communications. A fish robot swims autonomously in predefined areas and collects the water pollution indexes. Collected information by a fish robot is sent to data collecting nodes by USN motes and Bluetooth, and the data are accessible on the Internet by Ethernet devices.
Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS international conference on Computational intelligence, man-machine systems and cybernetics; 12/2007
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ABSTRACT: It is important to get information about obstacles to avoid collision for a natural and smooth movement for fish robots. In this paper, we propose an IR sensor-based measurement system which gets information about obstacles for underwater fish robots. Due to complexity and space restriction, IR distance sensors are installed instead of cameras or sonar systems. Much importance is given to the nearby obstacles than those in the distance. A scanning IR sensor and two fixed IR sensors are used in our proposed system to get the pattern information of the obstacles in water. By analyzing the IR sensor data, the estimated shapes of obstacles are recognized. Trajectory control for underwater robots should be designed based on the estimated results of the shapes. Our experimental results show that fish robots, which use our proposed sensor system, make successful movement avoiding collision through channels.
01/2006;
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Tafadzwa Madondo
Tafadzwa Bernard Madondo (17 February 1981 – 17 November 2008) was a Zimbabwean cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm off-break bowler and wicketkeeper who played for Manicaland. Born in Bindura, he was the brother of Test player Trevor Madondo.
Madondo made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 2000–01 season, against Matabeleland. Batting in the lower order, Madondo scored ten runs in the first innings in which he batted, and a golden duck in the second innings, with Ian Engelbrecht trapping his second batsman in two balls leg before wicket. He was a tailend batsman.
He attended Falcon College.
He was killed at the age of 27, in November 2008, when he crashed his motorbike while vacationing in Bali.
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WIKI
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inherit kernel-uboot python __anonymous () { kerneltype = d.getVar('KERNEL_IMAGETYPE', True) if kerneltype == 'uImage': depends = d.getVar("DEPENDS", True) depends = "%s u-boot-mkimage-native" % depends d.setVar("DEPENDS", depends) # Override KERNEL_IMAGETYPE_FOR_MAKE variable, which is internal # to kernel.bbclass . We override the variable here, since we need # to build uImage using the kernel build system if and only if # KEEPUIMAGE == yes. Otherwise, we pack compressed vmlinux into # the uImage . if d.getVar("KEEPUIMAGE", True) != 'yes': d.setVar("KERNEL_IMAGETYPE_FOR_MAKE", "vmlinux") } do_uboot_mkimage() { if test "x${KERNEL_IMAGETYPE}" = "xuImage" ; then if test "x${KEEPUIMAGE}" != "xyes" ; then uboot_prep_kimage ENTRYPOINT=${UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT} if test -n "${UBOOT_ENTRYSYMBOL}"; then ENTRYPOINT=`${HOST_PREFIX}nm ${S}/vmlinux | \ awk '$3=="${UBOOT_ENTRYSYMBOL}" {print $1}'` fi uboot-mkimage -A ${UBOOT_ARCH} -O linux -T kernel -C "${linux_comp}" -a ${UBOOT_LOADADDRESS} -e $ENTRYPOINT -n "${DISTRO_NAME}/${PV}/${MACHINE}" -d linux.bin arch/${ARCH}/boot/uImage rm -f linux.bin fi fi } addtask uboot_mkimage before do_install after do_compile
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Hae Otoko
is the 19th single by Japanese singer/songwriter Chisato Moritaka. Written by Moritaka, the single was released with "Memories" by Warner Music Japan on June 25, 1993. Both songs were used in the Fuji TV variety show.
Music video
The music video is a parody of Alien films, with Moritaka playing a soldier frantically running away from a giant alien in an abandoned building. Towards the end of the video, she realizes that the alien is a giant fly and hits it with a fly swatter.
Chart performance
"Hae Otoko"/"Memories" peaked at No. 12 on Oricon's singles chart. It was also certified Gold by the RIAJ.
Other versions
Moritaka re-recorded the song and uploaded the video on her YouTube channel on February 21, 2015. This version is also included in Moritaka's 2015 self-covers DVD album Love Vol. 9.
Personnel
* Chisato Moritaka – vocals, drums, piano
* Yuichi Takahashi – guitar
* Eiji Ogata – guitar
* Yukio Seto – bass
* Shin Hashimoto – piano
* Hideo Saitō – guitar, synthesizer
Cover versions
* Cute covered "Hae Otoko" in the Limited Edition C & D versions of their 2013 single "Kono Machi".
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WIKI
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Effects of the air–sea coupling time frequency on the ocean response during Mediterranean intense events
Abstract : The near-sea surface meteorological conditions associated with the Mediterranean heavy precipitation events constitute, on a short time scale, a strong forcing on the ocean mixed layer. This study addresses the question of the optimal time frequency of the atmospheric forcing to drive an ocean model in order to make it able to capture the fine scale ocean mixed layer response to severe meteorological conditions. The coupling time frequency should allow the ocean model to reproduce the formation of internal low-salty boundary layers due to sudden input of intense precipitation, as well as the cooling and deepening of the ocean mixed layer through large latent heat fluxes and stress under the intense low-level jet associated with these events. In this study, the one-dimensional ocean model is driven by 2.4-km atmospheric simulated fields on a case of Mediterranean heavy precipitation, varying the time resolution of the atmospheric forcing. The results show that using a finer temporal resolution than 1 h for the atmospheric forcing is not necessary, but a coarser temporal resolution (3 or 6 h) modifies the event course and intensity perceived by the ocean. Consequently, when using a too coarse temporal resolution forcing, typically 6 h, the ocean model fails to reproduce the ocean mixed layer fine scale response under the heavy rainfall pulses and the strong wind gusts.
Type de document :
Article dans une revue
Ocean Dynamics, Springer Verlag, 2009, 59 (4), pp.539-549. 〈10.1007/s10236-009-0198-1〉
Liste complète des métadonnées
https://hal-meteofrance.archives-ouvertes.fr/meteo-00396953
Contributeur : Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier <>
Soumis le : vendredi 19 juin 2009 - 10:39:19
Dernière modification le : mardi 29 mai 2018 - 12:50:49
Lien texte intégral
Identifiants
Collections
Citation
Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Véronique Ducrocq, Hervé Giordani. Effects of the air–sea coupling time frequency on the ocean response during Mediterranean intense events. Ocean Dynamics, Springer Verlag, 2009, 59 (4), pp.539-549. 〈10.1007/s10236-009-0198-1〉. 〈meteo-00396953〉
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Riek Gai Kok
Riek Gai Kok is a South Sudanese politician. He is a Lou Nuer, hailing from Chieng Man-nyang/Diang-nyang Akoba. A veteran politician, he has been a member of parliament in both Sudan and South Sudan. As of 2013, he served as Minister of Health of South Sudan.
1990s
As of the early 1990s, Riek Gai Kok served as head of the Relief Association of Southern Sudan, the humanitarian aid wing of the SPLA-Nasir. As of 1997-1998 he served as spokesperson of the South Sudan Independence Movement/Army (SSIM/A). As the late 1990s he served as wali (governor) of Jonglei state.
2000s
In 2002 he was named as chairman of the Southern States Coordination Council by president Omar al-Bashir. As SSCC chairman, Riek Gai Kok was charged with administering the states of Southern Sudan. The appointment followed the defection of Riek Machar to the rebel side. As of 2002, Riek Gai Kok was also serving as Minister of Animal Resources in the Sudanese government. At the time Riek Gai Kok was a leader of the South Sudan Defence Forces. Towards the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War he and a group of his followers broke with the SSDF leader Gordon Kong.
Riek Gai Kok was also a high-ranking member of the National Congress Party. He was the chairman of the Southern Sector of the NCP. He also served as advisor to the Sudanese president. On July 7, 2011, two days before the independence of South Sudan, Riek Gai Kok and other Southern NCP leaders held a press conference and declared their entry into the Sudan People's Liberation Movement.
Post-Independence
In August 2013 Riek Gai Kok was named Minister of Health in the government of South Sudan.
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WIKI
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TSX futures advance on higher oil prices, stimulus boost
June 16 (Reuters) - Futures for Canada's main stock index rose on Tuesday as oil prices jumped on signs of improving demand, while sentiment was also supported by more economic stimulus from global central banks.
Brent crude rose nearly 2% to above $40 a barrel after the International Energy Agency increased its oil demand forecast for 2020 and as record supply cuts supported the market. O/R
The U.S. Federal Reserve is set to start purchasing corporate bonds on Tuesday as part of an already announced stimulus scheme.
Risk-on sentiment globally also got a boost from a report that the Trump administration was preparing a nearly $1 trillion infrastructure proposal.
June futures on the S&P/TSX index SXFc1 were up 1.43% at 7:00 a.m. ET.
Data for investment in foreign and Canadian securities for April is due for release at 8:30 am ET.
On Monday, the Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX composite index .GSPTSE ended 0.68% higher at 15,359.66.
Dow Jones Industrial Average e-mini futures 1YMc1 were up 1.8% at 7:00 a.m. ET, while S&P 500 e-mini futures ESc1 were up 1.3% and Nasdaq 100 e-mini futures NQc1 were up 1.19%. .N
ANALYST RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS RCH/CA
Canwel Building Materials Group CWX.TO: RBC raises rating to outperform from sector perform
Enbridge Inc ENB.TO: Evercore ISI starts with outperform rating; price target C$55
TCP Energy Corp TRP.TO: Evercore ISI starts with outperform rating; price target C$75
COMMODITIES AT 7:00 a.m. ET
Gold futures GCc2: $1,732.7; +0.63% GOL/
US crude CLc1: $37.72; +1.62% O/R
Brent crude LCOc1: $40.41; +1.74% O/R
U.S. ECONOMIC DATA DUE ON TUESDAY
0830 Retail sales ex-autos mm for May: Expected 5.5%; Prior -17.2%
0830 Retail sales mm for May: Expected 8.0%; Prior -16.4%
0830 Retail ex gas/autos for May: Prior -16.2%
0830 Retail control for May: Expected 4.7%; Prior -15.3%
0830 (approx.) Retail sales YoY for May: Prior -21.61%
0915 (approx.) Industrial production mm for May: Expected 2.9%; Prior -11.2%
0915 Capacity utilization SA for May: Expected 66.9%; Prior 64.9%
0915 Manufacturing output mm for May: Expected 4.6%; Prior -13.7%
0915 (approx.) Industrial production YoY for May: Prior -15.04%
1000 Business inventories mm for Apr: Expected -0.8%; Prior -0.2%
1000 Retail inventories ex-auto rev for Apr: Prior -1.1%
1000 NAHB Housing Market Index for Jun: Expected 45; Prior 37
FOR CANADIAN MARKETS NEWS, CLICK ON CODES:
TSX market report .TO
Canadian dollar and bonds report CAD/CA/
Reuters global stocks poll for Canada EQUITYPOLL1, EPOLL/CA
Canadian markets directory CANADA
($1= C$1.36)
(Reporting by Amal S in Bengaluru; Editing by Aditya Soni)
((Amal.S@thomsonreuters.com; within U.S.+1 646 223 8780; outside U.S. +91 80 6749 3677;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Big Dance UK
Big Dance was a dance initiative in the United Kingdom, which happened every three years from 2006 to 2016. It was a nine-day biennial festival of dancing, mostly taking place in non-traditional dance spaces such as museums, shopping centres, parks, bridges, stations, galleries, and libraries, with the aim of inspiring people in different ways through dance. Initiated in 2006 by the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, for the Greater London Authority, the programme was delivered in partnership with Arts Council England and delivered events and inspiration to be physically active through dance.
The second Big Dance festival took place from 5–13 July 2008, following the second mayoral election in May 2008, when Boris Johnson was elected as the next Mayor of London.
In 2009, the programme was selected as London's Legacy Trust UK project, receiving £2.89 million to deliver the festivals in 2010 and 2012 with an ongoing development programme led by the Big Dance Hubs – five leading dance organisations in the capital.
Big Dance 2012 was London's Legacy Trust UK programme, delivered by Greater London Authority in partnership with Arts Council England. The national programme was delivered by the Foundation for Community Dance in partnership with the Big Dance Hubs.
Big Dance 2012 was the largest cultural participation project of the London 2012 Festival, which was the culmination of the Cultural Olympiad for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Big Dance 2014 was the most recent festival which centred on the XX Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
Big Dance 2016 was the final festival, bringing Big Dance to a finale after a decade. The dates were 2–10 July 2016.
About Big Dance
Big Dance is a London-based dance initiative. Initiated by the mayor of London, it displayed a wide variety of dance from breakdancing to ballet
Big Dance 2012 was one of the keynote projects of London 2012 Festival.
Big Dance 2006
The first Big Dance took place over nine days, from 15 to 23 July 2006. Launched by Ken Livingstone, it received support from Tessa Jowell, the then Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport.
Led by the Culture team at the Greater London Authority as part of the Mayor of London's office, the programme was delivered in partnership with Arts Council England and received a commission by BBC One for a 90-minute programme, Dancing in the Street, which was a live broadcast from Trafalgar Square on the evening of 22 July 2006. Dancing in the Street was co-hosted by Bruce Forsyth and Zoë Ball and involved many of the Strictly Come Dancing stars, such as Anton du Beke, Erin Boag and Camilla Dallerup.
There were over 400 dance events in parks, on bandstands, in shop windows, tube stations, schools, museums and even at the top of Nelson's Column.
Big Dance has also developed a reputation for both creating and breaking Guinness World Records. To provide examples, nearly 9,000 people took part in the Big Dance Class world-record attempt in 37 different cities choreographed by Luca Silvestrini, artistic director of Protein Dance in partnership with the BBC radio network. As part of Dancing in the Street, a new world record was created when 752 dancers performed 44 different dance styles, choreographed by Jeanefer Jean-Charles, simultaneously to one music track in the culmination of an evening of dance in Trafalgar Square that was broadcast by BBC One to an audience of almost five million people. This also included the 'Longest Riverdance Line' attempt with 116 dancers, and the 'Most Swing Flips in One Minute' by Russell Sargeant from the Jiving Lindy Hoppers.
Many dance organisations, artists, and teachers arranged open classes and workshops, performances in local public spaces. For example, The Place took over the forecourt of the British Library, Pineapple Dance Studios opened its doors, Siobhan Davies Dance hosted live streaming of dance from Australia accompanied by music from Korea and live performance in the entrance to the building. Dance UK launched its Manifesto at City Hall, and London Youth Dance held its first pan-London youth dance showcase in The Scoop – an outdoor amphitheatre at More London.
The critical success factor of the campaign was the simplicity of the idea and the enthusiasm of the dance community and others to engage new audiences and participants in dance. Transport for London were a key partner in providing promotional opportunities through the tube network. With a high-profile PR campaign, and the production of the Big Dance Time Out Guide, the pan-London campaign was well supported through a wide range of marketing outlets including londondance.com, and crucially the website invited schools, professional and voluntary groups to get involved, upload their information and be part of the first high-profile celebration of the diversity, innovation and enjoyment of dance that Big Dance celebrated.
Big Dance 2008
More than 500,000 people were involved in Big Dance 2008 in London, which was delivered with funding from the Greater London Authority and Arts Council England from 5–13 July 2008. Big Dance is a key element of the Cultural Strategy.
The festival was launched on Millennium Bridge, with the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, Erin Boag and Bruno Tonioli from (Strictly Come Dancing) surrounded by over 50 dancers ranging from jive and Latin enthusiasts, to Flamenco dancers and representatives from the English National Ballet and the Society of London Theatre.
Other events in the festival included performances in shop windows on Oxford Street and Regent Street, alfresco dancing in Regent's Park, and performances on the steps of St Paul's Cathedral by students from London's dance schools, choreographed by Shobhana Jeyasingh.
The Big Chair Dance was a feature of 2008 presented by Capital Age Festival at the Southbank Centre and involved more than 200 older Londoners in seven localities, around the capital, working with choreographers: Maresa von Stockert, Jonzi D and Gauri Sharma Tripathi.
Breaking Records was an event presented by Big Dance and BBC Blast that took place in Trafalgar Square, where five world dance records were attempted in one afternoon. This day was led by Strictly Come Dancing's Erin Boag, and BBC London were the media partners. Presenters Lesley Joseph and Christopher Biggins were also in attendance, and the day culminated with a 'silent rave' to a DJ set by BBC London 94.9's very own Jazzie B. The record attempts were:
* 1) Largest Bollywood Dance by Sapnay School of Dance
* 2) Most Ballet Dancers on Pointe
* 3) Most Kip-Ups in One Minute
The penultimate moment of the festival was marked by a mass choreographed dance event, with 2,008 people dancing a routine choreographed by Aletta Collins in Trafalgar Square London at 5 pm on 12 July 2008. This was a Guinness World Record attempt – the Largest Dance Class in the World Learnt Remotely - supported by a viral web campaign of 'Sign up, Warm Up, Turn Up... and Dance!’ People of all ages were encouraged to watch and learn an online video of the dance in preparation for the event, so that they could turn up on the day and perform it as a mass performance.
In 2008, Big Dance was proposed by the London Cultural Strategy Group as the regional programme that best met the aims of Legacy Trust UK, as the programme that offers significant potential to reach new participants and unite communities through dance activities. The programme offered a natural link between the arts and sport as part of the cultural programme in the lead up to the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012. Legacy Trust UK is a charitable trust in the United Kingdom, established in 2007 to support a range of cultural and sporting activities in connection with 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games to be held in London. The aim of this trust is to provide a lasting cultural and sporting legacy from the Games across the UK. There are 12 regional programmes across the UK.
Legacy Trust UK provided funding of £2.89million, which was agreed in June 2008 to deliver the festivals in 2010 and 2012, as well as an ongoing programme of development.
Big Dance 2010
Big Dance 2010 took place between 3–11 July 2010.
The programme was launched on 20 January 2010 at Spitalfields Market with The Big Dance Trailer, a piece of choreography by Jeanefer Jean-Charles with sound compilation by Mikey J of Boy Blue, that involved the five London Hubs and other community dance groups. The artists featured were: Avant Garde Dance, soloists from the English National Ballet, London Swing Dance Society, Jasmin Vardimon and Siobhan Davies Dance.
The third Big Dance festival was officially launched at the London Palladium by the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson on 1 July 2010 to 2,000 people with Jerry Mitchell, Sheridan Smith and Camilla Dallerup. This exclusive performance was choreographed by Jerry Mitchell, whose work includes Love Never Dies and Legally Blonde the Musical. He created a choreographed version of You Can't Stop The Beat from Hairspray for a cast that included the Dance Captains of the West End musicals and students from all the dance schools part of the Council for Dance Education and Training network.
The 2010 programme also featured 850 events such as workshops, photography exhibitions and various performances around London in heritage sites such as Kensington Palace, an underground bunker in Dalston, many shopping centres and included projects such as the Big Dance Schools Pledge, an international partnership project with the British Council which aims to: encourage schools in the UK and across the world to do an extra 20 minutes of dance a day during Big Dance Week and join in a world-record attempt. In 2010, over 650 schools took the pledge to offer 100 minutes of dance during Big Dance week, and to take part in an attempt to break the world record for the Largest Multi-venue Dance Class. The choreography was created by Hakeem Onibudo, artistic director of Impact Dance and the music was composed by Mikey J, Boy Blue Entertainment.
The Big Dance Bus, an adapted Routemaster bus, made its debut with a tour of 19 stops in 16 London boroughs reaching an estimated 98,960 members of the public and delivered 74 workshops. In addition, the Bus made an appearance on the beachside in Hove, Brighton to launch Big Dance South-East.
The Big Dance Bubble was a fully portable special event space known as ROSY. Designed by raumlaborberlin and produced by Up Projects, this Portavilion Bubble made five stops in London parks each one commissioned by the Big Dance Hubs.
In addition, 50 x £1,000 Micro-Grants were awarded for inspiring projects across the capital.
The Big Dance Older People's programme, Dancing stAGE saw 150 older people perform choreography by Natasha Gilmore on the Clore Ballroom at the Royal Festival Hall, as the focus of Capital Age Festival and was produced by East London Dance.
The Big Dance Pop-Up Cinema also made its debut with its inflatable screen which displayed Billy Elliot in Walpole Park, Ealing, Strictly Ballroom in Potter's Field by the Tower of London with a workshop by Strictly Dancing star, Karen Hardy and Hairspray in Hornchurch, Havering.
The Largest Tea Dance world-record attempt by the Royal Opera House was successful with 254 couples, although this record has now been overtaken.
The finale of Big Dance 2010 was marked by a massive dance performance called the Big World Dance directed by Luca Silvestrini of Protein Dance and choreographed using inspiration from the Southbank Centre's Dance Atlas, an interactive online map where people posted their own signature moves. Thousands of people were invited to transform central London into a giant open-air stage for a show stopping dance on a gigantic scale, with the start line at Southbank Centre and the finishing line at Trafalgar Square.
Big Dance received sponsorship from T-Mobile for the 2010 programme which included a weekend of dance events at Westfield London Shopping Centre, a pan-London tour by the Big Dance Bus, a competition by Louie Spence and an outdoor screening and workshop of Dirty Dancing in Trafalgar Square.
Big Dance 2012
The Big Dance 2012 festival took place on 7–15 July 2012. It was the Olympic Edition of Big Dance. The 2012 plans were announced to the press on 4 May 2011 at the Royal Opera House and included an interview of Wayne McGregor, artistic director of Wayne McGregor / Random Dance and also Resident Choreographer at the Royal Ballet, by Jacqueline Rose, Director of Big Dance.
The programme aims are to be fully accessible and open to all age ranges and communities i.e. under 5's, schools, students, young and older people.
The strands of the programme include:
* Performances – small and massive in usual and unusual spaces and locations
* Photography – dance is the inspiration for exhibitions in all spaces
* Film competitions/screenings – dance-led content in all genres
* Fashion – designs inspired by/and for dance
* Libraries engagement programme – reading about dance
* Archives programme – revealing the history of dance and dance companies
* Debates – choreographers/critics
* Big Dance Bus Tour
* International Schools Pledge with the British Council
* World Record attempts – in dance
The key dates for the campaign, which included a 7-week countdown period to the 9-day festival, were:
* Big Dance Trail – 18 May 2012
* Big Dance Week – 7–15 July 2012
Leading up to 2012
A number of Big Dance projects took place in the year leading up to 2012.
Most recently, dance students from the University of East London performed the Big Dance Royal Flash Mob outside Buckingham Palace. What appeared to be a spontaneous dance performance (flash mob) had been a few months in the planning and had formal permission from the palace to stage the event to celebrate The Queen's and The Duke of Edinburgh's patronage of the Performing Arts for young people in the United Kingdom.
The students performed Anna Buonomo's choreography to a mix by Michael Floyd of M.O Creatives Ltd. Additional dancers were brought in from Creative Academy, Middlesex University, London Contemporary Dance School, Havering Schools, The Turbelles and Ultimate Dance NRG making a total of 130 dancers. They danced to Queen's We Will Rock You blasting on the steps of the Queen Victoria Memorial.
Dance to Work was a programme led by the London Big Dance Hubs that took place with 10 employers across the commercial, local authorities, charity and health sectors across London in 2011. The aim of this programme was to explore the benefit of creative dance projects taking place in or through the workplace which improves the physical, mental and emotional health of employees. The projects involved up to 10 hours of dance activity, with an experienced dance artist, to create a dance work for live performance and/or film. Groups also had opportunities to attend performances and take part in other activities. A celebratory event at the Lilian Baylis Studios, Sadler's Wells, brought participants together from across the projects to perform their dance works, watch the films and socialise.
Big Dance Trail
The Big Dance Trail started on Friday 18, May 2012, with a world record attempt with schools across the world for the : Largest Simultaneous Dance Routine – Multi Venue). 1,500 locations and 265,000 people is the target. The choreography was devised by Wayne McGregor and launched in January 2012. This event was followed by a weekend of 'Warm Up events for the Nation'. The Big Dance Bus, with its pop-up dance floor, set off on its tour of London.
The Big Dance Schools Pledge is an international partnership project with the British Council. It was an 'Inspire' project and part of the Get Set + programme. The project had two aims:
* 1) Encourage schools in the UK and across the world to do an extra 20 minutes of dance a day during Big Dance Week (7–15 July 2012)
* 2) Encourage schools in the UK and across the world to take part in a world-record attempt for the 'Largest Simultaneous Dance Routine – Multi Venue)' on 18 May 2012.
The aim of the programme was to encourage schools to use dance as a fun and creative way to increase physical activity in the run-up to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The British Council's Schools Online programme promoted the Big Dance Schools Pledge to schools around the world. This project forms part of its work to support lasting partnerships between schools in the UK and other countries. with the aim of increasing young people's capacity in the skills, understanding and outlook required to live and work in a global society.
The choreography was available for download from the Big Dance website in January 2012. Participants were invited to learn the choreography in their schools and take part in a World Record attempt on their school sites at 1 pm on 18 May 2012. Schools were encouraged to undertake to provide an extra 100 minutes of dance during Big Dance Week: 7–15 July 2012. A total of 121,000 young people took part in this world record attempt across 25 nations.
The Big Dance Bus is an adapted double-decker Routemaster London bus, touring to locations to host a day of dance with its own special bus stop and pop-up dance floor. The aim of this programme is to take dance to areas that do not have any other cultural infrastructure or to areas where people do not traditionally engage with the arts.
Each individual bus stop is programmed to include a mixture of any or all of the following:
* Workshops that cover a range of dance styles
* Local performance showcases
* Dance competitions
* Flash Mob events
* Provide an open stage for freestyling
* Tea Dances
The Big Dance Bus has toured in 2010, 2012 and 2014.
The Big Dance Pop-Up Cinema, with the giant inflatable screen, screened a range of films in outdoor locations. The events took place in the evening at sundown following a day of activity in the space in front of the Pop-Up Cinema.
Big Dance Library Events, took place in local libraries to promote the wealth of resources on offer to encourage interest in dance and people involved in dance. This involved readings of a selection of titles, and having dance performances in or around the library buildings.
Big Dance Week
In Big Dance Week, 7–15 July 2012, there were many events and performances taking place across the UK coordinated by the Big Dance Hubs and many other individuals and organisations.
The Big Street Dance Day, took place on Saturday 14 July 2012, was the UK moment for the celebration of dance in public squares across the country. The aim was to encourage as many organisations as possible to take over a public space whether it be a street, square, park or sports stadium and provide as many opportunities as possible for people to dance together against the backdrop of the Olympic & Paralympic Games. International partners were also encouraged to organise events locally.
Big Dance Trafalgar Square 2012 took place in London. Wayne McGregor as the Creative Director for Trafalgar Square created a large-scale dance piece for 1000 participants from across London who performed alongside professional dancers from Wayne McGregor | Random Dance, English National Ballet, community groups and vocational schools across the capital. Channel 4 commissioned Leopard Films to make a film 'Big Dance 2012' which was broadcast on Sunday 15 July.
Big Dance 2014 Big Dance 2014 was the Commonwealth Edition with the backdrop of the XX Commonwealth Games which was held in Glasgow.
The Big Dance Festival Week took place from 7–13 July 2014.
The Big Dance Pledge took place on 16 May 2014. The choreography was produced by Scottish Ballet. Nearly 70,000 people performed this dance across 24 nations.
The Big Dance Bus toured for its third time making 17 stops which included:
Function
The function of the Big Dance programme is to use the 'power of dance to mobilise communities' and generate a legacy of change.
Structure
Big Dance became London's Legacy Trust UK programme led by the Mayor of London in partnership with Arts Council England in 2009.
The fourth Big Dance took place from 7–15 July 2012, as part of London Festival 2012 – the finale of the Cultural Olympiad with a national programme that 'wrapped around' Big Dance in London.
Big Dance 2012 became a national programme led by Foundation for Community Dance in collaboration with the Greater London Authority, the Council for Dance Education and Training, the Dance Champions Group, Sport and Recreation Alliance, and Youth Dance England on behalf of the consortium Dance Takes the Lead – a UK-wide alliance of dance organisations brought together to maximise the opportunities of London 2012 for community and participatory dance. The members of Dance Takes the Lead were: The London programme received support from a range of other organisations including:
Sport England, NHS London – Change4Life, London Councils, Museums, Libraries and Archives, Interactive and Shape.
Big Dance is highlighted within London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Health Legacy Compendium reported by NHS London.
Partners
Greater London Authority (GLA) is a unique form of strategic citywide government for London. It is made up of a directly elected mayor and a separately elected assembly. The mayor is London's spokesman who leads the preparation of statutory strategies on transport, spatial development, economic development, culture and the environment. The mayor also controls the budgets for the GLA, Transport for London (TFL), the London Development Agency (LDA), the Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) and London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. The Big Dance programme is led by the Greater London Authority, who provide access to networks, media, marketing and funding opportunities and support many areas of the programme.
Arts Council England works to get great art to everyone by championing, developing and investing in artistic experiences that enrich people's lives. They support a range of artistic activities from theatre to music, literature to dance, photography to digital art, and carnival to crafts. Arts Council England's 'Achieving Great Art For Everyone', a 10-year strategic framework for the arts, shares many of the key strategic aims with Big Dance. It also has the independence, legal, financial and administrative structures needed to support the programme, to ensure it operates with transparency and fairness, and that it complies with the responsibilities of public funding. Arts Council England was a key partner in initiating the pilot Big Dance celebrations across England, with the London office having funding and development involvement in major events in London. Legacy Trust UK had programmes in each English region and in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales as well as four national programmes. It is registered as a charity in England and Wales, and its aim is "to make awards of money to individuals or organisations for charitable purposes including, without limitation, cultural, educational, healthy sporting and other charitable activities for the benefit of the community in any approved territory."
As the major funder of the Big Dance programme, Legacy Trust UK offered the opportunity to help create lasting and life-changing benefits from London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic Games. Big Dance London was one of the 12 regional programmes supported by the LTUK. The Trust's funding will act as a catalyst to link grassroots activities into the lead up to the Games on the basis on the three fundamental objectives:
* To unite culture, sport and education, in line with the values and vision of the Olympics
* To make a difference to all those involved
* To support grassroots projects, often small in scale, and uniting communities of interest at local and regional level
Big Dance Hubs
The Big Dance Hubs have been crucial to the delivery of the programme across the nation and will continue provide a network and legacy for the programme.
The Big Dance Hubs are leading dance development organisations with an appropriate level of stability, expertise, and have the aspiration to facilitate the uniting of cultural and physical activity across the range of partners through dance.
All organisations, whilst different have experience in working with local authorities and other partners, and expertise in learning and participation, possibly providing pathways for progression from initial encounter to high-level performance, participatory programmes for particular groups, or host youth dance companies and outreach activities.
The Big Dance Hubs plans for Big Dance build on existing expertise and experience, and together the organisations provide a network of diverse strengths and specialisms in a range of dance genres.
In London, there are five Big Dance Hubs, and they are as follows:
Each of the five hubs are responsible for coordinating the activity of a number of local authorities in the area that they are based in. There are a total of 33 local authorities (the London boroughs and the City of London) which make up the Greater London area. These local authorities are coordinated by London Councils.
Allowing for participation between the major events in the Big Dance celebratory weeks and some repeat involvement, it is estimated that between 1.2 and 1.8 million people were involved over the four years as part of the ongoing programmes in London. This would represent around one quarter of the population of London. Across the UK, 3.2 million people were involved in Big Dance 2012.
The success of the London Big Dance Hub network has provided a suitable structure to build upon for a national programme. The national programme is coordinated through eight Big Dance Hubs across the English region, and they are:
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WIKI
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Polaner
Polaner is an American brand of fruit preserves and condiments that was founded by Max and Lena Polaner as M. Polaner Inc. in the late 19th century in Newark, New Jersey. It was renamed M. Polaner and Son, Inc. when their son Sidney Polaner joined the company.
About
Its largest brand is Polaner All Fruit topping. It was acquired by Artal Group in 1986 but sold to American Home Products in 1993, later International Home Foods. B&G Foods acquired the brand in 1999 from International Home Foods.
Advertising
Polaner All Fruit is best known for the "Don't DARE call it jelly" campaign in the 80s and 90s, in which a succession of well-to-do users of the product ask to "pass the Polaner All Fruit" before a decidedly more uncouth fellow asks to "please pass the jelly," leaving everyone shocked and appalled.
In Season 16, Episode 7 of Family Guy, there is a cutaway gag that lampoons the aforementioned advertisement with live commentary from the character Peter Griffin, lampooning the scenario in question.
History
Max Polaner and his wife Lena started preserving fresh fruits and picking fresh vegetables before 1900. Together the two had a fruit and vegetable store located in Newark, New Jersey. As a side business they also sold jellies, preserves, sauerkraut, pickles and many other goods. Eventually Max and Lena extended their business outside of just their neighborhood of Newark and into grocery stores throughout New York and New Jersey metropolitan areas.
In 1910, their business needed to expand due to high demand. They ended up moving their business to larger quarters where their ten employees were still very busy. The business grew to sending goods up to 100 miles away, thus causing another need for an even larger facility and workforce.
A new facility was built in 1928 where 30 employees were welcomed into the Polaner family business. Consumers continued to buy Polaner goods for the next forty years. Once again the Polaner business decided to move to an even larger location. To keep up with other preserving plants, Polaner decided to modernize its capabilities.
In 1968, the business decided to construct its facility on eight acres of land in Roseland, New Jersey. This facility took on two expansions, one in 1972 and the other in 1978 resulting in an 80000 sqft facility which is still being used today.
Max's grandson, Leonard Polaner decided to introduce the newest innovation in the preserve category, Polaner All Fruit. This new preserve is sweetened only with fruit and fruit juice.
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WIKI
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Enhancing Durability and Aesthetics with Chrome Stripping in CNC Machining Process(3d printing tips Eli)
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Introduction:
CNC machining, an acronym for Computer Numerical Control, refers to the process of using computer software to control machine tools that precisely transform raw materials into finished products. In this article, we will explore how chrome stripping plays a vital role in enhancing durability and aesthetics in CNC machined components.
Understanding Chrome Stripping:
Chrome stripping is a technique employed to remove existing chromium plating or corrosion from metal surfaces. Depending on the specific requirements, different methods such as mechanical abrasion, chemical etching, or electrochemical processes may be used for stripping chrome layers effectively. By removing old or damaged chrome coatings, manufacturers can prepare surfaces for further treatments like re-plating or heat treatment.
Applications of Chrome Stripping in CNC Machining:
1. Surface Preparation for Enhanced Plating:
In various industries, CNC machining requires precise chromed surfaces to offer superior protection against wear, rust, and damage. However, prior to applying fresh chrome coatings onto metallic components, it becomes necessary to strip away any previous layers, ensuring a clean base for optimal adhesion and longevity. This surface preparation method guarantees consistent bonding between the substrate and chrome, resulting in durable and aesthetically pleasing end-products.
2. Component Restoration:
Over time, certain CNC machined components may experience degradation or undergo physical damage due to continuous usage. Chrome stripping facilitates the restoration process by eliminating tarnished or scratched surfaces. Whether it’s a hydraulic piston rod, automotive part, or industrial tool, removing worn-out chrome allows for accurate measurement assessment and effective refurbishment. Furthermore, this technique helps maintain tight tolerances, improve component performance, and extend overall product lifespan.
3. Customization and Alteration:
Chrome stripping not only serves as a preparatory step but also facilitates the alteration or customization of existing components. The removal of chrome plating grants opportunities for modifications, such as adjustments in dimensions, designs, or surface finishes. Whether it's for automotive customization or aerospace parts, CNC machining companies utilize chrome stripping to adapt and transform components according to specific customer requirements.
Benefits of Chrome Stripping:
1. Enhanced Durability:
By removing old or damaged chromium layers, manufacturers eliminate potential weak spots that may compromise the integrity of CNC machined products. Chrome stripping ensures a strong foundation for subsequent processes like re-plating or heat treatment, resulting in increased resistance to corrosion, abrasion, and harsh environmental conditions.
2. Improved Aesthetics:
Chrome stripping plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall appearance of CNC machined components. Through meticulous preparation and refinishing techniques, manufacturers can achieve a clean, polished, and visually appealing final product. Whether used in luxury fittings, architectural hardware, or consumer electronics, the removal of worn-out chrome layers enables a fresh and flawless finish.
3. Efficient Quality Control:
Stripping chrome coatings from machined components allows thorough inspection and quality control during the restoration process. Manufacturers can evaluate the substrate base material for any defects, Measure critical dimensions accurately, identify structural weaknesses, and rectify them accordingly. This level of scrutiny guarantees that the finished product meets or exceeds industry standards, ensuring customer satisfaction.
Conclusion:
In the realm of CNC machining, utilizing chrome stripping techniques is crucial for improving durability, optimizing aesthetics, and facilitating tailored modifications. By eliminating prior chrome platings and refining component surfaces, manufacturers can ensure superior adhesion, prolong product lifespan, and produce high-quality end-products. With the ever-increasing demands for excellence in various industries, chrome stripping remains an essential step in achieving precision, functionality, and aesthetic appeal in CNC machined components. CNC Milling CNC Machining
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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News
Different Access Specifiers or Access Modifiers in Java
code for access_specifier in java
The access to classes, constructors, methods and fields are regulated using access modifiers i.e. a class can control what information or data can be accessible by other classes. To take advantage of encapsulation, you should minimize access whenever possible.
Java provides a number of access modifiers to help you set the level of access you want for classes as well as the fields, methods and constructors in your classes. A member has package or default accessibility when no accessibility modifier is specified.
Java Access Modifiers/Specifiers
1. Public
2. Default
3. Protected
4. Private
Public Access Specifiers
Fields, methods and constructors declared public (least restrictive) within a public class are visible to any class in the Java program, whether these classes are in the same package (collection of classes, similar to header files will see later) or in another package.
Default Access Specifiers
Java provides a default specifier which is used when no access modifier is present. Any class, field, method or constructor that has no declared access modifier is accessible only by classes in the same package. The default modifier is not used for fields and methods within an interface.
Protected Access Specifiers
The protected fields or methods cannot be used for classes and Interfaces. It also cannot be used for fields and methods within an interface. Fields, methods and constructors declared protected in a superclass can be accessed only by subclasses in other packages. Classes in the same package can also access protected fields, methods and constructors as well, even if they are not a subclass of the protected member’s class.
Private Access Specifiers
The private (most restrictive) fields or methods cannot be used for classes and Interfaces. It also cannot be used for fields and methods within an interface. Fields, methods or constructors declared private are strictly controlled, which means they cannot be accesses by anywhere outside the enclosing class. A standard design strategy is to make all fields private and provide public getter methods for them.
Below are the programs to demonstrate the use of public, private, protected and default access modifiers while accessing fields and methods. The outputs of each of these java files depict the Java access specifiers.
Program 1
class Employee{
public String employeeName;
String address;
protected int age;
private double salary;
void setSalary(double sal){
salary = sal;
}
private double getSalary(){
return salary;
}
void showDetails(){
System.out.println("Employee's Name: "+employeeName);
System.out.println("Employee's Address: "+address);
System.out.println("Employee's Age: "+age);
}
}
class AccessSpecifierDemo{
public static void main(String args[]){
Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.employeeName = "Ronaldo";
employee.address = "Portugal";
employee.age = 29;
employee.salary = 65034.00;
}
}
Program 2
class Employee{
public String employeeName;
String address;
protected int age;
private double salary;
void setSalary(double sal){
salary = sal;
}
private double getSalary(){
return salary;
}
void showDetails(){
System.out.println("Employee's Name: "+employeeName);
System.out.println("Employee's Address: "+address);
System.out.println("Employee's Age: "+age);
}
}
class AccessSpecifierDemo1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.employeeName = "Ronaldo";
employee.address = "Portugal";
employee.age = 29;
//employee.salary = 65034.00;
employee.setSalary(65304.00);
System.out.println("Employee's salary: "+employee.getSalary());
}
}
Program 3
class Employee{
public String employeeName;
String address;
protected int age;
private double salary;
void setSalary(double sal){
salary = sal;
}
private double getSalary(){
return salary;
}
void showDetails(){
System.out.println("Employee's Name: "+employeeName);
System.out.println("Employee's Address: "+address);
System.out.println("Employee's Age: "+age);
System.out.println("Employee's Salary: "+salary); //1
System.out.println("Employee's salary: "+getSalary()); //2
}
}
class AccessSpecifierDemo2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Employee employee = new Employee();
employee.employeeName = "Ronaldo";
employee.address = "Portugal";
employee.age = 29;
//employee.salary = 65034.00;
employee.setSalary(65304.00);
//System.out.println("Employee's salary: "+employee.getSalary());
employee.showDetails();
}
}
Output
code for access_specifier in java
Explanation of the Java Code & Output
Please carefully observe the code carefully and the corresponding output of the same program. Now we will explain the program and their output. In all the programs we have declared one instance variable of each of the access specifier type.
Now if you see the first program, we have tried to initialize the private member salary of the employee class, it throws a compilation error saying salary has private access in Employee. That does mean private fields/variables cannot be accessed from outside of the class in which it is declared.
Now if you see the second program, we have defined a public method setSalary() to initialize private member variable salary. Here we will come across one more concept that private members can be accessed only in the class where it exists. But here we have defined a private method getSalary () to get the value of the salary. But also private methods of a class cannot be accessed from the outside of the class where it is defined. And we get the same compilation error getSalary() has private access in Employee. Hence, We are unable to get the value of salary printed outside of that class even though set by setSalary() method.
At last if you see the third program, we get the value of salary and all the values of other instance variables printed in the default method showDetails() which is defined in the Employee class.
We will see one more example on access specifier after completing discussion on inheritance and package.
2 Comments
2 Comments
1. Viruu Krish
April 25, 2012 at 12:06 PM
Too Good
2. Mirzan Miftha
January 20, 2012 at 3:38 PM
Thanks A Lot for the post !
info depicts a clear idea regarding access level
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kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:web images videos games
Ballade (musical form)
This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century. For the medieval French ballade see Ballade.
The first composer who used the title “ballade” for his piano pieces was Frédéric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.
Later on other composers also wrote ballades: César Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.
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Buy NIO Stock Dips as New Market Openings Should Give Shares a Boost
InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips
Chinese electric vehicle-maker NIO (NYSE:NIO) has grown significantly within the three years of its initial public offering. Meanwhile, NIO stock has gone from $21 in October 2020 to $62 in February 2021 before slipping to $50 in July 2021. It is currently trading close to $35.
NIO) ES8 vehicle." width="300" height="169">
Source: xiaorui / Shutterstock.com
The company has consistently reported strong revenue numbers and continues to grow sales. The monthly delivery numbers are impressive despite the chip shortage.
I have always been bullish on NIO and strongly believe that every dip is a chance to buy. The shares will rebound very soon and investors should not delay.
Let’s take a closer look at the catalysts working for NIO stock.
Strong Delivery Numbers
Nio has always impressed investors with its strong delivery numbers. It delivered 10,628 vehicles globally in September. It is an all-time high monthly record and shows 125% year-over-year growth. Despite facing a chip shortage, the company managed to report stellar numbers. It delivered 24,439 vehicles in the third quarter showing a 100% rise year over year and exceeding the quarterly guidance by the company.
7 Best Dividend Stocks to Buy for October
After cutting guidance for the quarter, the company aimed to deliver 22,500-23,500 EVs, but it certainly crushed the target in style and has delivered more than the number expected. It will have a strong impact on the bottom line.
The strong delivery numbers are proof that the company will report impressive revenue for this quarter as well. The cumulative deliveries of the company stood at 142,036 vehicles. Q3 results could take NIO stock higher.
Smashing International Market Entry
Nio recently commenced deliveries of its flagship SUV, ES8 in Norway. The ET7 luxury sedan will also begin production early next year and will be available in Norway and Germany.
Additionally, it announced that it will open an NIO House in Oslo, its first showroom to open outside China. Nio will also build 20 power swap stations by the end of next year and will offer battery-as-a-service. The Norwegian capital will also see the opening of a service and delivery center this month.
Nio already has a strong presence in China and the global expansion is a smart move. By entering Norway, Nio will be able to expand across different European countries with time as the growth potential is massive.
Rival XPeng (NYSE:XPEV) already has a strong presence in Norway. Interestingly, that country leads the world in EV ownership. In fact, the 1994 Lillehammer Winter Olympics deployed a dozen EVs as part of its transportation fleet. EV makers are entering the country with high hopes of generating strong sales and revenue. Nio is ready to take on the international market with this move.
New Battery Pack
Investors are happy about the announcement of the new EV battery. The company is working to develop a power source which has the right cost and range. This new battery was rolled out last week, it uses lithium-iron-phosphate, and ternary lithium in place of nickel and cobalt. While less expensive than the traditional type, a trade-off is less range per charge.
This move will allow NIO to push its vehicles across all market segments. With a lower price, the battery will help NIO attract more consumers.
Bottom Line on NIO Stock
In just three years, Nio has reported impressive year-on-year growth in delivery numbers and managed to narrow the losses. With a massive domestic market and an entry into the International market, the EV maker is well-placed in the industry.
The new battery will help Nio achieve higher sales by pushing down the prices. As the EV industry continues to expand, Nio is strengthening its hold on the market. How the company performs in Norway will speak a lot about its ability to establish itself as a global brand.
The dip is the perfect chance to add NIO stock to your portfolio.
I believe anything below $40 is a good bargain.
On the date of publication, Vandita Jadeja did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.
Vandita Jadeja is a CPA and a freelance financial copywriter who loves to read and write about stocks. She believes in buying and holding for long-term gains. Her knowledge of words and numbers helps her write clear stock analysis.
The post Buy NIO Stock Dips as New Market Openings Should Give Shares a Boost appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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In Manipulate function, can the second argument be written as a Table?
Posted 9 years ago
Hi, good morning everybody. The number of variables to manipulate is a variable itself, I need to generate the second argument of Manipulate with a Table. How can it be done? Something like:
Manipulate[X,Table[{X[[i]],Xmin[[i]],Xmax[[i]]},{i,1,n}]]
where X is a vector with n variables and Xmin and Xmax are vectors with minimum and maximum ranges.
POSTED BY: Fabio S.
3 Replies
Sequence very often has to be used with Apply. Both of these functions are pretty strange and probably best avoided.
If you program the Wolfram Language like it's a functional programming language, you will never use these two functions and your code becomes much easier to read and test.
POSTED BY: Sean Clarke
Posted 9 years ago
Thank you Sean, it is exactly the answer I was looking for. Actually I didn't know about the apply '@@' function, I was unsuccessful because I used Sequence followed by [ ]. Where the apply function is coming to be helpful, beside this case? The power of this language is really impressive.
POSTED BY: Fabio S.
A variable number of manipulates... I guess the answer depends on how you have structured your code. Do you want the number of manipulates to depends dynamically on some kind of value?
n = 6
Manipulate[Evaluate@Table[u[i], {i, 1, n}],
Evaluate[Sequence @@ Table[{u[i], 0, 1}, {i, 1, n}]]]
Evaluate is needed to ensure that the arguments will evaluate. Manipulate holds its arguments. Sequence is needed to turn the list from Table into a sequence of statements.
POSTED BY: Sean Clarke
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Menispermaceae Juss., nom. cons.
pronounced: men-ee-sper-MAY-see-eye
the moonseed family
Jateorhiza palmataMenispermum is derived from Greek μηνη (méné), the moon, and σπερμα (sperma), a seed, with reference to the shape of the seed. This is a temperate to tropical family of flowering vines with twining stems, and a few herbs, shrubs and trees. The leaves are alternate and simple, may be palmately veined, and are sometimes lobed. The flowers are unisexual, the plants being dioecious, and their floral parts are in whorls of 3. The flowers tend to be inconspicuous, and clustered in panicles or cymes. The fruit is a cluster of drupes.
Most species contain alkaloids with similar effects to the arrow poison curare, and some are used medically in small doses, despite their toxicity.
Pachygone ovata - Fish Berry
Stephania japonica var. timorensis - Tape Vine
Tinospora smilacina - Tinospora Vine
Illustration by Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, via Wikimedia Commons
Page last updated 25th March 2018
Website by Abraham Multimedia
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Sleep Science Webinar
Thank you for the interest in learning about the science of sleep. We all can improve our sleep quality and duration. But sleep is especially important for public safety personnel whose occupation requires them to make quick and accurate assessments and take action.
Below is the video of the webinar. Thank you for the questions that stimulated discussion. We weren't able to address every question but do hope that this webinar has started you on the path to improved sleep and better overall health.
Some of the topics covered include:
• Naps: good or bad, how long and when?
• Melatonin and CBD
• Snoring
• How to improve sleep when flipping between night and day shifts
• Food (which food to eat while on night shift?) and fasting (how does it impact sleep?)
Dr. Glenn Landry, PhD
“Thanks so much for taking the time to watch our Sleep Science Webinar. Sleep quality impacts every aspect of human health and performance. If you want to be elite at anything, you must first become an Elite Sleeper! Yet, in today’s 24/7 society, sleep is the first thing we sacrifice to meet the growing demands of work, family, and friends.
We aim to create a society of Elite Sleepers by: (1) changing the way we prioritize sleep; (2) delivering evidence based sleep science in a language everyone can understand and apply; and (3) providing the training and tools necessary to improve sleep health –without drugs.
Dr. Glenn Landry, PhD
The 3 key learning objectives from Dr. Landry's 15 minute presentation (slides available here):
1) Sleep can help combat COVID-19
• healthy sleep improves immune response to the virus, decreasing risk of infection
• healthy sleep improves immune response if you get infected, increasing recovery rate
• healthy sleep in advance of vaccination improves its efficacy
2) Sleep builds resilience to stressors and trauma
• healthy sleep promotes mental health and well-being
• healthy sleep decreases emotional reactivity
• healthy sleep improves decision making
3) How do I get better sleep?
• strong circadian regulation promotes better sleep health
• timing is everything
• take the “circadian shift” out of shift work!
More information on Glenn's online training program and his coaching services can be found at Elite Sleep or by contacting him via email.
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Dr. Maia Love, MD
"I sincerely hope that you enjoyed the webinar on sleep. I like the quote: "A ruffled mind makes a ruffled pillow" from Charlotte Bronte, and hope this might inspire you to take care of your mind, and your sleep, for greater well being. Below are some key tips from my contribution to this webinar. Please note that the information below is for your wellness only, is provided from my capacity as a wellness consultant, and is not for treatment, and does not replace advice from a medical professional."
Wishing you the best, always - Dr. Maia Love
The 3 key learning objectives from Dr. Love's 15 minute presentation (slide available here):
1) The science of how deep sleep supports your brain to be healthier.
• When you have a deeper sleep in the first third of the night, you allow time and space for little brain cells called astrocytes to clean the brain. This process has been linked scientifically to prevention of dementia.
• In the early part of the evening when sleeping, blood flow to the brain decreases substantially, and this allows for the beautiful clear cerebrospinal fluid to pool in two little "lakes" in the centre of the brain. These little "lakes" are called the third and fourth ventricles, and scientific researchers believe that this process may allow for a further cleaning of the brain.
• We now know that deep sleep also supports your learning and memory consolidation in the evening. You can improve deep sleep through several techniques - one of these is by heating the body through a reasonably hot shower or bath, or a sauna, in the early evening.
• To expand your understanding of sleep, sign up for one of our wellness workshops on sleep, entitled Sleep for Success, or or take the online self directed mini-course Sleep for Success Mini-Course
2) Learn how the scientific benefits of specific mindfulness practices can increase sleep.
• Mindfulness done in a specific and structured way can help to activate your relaxing part of your system. One way to "turn on" this relaxation system is by doing diaphragmatic breathing, which causes your vagus nerve to relax your nervous system.
• Mindfulness has been shown to help reduce something called "cognitive arousal dysregulation". By settling the mind through the use of mindfulness, you can ease into a more restful sleep and have less thoughts running through your head as you try to fall asleep.
• Mindfulness using a technique called yoga Nidra is being shown to improve sleep, even in people suffering with a disorder like Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. You might try yoga Nidra from a variety of resources, including the resources available at irest.org.
• To develop a practice of mindfulness and relaxation techniques that you enjoy, sign up for one of our wellness workshops for mindfulness, entitled Master Stress
3) Review how changing sleep habits can improve your memory, mood, and concentration and reduce anxiety.
• The brain likes consistency and regularity. By choosing to have a specific set of things that you do, in a specific order before you go to sleep, you can teach the brain to fall asleep with more ease when you are in bed, and in this way improve sleep for better concentration the next day.
• Following a circadian rhythm causes pacing of neurochemicals and neurohormones in the body, which leads to a more stable mood. By keeping a specific circadian rhythm, ideally by falling asleep before 11 pm at night, you can be more resilient to stress, and this may help to reduce anxiety.
• Alcohol significantly disrupts deep sleep. By avoiding alcohol, you can support a deeper sleep and thus better mood and less anxiety the next day.
Sleep Resources
Yoga Nidra
Feedback
We are always keen for feedback on your experience and to hear suggestions for future webinar topics, especially for public safety personnel. Thank you in advance for participating in our survey.
To all of you whose occupation is keeping us safe and healthy, thank you for the dedication and service.
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Supreme Court, 9-0, Rebuffs a Gun-Seeking Felon
Supreme Court, 9-0, overturns lower court rulings and bars federal judges from restoring gun ownership rights to convicted felons; felons have been unable to seek relief from Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms since 1992, when Congress began barring bureau from spending any money on relief program; case has attracted attention because it is as close as court is likely to come to issue of right to bear arms in near future; court hears case about whether Clean Water Act requires farmers to get Army Corps of Engineers or Environmental Protection Agency permit to use 'deep ripping' plowing method to prepare wetlands for growing deep-rooted crops; method can have effect of draining wetlands (M)
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Zubair Khan (Pakistani politician)
Prince Zubair Khan Swati is a Pakistani politician who is a member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the second time. He is grandson of Nawab Ayub Khan Swati, the last Nawab of Allai tribal territory and four times elected member of National Assembly of Pakistan. His father Fateh Muhammad Khan Swati had been member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the 5 consecutive terms. His uncle Prince Nawaz Khan Swati is also the current MNA of NA-13 Battagram.
Political career
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf from Constituency PK-28 (Battagram-I) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
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-- Ghanaians to Stage a Protest Asking Lawmakers to Raise Petroleum Royalties
Ghanaians will today stage a peaceful
demonstration asking lawmakers to increase oil-industry
royalties by almost double the maximum level.
The protestors want Ghana to increase royalties to 20
percent from between 4 percent and 12.5 percent now, George
Kotey, who is leading the demonstration in the capital, Accra,
said by phone today.
Ghana’s agreements with oil companies allow them to own as
much as 90 percent of any field discovered, Kotey said.
“Parliament should increase the royalty rate for the
benefit of the state,” he said.
Ghana discovered oil in June 2007 and production is
scheduled to start in the fourth quarter of this year.
For Related News and Information:
On Ghana’s Economy: TNI GHANA ECO <GO>
On Ghana’s Oil: TNI GHANA OIL <GO>
Top Regional Stories: AFTO <GO>
Ghanaian Equity Movers: GGSEGSE <INDEX> MOV <GO>
Most Read African Stories: MNI AFRICA <GO>
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Portal:Speculative fiction/Anniversaries/April/April 7
April 7:
Book releases
* 2010 - The Blade of Shattered Hope, third book in the The 13th Reality series by James Dashner
Television series
* 1973 - Planet of the Daleks, a serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, begins airing on BBC
* 1978 - Quark, an American science fiction situation comedy series, finishes airing on NBC
Births
* 1844 - Paschal Grousset (d. 1909), a French politician, journalist, translator, and science fiction writer
* 1946 - Stan Winston (d. 2006), an American visual effects supervisor, make-up artist, and film director best known for his work on films such as the Terminator and the Jurassic Park series
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WIKI
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Talk:Roncalli High School (Indiana)
Notable alumni listing
Please note that there are requirements for who can be in a notable people or notable alumni section on a school article (or a city article also). In order for a person to be in a notable's section, the entry must have either:
* 1) A wikilink to the Wikipedia biography of the person you are entering. A link to the person's company or band or any other group they may be a part of is not sufficient. Neither is a link to a disambiguation page. (That is a page that lists several people with the same name. If I found the person you were trying to list on a disambiguation page, I would just fix the wikilink for you, but in the case at hand, the person is just named on the page without a link...meaning that there is no article on him.) Also, the person's Wikipedia biography must have a referenced tie to the school. If it does not, you must provide a reliable reference to show that tie.
* 2) If a person does not have a pre-existing Wikipedia biography, you may still list them, providing that;
* 3) you show references from reliable, independent sources that they meet the Wikipedia notability standard for biographies and
* 4) you reference a tie to the school.
Thanks! Gtwfan52 (talk) 04:22, 17 October 2013 (UTC)
* We could have very simply discussed this here, but since edit-warring was the choice made, the page is now protected so only auto-confirmed editors may edit it. If any of the IP's (or the one, as the case may be) wishes to discuss how we might get the guy from goodwill on the page, I will be more than happy to help. Happy editing! Gtwfan52 (talk) 22:05, 17 October 2013 (UTC)
On a related note, could and stop edit warring and pop in here to explain exactly what the issue is with the sources in this diff? Ritchie333 (talk) (cont) 12:11, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
Hello folks, here. I would like to ask what the issue with the sources are. I used sources from the Indiana Business Journal as well as an alumni magazine put out by Roncalli High School. As far as the claim on the Blue ribbon school of excellence - This is sourced from a listing with the United State Department of Education's Blue Ribbon program. Should there be another location to source this information? I am a new editor, and I do in good faith, want to help to edit this page. I don't want to step on anyone's toes. I apologize if I have done so.
* Looking at it, I see that Jimmy Matis has been cited to the IBJ, which as far as I can tell is a reliable source in as much they are a typical regional newspaper that exercises reasonable editorial control over what they print and can be trusted as being reasonably accurate, and the source explicitly mentions him as a graduate of Roncalli, and its not the main focus of the piece (which implies he could be notable for other things - in this case, his radio career). So I think the entry can stay (aside from the fact you've added one source twice). Ritchie333 (talk) (cont) 16:50, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
* Again - I apologize if I have stepped on any toes. Just spent a few reading about edit warring and other newbie stuff. I'm all for learning.
* No problems. We were all new once and nobody can be expected to memorise policy - it takes a bit of experience in this areas, so you'll usually get some slack unless you start mouthing off (which you aren't!) Ritchie333 (talk) (cont) 17:24, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mileo
The result was delete__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__. Consensus among established edtiors is clear Star Mississippi 20:25, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
Mileo
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Aside from having been created by a WP:SPA which edits *only* in the field of Mileo's articles (and created Echo (Mileo song), Know You Better (Mileo song) and Worry (song), none of which met NSONG and which I've redirected now), there's no conferrance of notability here. Fails WP:NMUSIC - the only coverage I can find in a reliable source is the VG article about his song sparking some outrage. Rest of sources are just Facebook/WP:SELFPUB/interviews with the artist which are excluded under NMUSIC, and the closest in terms of chart notability is "Echo" which placed 202nd in Russia's charts, a far cry from notability. Any coverage he has received is because of his participation in Melodi Grand Prix 2024 (Norway's Eurovision pre-selection event), which brings WP:BLP1E into play, and even that has just been mentioning his name or song in articles about it, so doesn't meet sigcov. ser! (chat to me - see my edits) 10:00, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Bands and musicians, Music, Norway, and Australia. ser! (chat to me - see my edits) 10:00, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
* Delete: This blog is all I find for coverage, not quite enough. Oaktree b (talk) 14:12, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
* Delete: To me, this clearly seems like the SPA was made seemingly by Mileo himself to get himself a page, or it was done by a large fan of his. Does not meet notability requirements as mentioned above, and so no reason to have the page. Wikidaddy42 (talk) 18:58, 26 January 2024 (UTC) — Wikidaddy42 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* Keep: Whether the creator of this page was originally an SPA or not is irrelevant, the article is clearly of a notable musician that has been in current media a lot especially recently. Margaretrox (talk) 22:51, 26 January 2024 (UTC) — Margaretrox (talk) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* You are also a SPA. Wikidaddy42 (talk) 21:33, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
* The editing history of this page isn't from just a few users but many who are aware of the subject. i'm concerned this user has a personal issue with the artist in question, the figure is publicly notable in Norway. Margaretrox (talk) 22:37, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
* Keep:
* pre-Melodi Grand Prix sources:
*
* Skybly (talk) 22:06, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
* Both of these are just articles in a local newspaper and do not confer notability. The COVID-19 one appears to be an interview, which is excluded by WP:NMUSIC per other publications where the musician or ensemble talks about themselves. That leaves one local newspaper article, which is nowhere near enough to meet WP:NMUSIC. ser! (chat to me - see my edits) 22:30, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
* Keep: if the issues are with the references on the page then just update the references, there are many sources https://www.nettavisen.no/5-95-1592809 the artist is still notable NorHux (talk) 07:53, 31 January 2024 (UTC) — NorHux (talk) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* is refusing to acknowledge relevant and viable articles to the subject in this thread NorHux (talk) 10:01, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
* That's one additional article which mentions the song as a participant in MGP, which falls under WP:BLP1E. ser! (chat to me - see my edits) 13:59, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
* Mentioning a program the song appears on doesn't warrant a disregard of an article, the article's purpose is a debate on the controversy surrounding lyrics of a recent musical release, not a show it appears on. NorHux (talk) 23:33, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
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Home AppleTalk
AppleTalk
AppleTalk definition
AppleTalk was developed as a legacy networking protocol for Apple’s Macintosh computers, overall it had no direct implications with cybersecurity as such, but worked exclusively with Apples operating systems only. Later AppleTalk was replaced by more secure networking protocols such as TCP/IP. However, AppleTalk brought cybersecurity concerns that led to a path to more secure systems.
See also: network access control
Common cybersecurity concerns related to AppleTalk:
• Legacy network vulnerabilities: AppleTalk was vulnerable to malicious attacks and could be easily targeted by malicious actors. For instance, weak authentication and encryption mechanisms in older AppleTalk versions posed a risk to overall network security.
• Interoperability challenges: In specific environments where AppleTalk and networking protocols like TCP/IF worked together, ensuring proper security controls could have been a threat. Overlooked misconfigurations and weaknesses in these setups had the potential to be exploited by malicious actors.
• Data exposure: Due to AppleTalk's weaknesses, shared information, like files or sensitive data, could have been at risk if the network didn’t have proper security. Poor security could lead to unauthorized access and data breaches.
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Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Periodic Table of Elements/Archive
Report date November 17 2009, 02:06 (UTC)
* Suspected sockpuppets
There seems to be a very odd series of edits going on here (looking at the contributions of these users). This is my first SPI request, so I may just be seeing things, but something is going on here, that's seems certain to me. Thejadefalcon Sing your song The bird's seeds 02:06, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
* Evidence submitted by Thejadefalcon Sing your song The bird's seeds
* Comments by accused parties See Defending yourself against claims.
User:RoadMan13 appears to be in the middle of this too, please investigate as well. RoadMan13 redirected lots of users with element names (like User:Sulfur) to User:Periodic Table. Royal broil 02:47, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
* Comments by other users
* I considered him briefly (mainly for creating the user page for Periodic Table), but I wasn't totally sure, so I left him out of it. -- Thejadefalcon Sing your song The bird's seeds 02:51, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
* Clerk, patrolling admin and checkuser comments
All accounts indefinitely blocked and tagged. Note that I have removed User:Periodic Table as that account doesn't exist (all such pages were deleted). MuZemike 17:14, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
* Conclusions
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cedexis.radar 0.1.1-1
Cedexis Radar client library
Latest Version: 0.1.8
This package provides a library that can be used to conduct Cedexis Radar measurements in any language that supports Python bindings. It also provides a script that can be used to run a Radar session from the command line.
To make practical use of its features, you should sign up for a free Cedexis account. Your Cedexis customer id is a required argument to the main API call and the command line tool.
Installation
The preferred method on platforms that support it is to install the package using pip:
$ pip install cedexis.radar
Command Line Tool
Installation includes a command line tool called cedexis-radar-cli, which is a shim for the “main” function in the cedexis.radar.cli module.
Usage
Basic usage simply requires a Cedexis customer id, which you specify using the –customer-id/-c argument.
Example:
$ cedexis-radar-cli -c 10660
2.7.5+ (default, Sep 19 2013, 13:48:49)
[GCC 4.8.1]
cedexis.radar.cli (INFO): Config file used:
cedexis.radar.cli (INFO): Command line args: Namespace(api_key='sandbox', config_file='', customer_id=10660, provider_id=None, secure=False, tracer=None, zone_id=1)
cedexis.radar (INFO): 2 providers measured
Full argument list:
Argument Description
–help/-h
HELP
Show a help message and exit
–zone-id/-z
ZONE_ID
Your Cedexis Zone ID (defaults to 1)
–customer-id/-c
CUSTOMER_ID
Your Cedexis Customer ID
–api-key/-k
API_KEY
Reserved for future use
–secure/-s
Use HTTPS
If specified, only measure providers configured with HTTPS probes
–tracer/-t
TRACER
An optional value to be included in the user agent string. Useful for troubleshooting.
–provider-id/-p
PROVIDER_ID
Measure a specific provider and quit
–config-file/-f
CONFIG_FILE
Path to a configuration file
Configuration File
The tool uses an optional configuration file to setup logging. You may specify the path to this file either using the –config-file/-f command line argument, or by setting the CEDEXIS_RADAR_CONFIG environment variable. The –config-file/-f argument always takes precedence over the environment variable setting.
The configuration file is JSON-formatted. The example below shows how to setup verbose output to a file and reduced output to the console.
{
"logging": {
"version": 1,
"disable_existing_loggers": false,
"formatters": {
"console_formatter": {
"format": "%(name)s (%(levelname)s): %(message)s"
},
"file_formatter": {
"format": "%(asctime)s - %(name)s (%(levelname)s): %(message)s"
}
},
"handlers": {
"console": {
"class": "logging.StreamHandler",
"level": "INFO",
"formatter": "console_formatter"
},
"file": {
"class": "logging.FileHandler",
"level": "DEBUG",
"formatter": "file_formatter",
"filename": "/home/freddy/logs/cedexis.radar.log"
}
},
"root": {
"level": "DEBUG",
"handlers": [ "console", "file" ]
}
},
"app_settings": {
"listen_ports": [ 49800, 49801, 49802, 49803 ]
}
}
If you don’t pass the –config-file/-f argument and the CEDEXIS_RADAR_CONFIG environment variable is not set, or if you pass the –config-file/-f argument with no value, the script uses default settings. The default settings produce minimal logging to the screen and no file logging.
About Cedexis
Founded in 2009, Cedexis optimizes web performance across data centers, content delivery networks (CDNs) and clouds, for companies that want to ensure 100% availability and extend their reach to new global markets.
We provide real-time, data-driven, global traffic management solutions. Optimize clouds, data centers and CDN content delivery to improve the availability, latency and throughput of your website and other Internet-connected apps, for every user on the globe.
Please visit us at www.cedexis.com.
Changes
0.1.1-1
project
• CHANGES.rst markup must be consistent with README.rst
0.1.1
project
• Update README.rst
cedexis-radar-cli
• CEDEXIS_RADAR_CONFIG environment variable instead of PYTHON_RADAR_CONFIG
0.1.0-3
setup
• CHANGES.rst was not being included in PKG-INFO when built under Python 3.
0.1.0-2
project
• Update README.rst.
0.1.0-1
project
• Add CHANGES.rst.
setup
• Fix a Python 3 bug in setup.py.
cedexis-radar-cli
• User can specify the default options by passing the –config-file/-f argument with no value.
0.1.0
Initial implementation.
File Type Py Version Uploaded on Size
cedexis.radar-0.1.1-1.tar.gz (md5) Source 2014-01-04 12KB
• Downloads (All Versions):
• 45 downloads in the last day
• 321 downloads in the last week
• 1046 downloads in the last month
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Liposuction Cost – Here is the cost of liposuction surgery for different body parts.
Liposuction, which is a surgical removal of body fats, is one of the popular plastic surgeries in America.
According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, almost 250,000 Americans underwent liposuction in 2014.
The most important factor to consider before you go for a liposuction surgery is the quality of the procedure. You do not want a liposuction that will develop scarring or any other complication.
You want a liposuction that will leave you smiling and with high confidence levels.
After quality, another very key factor to consider before you decide to undergo liposuction is the cost. Ironically, how much a liposuction costs, to some extent, tells a lot about the quality of the procedure.
However, you do not have to always go for an expensive liposuction. If there is an opportunity to cut down on the cost of a liposuction, you need to go for it.
Excluding anesthesia and other fees, liposuction averagely costs between $2,000 and $3,500 per treatment area. Plus other costs, for a single treatment area, a liposuction will cost about $9,200.
Factors influencing Liposuction Cost
To arrive at the total liposuction cost, several factors are considered. This includes:
1. Surgeon’s experience and reputation: Most reputable surgeons are expensive. However, it’s better to choose a reputable surgeon than a lowly-qualified surgeon because by so doing you will be avoiding chances of errors. Revision surgery for a poorly done liposuction is very costly than getting a liposuction done by a reputable surgeon.
2. The number and/or nature of treatment regions: For example, abdominal liposuction is cheaper than midsection, flanks and thighs liposuction. Below is a table for the approximate cost of liposuction surgery for different body parts.
Body area Lower range($) Upper range($)
Full body(abdomen +arms +back +breasts +buttocks +chin + cheeks +neck +inner& outer thighs/knees+ hip/waist) 21,000 60,000
Inner Thighs & knees 3,300 6,500
Outer Thighs 2,500 6,000
Stomach/upper & lower abdomen 3,000 8,000
Hips 2,500 6,000
Male, flanks 2,500 6,000
Male, breasts 3,000 8,000
Source: Liposuction.com
1. If liposuction is done together with other procedures such as tummy tuck. It is cheaper to do liposuction with other procedures.
2. Type of liposuction performed: unlike traditional liposuction, lasers and radiofrequency liposuctions give better results. However, the new technologies come at a higher cost. Traditional liposuction involves the use of a cannula which is cheaper compared to lasers or radiofrequency. On the other hand, smart liposuction, commonly referred to as Smartlipo, is a type of liposuction that uses a single laser fiber to melt away excess body fat deposits and tone the body. Smartlipo reduces the recovery time to two days. Averagely, a smart lipo costs about $5,000. However, the price can fluctuate depending on the size of the treatment area.
Does Insurance cover Liposuction?
Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure. Most patients undertaking liposuction want a lean, well-toned and youthful body.
For these kinds of patients, no insurance covers are given they will have to pay for liposuction from their pockets.
Most surgeons accept cash, checks, credit cards, and sometimes third-party financing companies. There are other surgeons who offer their own payment plans.
However, in some instances, liposuction can be covered by insurance:
• If it’s done to remove the development of fats as a result of chronic steroid treatments.
• If the excessive fats are as a result of Cushing syndrome –a condition which leads to the development of a fatty hump between the shoulders as a result of prolonged exposure to high levels of the hormone cortisol.
• If the stubborn fats are due to Lipedema, an odd condition which leads to legs accumulating fatty tissue, as a result, impacting on mobility.
• if it’s done to reduce breasts’ sizes for women with overly large breasts that make them experience back pains or
• any other medical reason prescribed by a certified doctor.
Apart from the surgeon’s fees, other liposuction costs include:
• Surgical facility fees
• Pre-operative medical tests
• Anesthesia or local anesthesia –local anesthesia costs less than general anesthesia. Local anesthesia is recommended if the treatment area is small. However, for large-scale liposuction, general anesthesia is recommended.
• Supportive surgical garments.
• Pain relievers, compression garments, and therapy, which are sometimes used to hasten liposuction recovery, influences the cost.
Conclusion
Most surgeons quote liposuction costs differently. There are those who use the global liposuction price, which is the sum of surgical and no-surgical fees plus all related costs, while other surgeons only quote the surgical fee.
Remember to inquire about the prices given. Also, do not rely on telephone estimates because they are not precise.
Lastly, be wary of surgeons who quote so lowly –their low prices might be an indication of the low-quality services they are likely to offer.
Cost of other related treatments.
Tummy tuck cost – $5,992.
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 106 Part 2.djvu/689
PUBLIC LAW 102-388 —OCT. 6, 1992 106 STAT. 1569 available under this section for the purchase of additional trackage rights and/or purchase of right-of-way.". TITLE VI—ALCOHOL TRAFFIC SAFETY GRANTS SEC. 601. MAXIMUM PERIOD OF ELIGIBILITY; FEDERAL SHARE FOR GRANTS. — Section 410 of title 23, United States Code, is amended— (1) by striking subsection (g); (2) by redesignating subsections (c) through (f) as (d) through (g), respectively; and (3) by inserting immediately after subsection (b) the following new subsection: "(c) MAXIMUM PERIOD OF ELIGIBILITY; FEDERAL SHARE FOR GRANTS.— No State may receive grants under this section in more than 5 fiscal years beginning after September 30, 1992. The Federal share payable for any grant under this section shall not exceed— "(1) in the first fiscal year the State receives a grant under this section, 75 percent of the cost of implementing and enforcing in such fiscal year a program adopted by the State pursuant to subsection (a); "(2) in the second fiscal year the State receives a grant under this section, 50 percent of the cost of implementing and enforcing in such fiscal year such program; and "(3) in the third, fourth, and fifth fiscal years the State receives a grant under this section, 25 percent of the cost of implementing and enforcing in such fiscal year such program.. SEC. 602. BASIC GRANT ELIGIBILITY.— Section 410(d) of title 23, United States Code, as so redesignated by section 601 of this title, is amended— (1) by striking "4 or more of the following:" and inserting in lieu thereof "5 or more of the following:"; and (2) in subsection (I)(C), by striking "within the time period specified in subparagraph (F)"; and (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: "(6) Establishment of a mandatory sentence, which shall not be subject to suspension or probation, of (A) imprisonment for not less than 48 consecutive hours, or (B) not less than 10 days of community service, of any person convicted of driving while intoxicated more than once in any 5-year period.". SEC. 603. AMOUNT OF BASIC GRANTS. — Section 410(e) of title 23, United States Code, as redesignated by section 601 of this title, is amended to read as follows: "(e) AMOUNT OF BASIC GRANT. —Subiect to subsection (c), the amount of a basic grant made under this section for any fiscal year to any State which is eligible for such a grant under subsection (d) shall equal 30 percent of the amount apportioned to such State for fiscal year 1992 under section 402 of this title.". SEC. 604. SUPPLEMENTAL GRANTS.— Section 410(f) of title 23, United States Code, as so redesignated by section 601 of this title, is amended by striking: "A State shall, be eligible to receive a supplemental grant in a fiscal year of 5 percent of the amount apportioned to the State in the fiscal year under this section" eacn place it appears and inserting in lieu thereof: "Subiect to subsection (c), a State shall be eligible to receive a supplemental grant in a fiscal year of 5 percent of
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Aerospike Expressions
Aerospike Expressions is a strongly typed, functional, domain-specific language designed for manipulating and comparing bins and record metadata. Expressions are used to filter records, filter whether a record operation will occur, filter data from being shipped cross-datacenter, and to extend the functionality of transactions. More uses for Expressions are planned.
Types of Expressions
Aerospike supports three types of Expressions:
• Filter Expressions (introduced in Aerospike Database 5.2)
• XDR Filter Expressions (introduced in Aerospike Database 5.3)
• Operation Expressions (introduced in Aerospike Database 5.6)
Filter Expressions
Filtering is commonly used to select records that satisfy a boolean expression. Filters can be used with all single record operations (reads, writes, transactions, and record UDFs), batch operations (read, write, UDF, and delete), Primary Index (PI) queries (FKA scans), and secondary index (SI) queries. Filter Expressions were introduced in Aerospike Database 5.2 as the successor to the Predicate Expression (PredExp) system and language. Filter Expressions support a variety of metadata functions and all data type operations: the full List and Map APIs (including at a nested element context), bitwise operations on Bytes (Blobs), Geo-spatial queries on GeoJSON, and HyperLogLog operations. Filter Expressions are only executed when the record exists, meaning that they do not execute when a read does not find the record or when a write creates the record.
XDR Filter Expressions
Aerospike allows records shipped with XDR to remote destinations to be filtered with expressions. XDR filters are dynamic and you define them per namespace per destination datacenter (DC). You can set Filter Expressions by using the info command xdr-set-filter. You can also set them programmatically via a client API.
XDR filtering lets you reduce the volume of data that you replicate. When you reduce the volume of replicated data, you also:
• Reduce network traffic
• Reduce storage and processing requirements at destination datacenters, which avoids the costs of overprovisioning, most significantly in hub-and-spoke XDR topologies
• Reduce the cost of moving data across or from public clouds
Operation Expressions
Operation Expressions (read and write expressions) are bin operations that can atomically compute a value from information within the record or provided by the expression. The resulting value is either returned to the client (as is the case with read expressions) or written to a specified bin (as is the case with write expressions). Operation Expressions enable atomic, cross-bin operations, which were previously only available through UDF.
Language
Aerospike Expressions has a Polish Notation (PN) syntax with strict typing that expands the scope of what can be used to select records. Within an Expression, all data is immutable. This means that bin modifications occurring within an expression operate on an ephemeral copy and are not saved to the bin when the expression terminates.
Aerospike Expressions does not include syntax for iteration or recursion.
Types
The type system is split into two type classes: value and bin. All expressions return a sub-type of these two types and all parameters to expressions use these types. Parameters that accept only values are described herein as 't_value' or 'library_specific'. Parameters that accept only bin expressions are described herein as 't_bin_expr' or 'bin_expr'. Parameters that accept either bin or value are described herein as 't_expr' or 'expr'. Where 'library_specific' means that it will be a type specific to the language library in use and where 't' is one of the following:
• nil: value for null.
• boolean: value only type which may be true or false.
• integer: 64-bit signed integer.
• float: 64-bit floating point.
• blob: Binary data.
• string: UTF-8 encoded string.
• geojson: GeoJSON.
• list: CDT List.
• map: CDT Map.
• hll: HyperLogLog.
• AUTO: Some libraries may implement type inference for certain single-result CDT read expressions when the expr_type can be deduced by the result_type.
Execution Model
Metadata resolution is a performance critical component of Aerospike Expressions. Metadata resides in the primary index and does not require a disk load (for namespaces with data on disk). Therefore, expressions that can be fully resolved using metadata will be able to forgo disk access, thereby gaining an order of magnitude in performance. Aerospike Expressions achieves this using a two phase execution model. If an expression can be made to satisfy the necessary logic for a given operation with only metadata operations, doing so will result in large performance gains.
Metadata Phase
The expressions system starts with the metadata phase where storage-data evaluates to unknown. Expressions with unknown as input generally also output unknown with the exception of logical expressions that evaluate using trilean logic. If the result is unknown, then it will proceed to storage-data phase. If the result is false, then the record is filtered out without accessing storage. If the result if true, then the operation proceeds, and storage will only be accessed if required by the operation.
Storage-data Phase
Loads the record and executes the expression a second time. If the record resides on disk, physical IO will be incurred. This phase always resolves to a definite true or false answer.
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Talk:Dubliners
Publication history
I suggest that someone who knows more than I do should add a section about the publication history of Dubliners.
This article gives dates for each of the stories. Were they published individually at those times?
The James Joyce article says that he "returned to Dublin briefly in the summer of 1912 during his years-long fight with his Dublin publisher, George Roberts, over the publication of Dubliners." Was Dubliners published in 1914 by George Roberts or someone else?
My ignorance and curiosity are tied for first place. John Harvey (talk) 15:03, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
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Saint Patrick's Day
Why is this book placed in the category "Saint Patrick's Day fiction"? I remember doing "The Dubliners" for "A" level English literature at school between 1983 and 1985, and I do not recall anything in the book suggesting the stories were all meant to happen on Saint Patrick's Day. Vorbee (talk) 10:53, 22 September 2018 (UTC)
* I don't recall any of the stories being set on St. Patrick's Day, nor does it appear in the index of any of the books I have about Dubliners. An internet search indicates that several sites recommend reading Dubliners on St. Patrick's Day because it's set in Dublin and, of Joyce's books, it's the only one that a reader can pick up for the first time and easily finish within a day. Unless somebody can explain it, I think the category should be removed. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 00:52, 23 September 2018 (UTC)
Mediate?
It has been argued that the narrators in Dubliners rarely mediate…
* Seems an odd statement. Are you sure you don’t mean ‘meditate’? Valetude (talk) 05:28, 5 December 2018 (UTC)
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Two years ago when I started looking into the Functional Programming I came across the word ‘Monad’. I really tried hard to understand it but, in vain. After much deliberation, and not to forget the conversations I had with techies, I found that Monad seems to have a very bad reputation-- for being ‘too complicated’, in spite of being one of the most useful and powerful tools in functional programming. A great session by Brian Beckman, Don't fear the Monad really motivated me to get my hands dirty with it.
In this post I will try to resolve the mystery behind Monad but, before going into the Monads lets understand the term Function Composition. In functional world every function is open to collaborate with another function if, the output type of former function is same as the input type of later
For example, suppose we have two functions f and g, as in z=f(y) and y=g(x). Composing them means we first compute y=g(x), and then use y to z=f(y). It could be done using:-
First approach
float x, y, z;
y = g(x);
z = f(y);
Second approach
The steps can be combined if we don't give a name to the intermediate result:
z = f( g(x) );
The first approach is known as Function Chaining, in which the output of first function goes to the input of second function whereas, the second approach is known as Function Composition. Function chaining is also known as function composition in the functional world but, the only difference is function composition uses Combinators to combine different functions.
Functional programmers in particular, are usually not so content to solve a problem in a fragile way by coding a solution directly. They try to create a code which is resistant to damage in the form of changes to requirements. And, to achieve this, they create Combinators-- and its function true to its name--it combines. It may sound silly, but after you've worked with them for a while you'll find them exciting too. Think of it like a blender, you put some juice, fruit, yogurt, and ice all in there together, and it combines them. The result- a pleasant sum of all the ingredients. However, now just try putting those things together in a cup without blending them first like function chaining.
As in the second approach the input type of f wouldn't be a primitive instead, it would be a functional type that means f would be a higher order function which takes function as an input so, here f is nothing but a combinator. for example
public int Alter(int numberToAlter, Func<int,int> functionAsParameter) {
return functionAsParameter(numberToAlter);
}
here, we could pass any function to Alter as parameter lets say
incrementor = x -> x+1;
Alter(2, incrementor) //3
multiplier = x -> x*2
Alter(2, multiplier) //4
that is how we can try different combinations of function combined with Alter.
What is Monad
Dictionary meaning of a Monad is a single unit but, in functional world Monad is termed as a combinator which combines different functions such that it appears to be a single.
Monad is just a particular style of combinator. It is the key to Functional programming. Imperative programmers mostly ignore it or sometimes even feared of it. When we talk about the monads, the lot of fancy terminology from category theory that gets thrown around. However the concepts of category theory are irrelevant to what winds up being a simple and well understood functional programming concept.
Monad are just like wrapping a value inside a box, unwrapping the value from the box and passing it the function to get the wrapped value
But, the question arises why do we need a Monad ?. So, in OOP usually we perform object composition for example, there are two objects called FileReader and DatabaseWriter these two objects combine to get the task (of reading a file from the disk and saving it to the database) done.
Class FileReader {
File readFile(String filePath) throws exception;
}
Class DatabaseWriter {
FileReader fileReader;
boolean readwriteToDB(String file_path) throws exception {
File file = fileReader.readFile(file_path)
if (file != null )
return DB.save(file)
return false
}
}
In the above example you can notice we have IO operations, Database calls and Exceptions which are nothing but the side effects in Functional world and Functional programming strongly discourages these type of implementations but, to get the above task (reading a file and writing it to DB) done in functional world, we need some types of combinators that should combine functions in such a way that there would be no impurities introduced and we get our task done. So, Monad is such a combinator which combines functions without impurities.
Lets get into the technical definition of Monad. A monad a set of three things:
• a parameterized type M<T>
• a “unit” function T -> M<T>
• a “bind” operation: M<T> bind T -> M<U> = M<U>
These may seems over complicated, but it is really simple considering an example, Here I will be using Optional Monad defined in Java 8 which is similar to the Maybe Monad we have in Haskell:
• Parameterized type: Optional<T> : Here, first rule says T could be of any type Integer, String etc.. so it would be Optional<Integer>
• unit: Optional.of() : Second rule says there should be a function which takes a type and return its Optional for example Optional.of(Integer) returns Optional<Integer>
• bind: Optional.flatMap() : And the last rule is bind operator(aka flatmap) this is also called as showed operator because of its symbol >>==. The bind operator is called on Monad like Optional<Integer>, it takes function or lambda as an argument like (Integer -> Optional<String>) and returns a Monad which could be of different type like Optional<String> it will get more cleared with an example
How many times have you had to write code like this to avoid a NullPointerException ?
public String getLastFour(Employee employee) {
if(employee != null) {
Address address = employee.getPrimaryAddress();
if(address != null) {
ZipCode zip = address.getZipCode();
if(zip != null) {
return zip.getLastFour()
}
}
}
throw new FMLException("Missing data");
}
Not only is this kind of code messy and hard to read (and is perhaps a Law of Demeter violation) — but its dangerous. If we forget to check one of these fields for null we could wind up with a NPE.
How can we use Optional in this code to clear up this mess? Well, we can't. To use Optional, we have first to modify the Zipcode, employee, and Address classes so that all their methods return an Optional. Then, we can change our code to:
public String getLastFour(Optional<Employee> employee) {
if (employee.isPresent()) {
Optional<Adress> address = employee.getPrimaryAddress();
if (address.isPresent()) {
Optional<ZipCode> zipcode = address.getZipCode();
if (zipcode.isPresent()) {
zip.getLastFour()
}
}
But this is NOT how Optional is intended to be used, what we are doing is we are wrapping objects(Employee, Address, Zip) in Optional Context and then unwrapping the parameter from the Optional context to check whether it exists or not but, Optional is a Monad it has to do these all wrapping and unwrapping by itself and is intended to be use as such:
public String getLastFour(Optional<Employee> employee) {
return employee.flatMap(employee -> Optional.of(employee.getPrimaryAddress())) // returns Optional<Address>
.flatMap(address -> Optional.of(address.getZipCode())) // returns Optional<ZipCode>
.filter(zip -> zip.getZipCodeLength() >= 4) // returns Optional<ZipCode> or returns Optional.empty()
.flatMap(zip -> Optional.of(zip.getLastFour())) // / returns Optional<Integer> or returns Optional.empty()
.orElseThrow(() -> new FMLException("Missing")); // returns Integer or Exception
}
Here we just map a series of functions over our Optional<Employee> and grab our relevant values. The last line, orElseThrow is of particular interest because that’s where we unwrap and get our final value out, or throw an exception
At its heart, the Optional Monad embodies a concept similar to the null object pattern. That is instead of having a null value we encapsulate the behavior we desire of null in an object. In this case this is represented by Optional.empty(). Also, this is how Optional removes the impurity caused due to the null if no condition matches it just returns Optional.empty()
There’s three method calls here, filter, flatMap and orElseThrow. Let’s take a look at what they each do:
1) filter(zip -> zip.getZipCodeLength() >= 4)
Returns another Optional<Zip>. In this case, if our zipcode is less than 4, we’ll be returned Optional.empty(), otherwise, we’ll get the original Zip ie Optional<Zip>.
2) flatMap(zip -> zip.getLastFour())
If our optional is empty map will just give us another empty Optional, otherwise we’ll grab the Optional of our last four digit of zipcode.
3) orElseThrow(() -> new FMLException("Missing))
This is where we’re extracting our value, if we have a value inside our Optional at this time we’ll grab that value which will be a Integer and would be equivalent to calling Optional<Integer>.get(). If however we have an empty optional then we'll have an exception.
Again, lets get into the third rule of Monad i.e bind here it is termed as flatmap. Now it will get more cleared so, the third rule says
>>== :: M<T> -> (T -> M<U>) -> M<U>
Here, M<T> is Optional<Employee>
(T -> M<U>) is (employee -> Optional.of(employee.getPrimaryAddress()))
M<U> is Optional<Address>
Now we can see how different functions (employee -> Optional<Address>), (address -> Optional<Zip>) and (zip -> Optional<Integer>) get combined using bind (flatmap) and unit(Optional.of()) to get the (employee -> Optional<Integer>) without introducing any impurity(returning null and checking for null)
Conclusion
Also, we’ve condensed our logic into one simple line of code. The power of Monad when used properly has the ability to reduce a lot of clutter inside your code by expressing your logic as filters and transformations on your data.
This is really just scratching the surface of what Monad is and how we can put this to use. However, if you want to know more about the power of Monads, check out languages such as Haskell. For further reading Learn You a Haskell for Great Good is an excellent resource.
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Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 03.pdf/74
Rh the vote of thanks, said that "thirty years ago he heard what he then thought to be the best speech he had ever listened to. He had that day heard another just as good; and on both occasions the speaker was Mr. Dudley Field. Mr. Field was the author of codes in his own State of New York, which had been adopted en bloc in several colonies, and which were represented in English law by the recent Judicature Act. It was very refreshing to hear Mr. Field, an American, speak as he had done, regarding the pestilent doctrines preached by Henry George. He heartily concurred in everything Mr. Field had said, and had much pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks."
Mr. Field has never been a politician nor an office seeker. He has held but one office besides that of codifier, — that of member of Congress, and that only for a part of one term. But he has always been a patriot, and unalterably opposed to human bondage and to oppression of the citizen by the Government. He was a Democrat, but an original "Free Soiler; " and at the Syracuse Democratic Convention, in 1847, he introduced the famous resolution known as the "Corner-Stone," announcing " uncompromising hostility to the extension of slavery into territory now free, or which may be thereafter acquired." In 1856 and 1860 he acted with the Republicans. His patriotic labors during the civil war and during the draft riots led Mayor Opdyke to say of him, —
"To many eminent private citizens my acknowledgments are due for most valuable services; and to none more than to David Dudley Field, Esq., whose courage, energy, and vigilance were unsurpassed, and without abatement from the beginning to the end."
His later political course has been characterized by an independence born of conviction, and regardless of mere party ties and of criticism.
Mr. Field has this year published the third and concluding volume of his collected works, including addresses, essays, arguments, and various papers. He has always commanded an admirable style, clear, vigorous, and unconventional, and at the same time marked by peculiar elegance and culture, and evincing a keen eye to the beautiful, a correct ear for harmony, and a sharp sense of the humorous. These interesting volumes breathe of constitutional rights, of love of freedom, of promotion of peace and the amelioration of war, of patriotism, of law reform in States and between nations, of individual and public humanity, of judicial honor and integrity, of purity in politics and government, of a love of Nature and of literature, of a detestation of tobacco, of a contempt for our State, national, and town nomenclature, of reminiscence of men, places, and scenes.
Judged by the foregoing recital of his achievements, his most bitter opponents must concede that Mr. Field is the most famous and influential of living lawyers. It is not too much to say, in my judgment, that measured by what he has actually accomplished, he is the greatest law reformer of modern times, — greater than Brougham or Romilly, — and measured by what he has proposed, he is the boldest and most original of theorists after Bentham. I have good backing in this opinion, for a Lord Chancellor once said that " Mr. Field had done more for the reform of the law than any other man living; " and Robert Lowe, Lord Sherbrooke, Chancellor of the Exchequer, at a dinner given to Mr. Field, in London, by the members of the Law Amendment Society, as far back as 1851, paid to him the following unique tribute : —
"He trusted that his honorable friend, Mr. Field, would go down to posterity with this glory, — that he had not only essentially served one of the great est countries in the States of America, but that he had also provided a cheap and satisfactory code of law for every colony that bore the English name. Mr. Field, indeed, had not squared the circle; he had not found out any solid which answered to more than three denominations; he had not discovered any power more subtle than electricity,
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Page:The Ballads of Marko Kraljević.djvu/165
Of God and Saint John I am in sooth afeared. Therefore will I follow this adventure to the utterance." He sent back the courier without message, For neither said he "I come," nor "I come not," But he went to the slender tower, And did on gear meet for a journey. About his shoulders he cast his cloak of wolf-skin, On his head he set his cap of wolf-skin, He girded on his well-forged sabre, And took also his battle-spear. He descended to Sharatz's stable, And made fast the sevenfold saddle-girth. Then he filled with wine a wine-skin, And hanged it on the right side of Sharatz, And on the left side he hanged his heavy mace, That the saddle should not slip to this side nor to that Then he flung him on the back of Sharatz And right so went forth to white Stamboul. When he was come to white Stamboul, He went neither to Sultan nor yet to Grand Vizier, But to the new inn he went, And there he would tarry the night; But before the dark of night was come, He led Sharatz to a lake, For to water him with cold water. But Sharatz would not drink of the water, But looked ever round about him. And behold a Turkish maiden, Cloaked in a shawl of gold! When the maiden drew nigh to the lake-side, She bowed her down before the green lake. "God aid thee, green lake," quoth she, "God aid thee, my eternal home! In thee I would be for ever! Liever were I wedded with thee than with the Moor." Then did Kraljević Marko make known his presence: "Ha, Lady," quoth he, "thou Turkish maiden!
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Five building blocks of a data-driven culture – TechCrunch
Carl Anderson
Contributor
Carl Anderson is the author of Creating a Data-Driven Organization. He previously headed up data, analytics and data science at Warby Parker and WeWork, and is currently a member of WeWork’s Product Research Department.
Michael Li
Contributor
Tianhui Michael Li is founder of The Data Incubator, an eight-week fellowship to help PhDs and postdocs transition from academia into industry. Previously, he headed monetization data science at Foursquare and has worked at Google, Andreessen Horowitz, J.P. Morgan and D.E. Shaw.
More posts by this contributor
The perils of polling in a Brexit and Donald Trump world How can organizations leverage data as a strategic asset? Data comes at a high price. Businesses must pay for data collection and cleansing, hosting and maintenance, salaries of data engineers, data scientists and analysts, risk of breach and so on. The line items add up. However, if done well, a thriving data-driven organization can reap huge rewards. Controlling for other factors, Erik Brynjolfsson et al. from MIT’s Sloan School of Management found that data-driven organizations have a 5-6 percent higher output and productivity than their less data-driven counterparts. They also had higher asset utilization, return on equity and market value. Other research shows that analytics pays back $13.01 for every dollar spent. Being data-driven pays! To be data-driven requires an overarching data culture that couples a number of elements, including high-quality data, broad access and data literacy and appropriate data-driven decision-making processes. In this article, we discuss some of the key building blocks. A single source of truth is a central, controlled and “blessed” source of data from which the whole company can draw. It is the master data. When you don’t have such data and staff can pull down seemingly the same metrics from different systems, inevitably those systems will produce different numbers. Then the arguments ensue. You get into a he-said-she-said scenario, each player drawing and defending their position with their version of the “truth.” Or (and more pernicious), some teams may unknowingly use stale, low-quality or otherwise incorrect data or metrics and make bad decisions, when they could have used a better source. When you have a single source of truth, you provide superior value to the end user: the analysts and other decision makers. They’ll spend less time hunting for data across the organization and more time using it. Additionally, the data sources are more likely to be organized, documented and joined. Thus, by providing a richer context about the entities of interest, the users are better positioned to leverage the data and find actionable insights. Knowing where to get the data, and providing quality data, is only one ingredient. From the data administrator’s side, a single source of truth is preferable, as well. It is easier to document, prevent name collisions across tables, run data quality checks and ensure that the underlying IDs are consistent across the tables. It also is easier to provide flattened, easier-to-work-with views of the key relations and entities that, under the hood, may have come from different sources. For instance, at WeWork, a global provider of co-working spaces, we provide our analytics users with a core table called the “activity stream,” a single narrow table that provides web page views, office reservations, tour bookings, payments, Zendesk tickets, key card swipes and more. The table is easy for users to work with, such as slicing and dicing different segments of our members or locations, even though the underlying data comes from many heterogeneous systems. Moreover, having this centralized, relatively holistic view of the business means that we also can build more automated tools on top of those data to look for patterns in large numbers of different segments. In large organizations, there are often historical reasons why data are siloed. For example, large organizations are more likely to acquire data systems through company acquisitions, thereby resulting in additional independent systems. Thus, a single source of truth can represent a large and complex investment. However, in the interim, the central data team or office can still make a big difference by providing official guideposts: listing what’s available, where it is and where there are multiple sources, the best place to get it. Everyone needs to know: “if you need customer orders, use system X or database table Y” and nowhere else. Knowing where to get the data, and providing quality data, is only one ingredient. Users need to know what the data fields and metrics mean. You need a data dictionary. This is an aspect that trips up many organizations. When you don’t have a clear list of metrics and their definitions, people make assumptions — ones that may differ from colleagues. Then the arguments ensue. A business needs to generate a glossary with clear, unambiguous and agreed-upon definitions. This requires discussion with all the key stakeholders and business domain experts. First, you need buy-in to those official definitions; you don’t want teams going rogue with their secret version of a metric. Second, it is often not the core definition where people’s understandings differ but how to handle the edge cases. Thus, while everyone might have a common understanding of what an “orders placed” metric means, they may differ in how they want or expect to handle cancellations, split orders or fraud. Those scenarios need to be laid out, discussed and resolved. A goal here is to collapse multiple similar metrics into a single common metric, or flesh out situations where you genuinely need to split one metric into two or more separate metrics to capture different perspectives. Having clean, high-quality data, from a central source, and with clear metadata, is ineffective if staff can’t access it. For instance, at WeWork, prospective members check out our facilities by signing up for a tour. Importantly, some people may tour different locations, or come back for a second tour to show other members of the organization before signing off on their new space. While our various dashboards had a metric called “tours,” they didn’t align across teams. The process of creating a data dictionary fleshed out two different metrics: Specificity in well-chosen names, and unambiguous definitions with examples, are key here. It is better to err toward longer but descriptive names, such as “non_cancelled_orders,” or “Tours Created To Tours Completed Conversion %” than shorter names that users think they understand. Having clean, high-quality data, from a central source, and with clear metadata, is ineffective if staff can’t access it. Data-driven organizations tend to be very inclusive and provide access wherever the data can help. This doesn’t mean handing over the keys to all the data to all the staff — the CIO would never sign off on that! Instead, it means assessing the needs of individuals, not just the analysts and key decision makers, but across the whole organization, out to the front-line of operations. For instance, at Warby Parker, a retailer of prescription glasses and sunglasses, associates on the retail shop floor have access to a dashboard that provides details on their performance, as well as that of the store as a whole. At Sprig, a food-delivery company from San Francisco, even the chef has access to an analytics platform that they use to analyze the meals that have been ordered and understand which ingredients and flavors are popular or have not fared well, and so tailor the menu. A large Fortune 100 financial conglomerate that hires data scientist from The Data Incubator’s fellowship is able to maintain a competitive edge in hiring compared to “sexy” Silicon Valley companies like Google, Facebook and Uber, partially through granting broad access to data for their data science team. And the access doesn’t just stop at data scientists — one of the products our alumni have worked on is building summary dashboards that automatically gives customer service reps a visualization of the interaction history of the customer on the phone. Data-driven organizations need to foster a culture whereby individuals know what data are available. It is those front-line staff — the customer service agent dealing with an angry customer, or a warehouse worker facing a pallet of damaged product — who can leverage data immediately to determine best next steps. If suitably empowered, they are often also in the best position to resolve a situation, determine changes to workflow or handle a customer complaint. Data-driven organizations need to foster a culture whereby individuals know what data are available — a good data dictionary and generally seeing data being used in day-to-day decision making helps — and, further, that they feel comfortable requesting access, if they have genuine use case. Red tape should be cut so that while there is still an appropriate approval process and oversight, and systems in place such that access can easily be revoked if necessary, the staff get access without too many hoops to jump through and without too many delays. Finally, with broader access, and more users of analytical tools, the organization will need to commit to providing training and support. At WeWork, while our data team are available through Slack, email and service desk tickets, we also provide weekly office hours to help users with our business intelligence tools, SQL queries and any other aspects about the data. In a data-driven organization with broad data access, staff will frequently encounter reports, dashboards and analyses, and they may have a chance to analyze data themselves. To do so effectively, they must be sufficiently data literate. Data literacy is often a multi-pronged effort. (For an excellent and accessible overview of this topic see this article by Brent Dykes.) At The Data Incubator, we engage clients with employees at a range of different skill levels that require a tailored approach. One of the most exciting areas is data science training. This covers an introduction to the more advanced and computational data mining and machine learning approaches to extract insights from data, as well as create data products such as recommendation engines and other predictive models. This tends to be focused at the top of the skills pyramid for more advanced users to up their game a notch. One of the quickest data wins for many of our clients simply comes in training people who are half-way to becoming data scientists on the other half. For example, pharmaceutical and finance clients tend to have legacy statisticians who are well-versed in the statistical aspects of data science but are weaker on the computational front. Many technology companies have an abundance of programming talent that lack in statistical rigor. Training statisticians on programming and programmers on statistics is a great “quick win” that can be extended more broadly. Data is not there to bolster (or undermine) existing decisions, but to help inform future ones. For those who don’t have such skills, there are plenty of opportunities to increase data literacy across the board. Enterprises have begun to view data literacy training as necessary for everyone, and we’ve seen the demand for “introductory data science for managers” courses double in the last 12 months. The lowest and simplest level is to enhance basic skills in descriptive statistics. These are the basic ways of summarizing data: mean, percentiles, range, standard deviation, etc., and highlighting when they are or are not appropriate give the shape of the underlying data. For instance, when data are highly skewed, as in house prices or income, the median is the appropriate metric with which to summarize the data, not the mean. Just training people to make fewer assumptions, to plot and examine the data and to use appropriate summary metrics would be a big win. Another win can come from data visualization skills. Too often, charts are full of chart junk, that is, unnecessary clutter and annotations that detract from the key point. Or, inappropriate chart types are used — such as multiple pie charts each with a large number of segments — or, a color scheme is chosen that makes it near impossible to interpret. It is a tragedy to spend a huge amount of effort on data collection and analysis, only to fail, and lessen the data’s impact, at the finish line. Just a small amount of data visualization training goes a long way, and can greatly enhance people’s presentation skills and make insights clearer, more digestible and ultimately likely to be used. At the next level of complexity is inferential statistics. These are the standard, objective statistical tests used to detect, for instance, whether a trend or difference in website traffic between weeks is likely real or whether it is just random variation. The purpose here is not so that a manager or customer service agent can perform these tests but, instead, making them aware of how statistics can be of use, to understand correlation versus causation and appreciate that forecasts always come with uncertainty. For the decision makers and managers, this also can arm them with the skills to push back on shoddy work or where the data don’t support the conclusions. Data can only make an impact if it is actually incorporated in the decision-making process. An organization can have quality, timely and relevant data and skilled analysts who generate masterful reports with carefully crafted and presented insights and recommendations. However, if that report sits unopened on a desk, or unread in an inbox, or the decision maker has already made up his mind what action he or she is going to take, regardless of what the data shows, then it is all for naught. HiPPO, “highest paid person’s opinion,” a term coined by Avinash Kaushik, is the antithesis of data-drivenness. You all know them. They’re the expert with decades of experience. They don’t care what the data says, especially when it disagrees with their preconceived notions, and they are going to stick to their plan because they know best. And, besides, they’re the boss. As the Financial Times explains: HiPPOs can be deadly for businesses, because they base their decisions on ill-understood metrics at best, or on pure guesswork. With no intelligent tools to derive meaning from the full spectrum of customer interactions and evaluate the how, when, where and why behind actions, the HiPPO approach can be crippling for businesses. Too often organizations have a prevailing culture where intuition is valued or there is a lack of accountability. In one survey, just 19 percent of respondents said that decision makers are held accountable for their decisions in their organization. It is in such habitats where HiPPOs thrive. One way to counteract the HiPPOs is to cultivate a culture of objective experimentation, such as A/B testing. In those scenarios, whether it be a change to website design or marketing messaging, you control for as much as possible, determine the success metrics and required sample sizes, change that one thing and let the experiment run. The key here is to have a clear analysis plan and set out the success metric and any predictions before the experiments run. In other words, the plan prevents HiPPOs from cherry picking results after the fact. That same is true of any pilot program. Part of the value of broad data literacy training is to allay fears from the perceived threat of big data. Data is not there to bolster (or undermine) existing decisions, but to help inform future ones. It does not threaten the manager’s job — but ignoring it might. By demystifying how data works, data science trainings can increase manager confidence in data and increase data-driven decision making in an enterprise. Through work at both employers and clients, we’ve come to learn that data-driven culture does not come overnight, but is part of a multi-step process. The first requirement is a clean, single source of data from which analyses can flow. Second, data analysts and data scientists then need to agree on the data dictionary and what the data means. Next, not just data scientists but the entire organization needs to be given broad access to this data to enable the application of collective business expertise in analyzing data. With access to data must come good training to help reinforce data literacy. Finally, all those amazing data analyses must be put into the hands of data-trusting managers to affect decision making.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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CNN launches daily Snapchat show called "The Update"
CNN is launching a daily news show for Snapchat called "The Update." The show will include breaking news segments and highlight big stories from CNN reporters and staff around the world. It will air daily at 6 p.m. ET. Why it matters: Snapchat is making major investments in news content. Not only do outlets like The Wall Street Journal and Mashable have Snapchat Discover channels, major networks are taking to the platform to create shows exclusively for Snapchat. Snapchat has also invested in an editorial staff to produce their own news content, with news veterans like former CNN correspondent Peter Hamby. Will it work? Signs point to success. Axios reported last week that NBC News' Snapchat show has been posting monster numbers (29 million unique viewers in less than a month.) CNN's current Snapchat Discover channel gets roughly 12 million monthly uniques.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:Siege of Malacca (1641)
Battle of Malacca
I appreciate your desire to help, but I promise you I have a vision for this article that will be fulfilled. I hope I don't sound rude saying so, but it would be easier if you didn't assist. Most of what you changed was what I intended. I should be finished reforming it soon. Again, I'm not trying to disrespect you. An anonymous username, not my real name (talk) 22:11, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
Yeah I don't believe your trying to be rude but you can't tell someone to just don't edit as they see fit. This is Wikipedia, anyone can edit. And so I will edit as I see fit. But anyway, I don't think I will change most of what you will edit. Anyway please don't change the lead, I believe it is already good that way and one shouldn't change something that already isn't broken. Meaning, well-written and sourced edits. In that case, anyone can just change any article that is already good.
Also, I'm not sure what you said by "Most of what you changed was what I intended"? Are you talking about the removal of the lead? If so, you shouldn't leave a lead empty or a new heading empty even if you plan on coming back to it later. If you want to experiment, you should use the sandbox.
Danial Bass (talk) 22:39, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
* Unfortunately, I cannot get access to the original source used in the lead, and since the lead of an article should never have information not in the body, the content there will have to go sooner or later since there is no way for me to put that source in the body without directly copying what is said in the lead. You are probably right that I should have waited, though. And for your second point, I was just talking about some of the miscellaneous copy edits. I'll figure it out. Best wishes to you. An anonymous username, not my real name (talk) 23:19, 7 November 2022 (UTC)
Apologies for that last reversion, I made a mistake. An anonymous username, not my real name (talk) 14:23, 8 November 2022 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Talk:Akerbeltz
Calques or simply bad translations?
performing sexual abuses against members of Christian covens?
As far as I am aware, Christians do not form into covens. That would be witches --whether actual Pagans or the fictional kind Christians have sexy nightmares about, is a matter of perspective.
This is a hugely interesting article; but the translations into English are so bad, the reader is confused as much as intrigued. And lines of Basque text left completely untranslated are just beyond the pale!
Nuttyskin (talk) 02:53, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
* The page isn't great, yeah ... only so much time in the day. Regarding covens, I guess this is a poor translation but relates to the late Christianisation of the Basque Country and presumably a Christian minority in a non-Christian population. Personally I like the idea of a Christian coven but we should change the wording. I don't know where it comes from so I can't check the source but I'll go with 'groupings' for now. Akerbeltz (talk) 07:46, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
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WIKI
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NAME
App::Yath::Plugin::ShareDirDist - A prove plugin that works with File::ShareDir::Dist
VERSION
version 0.07
SYNOPSIS
% yath -p ShareDirDist
DESCRIPTION
This plugin sets the override for File::ShareDir::Dist based on the current directory name, if there is a share directory. It assumes that the directory name is the same as the dist name. This may not be the case, but it happens to be the convention that I use.
CAVEATS
As of this writing, Test2::Harness and App::Yath are still experimental and can change at any time. Documentation is sparse. Obviously use this plugin at your own risk.
SEE ALSO
App::Yath
Test2::Harness
AUTHOR
Author: Graham Ollis <plicease@cpan.org>
Contributors:
Yanick Champoux (yanick)
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2017,2018 by Graham Ollis.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Jim Mees
Jim Mees (August 10, 1955 – March 29, 2013), was an American set designer who worked on a variety of television series as well as music tours and films. He was awarded an Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Series in 1990 for his work on the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Sins of the Father", and was nominated on four other occasions.
Biography
Mees was born in Mahopac, New York on August 10, 1955. He became friends with designer Vera Neumann, whom he later credited as being the inspiration behind his design career. He first met her at the age of 12 and later gained a job with her, drawing images which were turned into designs for clothing. He gained a bachelor's degree in theatre and lighting design from Carnegie Mellon University in 1977. During his final year, he was selected by the Seattle Repertory Theater to work on George Abbott's final Broadway production Music Is.
After graduation, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in design. In 1982, he gained his first job on a television series with the CBS series Gloria. He went on to work with a dozen more television series including three Star Trek series, The Next Generation, Voyager and Enterprise. Patrick Stewart said of Mees' 14 years working on the Star Trek franchise, "He made you feel hopeful about the future because you could see that good taste was still present in features of design 400 years from now and hadn't been completely overwhelmed by technology." Mees complained of Ronald D. Moore writing scenes in which characters would pull open wall panels on the Enterprise: because the Enterprise was a stage set instead of a real ship, anything shown behind a panel would have to be designed and built separately. As a result of these complaints, these removable panels were subsequently referred to in scripts as "Mees panels".
Outside of Star Trek, he also worked on shows such as Who's the Boss?, Gilmore Girls, Cold Case and Bones. Mees also created the stage designs for music artists such as Diana Ross and The Beach Boys. He worked on two films, Second Serve and Maniac.
Mees was awarded an Emmy Award for Outstanding Art Direction for a Series, alongside Richard D. James, in 1990 for The Next Generation episode "Sins of the Father". He was nominated on four other occasions, in 1989 for "Elementary, Dear Data", in 1991 for "The Best of Both Worlds", in 1992 for "Unification" and in 1994 for "Thine Own Self". During the mid-1990s, he taught design at Watkins College of Art, Design & Film in Nashville, Tennessee.
Death
He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2012. Mees died on March 29, 2013, aged 57, at his home in Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania.
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WIKI
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 95.djvu/264
95 STAT. 238
PUBLIC LAW 97-34—AUG. 13, 1981 tary that, at the beginning of such rehabilitation, he in good faith was not aware of the requirements of subclause (II). "(v) EXPENDITURES OF LESSEE.—Any expenditure of a lessee of a building if, on the date the rehabilitation is completed, the remaining term of the lease (determined without regard to any renewal periods) is less than 15 years. "(C) CERTIFIED REHABILITATION.—For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term 'certified rehabilitation' means any rehabilitation of a certified historic structure which the Secretary of the Interior has certified to the Secretary as being consistent with the historic character of such property or the district in which such property is located. "(3) CERTIFIED HISTORIC STRUCTURE DEFINED.—
"(A) IN GENERAL.—The term 'certified historic structure' means any building (and its structural components) which— "(i) is listed in the National Register, or "(ii) is located in a registered historic district and is certified by the Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary as being of historic significance to the district. "(B) REGISTERED HISTORIC DISTRICT.—The term 'registered historic district' meeuis— "(i) any district listed in the National Register, and "(ii) any district— "(I) which is designated under a statute of the appropriate State or local government, if such statute is certified by the Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary as containing criteria which will substantially achieve the purpose of preserving and rehabilitating buildings of historic significance to the district, and "(II) which is certified by the Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary as meeting substantially all of the requirements for the listing of districts in the National Register. "(4) PROPERTY TREATED AS NEW SECTION 38 PROPERTY.—Prop-
26 USC 38.
erty which is treated as section 38 property by reason of subsection (a)(1)(E) shall be treated as new section 38 property. "(5) ADJUSTMENT TO BASIS.—
"(A) IN GENERAL.—For purposes of this subtitle, if a credit is allowed under this section for any qualified rehabilitation expenditure in connection with a qualified rehabilitated building other than a certified historic structure, the increase in basis of such property which would (but for this paragraph) result from such expenditure shall be reduced by the amount of the credit so allowed. "(B) CERTAIN DISPOSITIONS.—If during any taxable year there is a recapture amount determined with respect to any qualified rehabilitated building the basis of which was reduced under subparagraph (A), the basis of such building (immediately before the event resulting in such recapture) shall be increased by an amount equal to such recapture amount. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term 'recapture amount' means any increase in tax (or adjustment in carrybacks or carryovers) determined under section Ante, p. 233.
47(a)(5)."
�
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WIKI
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How Salt Therapy Benefits Everyone
How Salt Therapy Benefits Everyone
- in Featured
504
Comments Off on How Salt Therapy Benefits Everyone
Salt therapy is also called halotherapy. It is natural and safe without any known side effects. This makes it beneficial to children and adults, and even animals. Salt therapy improves one’s respiratory system through detoxifying it. As a result it improves one’s skin functions and boosts the immune system.
Major Benefits of Salt Therapy on the Respiratory System
Dry salt therapy is important for respiratory care. Come to think of it. Daily we are exposed to pollutants, dirt, airborne diseases, bacteria, allergens, and other elements that can irritate our respiratory system. Regularly going to salt therapy in Victoria & New South Wales clinics will help a lot in boosting your respiratory health and improving your overall life quality.
Types of Respiratory Conditions Addressed By Salt Therapy
People who include salt therapy in their wellness routine will experience relief in any of the following medical conditions: bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis, smokers’ cough, ear infections, COPD, allergies, common colds, and cystic fibrosis.
For these conditions, it is important to ensure low concentration of salt and gradual administration of dry salt on the patient as well as consistency in the treatment to ensure successful outcomes.
Salt therapy is also beneficial for skin, anti-aging, and beauty. The human skin is a complex organ and it is highly intelligent. It has many functions and same as the respiratory system it also has a major role in protecting the body from bacteria, microbes, and viruses. The skin is capable of dirt excretion; it helps to regulate body temperature; it also prevents dehydration by controlling one’s level of perspiration. It also has the sensory receptors that can easily detect pressure, sensation, and pain.
Salt Therapy Benefits on the Human Skin
The impact of having aesthetically and quality-wise pleasing skin is immense for one’s self-esteem. As we age, the first organ of the body to show the impact of life and age is the skin. Dry salt therapy has excellent impact on the overall skin quality and appearance. Halotherapy is also known as a great aid in the skin’s healthy aging process.
According to scientific research salt has microparticles that can help boost the integument system of the skin’s protective layer. The salt also provides the skin pH normalization; it also induces reparative and regenerative processes in skin, ensuring its healthy growth and rigidity including hair health.
Types of Skin Conditions Addressed By Salt Therapy
Getting regular, consistent, and good quality salt therapy will be able to aid people who suffer from the following skin conditions: dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, acne, itching, skin aging, dry and flaky skin, swelling and inflammation, and rosacea.
For treating skin conditions, it is important to ensure high concentration and a more aggressive administration of salt therapy as well as consistent therapy sessions to ensure more successful results.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, Calvados
Saint-Pierre-du-Mont is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
World War II
During World War II, the area was heavily bombarded on several occasions during May and early June 1944 by Allied bombers, attacking German coastal fortifications of the Atlantic Wall just north of the commune along the coast.
Saint-Pierre-du-Mont was liberated by American Ranger forces on 7 June 1944 after moving inland from Pointe du Hoc. The area north of the commune was used by the United States Army Air Forces as a combat airfield, known as Advanced Landing Ground "A-1" (Saint-Pierre-du-Mont). The airfield was used between early June and September 1944. It was abandoned after the Americans moved east into Central France with the advancing Allied Armies.
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WIKI
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cascading.flow
Interface FlowElement
All Known Implementing Classes:
AggregateBy, AverageBy, Coerce, CoGroup, CountBy, Dfs, Each, ElementGraph.Extent, Every, GlobHfs, Group, GroupBy, Hfs, Lfs, MultiSinkTap, MultiSourceTap, MultiTap, Operator, Pipe, Rename, S3fs, Shape, SinkTap, SourceTap, SubAssembly, SumBy, Tap, TempHfs, TemplateTap, Unique
public interface FlowElement
Interface FlowElement is a utility interface used internally to simplify DAG management.
Method Summary
boolean isEquivalentTo(FlowElement element)
Scope outgoingScopeFor(Set<Scope> incomingScopes)
Method outgoingScopeFor returns the Scope this FlowElement hands off to the next FlowElement.
Fields resolveFields(Scope scope)
Method resolveFields returns the actual field names represented by the given Scope.
Fields resolveIncomingOperationFields(Scope incomingScope)
Method resolveIncomingOperationFields resolves the incoming scopes to the actual incoming operation field names.
Method Detail
outgoingScopeFor
Scope outgoingScopeFor(Set<Scope> incomingScopes)
Method outgoingScopeFor returns the Scope this FlowElement hands off to the next FlowElement.
Parameters:
incomingScopes - of type Set
Returns:
Scope
resolveIncomingOperationFields
Fields resolveIncomingOperationFields(Scope incomingScope)
Method resolveIncomingOperationFields resolves the incoming scopes to the actual incoming operation field names.
Parameters:
incomingScope - of type Scope
Returns:
Fields
resolveFields
Fields resolveFields(Scope scope)
Method resolveFields returns the actual field names represented by the given Scope. The scope may be incoming or outgoing in relation to this FlowElement instance.
Parameters:
scope - of type Scope
Returns:
Fields
isEquivalentTo
boolean isEquivalentTo(FlowElement element)
Copyright © 2007-2010 Concurrent, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Hitomi Kurihara
I’m a historian with two degrees and a masters degree in history. Hitomi Kurihara (talk) 14:00, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
* I love the idea of Wikipedia and the concept of creating an extensive encyclopaedia. The idea of a comprehensive reference to the worlds history and current notables is perfect for academics and researchers, and my hope is that Wiki will express not only WORLD wide known artists, writers, researchers, musicians, etc., but also local celebrities within their own right, giving a more rounded and diverse reference point for researchers to draw upon.
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WIKI
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0
Here is my code:
#include <string>
extern std::string commands[];
extern std::string shortcuts[];
int in_array(std::string ar[], std::string txt){
for(int i=0;i<ar->size();i++){
int g=ar->compare(txt);
if(!g){
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
int actioncmd(char* command){
int act=in_array(shortcuts,command);
if(act==-1){
return -1;
}
act=in_array(commands,command);
return act;
}
I'm simply trying to find out whether a command given by the user is in an array of commands, and, if it is, I want the index.
This is the error:
multiple definition of `in_array(std::string*, std::string)'
I don't have this defined anywhere else, so I thought perhaps there is an existing function called "in_array". So I renamed my function to "in_array_c". Now the error message is:
multiple definition of `in_array_c(std::string*, std::string)'
3
Contributors
7
Replies
50
Views
2 Years
Discussion Span
Last Post by davecoventry
0
Can you show us the other files (or rather a minimal version of them that still produces the same error message) in the project and how you build the project?
0
Cheers, yes:
action.cpp
See OP for content.
main.cpp
/*
* File: main.cpp
* Author: dave
*
* Created on 16 August 2014, 12:45
*/
#ifdef __APPLE__
#include <GLUT/glut.h>
#else
#include <GL/glut.h>
#endif
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
#include "action.cpp"
#include "utils.cpp"
const int arraySize = 20;
std::string commands[arraySize] = {
"quit",
"line"
};
std::string shortcuts[arraySize]={"q","l"};
std::string history;
int cmd;
char* cmdval;
void draw()
{
// code for rendering here
glutSwapBuffers(); // swapping image buffer for double buffering
glutPostRedisplay(); // redrawing. Omit this line if you don't want constant redraw
}
static void key(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key)
{
case 13:
case 32:
cmd=actioncmd(cmdval);
break;
case 27 :
exit(0);
break;
default:
cmdval=appendCharToCharArray(cmdval,key);
}
glutPostRedisplay();
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA); // enabling double buffering and RGBA
glutInitWindowSize(1, 1);
glutCreateWindow("OpenGL"); // creating the window
glutFullScreen();
glutDisplayFunc(draw);
glutKeyboardFunc(key);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
utils.cpp:
#include <string.h>
char* appendCharToCharArray(char* array, char a)
{
int len=strlen(array);
char str[len+2];
strcpy(str,array);
str[len]=a;
str[len+1]='\0';
return str;
}
Makefile:
MKDIR=mkdir
CP=cp
CCADMIN=CCadmin
build: .build-post
.build-pre:
.build-post: .build-impl
clean: .clean-post
.clean-pre:
.clean-post: .clean-impl
# clobber
clobber: .clobber-post
.clobber-pre:
# Add your pre 'clobber' code here...
.clobber-post: .clobber-impl
# Add your post 'clobber' code here...
# all
all: .all-post
.all-pre:
# Add your pre 'all' code here...
.all-post: .all-impl
# Add your post 'all' code here...
# build tests
build-tests: .build-tests-post
.build-tests-pre:
# Add your pre 'build-tests' code here...
.build-tests-post: .build-tests-impl
# Add your post 'build-tests' code here...
# run tests
test: .test-post
.test-pre: build-tests
# Add your pre 'test' code here...
.test-post: .test-impl
# Add your post 'test' code here...
# help
help: .help-post
.help-pre:
# Add your pre 'help' code here...
.help-post: .help-impl
# Add your post 'help' code here...
# include project implementation makefile
include nbproject/Makefile-impl.mk
# include project make variables
include nbproject/Makefile-variables.mk
2
#include "action.cpp"
This tells the preprocessor to paste the contents of the text file "action.cpp" into this position, just as if you had yourself manually typed it in at that position.
So, you have a definition of the function in action.cpp, and a definition of the function in main.cpp
This is multiple definitions of the same function, in the same program.
Remove #include "action.cpp"
Also remove #include "utils.cpp"
I suspect you don't quite understand what the preprocessor, compiler and linker do. This is hampering you significantly. Read this, and look out for the "One Definition Rule":
http://www.daniweb.com/software-development/cpp/tutorials/466177/understanding-c-from-source-to-binaries
Edited by Moschops
Votes + Comments
Exactly.
0
Thank you; that's helpful.
I guess I've been used to using the "uses" declaration in Pascal and was expecting C to implement the same procedures. And, of course, php uses a similar 'include' or 'require' declaration.
0
I've removed #include "action.cpp"as you've suggested.
However, this gives me an error:
main.cpp:38:27: error: ‘actioncmd’ was not declared in this scope
What is the correct way to make sure that the included files are read? Clearly using #include "action.cpp" doesn't work.
1
To use a function in C++, when the compiler gets to the point at which you try to use it, the compiler must know about the function already. Specifically, it must know the function's name, its return type, and its input parameters. This must be done separately for every source file being compiled. Each time the compiler starts on a new source file, anything it learned about a previous source file no longer matters
There are two ways to ensure the compiler knows what it needs to know about the function in order to use it.
The first way is to have the complete definition of the function in that source file, somewhere before you try to use it. This is what you were trying before, and because you were doing it in more than one *.cpp file, you hit the problem that you had the exact same function defined in more than one place.
The second way is to have a declaration of the function in that source file, somewhere before you try to use it. The declaration is the bare minimum the compiler needs to know; the name, the return type, the input parameters.
For the function actioncmd, the declaration is as follows:
int actioncmd(char* command);
So you need to put this in your code, somewhere before you try to call the function.
You can do this by just typing that declaration in. Alternatively, you could create what we commonly refer to as a header file. This is simply a plain text file containing useful things such as function declarations.
So, you could create a file named "action.h", and put in it the declaration of every function that is defined in "action.cpp"
You could then use the #include pre-processor directive to have all those declarations put into your code wherever you like, and the pre-processor will type the contents of the file included file into that spot, just as if you had typed it yourself.
So your "main.cpp" file would have, near the top, #include "action.h", the pre-procesor would open the file "action.h", and copy into "main.cpp" the declaration you wrote in "action.h", and now "main.cpp" has an extra line of code in it; the declaration of the function, near the top, before you try to use the function.
So when the compiler starts on the file "main.cpp" that the preprocessor has inserted the extra lines into (the file after the preprocessor has finished with it is commonly called a "translation unit"), it will see that declaration before you try to use the function, and everyone is happy.
Edited by Moschops
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Edwards v. United States (286 U.S. 482)
Attorney General Mitchell for the United States.
[Argument of Counsel from pages 482-484 intentionally omitted]
Mr. M. Walton Hendry, of Washington, D. C., for Edwards.
Mr. Hatton W. Summers, of Dallas, Tex., for the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives, as amicus curiae, by special leave of Court.
Mr. Chief Justice HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.
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WIKI
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CITY OF HARRISONVILLE, Appellant-Respondent, v. MCCALL SERVICE STATIONS d/b/a Big Tank Oil, et al., Respondent-Appellant, The Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund, Respondent-Appellant.
No. SC 94115
Supreme Court of Missouri, en banc.
Opinion issued August 23, 2016
Paul C. Wilson, J., filed opinion' concurring in part.
Zel M. Fischer, J., filed opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Richard B. Teitelman, J., filed opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part,
The city was represented by Steven E. Mauer and Heather S. Esau Zerger of Zerger & Mauer LLP in Kansas City,<PHONE_NUMBER>.
The fund was represented by Solicitor General James R. Layton and Timothy Duggan of the attorney general’s office in Jefferson City,<PHONE_NUMBER>.
The service station owners were represented by Glenn E. Bradford and Nancy L. Skinner of Glenn E. Bradford & Associates PC in Kansas City,<PHONE_NUMBER>.
PER CURIAM
The City of Harrisonville filed a petition for damages against McCall Service Stations d/b/a Big Tank Oil, Fleming Petroleum Corporation, and the Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund after the City discovered that petroleum from a service station’s underground storage tank had leaked and contaminated the soil where the City was working on a sewer upgrade project. The City alleged counts of nuisance and trespass against McCall, the service station’s previous owner, arid Fleming, the service station’s current owner. The City also alleged counts of negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation against the Fund because the increased construction costs resulting from the contamination in the City’s sewer easement were not paid from the Fund. The jury returned verdicts in favor of the City on all counts and awarded the City compensatory and punitive damages against McCall, Fleming, and the Fund. The circuit court then remitted the punitive damages awarded against the Fund. McCall, Fleming, and counsel for the Fund appealed. The City cross-appealed from the remittitur of the punitive damages award.
The nuisance and trespass instructions submitted to the jury were not erroneous. McCall and Fleming failed to establish that prejudice resulted from the inclusion of the “consequential damages” language in the nuisance and trespass instructions. McCall and Fleming also failed to establish that the nuisance and trespass instructions gave the jury a roving commission on damages or gave the jury an opportunity to award improper economic damages. Likewise, the circuit court did not err in refusing to remit the compensatory damages awarded against McCall and Fleming in that substantial evidence in .the record supported the compensatory damages award. Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed with respect to the damages awarded against McCall and Fleming.
The award of punitive damages against the Fund, however, was erroneous. The City’s claims against the Fund are not cognizable under the Fund’s enabling statutes. Furthermore, the Fund cannot be liable for its own conduct because the Fund’s statutory structure is such that the Fund is merely an account and only its Board of Trustees is responsible for the administration and operation of the.Fund. It follows that, because the City failed to allege cognizable claims against the Fund for actual or compensatory damages, it also cannot recover punitive damages against the Fund. Accordingly, the punitive damages award against the Fund is reversed. This Court, however, will- not disturb the compensatory damages awarded against the Fund given that counsel for the Fund did not seek relief on appeal from the compensatory damages award. Moreover, because counsel for the Fund failed to raise the argument that the Fund’s trustees — not the Fund itself — are the proper parties until after the jury rendered its verdict and because the allegations in the City’s petition may state a cause of action against the Fund’s Board of Trustees for the actions of its agents, the cause is remanded in the interest of fairness and justice. The judgment against the Fund is affirmed in all other respects.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
McCall owned a gas station in Harrison-ville that had an underground petroleum storage tank system. In September 1997, McCall discovered that its tank system was leaking and submitted notice of this claim against the Fund. The Fund is a special trust fund created by the legislature, in section 319.129, to provide insurance to service station owners for the cleanup costs associated with spills and leaks from underground petroleum storage tanks. Representatives of the Fund investigated the leak and determined that a significant amount of gasoline had leaked into the soil surrounding McCall’s tank system.
McCall and the Board of Trustees for the Fund hired Bob Fine, an environmental engineer, to determine the extent of the leak. In October 1997, Mr. Fine notified • the Department of Natural Resources that McCall’s leaking tank system had caused petroleum contamination to migrate offsite toward a nearby creek. Mr. Fine prepared a plan to contain the leak by installing monitoring.wells on the streets contiguous to McCall’s service station. McCall subsequently sold the service station to Fleming.
Tn 2003, the City decided to upgrade its sewer system to accommodate its growing population. The City’s residents approved a bond issue for the multi-million dollar sewer upgrade project. The City hired George Butler & Associates, a local engineering firm, to design the project and prepare ,a scope of services so that the construction work could be let for competitive bidding.
Rose-Lan Construction won the bidding process and was engaged by the City to complete the sewer project. During construction, Rose-Lan encountered contaminated soil adjacent to Fleming’s service station. Because Rose-Lan did not have expertise in remediation of contaminated soil, it could not complete'that portion of the sewer project.
The City notified the department of natural resources of the contaminated soil and was informed that the Fund’s Board of Trustees had retained Mr. Fine to monitor the contamination since 1997. The Fund’s Board of Trustees then hired Mr. Fine to determine whether gasoline from Fleming’s service station was responsible for the soil contamination in the City’s sewer easement. Mr. Fine confirmed that the leak from Fleming’s underground storage tank was the source of the contamination.
The City began discussions with Mr. Fine regarding the best way to address the contaminated soil and to complete construction of the sewer upgrade project. The City’s engineer, Ted Martin, estimated that to completely remove and replace the contaminated soil would cost in excess of $500,000. Mr. Fine, on behalf of the Fund, suggested that a more cost-effective approach would be to leave the contaminated soil in place and install petroleum-resistant pipe and-fittings. BV Construction submitted a bid of $190,226.38 to install the petroleum resistant pipe according to Mr. Fine’s suggested approach.
Pat Vuchetich, the Fund’s third-party administrator, concluded that Mr. Fine and BV Construction’s estimate was too high and made efforts to find a cheaper bid. Mr. Vuchetich contacted multiple companies and determined that Midwest Remediation was best suited for the project.based on his prior experience with the company. Mr. Vuchetich requested that Midwest Remediation prepare a bid and assisted Midwest Remediation’s project manager, Shaun Thomas, in preparing the bid by making suggestions about specific cost items. Midwest Remediation’s bid was for $175,161.41, more than $15,000 lower than the bid submitted by BV Construction.
On April 13, 2004, Mr. Vuchetich forwarded Midwest Remediation’s bid to Carol Eighmey, the executive director of the Fund’s Board of Trustees. Mr. Vuchetich stated that the exposure to the Fund would be $135,571 after subtracting Rose-Lan’s estimated costs for the relevant section of pipe that the City would avoid because Rose-Lan would not be constructing that portion of the project. Mr. Vuche-tich informed Ms. Eighmey that he would tell the City that Midwest’s costs were reasonable. .
■ On April 15, 2004, the City held a meeting for all parties involved in the remediation project. Mr. Vuchetich represented the Fund at the meeting. The City was represented by the City administrator, Dianna Wright, the City attorney, Steve Mauer, and Mr. Martin, the City engineer. Mr. Thomas of Midwest Remediation and William Rextroat of Rose-Lan were also in attendance.
At the meeting, Mr. Vuchetich presented Midwest Remediation’s bid and informed the City that the bid was reasonable. Mr. Vuchetich also expressed concerns that Rose-Lan’s initial bid of $19,061.31 for installing the relevant section of pipe was too low. In response, Rose-Lan revised its bid to $25,138.41. Rose-Lan’s revised bid reduced the amount of the contamination-related costs for which the Fund would be responsible. Mr. Vuchetich also stated, on behalf of the Fund, that both the City and George Butler & Associates should share some of the additional costs of the cleanup project based upon their failure to discover the soil. contamination 'before preparing the sewer construction plan. The City responded that the Fund should address those concerns with George Butler & Associates, not with the City. Ms. Wright, Mr. Martin, and Mr. Rextroat ’ left the meeting with the understanding that Mr. Vuchetich, on behalf of the Fund, wanted the City to hire Midwest Remediation for the remediation project and that the City would be reimbursed from the Fund for' the cost of Midwest Remediation’s work, less the amount that the City would otherwise have paid to Rose-Lan for the affected portion of the sewer project. .
Various discussions between the City and Mr. Vuchetich occurred over the following months. Mr. Vuchetich, on at least two occasions, made an offer of $50,000 to the City to settle the Fund’s liability. On August 3, 2004, the City authorized Rose-Lan to subcontract with Midwest Remediation to ‘ install the petroleum-resistant pipes. The following day, the City’s attorney sent a letter to Mr. Vuchetich stating that the City was going forward in reliance on his promise that the Fund would pay the full amount of Midwest Remediation’s costs.
The City was not reimbursed from the Fund for the costs of Midwest Remediation’s work. As a result, the City filed suit against the Fund for fraudulent and negligent representation, alleging that the City had hired Midwest Remediation in reliance on Mr. Vuchetich’s promise that the cost of Midwest Remediation’s work would be paid from the Fund. The City also asserted claims for nuisance and trespass against McCall and Fleming based on the migration of petroleum contamination from the underground tank system. The City sought compensatory and punitive damages from each defendant.
A jury trial was conducted on the City’s claims. During trial, the circuit court granted the City’s motion for directed verdict on liability against McCall and Fleming. This left only the issue of damages for jury determination on the City’s nuisance and trespass claims against McCall and Fleming and the issue of liability and damages on the City’s claims of negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation against the Fund. McCall and Fleming made oral and written motions for directed verdict that were overruled by the circuit court. The Fund made only an oral motion for directed verdict at the close of all evidence that the circuit court also overruled.
The jury returned a verdict for the City on all claims. The jury awarded $172,100.98 in compensatory damages against McCall, Fleming, and the Fund. The jury also awarded $100 in punitive damages against McCall and Fleming and $8 million in punitive damages against the Fund. The circuit court entered its judgment accordingly.
McCall, Fleming, and counsel for the Fund each filed post-trial motions. Counsel for the Fund argued that the $8 million punitive damages award exceeded the cap on punitive damages in section 510.265.1(2) and that the punitive damages award violated the due process requirements of the United States and Missouri constitutions. In refusing to apply the statutory damages cap, the circuit court found that the City’s cause of action accrued before the statute-ry cap’s enactment in 2005. Nevertheless, the circuit court remitted the punitive damages award to $2.5 million on due process grounds. The circuit court overruled the remaining post-trial motions.
McCall, Fleming, and counsel for the Fund appeal. The City cross-appeals the circuit court’s remitter. of the punitive damages award. After an opinion by the court of appeals, the case was transferred to this Court. Mo. Const, art. V. see. 10.
II. The Jury Instructions Were Not Erroneous
In their first point, McCall and Fleming assert that the circuit court erred by submitting instruction Nos. 7 and 9, which pertained to the City’s nuisance and trespass claims, respectively, because the instructions erroneously permitted the recovery of consequential damages. “Whether a jury was instructed properly is a question of law this Court reviews de novo.” Hervey v. Missouri Dep’t of Corrections, 379 S.W.3d 156, 159 (Mo.banc 2012). This Gourt conducts its review in the light most favorable to the record and will find submission of an instruction proper “if the instruction- is supported by any theory[.]” Id. “The party challenging the instruction must show that the offending instruction misdirected, misled, or confused the jury, resulting* in prejudice to the party challenging the instruction.” Id. This Court will reverse instructional errors “only if the error resulted in prejudice that materially affects the merits of the action.” Id.
If a Missouri approved instruction (MAI) is applicable in a particular case, that instruction must be given “to the exclusion of any other instruction on the same subject.” Rule 70.02(b). “Any deviation from an approved MAI instruction is presumed prejudicial error unless the contrary is shown.” Kenney v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc,, 100 S.W.3d 809, 813 (Mo.banc 2003). MAIs, however, do not exist for every particular legal issue. When there is no applicable MAI, the instruction given “shall be simple; brief, impartial, free from argument, and shall not submit to the jury or require findings of detailed evidentiary facts.’’' Rule 70.02(b). Although McCall and Fleming’s point relied on challenges the jury instructions submitted on both the Citys'nuisance claim and trespass claim, the authority on which McCall and Fleming rely addresses only the damages recoverable in a common law trespass action. McCall and Fleming do not cite any authority to support their claim that consequential damages are not recoverable in a common law nuisance action. “Where a party fails to support a contention with relevant authority or argument beyond conclusions, the point is considered abandoned.” Beatty v. State Tax Comm’n, 912 S.W.2d 492, 498-99 (Mo.banc 1995)! McCall and Fleming, therefore, abandoned their argument that the circuit court erroneously instructed the jury, that consequential damages were recoverable under the City’s nuisance claim. Because the jury was instructed on and awarded consequential damages under the nuisance claim, no prejudice resulted from the trespass instruction also including the consequential damages language. Fleshner v. Pepose Vision Inst., P.C., 304 S.W.3d 81, 91 (Mo. banc 2010).
‘ McCall and Fleming also assert that the circuit court improperly submitted damages instructions based on MAI 4.02 rather than MAI 4.01. McCall and Fleming, however, did not object to the instructions on such grounds. Rule 70.03 provides: “No party may assign as error the giving or failure to give instructions unless that party objects thereto before the jury retires to consider its verdict, stating distinctly the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection.” The only objection raised by McCall and Fleming was that the language regarding consequential damages should not have been included in the instruction. In fact, McCall and Fleming modeled their instructions after MAI 4.02. Accordingly, because McCall and Fleming failed to make the specific objection to the instructions they are now claiming to be error, the issue is not preserved for appellate review. See Howard v. City of Kansas City, 332 S.W.3d 772, 790 (Mo. banc 2011).
McCall and Fleming further assert that the inclusion of the phrase “consequential damages” in instruction Nos. 7 and 9 gave the jury a “roving commission.” “A roving commission occurs when an instruction assumes.a disputed fact or submits an abstract legal question that allows the jury to roam freely through the evidence and choose any facts which suit its fancy or its perception of logic to impose liability.” Klotz v. St. Anthony’s Med. Ctr., 311 S.W.3d 752, 766 (Mo.banc 2010) (internal quotations omitted). In determining whether a jury instruction failed to give the jury meaningful guidance but, instead, constituted a roving commission, “[t]he issue is whether the phrase as used in the verdict director was misleading in the context of the evidence at trial.” Id. at 767. “Where the testimony in a ease explains a phrase used in the verdict director, there is no ‘roving commission.’ ” Id.
In this case, the testimony at trial made clear precisely what damages the City was seeking to collect as a result of the petroleum contamination, Dianna Wright, the City’s former administrator, testified that the City was required to hire Midwest Remediation to install petroleum-resistant piping in the area where the contamination had been discovered because Rose-Lan was not qualified to deal with the petroleum contamination. Ms. Wright further explained that . Midwest Remediation charged the City $155,257,98 more than Rose-Lan had contracted to charge for completion of the sewer upgrade project in the contaminated area. Ms. Wright testified that these additional costs were a direct result of the sod contamination. She also testified that the City incurred additional costs of $4,660 for soil testing to determine the scope of the contaminátion and $12,183 in additional fees to George Butler & Associates due to the increased scope of the sewer project caused by the soil contamination. Ms. Wright testified that the City’s damages were the sum of these costs, $172,100.98, which directly resulted from the soil contamination.
Therefore, Ms. Wright’s testimony establishes that the City incurred increased costs of $172,100.98 to complete the sewer upgrade project as a direct result , of the contamination for which McCall and Fleming are responsible. None of the costs for which the City sought reimbursement would have been incurred had the City not encountered petroleum-contaminated soil. The increased costs to which Ms. Wright testified are the costs for which the City sought compensation in its closing arguments, and the jury awarded the City compensatory damages in this precise amount. The City was entitled to recover these costs, which were proximately caused by the trespass of contaminants into the City’s sewer easement. Under these circumstances, the reference to “consequential damages” in instruction Nos. 7 and 9 was sufficiently definite to inform the jury of the legal standard to be applied, and these instructions did not constitute a prohibited “roving commission.”
McCall and Fleming also assert that instructions Nos. 7 and 9 were erroneous because the instructions allowed the City to seek recovery of “economic damages.” In support of their argument, McCall and Fleming rely on the following exchange during.Ms. Wright’s cross-examination by their counsel:
Q. ... So ... the difference in the money you paid [to Midwest Remediation] and the money that Rose-Lan said they would have spent; that represented the loss of the benefit of your good bargain with Rose-Lan; is that your understanding?
A. That’s my understanding.
McCall and Fleming claim that this exchange establishes that the City was seeking “benefit of the bargain” damages rather than recovery of only those costs that were directly attributable to the petroleum contamination.
By "agreeing with McCall and Fleming’s counsel that part of the City’s damages reflected “the loss of the benefit of [the City’s] good bargain with Rose-Lan,” Ms. Wright was merely testifying that, due to the petroleum contamination, the City coiild' no longer construct this portion of the sewer upgrade project at the lower costs to which Rose-Lan had agreed but, instead, had to hire a specialized contractor to perform part of the sewer upgrade project at a much higher cost. Although McCall and Fleming’s counsel asked his questions in terms of the “benefit of the bargain,” Ms. Wright’s response is consistent with the remainder of her testimony that the City could have had the relevant work performed at a much lower price but for the discovery of the contamination. The isolated excerpt from Ms. Wright’s testimony, therefore, does not establish that the instructions permitted the City to seek “benefit of the bargain” damages.
III. Competent Evidence Supports the Compensatory Damages Award
In their second point, McCall and Flething argue that the circuit court abused its discretion by failing to sustain their motions for a directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, which sought to limit the City’s compensatory damages' to $72,009.89. McCall and Fleming argue that there was no competent evidence that the damages attributable to the contamination exceeded that amount.
“The standard of review for the denial of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) is essentially the same as review of the denial of a motion for directed verdict.” All Am. Painting, LLC v. Fin. Solutions & Assocs., Inc., 315 S.W.3d 719, 723 (Mo.banc 2010).
When reviewing a circuit court’s denial of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, this Court must determine whether the plaintiff presented a submissible case by offering evidence to support every element necessary for liability. Evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, giving the plaintiff all reasonable inferences and disregarding all conflicting evidence and inferences. This Court will reverse the jury’s verdict for insufficient evidence only where there is a complete absence of probative fact to support the jury’s conclusion.
Smith v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 410 S.W.3d 623, 630 (Mo.banc 2013) (internal citation and quotation omitted).
McCall and Fleming claim that the only evidence on which the jury could have relied to determine the City’s damages was the testimony of Mr. Thomas, who prepared Midwest Remediation’s bid for the remediation project. Mr. Thomas testified that only $72,009.98 of Midwest Remediation’s bid of $175,161.44 was directly attributable to the soil contamination at the site. This claim ignores the other evidence presented by the City to support its claim for damages.
Ms. Wright testified that all of the damages it was seeking to recover resulted from the necessity to hire Midwest Remediation to construct a portion of the sewer upgrade project that Rose-Lan was not qualified to perform because of the petroleum contamination. Furthermore, the City’s evidence indicated that representatives of the Fund recommended Midwest Remediation and viewed its bid to install the petroleum-resistant pipes for $155,257.98 more than Rose-Lan’s contract charged as “reasonable” for the work needed. Even if Mr. Thomas’ testimony were viewed as inconsistent with the City’s other evidence, any inconsistency was for the jury to resolve. Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and disregarding any evidence to the contrary, the circuit court did not err in overruling McCall and Fleming’s motion for directed verdict or motion for JNOV.
IV. Remittitur of Compensatory Damages
In their third point, McCall and Fleming assert that the circuit court abused its discretion by not remitting the compensatory damages award based on Mr. Thomas’s testimony that Midwest Remediation’s contamination-related costs were only $72,009.98. Because substantial evidence supported the jury’s compensatory damage award, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to remit the compensatory damages awarded against McCall and Fleming. Badahman v. Catering St Louis, 395 S.W.3d 29, 39-40 (Mo.banc 2013).
V. The Evidence Supports a Finding of Detrimental Reliance
On cross-appeal, counsel for the Fund asserts that the circuit court erred in overruling its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict because the City did not make a' submissive case of fraud or negligent misrepresentation in that the City presented no evidence that it relied to its detriment on Mr. Vuchetich’s representations. In fraudulent misrepresentation cases, the plaintiff is required to establish each and every element of a fraud claim, and its failure to do so is fatal to the claim. Heberer v. Shell Oil Co., 744 S.W.2d 441, 443 (Mo.banc 1988). An injury directly and proximately caused by the misrepresentation is an essential element of a fraudulent misrepresentation claim. Hess v. Chase Manhattan Bank, USA, N.A., 220 S.W.3d 758, 765 (Mo.banc 2007).
Counsel for the Fund contends that the uncontroverted evidence shows that the City actually saved $30,000.00 by relying on Mr. Vuchetich’s statements and hiring Midwest Remediation. Counsel argues that the City provided no proof that hiring Midwest Remediation resulted in costs to the City beyond those that the City was to incur, if it did not hire Midwest Remediation. This argument, however, ignores that the City presented evidence that it would have acted differently if Mr. Vuchetich had not promised that the cost of Midwest Remediation’s work would be paid from the Fund.
Ms. Wright testified that, based on Mr. Vuchetich’s representations, the City left the April 2004 meeting with the understanding that the Fund’s representatives wanted the City to hire Midwest Restoration and that the City would be reimbursed from the Fund for the costs of Midwest Remediation’s work, less the amount that the City would have otherwise paid Rose-Lan for the same portion of the sewer project. As a result, the City authorized Rose-Lan to subcontract with, Midwest Restoration for that portion of the sewer project. The City then paid Midwest Restoration for its work on the sewer project. Ultimately, however, the City was not reimbursed from the Fund for- the costs .of Midwest Remediation’s work. Ms. Wright testified that, if shé would have been told that the .City would not be reimbursed from the Fund for all of the costs in excess of Rose-Lan’s contract price, she would have told representatives of the Fund to “come and get your contaminated soil, and get it out of our easement, and completely remove it, dean it up, get a certification that it’s now clean.” Ms. Wright further testified that the City would then have had Rose-Lan complete the sewer installation as originally planned at no additional cost. Mr. Martin provided similar testimony. Testimony at trial reflected that the cost of excavation of all contaminated soils would have been approximately $500,000, for which the City claimed the Fund would have been responsible.
Based upon the proceeding facts, the City presented substantial evidence to' allow the trier of fact to find that' the City relied on Mr. Vuchetich’s representations to its detriment in that the City incurred additional costs when it hired and paid Midwest Restoration to complete that portion of the sewer project that it otherwise would not have incurred had the City demanded representatives of the Fund remove all contaminated soil for Rose-Lan to complete that portion of the sewer project as- initially planned. The circuit court, therefore, did not err in overruling the Fund’s motion for JNOV because the City presented sufficient evidence to support its fraudulent misrepresentation claim.
VI. The Punitive Damages Award against the Fund Was Erroneous
Counsel for the Fund further asserts that the circuit court erred in awarding punitive damages against the Fund. More specifically, counsel asserts that-section 819.131 provides no authority for the payment of punitive damages from the Fund.
The Fund is a statutorily created account. See section 319.129.1. Creatures of statute like the Fund can operate only in accordance with their enabling statutes. See State ex rel. MoGas Pipeline, LLC v. Missouri Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 366 S.W.3d 493, 496 (Mo.banc 2012).’ Section 319.131 speaks in terms of the Fund’s liability. It outlines two instances in which the Fund provides coverage: (1) the Fund will pay all of its participants’ cleanup “costs ... which are greater than ten thousand dollars but less than one million dollars per occurrence or two million dollars aggregate per year” and (2) the Fund “shall provide coverage for third-party claims involving property damage or bodily injury caused by leaking petroleum storage tanks whose owner or operator is participating in the fund at the time the release occurs or is discovered.” See section 319.131.4; section 319.131.5. There is no authority for payment from the Fund for claims beyond those expressly articulated in section 319.131. Therefore, pursuant to its enabling statutes, the Fund is to be used for payment of 'its participants’ cleanup costs and third-parties’ claims involving property damage or bodily injury.
Here, the City’s claims against the Fund did not fall within the statutorily authorized claims set out in section 319.131, Instead, the City sought and was awarded compensatory and punitive damages against the' Fund for fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation made by representatives of the Fund. • Under section 319.131, the Fund is not authorized to provide coverage for such claims as they do hot constitute participants’ cleanup costs or involve third-party claims for property damage or bodily injury. The tort claims alleged by the City, therefore, are beyond the coverage articulated in the Fund’s enabling statutes. It follows, therefore, that the City’s claims are not cognizable under section 319.131. MoGas Pipeline, 366 S.W.3d at 496.
Moreover, the statutory structure of the Fund is such that it cannot be liable for its own conduct. The City named the Fund as the defendant, but the Fund is merely an account within the state’s treasury. Specifically, section 319.129.4 provides that the Board of Trustees is responsible for the “general administration of the fund” and the “proper operation of the fund, including all decisions relating to payments from the fund.” Because the Fund is merely an account within the state treasury, “it” cannot provide coverage, pay claims, or take any other action. Instead, some person or entity must be authorized to do these things using the Fund. Accordingly, section ,319.129.4 provides: “The general administration of the fund and the responsibility for the proper operation of the fund, including all decisions relating to payments from the fund, are hereby vested in a board of trustees.” The Board is a state agency, designated “a type III agency,” and it has authority to “appoint an executive director and other employees as needed, who shall' be state employees[J” Section 319.129.8. The Board also “may select and employ, or may contract with, persons experienced in insurance underwriting, accounting, the servicing of claims and rate making, and legal counsel to defend third-party claims, who shall serve at the board’s pleasure.” Section 319.129.10.
Here, the City did not sue the Board or its members, employees, or contractors. Instead, it sued the Fund itself. There are no reported cases in which the Fund — as an entity — has sued or been sued. Instead, suits have been brought against the Board of Trustees, see, e.g., Chouteau Dev. Co., LLC v. Sinclair Mktg., Inc., 200 S.W.3d 68 (Mo.App.2006); Rees Oil Co. & Rees Petroleum Products v. Dir. of Revenue, 992 S.W.2d 354 (Mo.App.1999), or the chair of the Board in his or her official capacity, see, e.g., River Fleets, Inc. v. Creech, 36 S.W.3d 809 (Mo.App.2001); River Fleets, Inc. v. Carter, 990 S.W.2d 75 (Mo.App.1999). Because enabling statutes for the Fund vest the Board of Trustees with the administration and the operation of the Fund, the Fund can do nothing to subject itself to the liability alleged by the City.
But even though counsel for the Fund initially moved to dismiss the City’s claims on the very grounds that result in this Court vacating the award of punitive damages now, the Fund’s counsel abandoned this argument on appeal with respect to the award of compensatory damages and seeks relief only from the award of punitive damages. Perhaps counsel for the Fund believed that the issue of compensatory damages was moot because, whether it paid “its own” compensatory damages judgment or paid the' third-party claim against McCall, the cost to the Fund would be the same. Whatever the reason, however, the Fund does not seek relief on appeal in this Court from the judgment against it for compensatory damages, and this Court should not grant relief that is not sought.
Consequently, this Court does not disturb the compensatory award against the Fund. Nevertheless, because the City did not have had a cognizable claim against the Fund for actual or compensatory damages, it could not recover punitive damages from the Fund. See Ellison v. Fry, 437 S.W.3d 762, 777 (Mo.banc 2014). Accordingly, the punitive damages judgment against the Fund is reversed. By reversing the punitive damages award, however, an issue of fairness and justice arises because counsel for the Fund failed to- raise the argument that the Fund’s trustees — not the Fund itself — are the proper parties until after the jury rendered its verdict. This means that, when. the issue finally was raised, the City was not in a position to request leave to amend its petition to add or substitute parties. Yet, the allegations in the City’s petition may state a cause of action against the Fund’s Board of Trustees for the actions of its agents. Without expressing any opinion about the merits of the claims that may be asserted or.the source for payment of any judgment against the Board on such claim, the furtherance of justice and fairness require that the cause be remanded to the circuit court. See East v. McMenamy, 266 S.W.2d 728, 732 (Mo.1954) (“The furtherance of justice requires that'a case should not be reversed without remanding unless the appellate court is convinced that the facts are such that a recovery cannot be ha'd[.]”).
VII. Conclusion
The-judgment against McCall and Fleming is affirmed. The City, however, was not entitled to recover punitive damages from the Fund. Accordingly, the judgment is reversed with respect to the punitive damages awarded- against the Fund. Nevertheless, this Court affirms the award mf compensatory damages against the Fund because counsel for the Fund did not challenge the compensatory damages award on appeal. Additionally, because counsel for the Fund failed to raise the argument that the Fund’s trustees — not the Fund itself — are the proper parties until after the jury rendered its verdict and because the allegations in the City’s petition may state a cause of action against the Fund’s Board of Trustees for the actions of its agents, the cause is remanded in the interest of justice and fairness. The circuit court’s judgment is affirmed in all other respects.
Bf eckenridge, C.J., Stith, Draper and Russell, JJ., concur; Wilson, J., concurs in part in separate opinion filed; Fischer, J., concurs in part and dissents in part in separate opinion filed; Teitelman, J., concurs in part and dissents in part in. separate opinion filed.
Paul C. Wilson, Judge,
concurring
I concur in the result reached in the opinion of the Court and in much of its reasoning. I write separately, however, to address the question of whether the defect in the judgment on which the Court’s disposition of this case turns was (or was not) preserved for appellate reviéw. The per curiam opinion holds that it was, and the dissenting opinion by Judge Fischer would hold it was not. In my view, whatever the relative merits of these arguments in other contexts, neither is relevant here. ■
Simply stated, the Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund (“PSTIF”) is not a legal entity. It is a thing. As a result, one cannot sue the PSTIF, and any judgment resulting from such a suit (i.e., a judgment purporting to determine the rights, interests, and obligations of the PSTIF) is a nullity. It is no more valid than a judgment purporting to determine the rights, interests, and obligations of a “keg o’ nails” or a bowl of soup. Whether such a defect is pointed out now or in the future (when, for instance, someone seeks to enforce that judgment) is immaterial because there is nothing to enforce.
On direct appeal, rules concerning preservation serve to limit the claims of trial court error that may be reviewed. Once such a claim is waived (either because a party failed to preserve it below or failed to pursue it on appeal) or the claim is passed upon and rejected by the appellate court, the judgment cannot be collaterally attacked on that basis. But such rules of preservation and abandonment have no impact on whether a judgment, on its face, is a nullity. To be sure, the particular type of fundamental defect present in this case is rare and, perhaps, sui generis. But it also is inescapable. Accordingly, I would hold that the Court has both the authority and the duty-to identify and act upon such a fundamental defect .regardless of whether or how it was raised below or on appeal. In all other respects, I join the Court’s opinion.
Zel M. Fischer, Judge,
concurring in part and dissenting in part
I respectfully dissent from Section VI of the per curiam opinion, which holds that § 319.131 prohibits the Fund from having liability for punitive damages and that this case should be remanded to the circuit court for substitution of the Fund’s board as party defendant and a new trial. It is perplexing that the per curiam opinion is willing to require the Fund to adhere to some of this Court’s rules regarding preservation and presentment of issues for appellate review but not others. Although not explained by the per curiam opinion, this Court has jurisdiction of this case because it granted transfer after opinion by the court of appeals pursuant to article V, § 10 of the Missouri .Constitution. Rule 83.08(b) permits the parties to file substitute briefs after transfer is granted but the parties are not permitted to “alter the basis of any claim that was raised in the court of appeals brief.”
I. The Fund Failed to Preserve Its Claims That It Was Statutorily Barred From Payment of Punitive Damages and That It Was the Incorrect Party Defendant
As a preliminary matter, the per curiam opinion neglects to restrain its review to the Fund’s point on appeal, which states:
The trial court erred in failing to grant the Fund’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and set aside the jury’s award of punitive damages, because the Fund is not subject to an award of punitive damages, in that no statute authorized the Fund to pay punitive damages awarded against the Fund itself, and § 319.13115, RSMo, provides that the Fund shall not pay damages of an intangible nature or punitive damages awarded against insureds.
(Emphasis added). The Fund is not claiming that pursuant to Rule 55.27(g)(2) the City failed to state a claim for fraud, which was the basis of the jury’s verdict, but rather that it has a legal defense ,to the payment of. punitive damages. Equally significant, in my view, is that the Fund did not challenge the circuit court’s decision to overrule its motion for new trial; rather, it challenged "the decision to overrule its motion for JNOV — a point the per curiam opinion acknowledges. Nor does the Fund even suggest this argument was included by reference or otherwise, in its motion for JNOV. This is an important distinction because a, motion for JNOV and a motion for new trial serve different purposes. •
The motion for new trial is required to raise grounds that would entitle a party to a new trial. As explained, an allegation that the court erred in failing to grant a new trial because the court should have granted a motion for a directed verdict at the close of all of the evidencie does not state a ground for new trial. It only states a ground for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and must be raised in a motion seeking that relief and not in a motion for new trial. A motion for new trial joined with a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict should raise issues of trial error which would constitute grounds for a new trial rather than grounds stating the pleader is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
Buttram v. Auto-Owners Mut. Ins. Co., 779 S.W.2d 1, 3 n.1 (Mo.App.1989).s Critically, according to the per curiam opinion’s holding, the Fund is statutorily barred from the payment of punitive damages and is the incorrect party defendant for the City to have sued for fraud — neither of which can be properly remedied by a new trial. Rather, these claims had to be presented in a motion for directed verdict and preserved for appellate review through a motion for JNOV. This Court’s rules make it clear what is required to be in a motion for JNOV and motion for new trial and this Court should not now decide a case on a claim of error that is not properly preserved and briefed. Rule 72.01(a), (b), Rule 78.07, Rule 78.09, and Rule 84.13(a).
Even' if this Court were to consider these claims properly presented in the Fund’s points on appeal — an impossibility with regard to the substitution of a different party defendant — neither claim was properly preserved below. The per curiam opinion suggests that the Fund preserved for appellate review the argument that it is statutorily barred from payment of punitive damages, and that it was not the proper party defendant, only because the per curiam is willing to redraft and recast the arguments made by the Fund into a basic “[fjailure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted” pursuant to Rule 55;27(a)(6). Per curiam op. at 750 n.6. Reliance and citation to this rule is not only absent from the Fund’s brief, but it also is hot included in any post-trial motion or even its motion to dismiss. The express motivation for mutating the Fund’s point is so the per curiam opinion can conclude the argument is preserved because, at the time this case was tried, a claim that a petition failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted could be raised for the first time on appeal. This advocacy on the part of the per curiam, which is searching for any way to resurrect the waived potential legal defense, neglects the fact that the Fund raised completely different claims in its motion to dismiss than it did in its motion for new trial, neither of which was the failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. The Fund’s motion to dismiss expressly relied on Rule 52.06 (rather than Rule 55.27(a)(6)’s failure to state a claim) and challenged whether a direct action could be brought against the Fund itself, instead of the Fund’s board. This argument was never pursued once the motion to dismiss was overruled, so it was waived. The Fund’s motion for new trial (not the motion for JNOV), however, argued that § 319.131.5 does not permit the Fund to pay an award of punitive damages. These, of course, are distinct claims and, if briefed, would be in separate points relied on.
Because I am not willing to engage in judicial advocacy by mutating the actual claims made by the Fund to the circuit court or in its points on appeal, I am réquired to analyze the claims made and points briefed to determine if they were properly preserved. At the outset, it should be considered that:
A motion to-dismiss attacks the plaintiff’s pleadings. ... A motion to dismiss for failure to state a [claim] is solely a test of the adequacy of the plaintiffs petition. It assumes that all of plaintiffs averments are true, and liberally grants to plaintiff all reasonable inferences therefrom. No attempt is made to weigh any facts alleged as to whether they are credible or persuasive! Instead, the petition is reviewed in an almost academic manner, to determine if the facts alleged meet the elements of a recognized cause of action, or of a cause that might be adopted in that case,
Bosch v. St. Louis Healthcare Network, 41 S.W.3d 462, 463-64 (Mo.banc 2001).
The Fund’s motion to dismiss did. not challenge the City’s cause of action for fraud against the Fund nor did it allege § 319.131.5 provided an affirmative defense. See footnote 6. Rather, the Fund argued its board had the right but not the obligation to defend against the claim and therefore the proper procedure to forward notice of the claim to the board. Further, the Fund’s motion for new trial (not the motion for JNOV) asserted for the first time a legal defense that it was statutorily barred from paying punitive damages to the City based on a claim of fraud. Because this alleged defense is not a jurisdictional one, it was required to be raised, as an affirmative defense or it is deemed waived. McCracken v. Wal-Mart, 298 S.W.3d 473, 476-79 (Mo.banc 2009) (holding § 287.040.1 of the worker’s compensation law had to be asserted as an affirmative defense' or it was deemed waived.)
The per curiam opinion concedes that its basis for reversing the punitive damages award and for remanding for substitution of the Fund as a party defendant were not made in a motion for directed verdict or in a motion for JNOV. In my view, the failure to present these purely legal , issues in its motion for directed verdict and, after trial, in a motion for JNOV results in waiver of the argument. See Sanders v. Ahmed, 364 S.W.3d 195, 207-208 (Mo.banc 2012); Howard v. City of Kansas City, 332 S.W.3d 772, 790 (Mo.banc 2011). The Fund made two oral motions for directed verdict, one at the close of plaintiffs evidence and again at the close of all evidence, neither of which pertained to the Fund being statuto-' rily barred from payment of punitive damages nor that it was -an. incorrect party defendant in the ease.
In my view, the law regarding what is required to preserve an issue for appellate review is well settled.
As originally adopted, Rules 72.01 and 72.02 provided that the party who made a motion for directed verdict pursuant to Rule 72.01 could make a motion for JNOV in accordance with his motion for directed verdict. ■ •
In 1974, when this Court reviewed these rules and reorganized them into what is currently Rules 72.01(a) and (b), and again when this Court latér amended Rules 72.01(a) and (b), it decided to keep the text relevant to this requirement in place. Current Rule 72.01(b), in pertinent part, provides: '
A party may move for a directed verdict at the close of all the evidence. Whenever such motion is denied or for any reason is not granted, the court is deemed to have submitted the action to the jury subject to a later determination of the legal questions raised by ■ the motion. Not later than thirty days after entry of judgment, a party who has moved for a directed verdict may move to have the verdict and any judgment entered thereon set aside and to have judgment entered in accordance with the motion for a directed verdict[.]
(Emphasis added).
This well-settled law was'recently reaffirmed in two of this Court’s opinions:
In terms of preservation, 'a motion for directed verdict at the close of plaintiffs case is necessary only if defendant seeks to' have the case determined at that point without introduction of additional evidence. Alternatively, ■ if defendant chooses to put on evidence, the state of the record changes. The case then is decided on all of the evidence. A motion for directed verdict at the close of all evidence becomes the meaningful motion to preserve the issue as it presented itself to the trial court at that time, prior to submission to the jury. After verdict, of course, a motion for JNOV also is required to preserve the issues raised for appeal.
Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at 207-08 (emphasis added); see also Howard, 332 S.W.3d at 790 (“[Wlhere an insufficient motion for directed verdict has been made, a subsequent post-verdict motion is without basis and preserves nothing for review.") (Emphasis added).
Because the Fund failed to preserve its arguments that it was statutorily barred from payment of punitive damages, and that it was an incorrect party defendant, in its motions for directed verdict and in it’s motion for JNOV, these claims were waived and cannot properly be the basis of the per curiam- opinion’s reversal of the punitive damages award' or remand for substitution of a party. While there are a plethora of cases followiiig" this well-settled law, defenses based on a statute must be included in • motions for directed verdict and later in a motion for JNOV. A recent example from the court of appeals is Lewis v. Biegel, 364 S.W.3d 670, 677 (Mo.App.2012), In Lewis, the court held that a defendant who failed to raise a statute-of-limitations defense in her motion for directed verdict at the close of all evidence failed to preserve the issue for a motion for JNOV and appeal. Id.
In my view, because the Fund failed" to present the purely legal defense that it was not authorized to pay punitive damages, or that it was the incorrect party defendant, to the circuit court in either motion for directed verdict, or a motion for JNOV, those claims were waived and therefore not preserved for appellate review.
II. The City Failed to Preserve Its Argument That § 510.265.1(2) Violates Article I, Section 22(a) of the Missouri Constitution.
The City also argued, to this Court, that § 510.265.1(2) violates the, right to jury trial.
To raise a constitutional challenge properly, the party must: (1) raise the constitutional question at the first available opportunity; (2) designate specifically the constitutional provision claimed to have been violated, such as by explicit reference to the article and section or by quotation of the provision itself; (3) state the facts showing the violation; and (4) preserve the constitutional question throughout for appellate review. The purpose • of this rule is to prevent surprise to the opposing party and permit the trial court an opportunity to fairly identify and rule on the issue.
It is Well recognized that a party should not be entitled on appeal to claim error ■' on the part of the trial court when "the party did not call"attention to the "error at trial and did not give the court the opportunity to rule on the question. To give the court an opportunity to rule on the issue, a party must make a timely 'objection or request, which is one made when the occasion for the ruling desired first appears.
Mayes v. Saint Luke’s Hosp. of Kansas City, 430 S.W.3d 260, 266-67 (Mo.banc 2014) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Failure to do so .constitutes a waiver of the objection. The Fund argued for a reduction of the punitive damages award under § 510.265.1 in a post-trial motion. In response, the City argued that the statute could not he applied to its pre-enactment claim and that it was exempt from the statute because the City was “the state of Missouri” and, therefore, explicitly exempt from § 510.265.1’s operation. At no time in the circuit court did the City argue § 510.265.1 was unconstitutional because it violated the City’s right to a trial by jury, protected by article I, section 22(a) of the Missouri Constitution. By failing to challenge the constitutional validity of § 510.265.1 in the circuit court on this basis, the City failed to preserve the constitutional challenge for appellate review.
III. Application of Punitive Damages Cap Does Not Violate Article I, Section 13 of the Missouri Constitution
The City argues the circuit court did not err in refusing to apply § 510.265.1(2) because it is a retrospective law. Section 510.265.1(2) provides that punitive damages are limited to the greater of $500,000 or five times the net amount of the damages awarded to the plaintiff. The General Assembly specified § 510.265.1’s cap on punitive damages would apply to “all causes of action filed after August 28, 2005.” Section 538.305. The City filed its lawsuit in November 2005, after the punitive damages cap became effective. Therefore, § 510.265, the cap on punitive damages, is applicable unless application would violate a provision of the Missouri or United States Constitution. The circuit court held application of § 510.265.1 to this case violates article I, section 13 because the cause of action accrued before the statute became effective, but reduced the award of punitive damages as excessive in violation of the Fund’s due process rights.
No due process analysis is required in this case because the Fund is not a citizen and does not have due process rights. This is not a novel concept as it has been consistently recognized by this Court that the state and political subdivisions of the state, such as cities, are not entitled to the same constitutional protections as citizens. This Court has previously recognized in several respects that municipalities, like the City, do not have the same constitutional protections as citizens. See City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991) (holding municipalities are not “persons” and do not have due process or equal protection rights and noting this was a holding often repeated by both state and federal courts). Similar to our due process and equal protection clauses, the prohibition against laws retrospective in operation is contained in our state constitution’s bill of rights.
Just as the Fund does not have due process rights, the City has no constitutional right to be free from a law retrospective in operation. This Court recently held:
Our constitutional prohibition against laws retrospective in operation is located in our citizen bill of rights. “Because the retrospective law prohibition was intended to protect citizens and not the state, the legislature may constitutionally pass retrospective laws that waive the rights of the state.” Savannah R-III Sch. Dist. v. Pub. Sch. Ret. Sys. of Mo., 950 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Mo.banc 1997). By extension, the legislature may also waive or impair the vested rights of political subdivisions, such as cities, without violating the prohibition on retrospective laws. Id.; see also Barton Cnty. v. Walser, 47 Mo. 189, 205 (Mo.1871). Therefore, the petition failed to state a permissible claim by a municipality pursuant to article I, § 13 and the State was entitled to a dismissal of this claim.
Mo. Mun. League v. State, 489 S.W.3d 765, 768 (Mo.banc 2016).
The imposition of § 510.265 cannot be held unconstitutional as applied to the City because article I, section 13 of the Missouri Constitution only protects citizens against retrospective laws. Therefore, the statutory cap should be applied to reduce the jury’s award to $860,504.90. See § 510.265.1(2).
Richard B. Teitelman, Judge,
concurring in part and dissenting in part
I respectfully dissent from the per cu-riam opinion to the extent that it reverses the award of punitive damages against the fund and in favor of the City. Before explaining the basis of my disagreement, some context is in order.
As noted in the per curiam opinion, the City filed the underlying lawsuit in 2005. The City’s suit included allegations that it incurred substantial cleanup costs in reliance on the Fund’s fraudulent misrepresentation that the Fund would reimburse the City. After nearly a decade of litigation, the case proceeded to trial, and the jury awarded the City compensatory damages of approximately $172,000. The jury also awarded the City punitive damages of $8 million against the Fund. The circuit court determined that the punitive damage award was not subject to limitation pursuant to the punitive damage cap set forth in section 510.265.1(2) because the statute was enacted after the City’s cause of action accrued. The circuit court sustained the Fund’s motion to remit the punitive damage award to $2,500,000 on due process grounds.
I. The City’s suit against the Fund is not a nullity
The per curiam opinion concludes, erroneously in my view, that there is no statutory authority for the payment of punitive damages from the Fund. If there is no statutory authority for the payment of punitive damages from the Fund, then the analysis should end there. But it does not. Despite years of litigation, the per curiam opinion asserts that the City’s lawsuit against the Fund. is, ■ in effect, a nullity because the City filed suit against the Fund rather than- the Fund’s board of trustees. The per curiam opinion notes that the Fund is merely an account in the state treasury and, as such, is an intangible “it” that “cannot provide coverage, pay claims, or take any other action.” Aside from the-fact that this precise issue was not raised in a motion for directed verdict or in the motion for a new trial and, therefore, is waived, an equally fundamental problem is that hundreds of pages of record in this case demonstrate that, since this lawsuit was commenced over a decade ago, the Fund — the “it” that is incapable of action — has managed to retain counsel, answer the petition, file numerous motions and responsive pleadings, participate in discovery,- litigate this case through the circuit court, the court of appeals and, ultimately, to this Court. Presumably, the Fund’s board of trustees authorized this course of litigation just as it authorized the actions that form the basis of the City’s lawsuit. Rather than holding that, the City’s damages and the Fund’s vigorous defense over the last decade were nothing more than a legal mirage that no one else recognized until now, I would hold that the jury’s verdict and the trial court’s judgment were based- firmly on real consequences caused by real actions undertaken by the Fund per its board of trustees.
II. The affirmance of the compensatory damage award does not justify the reversal of the punitive damage award
After concluding that the City’s lawsuit against the Fund, amounts to nothing more than a suit against an- account — an “it” that can take no action and incur no liability — the per curiam opinion doubles down on this conceptual quandary by affirming the award of compensatory damages and reversing the punitive damages because “the City should not have had a cognizable claim’-’ against the Fund for compensatory damages after all. One would think that, by affirming the jury’s award of compensatory damages, the per curiam opinion would similarly conclude that the award of punitive' damages could be affirmed. That is not the case, however, because the per curiam opinion cites Ellison v. Fry, 437 S.W.3d 762 (Mo.banc 2014), for the proposition that its conclusion that the City should not have had a claim for compensatory damages- means that the City was barred from recovering punitive damages. Ellison is exactly the opposite of this case.
In Ellison, this Court held, “Because this Court reverses the damage judgments against Defendants, Plaintiffs are entitled to no actual and the punitive damages .issue is rendered moot.” Ellison, 437 S.W.3d at 777. A case holding that the issue of punitive damages is moot when an award of compensatory damages is reversed does not establish that a punitive damage award must be reversed when an award of compensatory damages • is affirmed. If .Ellison is relevant at all, it supports the converse proposition that, when compensatory damages are affirmed, the award of punitive damages can also be affirmed.
III. The Fund is statutorily authorized to pay punitive damages
Having determined that the City has filed a real lawsuit against a real defendant for real damages, the issue then becomes whether ^he City’s claims for actual and punitive damages are barred by the Fund’s enabling statutes. The per curiam opinion asserts that section 319.131 “speaks in terms of the Fund’s liability” and limits the Fund to “coverage” of its participants’ cleanup cjosts and third-parties’ claims involving property damage or bodily injury. The per curiam opinion concludes, therefore, that the tort claims alleged by the City are “beyond the coverage” authorized by the Fund’s enabling statutes.
' The per curiam opinion’s rationale conflates the’insurance “coverage” the Fund provides pursuant to section 319.131 with the Fund’s “liability” for its own actions. By characterizing section 319.131 as defining the Fund’s “liability,” the per curiam opinion has refrained what section 319.131 actually says. Section 319.131 outlines the Fund’s obligation to provide insurance “coverage” for cleanup costs and claims for property damage or bodily injury caused by leaking petroleum storage tanks. See sections 319.131.4-5. While section 319.131.5 does prohibit compensation for “loss or damage of an intangible nature, including ..; punitive damages,” this limitation applies to the Fund’s payment of property damage or bodily injury claims “caused by leaking petroleum storage tanks” insured by the Fund. There is simply no language in section 319.131.5 defin-mg or limiting the Fund’s liability for its own actions. Given the lack of any statutory text immunizing the Fund from liability for its own actions, I would not hold that Fund is free to engage in fraud and misrepresentation with impunity.
IV. The punitive damage cap does not apply
As the circuit court determined and the jury found, the Fund is liable for punitive damages. Section 538,305 provides that the section 510.265 cap on punitive damages applies to “all causes of action filed after August 28, 2005.” The City filed its lawsuit in November 2005, after the punitive damages cap became effective. Nonetheless, the circuit court correctly declined to apply section 510.265 because retroactively limiting the City’s damages after the City’s cause of action accrued violates article I, section 13 of the Missouri Constitution.
Article I, section 13 provides that “no ex post facto law, nor law impairing the obligation of contracts, or retrospective in its operation, or making any irrevocable grant of special privileges of immunities, can be enacted.” ^The plain language of article I, section 13 provides that no law “retrospective in its operation ..'. can be enacted.” The plain meaning of this language is that the General Assembly is barred, without exception, from enacting any retrospective laws.
Despite the self-evident, plain meaning of article I, section 13, barring the General Assembly from enacting retrospective laws, this Court has held that the ban on retrospective laws does not mean what it says and, instead, permits the legislature to enact some retrospective laws so long as those laws retroactively change the legal rights of the state or a state-created entity. For instance, in Barton County v. Walser, 47 Mo. 189, 205 (Mo.1871), this Court held that a county could not successfully challenge a statute pursuant , to article I, section 13 because “[n]o vested right of a citizen is interfered with.” Similarly, in Savannah R-II Sch. Dist. v. Pub. Sch. Ret. Sys. of Mo., 950 S.W.2d 854, 858 (Mo.banc 1997), the Court held that a school district could not challenge a statute pursuant to , article I,, section 13 because the ban on retrospective laws “was intended to protect citizens and not the state” and, as a result, “the legislature may constitutionally pass laws .that waive the rights of the state” as well the rights of “instrumentalities of the state established by statute ....” The net result of the Barton County rationale is that article I, section 13 has been judicially amended from “no laws retrospective in operation ... can be enacted” to “some retrospective laws in operation — can be enacted.” These cases are inconsistent with the plain and simple text of article I, section 13 and should no longer be followed. The section 510.265 cap on punitive damages does not apply to this case because retroactively limiting the City’s damages after the City’s cause of action accrued violates article I, section 13 ban on the enactment of retrospective laws.
V. The Fund is- not entitled to remittitur -of the punitive damage award
Although the circuit court correctly declined to apply the punitive damage cap,' the court erred in remitting the punitive damage award to $2.5 million on due process grounds. The Missouri Constitution, article I, section : 10 provides - “[t]hat no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.” The Fifth Amendment. of the United States Constitution provides: “No person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, oh property, without due process of law[.]” The Fund is .not a person and, therefore, does not have due process rights. See State ex rel. Brent- wood Sch. Dist. v. State Tax Comm’n, 589 S.W.2d 613, 615 (Mo.banc 1979). Accordingly, the punitive damage award could not be remitted on due process grounds.
I would reverse the circuit court judgment to the extent that it remits the punitive damage award from $8 million to $2.5 million. I would affirm the remainder of the judgment.
. This opinion includes portions of the opinion of the court of appeals without further attribution.
. Unless otherwise noted, all statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2013.
. In its petition, the City alleged a count of negligence against McCall and Fleming. The City dismissed the negligence count at trial.
, McCall and Fleming did not file substitute briefs with this Court. The City and the Fund filed substitute briefs after this Court granted transfer. Pursuant to Rule 83.08(b), any material "included in the court of appeals brief that is not included in the substitute brief is abandoned.” Therefore, any material, including arguments, that the City or the Fund did not include in their respective substitute briefs is abandoned.
. As discussed below, the City’s claim, if any, was against the Fund’s Board of Trustees for the misrepresentations of its agents.
. The claim of error raised in the second point relied on by counsel for the Fund is that the circuit court erred in submitting the punitive damages claim to the jury because section 319.131 governs payments from the Fund and authorizes payments only for participants’ cleanup costs and third-parties’ claims involving property damage or bodily injury and expressly precludes payment from the Fund of punitive damages. The separate opinions of Judge Fischer and Judge Teitelman • would hold that counsel for the Fund failed to properly preserve this issue for appellate review by not raising the issue in a motion for a directed verdict or a motion for a JNOV, The separate opinions of Judge Fischer and Judge Teitelman raise tírese presérvation issues sua sponte. None of the parties-has questioned the preservation of .this issue on appeal, and even the court of appeals reviewed this issue on the merits.
It is not necessary to review the procedural history of the case to determine whether the claim of error in the second point was timely made and preserved because this claim of error, although not labeled as such by counsel for the Fund, is a claim that the City failed to state a cause of action against the Fund for . punitive damages. In other words, counsel for the Fund asserts that claims for cleanup costs and third-party property damage are the only cognizable claims authorized against the Fund and that any claims for payments beyond those authorized by statute are not cognizable against the Fund. .Prior to 2012, the rules of this Court permitted the defense of failure to state a claim to be raised for the first time on appeal. Rule 55.27(g)(2) (2011) ("A defense of failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted ... may be made in any pleading permitted or ordered under Rule 55.01, or by motion for judgment on the pleadings, or at the trial on the merits, or on appeal.") (emphasis added). During trial and at the time counsel for the Fund appealed from the circuit court’s judgment, the failure to state a claim still could be raised on appeal. See Barlett by and through Barlett v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 854 S.W.2d 396, 399 (Mo.banc 1993). Accordingly, the claim of error advanced,on appeal that the City’s claims against the Fund were not cognizable under section 319.131 is properly before this Court.
Moreover, contrary to the assertions made in the separate opinions of. Judge Fischer and Judge Teitelman, this issue is not one that needs to be raised in a motion for directed verdict to be preserved for appellate review. Even though Rule 72.01, which governs motions for directed verdict and motions for JNOV, does not speak in terms of submissibility, a motion for directed verdict and a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict are legal terms of art with well-established meanings. A motion for directed verdict is defined as "[a] party’s request that the court enter judgment in its favor before submitting the case to the jury because there is no legally sufficient evidentiary foundation on which a reasonable jury could find for the other party.” Black's Law Dictionary 1170 (10th ed. 2014) (emphasis added). Likewise, a motion for JNOV is defined as "[a] party’s request that the court enter a judgment in its favor despite the jury's contrary verdict becausé there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a jury to find for the other party.” Id. (emphasis added). Therefore, motions for directed verdict and motions for JNOV are intended to address whether there is a sufficient evidentiary basis- to support a verdict, i.e„ whether a submissiblq case has been made. This Court's jurisprudence provides that, in civil, jury-tried cases, it is necessary, "in order to preserve the question of submissibility for appellate review, to file a motion for directed verdict at the close of all evidence and to assign the error of the court in having failed to have directed such a verdict in an after-trial motion” such as a motion for a new trial or a motion for JNOV. Ukman v. Hoover Motor Express Co., 269 S.W.2d 35, 36 (Mo.1954) (emphasis added); see also Millar v. Berg, 316 S.W.2d 499, 502 (Mo.banc 1958). Questions of submissibility raised in a motion for JNOV, therefore, must have been raised in a motion for directed verdict to be preserved for appellate review. See Sanders v. Ahmed, 364 S.W.3d 195, 207 (Mo.banc 2012); Howard, 332 S.W.3d at 790; see also Grippe v. Momtazee, 696 S.W.2d 797, 798 (Mo.banc 1985). Because counsel for the Fund is not asserting that the City failed to- make a sub-missible case, as to punitive damages, the issue did not need to be raised in a motion-for directed verdict to be preserved for this Court’s review.
. By the same token, suits seeking to recover damages from the Second Injury Fund are not brought against the fund itself. Instead, they are brought against'the state treasurer, who is charged by section 287.220 with responsibility as custodian of the fund for issuing warrants for payment of covered claims as defined by applicable statutes. See, e.g., Treasurer of State-Custodian of Second Injury Fund v. Witte, 414 S.W.3d 455 (Mo.banc 2013); Pierson v. Treasurer of State, 126 S.W.3d 386 (Mo.banc 2004).
. Counsel for the Fund raises two other points, and the City raises three points on appeal regarding the punitive damages awarded against the Fund. This Court need not address those points because the Court’s opinion is dispositive of all issues raised regarding the Fund's liability for punitive damages.
.Because the judgment against the PSTIF is a nullity, the portion of that judgment purporting to hold “it” liable for compensatory damages is of no more effect than the portion purporting to hold “it” liable for punitive damages. Moreover, just as the Court's authority and duty to identify and act upon this defect does not depend upon a party "preserving” the issue below, it does not depend upon a party raising the issue here. Accordingly, even though I agree with the Court’s opinion that vacating the judgment as to com- • pensatory damages may have little practical effect, I would vacate the judgment against the PSTIF in its entirety.
. Statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2013, unless otherwise specified,
. I concur in Sections II through V of the per curiam opinion.
. The failure of the per curiam to follow some, but not all, of the rules regarding preservation of claims creates the conundrum expressed by Judge Teitelman's dissent. In doing so the per curiam opinion ignores or fails to recognize that a necessary condition to receive a punitive damage award is an award of compensatory damages against the same party. See Tietjens v. Gen. Motors Corp., 418 S.W.2d 75, 88 (Mo.1967). The per curiam opinion holds the Fund could not be liable for compensatory damages, but the per curiam opinion accepts that the Fund waived that claim by failing to include it in a point relied on in its brief. It should be equally apparent to the per curiam that the Fund does not include a point relied on that the City sued the wrong party or that the circuit court erred in overruling a motion for new trial on that basis. Further, in my view, the waiver by failure to present a claim in a point relied on in a brief is no more significant than the failure to properly present a claim in a motion for directed verdict and a motion ‘for JNOV. As a result of the per curiam opinion, the City has a judgment for compensatory damages that six members of this Court affirm against the Fund, and therefore it is presumably collectable against the Fund. But the per curiam remands to the circuit court for the City to name a different party — the "Trustees” of the Fund from which to proceed to a retrial on the issue of punitive damages. To quote the per curiam, "this Court should not grant relief that is not sought." Per curiam op. at 752.
. Note the Fund did not claim that it was the incorrect party defendant in the point on appeal, nor does it request a remand for a new trial on this point.
. I disagree with the per curiam opinion's conclusion in footnote 6 that Ukman v. Hoover Motor Exp. Co., 269 S.W.2d 35 (Mo.1954), stands for the proposition that only the question of submissibility has to be included in a motion for directed verdict at the close of evidence and in a motion for JNOV..Never-theless, current Rule 72.01(b), which has governed this issue since 1974, makes it crystal • clear that a legal defense must have been made in a motion for directed verdict and after trial in a motion for júdgment not withstanding the verdict. Furthermore, there is no need for the per curiam to go to a secondary source like Black's Law Dictionary to determine what must be included in a motion for • JNOV when Rule 72.01(b) makes it clear.
. "A new trial is available only when trial error or misconduct of the prevailing party incited prejudice in the jury.” Dodson v. Ferrara, No. SC95151, 491 S.W.3d 542, 552, 2016 WL 1620102 (Mo.banc Apr. 19, 2016). The Fund does not allege either basis is properly remedied by a new trial, but instead, of course claims that it is statutorily barred from the payment of punitive damages and request for a judgment to that effect.
. Paragraphs 2(e), 2(f), and 2(g) of the Fund's motion to dismiss provide:
(e)The provisions of 100-5.030 do not provide for a direct action against the PSTIF. Rather, the proper procedure for third-party claims calls for the fund participant to forward notice of any claim to the fund’s board. The board will then decide how to proceed.
(f) 100-5.030(6) states that “the board has the right to defend any suit seeking property or bodily injury damages, and may investigate and settle any claim for third-party damages or suit at its sole discretion.”
(g) The Missouri Legislature, in 100-5.030(6), grants the board the right but not the obligation to defend suits against those covered by the fund.
. Paragraph 36 of the Fund’s motion for new trial provides:
36. The Court should set aside the jury’s verdict against PSTIF for punitive damages and order a new trial, said verdict being based on PSTIF's failure and refusal to pay the City’s claim in full and the alleged delay associated &erewith, as such verdict was against the substantial weight of the evidence. As it stands, the jury awarded substantial punitive damages against PSTIF, a state-created insurance fund, based oh the Fund's failure to agree to pay a claim that it would not have paid as a matter of' law under the controlling provisions of Missouri law, to-wit: Section 319.131(5), RSMo 2000, which statute'prevents the fund from being responsible to third party claimants for other than the reasonable costs of containment and cleanup and which statute specifically prevents ’the fund from béing responsible for economic and other intangible damages such as the loss of the City’s benefit of their contractual bargain with - Rose-Lan in the amount of approximately $100,000. As set out in 10 CSR 100-2.010(7), "’Cleanup’ consists of all actions necessary to investigate, contain, control, analyze, treat, assess, remediate or monitor the effects of a petroleum release to standards established by the Department of Natural Resources.”
. Why the Fund did not include a paragraph similar to Paragraph 36 in its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict is hard to say, but it could be that the Fund recognized it could not be included because it failed to present 'this legal defense' in its answer, a motion to dismiss or even in its motion for directed verdict.
. Motion for Directed Verdict. The demurrer to the, evidence and the request for peremptory instructions are abolished and in lieu thereof a party may make a motion for a directed verdict. A party who moves for a directed verdict at the close of the evidence offered by an opponent may offer, evidence in the event that the motion is not granted, without having reserved the right so to, do and to the same extent as if the motion had not been made. A motion for a directed verdict which is not granted is not. a waiver of trial by jury even though all parties to the. action have moved for directed verdicts. Upon motion for a directed verdict by a party opposing a claim the court, whether so requested or not, may dismiss the claim without prejudice if justice :SO requires. , .
Supreme Court Rule 72.01 (1959).
Denial of motion for Directed Verdict— Motion to Set Aside Verdict, Judgment— ' Motion for New Trial. Whenever a motion for a directed verdict made at the close of all the evidence is denied or for any reason is not granted the court is deemed to have submitted the action to the jury subject to a later determination of the legal questions raised by the motion. Within fifteen days after the reception of a verdict, a party who has moved for a directed verdict may move to have the verdict and any judgment entered thereon set aside and to have judgment entered in accordance with his motion for a directed verdict; or if a verdict was not returned, such party, within ten days after the jury has been discharged, may move for judgment in accordance with his motion for a directed verdict. A motion for a new trial may be joined with this motion, or a new trial may be prayed for in the alternative. If a verdict was returned the court may allow the judgment to stand or may reopen the judgment and either order a new trial or direct the entry of judgment as if the requested verdict had been directed. If no verdict was returned the court may direct the entry of judgment as if the requested verdict had been directed or may order a new trial. If the trial court sustains a motion for judgment in accordance with a directed verdict joined with a motion for new trial in the alternative, the trial court shall make and enter of record a ruling on the alternative motion for new trial to be effective.if the ruling on the motion for judgment is reversed.
Supreme Court Rule 72,02 (1959).
. Sections 510.265 and 538.305 were both enacted as part of House Bill No. 393. See 2005 Mo. Laws 641, 647, 655.
. Neither the circuit court nor the court of appeals had the benefit of this case when it was presented with this issue.
. All statutory citations are to RSMo Supp. 2006.
. I agree with Judge Fischer’s conclusion that the issue of Fund’s statutory authority to pay punitive damages was not preserved for appellate review.
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Talk:AmadeoLab
Educational Project Page
This page is part of an Educational Project by students of LIUC, Italy, with a course page at: https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/LIUC_-_Universit%C3%A0_Cattaneo/Digital_Technology_(Autumn,_2021) The users of the group are new to the Wikipedia platform and are learning to edit following Wikipedia rules. They are open to any advice on improvements of the page in conformity to Wikipedia requirements and guidelines, and any help useful for the enhancement of the page will be gladly accepted. The student User names are: Limelightangel (talk) 19:28, 18 October 2021 (UTC)
* LIUCjacob02
* LIUCroxy02
* LIUCari02
* LIUCcara02
* GuaroLiuc02
* LIUCgre02
* LIUCanto02
Page Overview
AmadeoLab is a research institute in Milan, situated in Via Giovanni Antonio Amedeo 42, 20133. AmadeoLab is famous for being home to the IRCCS Foundation National Cancer Institute and the Dipartimento di Ricerca applicata e sviluppo tecnologico. User:LIUCgre02 AmedeoLAb is a 7 floors building. User: LIUCroxy02 It is also the headquarters of the laboratories of Neurologic Institute "Carlo Besta".GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 14:22, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
Topics
We can add the possible topics here and get a bit more organized so we know what we need to work on (Are there any existing topics that need to be removed? I removed the introduction yesterday as the professor suggested)LIUCjacob02 (talk) 13:35, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
I removed the overview on the Draft page and I added some additional info about the location (as the teacher suggested) LIUCcara02 (talk) 9:28, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
I removed the incorrect reference and put the new one correct (as in agreement with LIUCari02) LIUCroxy02 ([User talk:LIUCroxy02|talk]]) 11:29 9 November 2021 (UTC)
Info
* Info about location and description of AmadeoLab in English: https://www.realtylab.it/en/properties/uffici/via-amadeo-59 LIUCjacob02 (talk) 12:18, 19 October 2021 (UTC)
* Link in English to their current research program about epilipsy https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Alida-Amadeo-Lab LIUCjacob02 (talk) 12:39, 19 October 2021 (UTC)
* Information about IRCCS: https://www.qsalute.it/istituto-dei-tumori-milano/
* AmadeoLab was established in 1928 for healing and researching oncological disease. Inside the institute is possible to perform tests to prevent potential oncological patients, in order to offer appropriate medical care and assistance.[2] User:LIUCanto02
* History of Siemens in Italy: https://new.siemens.com/it/it/azienda/chi-siamo/storia.html
* Fondo archivistico della sede Di via Amadeo https://lombardiarchivi.servizirl.it/fonds/77402
* General director: https://www.istitutotumori.mi.it/direttore-generale LIUCgre02 (talk)
* Project idea https://www.istituto-besta.it/documents/447318/8049562/Allegato+B+-+Budget+di+progetto_100239.PDF/67f0a45d-08ec-7ebb-6dc4-868e17f63846 LIUCgre02 (talk)
* Biobank, project: http://www.asptrapani.it/upload/asp_trapani/rassegnastampa/open_allegato1612_7289_102.pdf
* Research about DCs (2012): https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/120/6/1237/30517/Migratory-and-not-lymphoid-resident-dendritic LIUCcara02 (talk)
* Info related to the framework programs for research and technological development (FP7): https://www.ehu.eus/documents/2458339/2849729/fp7-inbrief_en.pdf/84bd26a8-ab12-469a-8ed9-475917b36cd1?t=1411241328000 LIUCcara02 (talk)
* Research in 2011: https://www.scitepress.org/papers/2011/31618/31618.pdf
Location Discussion
* What about putting the photos that LIUCgre02 took next to the location area? LIUCari02 (talk) 14:20, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
* Yes, I think it is a good idea in order to enrich our page. I was thinking, also, we should try to get some pictures from inside the building. Maybe we should ask permission to do that. LIUCcara02 (talk) 15:27, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
* LIUCcara02, I agree with you because the pictures from outside seem all the same. It would be interesting to put pictures from another perspective. LIUCroxy02 (talk) 18:46, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
* That sounds great, and what about adding a little section about the name of the lab? Just mentioning who Giovanni Antonio Amadeo was LIUCgre02 (talk)
* Thanks LIUCgre02. LIUCcara02 (talk) 11:08, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
* What do you think about adding a part in which we talk about what was before Amadeolab? LIUCanto02 (talk)
* I love your idea LIUCanto02, we should put it under history. Something like 'before Amadeolab' LIUCgre02 (talk)
* I agree, surely that would be a really interesting part of the page, as there are many historical references about the institute. We should gather some info *(with acceptable sources) for that part. LIUCcara02 (talk) 15:06, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
Research Discussion
* What about putting a part dedicated to all the different researches(structured as a sort of list) that the Amedeolab is currently planning to do?LIUCari02 (talk) 17:52, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
* I think it would be great but we have to look for the correct references GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 18:14, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
* I agree as well, I think it's a really good idea. We can talk about it better when we will catch up. LIUCanto02 (talk) 11:15, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* I love your idea! Have you already found something about it? let's add some references on the top of the page so that everyone can share information. LIUCgre02 (talk) 11:23, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
History Discussion
* What do you think about adding some history about SIEMENS? LIUCanto02 (talk) 11:10, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* Yes, I believe it's a great idea since AmadeoLab was one of the main sites of that company. Let's write some general info about SIEMENS and its history. LIUCgre02 (talk). 11:15, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* Okay great; what do you think about making a call now and working a bit on it? LIUCanto02 (talk). 11:17, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* Perfect! Let's meet up, I will send you an invite on Teams!LIUCgre02 (talk) 11:20, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* Yes perfect! GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 14:24, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
References Discussion
* LIUCgre02, could you please send me the references for the closure of the site in Via Amadeo 42, Milan, and the company that bought the institute? LIUCanto02 (talk). 12:20, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
LIUCgre02 (talk)
* Yes sure! It was first closed in 1994 and sold to General Medical Merate in 1996. Here is the link!! http://www.archiviolavoro.it/sites/www.archiviolavoro.it/files/PDF%20inventari/Siemens%20-%20Divisione%20Gorla%20Siama.pdf
* Great job! Thank you really much I will add it now. LIUCanto02 (talk).12:30, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
Location Discussion (Map)
What about adding a map with the actual position of the laboratory in the infoboLIUCari02 (talk) 13:35, 9 November 2021 (UTC)x?
* yes, GuaroLiuc02 is going to do it soon! LIUCgre02 (talk)
* I added the subsection about Siemens. LIUCroxy02 (talk) 14:09, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* I added some more info about the location, please read through it and let me know what you think. I'm a bit concerned I might be leaning towards some advertising, but I'm not sure. What do you think? LIUCjacob02 (talk) 14:40, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* I'm not sure that the part regarding the public bus because it might change over time and for that it may be considered as wrong information LIUCari02 (talk) 14:57, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* I removed the bus/train information under "location" and cleared the big spaces there was between the topics LIUCjacob02 (talk) 16:25, 9 November 2021 (UTC)
* I am currently adding a part about the research perfomed in the institute in 2009. https://www.scitepress.org/papers/2011/31618/31618.pdfLIUCcara02 (talk) 16:47, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
* LIUCgre02, I really like the edit you just made (inserting the pics of the different perspectives of the building), good job! LIUCcara02 (talk) 12:39, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
* we just got in an edit conflict, I was actually saying that I added a Gallery section! As soon as we have pics of internal labs I would love any of you to upload them! LIUCgre02 (talk) 11:41, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
* Added a new topic: "Research: 2011". Please have a read-through and feel free to edit, delete or add more if you see fit. We should probably very soon start going through all our references to wiki pages as well, so we don't refer to the same wiki pages multiple times throughout the article. LIUCjacob02 (talk) 18:06, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
* I can't see the reference in the part "Research 2012", can the one who wrote it put the reference? LIUCroxy02 (talk)
* LIUCroxy02, I was editing that part while you wrote here on the talk page, now you should be able to see the relative references. I also went through the whole page and corrected some grammar/orthography mistakes LIUCcara02 (talk) 15:18, 13 November 2021 (UTC)
* Thank you LIUCcara02 for answering me, yes I can see them. LIUCroxy02 (talk) 12:39,15 November 2021 (UTC)
Research Discussion 1
* Good job everyone, we are getting there! For the ones who need some more edits please add researches. There are still many out there that we can mention! LIUCgre02 (talk) 11:58, 14 November 2021 (UTC)
* Yes, I agree, our draft page is much better now, we made some major improvements, but we can still enrichen it with some additional info about all the researches performed in the lab in the last years, just as LIUCgre02 said. LIUCcara02 (talk) 12:03, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
* I added the research of 2013 and now the one of 2016. LIUCroxy02 (talk) 12:34, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
* Great job! GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 14:27, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
Carlo Besta
* IMPORTANT UPDATE: AmadeoLab is asking to write about their collaboration with the institute Carlo Besta, which has a site in via Amadeo 42 as well. Let's get to work and let's find all the info we can find! I have an appointment tomorrow with one of their employees!!LIUCgre02 (talk) 17:05, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
* Okay perfect! GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 14:28, 18 November 2021 (UTC)
* Guys we are missing a reference in AmadeoLab today, who can provide that to me? LIUCgre02 (talk) 08:59, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
* I'll do it as soon as I can GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 16:14, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
Research Discussion 2
* Other laboratory activities include the development and study of cellular and animal models for the understanding of disease mechanisms, and for the identification of experimental pharmacological and molecular therapies. Inside AmadeoLab counts many laboratories, such as cortex neuropathology laboratory, laboratory of systemic and cellular neurophysiology, laboratory of neuroanatomy and molecular pathogenesis, genetic laboratory of neurodegenerative and metabolite diseases, laboratory of genetics and biochemistry of dementia. Is it okay or is it too specific?GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 16:18, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
* I think this part it's fine: "Other laboratory activities include the development and study of cellular and animal models for the understanding of disease mechanisms, and for the identification of experimental pharmacological and molecular therapies". While this other part is a bit too specific: "Inside AmadeoLab counts many laboratories, such as cortex neuropathology laboratory, laboratory of systemic and cellular neurophysiology, laboratory of neuroanatomy and molecular pathogenesis, genetic laboratory of neurodegenerative and metabolite diseases, laboratory of genetics and biochemistry of dementia."I would just put the most important info. LIUCanto02 (talk) 16:10, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
* So instead of this part "Inside AmadeoLab counts many laboratories, such as cortex neuropathology laboratory, laboratory of systemic and cellular neurophysiology, laboratory of neuroanatomy and molecular pathogenesis, genetic laboratory of neurodegenerative and metabolite diseases, laboratory of genetics and biochemistry of dementia." I'll put something not so specific but a bit summarized. GuaroLiuc02 (talk) 16:16, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
Research Discussion 3
Guys I need your help to gather info about some researchers of the neurological institute Carlo Besta based in AmadeoLab. I will just drop some of their names here. The best source to find something is Pubmed. names: Marco de Curtis Franco Taroni Cinzia Gallera Alessandro Solari. LIUCgre02 (talk) 13:09, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
* Great idea, I think that we should add them under another section that we might call 'Reaserch made by Institute Bestra"LIUCari02 (talk) 20:03, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
Research Discussion 4
* In 2009, the INT (National Institute of Tumors) took care of approximately 14,000 inpatients, accepted 10,000 day-hospital admissions, and treated more than 1 million outpatients. The institute performed 11,500 surgical operations, including 28 Liver transplantation. In the same year, it developed 70 trials of new therapies, and all the research published by the institute has had great growth in the impact factor. It also inspired the Lombardy Oncology-Pathology Network (ROL). The opening of the AmadeoLab as part of the institute was crucial for a project directed by the INT. The project aimed to establish a Biobanking infrastructure, to investigate the procedures for quality controls in the field of Histology, specifically about tissue processing and the storing procedures. The objective was to develop a hospital with a scientific data-based system.
In 2014, research focused on the effects of a part of a isoform of the HER2 receptor that does not present the 16 exons (d16HER2). It is represented in some cases of Her2-positive-breast cancer, showing how this particular exon can accelerate the mammary tumor genesis and improve the response to the antibody trastuzumab. don't you think those research are too specific? I decided to took it off because I was worried they won't accept it. Let me know what you think. LIUCanto02 (talk)
* No, I actually believe that it could be nice to keep it! let's review that but it think you can upload it back LIUCgre02 (talk) 13:11, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
* I agree with LIUCgre02, I think that it could be a great info to share about the Institute LIUCari02 (talk) 13:13, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
Draft Review 27/10/21
* the page needs an initial summary defining the topic and its notability. The section Introduction does not conform to platform conventions and should be removed. Limelightangel (talk) 08:55, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
* References: there are inadequate breadth and range of sources; reference 2 is incorrectly formatted with the Cite template for web references; reference 1 should not be in upper case. The History section has no references and inadequate content. Limelightangel (talk) 08:55, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
* the page is inadequate in breadth and depth of content and sources. It needs a relevant infobox, see also, external links, images, and a map. Limelightangel (talk) 08:55, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
* there are basic grammar issues, highlighted in red in the markup. Limelightangel (talk) 08:55, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
Draft Review 15/11/21
* add the page to relevant Categories. See Help:Category.
* references: there are extensive errors with many of the references, particularly related to the correct use of the relevant templates for Cite Web and Cite Article. See Citation templates. Some examples: refs. 17, 18, 21, 23, 25 28 and 30 are incorrect. You need to cite the original journal article source, not an intermediate website with an article abstract. See Template:Cite journal. Refs. 8, 11, 19, and 24 are incorrect. See Template:Cite web. Ref. 1 is missing the publisher. For ref 3., is Google Maps an acceptable reference source? Ref. 6 has not used the author fields correctly in the template. refs 5 and 12 are duplicates and need the use of 'ref name' in the template. The link for ref. 22 does not work.
* See Also links: there are far too many links here, and several of the links duplicate links from the article text. See Manual_of_Style/Layout.
* linking out: there are several instances of 'over-linking' e.g. to Berlin, etc. See Manual_of_Style/Linking. Is institute a relevant link out, in addition to research institute?
* image captions: see Manual of Style/Captions. They need to clarify what they show e.g. Entrance, AmadeoLab Research Institute, Milan, Italy, etc.
* style: see, for example, Writing better articles. Remove, and avoid the future use of, words like: 'was born', 'conveniently', 'moreover', 'as a matter of fact', 'even though', 'four streets from', etc. Remove the personal tense e.g. 'we also find', etc.
* Talk page use: tidy up the existing Talk page. Create better sections on the page i.e. not just 'discussion 1, discussion 2, etc. Respond to others' posts. Don't just use it to just post information. It may be reviewed by other editors and needs to be clearly structured. Some sections do not make sense to other editors. There are no responses to my earlier feedback on Draft Review 27/10/21. You do not use personal names - remove these. See Talk page guidelines.
* Grammar: the sub-sections on research by year needs substantially re-writing, for both grammar and acceptability. Be consistent - is it AmadeoLab or Amadeolab? Deal with the introduction of the INT acronym better. See Manual of Style/Abbreviations. 'neu protein'?
Limelightangel (talk) 17:51, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
* structure: I suggest a section on Key Research Developments, with sub-sections of major things, in chronological order - rather than sub-sections with the year in them. The existing sections should briefly summarize the different research, rather than go in to the current level of detail. The grammar, synthesis, and clarity are very poor in all these sub-sections.
* Thanks! Limelightangel, LIUCcara02 (talk) 10:23, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
* I edited the captions on all the pictures and corrected the "capital letter" mistake on 2 of them LIUCjacob02 (talk) 15:42, 16 November 2021 (UTC)
* I did references 19, 25, 28. LIUCroxy02 (talk)
* I am currently editing the "Relevant researches" part, following your suggestion. LIUCcara02 (talk) 15:07, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
* I revised all the other references, thanks for the advice LIUCari02 (talk) 14:16, 17 November 2021 (UTC)
* I have revised the grammar on the Draft page and corrected "AmadeoLab", which was written wrongly a couple of times. I've also removed the personal tense (E.G., We find;...) as the Professor suggested.--LIUCcara02 (talk) 01:07, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
* I have detected and corrected some spelling mistakes as well.LIUCcara02 (talk) 01:17, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
pics
LIUCgre02
LIUCcara02 (talk)
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WIKI
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Uncategorized
18
05/2016
Make your control panel custom portlet visible per site
Lets us assume we want to have an admin portlet in the content area in our site. We can do this by adding the following xml elements in the liferay-portlet.xml
18
05/2016
Getting the preview URL of a File Entry
If you are working in a custom portlet and with FileEntries, it is very likely that you will need the preview url of this file, to use it in your UI.
20
01/2016
Reindex an entity by the id
If we have a web content and we want to update the index of it we can do that with the following code:
19
01/2016
Getting the model hints in the code
While trying to make a custom validator in a form, there was the need to reuse the information set in the portlet-model-hints.xml file. You can do this by using the following Util class:
14
12/2015
Liferay Kaleo workflows: How to get rid of no-reply@liferay.com
When a kaleo workflow in Liferay 6.2 sends an email, it adds automatically as the sender the email no-reply@liferay.com. If you want to change that, you can't...
10
12/2015
How to lose time with something you can't see...
While working I encounter a strange exception:
31
05/2013
Don't null the modified date in web contents
It seems that, at least liferay EE 6.1ga1, doesn’t like the null value in the field modified date.
31
05/2013
Log the render time of the portlets on a page
Here is an interesting post about logging the render time of all portlets on a
31
05/2013
How to show the configuration of a portlet in the control panel
Create a config.jsp and in the portlet.xml insert the following (in the portlet section):
31
05/2013
Source of knowledge
You can visit this link and have a look at all the liferay presentations of the past.
31
05/2013
How to remove the console from the portlets
Just use the following property: javascript.log.enabled=false
31
05/2013
How to get rid of the @override errors in ant build
Go to your SDK and edit the build.${username}.properties and change the properties
10
01/2012
GWT plugin + Mac OS X
Have you troubles run your GWT project in Safari in Mac OS X? Can't you find the GWT plugin? Try Omniweb.
29
12/2011
Disabling phone number detection in iphone phonegap apps
Recently I found out that in a phone gap app for iPhone a number of a shipment in the UI got a link out of nowhere.
27
12/2011
Can't find index.html in android app using phonegap
I 've experienced a strange situation, while trying to make my phonegap application run in the android emulator.
22
12/2011
Liferay diaries: Changing virtual host for a community backup
Once in a while one has to replicate an entire Liferay installation locally.
17
10/2011
Liferay diaries: Multiple spring form controllers in a portlet
Now there comes a moment in the life of every portlet author, be it a seasoned veteran (like jstam) or a fresh starter like myself when you need to do implement something out of the ordinary for wh
17
10/2011
Liferay diaries: Help! My form post parameters are empty!
While hacking a Spring & Liferay prototype, I'm suddenly wondering about why during a form submission there are no parameters (not even empty or null) submitted by the form.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Load Generator
The load generator is based on the Python load testing framework Locust. By default it will simulate users requesting several different routes from the frontend.
Load generator source
Traces
Initializing Tracing
Since this service is a locustfile, the OpenTelemetry SDK is initialized after the import statements. This code will create a tracer provider, and establish a Span Processor to use. Export endpoints, resource attributes, and service name are automatically set using OpenTelemetry environment variables.
tracer_provider = TracerProvider()
trace.set_tracer_provider(tracer_provider)
tracer_provider.add_span_processor(BatchSpanProcessor(OTLPSpanExporter()))
Adding instrumentation libraries
To add instrumentation libraries you need to import the Instrumentors for each library in your Python code. Locust uses the Requests andURLLib3 libraries, so we will import their Instrumentors.
from opentelemetry.instrumentation.requests import RequestsInstrumentor
from opentelemetry.instrumentation.urllib3 import URLLib3Instrumentor
In your code before the library is leveraged, the Instrumentor needs to be initialized by calling instrument().
RequestsInstrumentor().instrument()
URLLib3Instrumentor().instrument()
Once initialized, every Locust requests for this load generator will have their own trace with a span for each of the Requests and URLLib3 libraries.
Metrics
TBD
Logs
TBD
Baggage
OpenTelemetry Baggage is used by the load generator to indicate that the traces are synthetically generated. This is done in the on_start function by creating a context object containing the baggage item, and associating that context for all tasks by the load generator.
ctx = baggage.set_baggage("synthetic_request", "true")
context.attach(ctx)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Index
Missions
Lab Notes
Personnel
Sessions
Other
Side note: the Perkins Steam Gun was a fully-automatic 19th century steam-powered cannon capable of firing over 16 rounds per second. It could send a steel pellet through 1/4" armor plate at 100 feet.
Pneumatic Guns
The two main power sources for the inhabitants of Refuge Base are high pressure steam and compressed air. These are used not only to drive a wide variety of tools and appliances, but also to defend the base and to arm their troops in Shadow. Gunpowder based weapons depend on the whims of a Shadow's rules regarding combustion and chemistry, while compressed gasses rely on much simpler physics.
Pneumatic CannonPossibly the most intimidating and lethal examples of this would be the six dual-gun steam cannon turrets placed in and around the entry hall at Refuge Base. These twelve fully automatic steam cannons are connected directly to dedicated high pressure steam lines and manned by crews of artillerists and reloaders. Operating at full capacity, each cannon can fire a four pound shot every second. In several allied shadows where steam powered vessels are common, these cannons have become the standard close-quarters naval weapon.
For the military staff of Project TRUE, the standard sidearm is the semi-automatic pneumatic handgun. In many ways, these are simply scaled down versions of the steam cannons. However, where the steam cannons can be simply connected to the main lines, a handgun requires a much more portable source of pneumatic pressure. This drastically limits the number of times such a weapon can be fired, and alters the weapon's dynamics after each shot.
Pneumatic PistolThe handgun has dual reinforced pressure chambers, one in the grip, the other below the revolving ammunition cylinder. Both are connected to a single standard valve port at the rear of the weapon. This allows rapid re-pressurization from an ordinary steam or pneumatic line, but an optional hand-cranked pump may be necessary while in the field. The pistol's rotating ammunition cylinder holds six shots, usually the maximum that can be fired before the pressure chambers are depleted beyond useful capacity.
A pneumatic rifle has also been developed. It is capable of fully automatic fire at a rate of 10 rounds per second, and its longer barrel improves both the weapon's accuracy and muzzle velocity. In addiiton, the larger size of the weapon allows for more compressed air storage. A rifle can fire 50 shots without recharge. A backpack-mounted external pressure tank can boost the rifle's capacity by a factor of ten, and the weapon can also be connected directly to a pneumatic line, allowing it to be fired until the ammunition is exhausted.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Category talk:Presidents of the Cambridge Union
Which other categories should this go in (if any)? Mpntod 13:10, Aug 23, 2004 (UTC)
Would it not make sense to rename this page 'Famous Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society'? The Union has three presidents a year, most of whom will not go on to warrant an entry in wikipedia. --Evil Capitalist 13:33, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
* Isn't the notability implicit for any category page? If someone doesn't appear in Wikipedia, then they won't appear in any category list. As close examples, the Footlights category doesn't include everyone who ever appeared in Footlights, the Alumni of Cambridge University doesn't include everyone who ever went to Cambridge, and British Academics doesn't include anyone who was ever an academic. In theory we could 'famous' to the name of almost every category in wikipedia - but I don't see what purpose it would serve. Mpntod 16:07, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
* True. But then again, in categories like List of presidents of Bolivia you'll find plenty of people who aren't terribly famous (for example Eusebio Guilarte Vera, whose rule literally covered the Christmas holidays in 1847). Now if, for example, I wanted to actually find who was President of the Union in Lent term 2004, this list looks as if might answer my questions, but doesn't. Ideally, the list would provide a full list of these lesser Presidents, but in the absence of this, does it not make sense to try and make it clear what we've got here?
* I think we need to keep the list and the category separate. There's a list at List of Cambridge Union Society Presidents, which is comprehensive. The category of Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society is generated automatically when someone notable is categorised as an ex-President of the Cambridge Union Society (through adding to their Wikipedia entry). Because it's a category, it only gets someone added to it when they are notable enough in their own right to feature in the Wikipedia. Mpntod 20:46, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
* PS: it's the same as the difference between the list of Presidents of Bolivia at President of Bolivia (which has 63 people listed) and the category of Presidents of Bolivia which only has 21 people listed. Mpntod 20:56, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
* Ooops- didn't see that. I stand embarrassingly corrected. I'll edit the page so that this is a little more apparent to the next person determined to make a fool of themselves.--Evil Capitalist 17:40, 4 October 2005 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Blocking Safari Extensions via Configuration Profile
ali_fadavinia
New Contributor III
Hi Jamf Nation Guru,
We managed to block extensions in Chrome and Edge on our Macs by configuring custom settings in JamfPro.
However, we couldn't find a similar solution for Safari. Have you had any success with blocking extensions on this browser?
Thanks
4 REPLIES 4
AJPinto
Honored Contributor II
Safari is notoriously difficult to manage. I dont think you can manage Safari extensions anymore beyond blocking the app that generates the extension.
If I need to block a few specific extensions or apps that generates the extension, is that possible? Do you happen to have a plist or an example that I can refer to?
ali_fadavinia
New Contributor III
Can you clarify if you used a configuration profile on Jamf Pro for that?
GabeShack
Valued Contributor III
All safari extensions should be coming from the MacApp store, if you have the mac app store blocked this should solve extensions in safari. this can be done with a restrictions setting in a config profile. I would recommend testing this throughly before pushing it out though in case you have users who need access to the app store.
Gabe Shackney
Princeton Public Schools
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Gold Rush (music festival)
Gold Rush was a music festival held at Lake Amador in Amador County, California on October 4, 1969. The festival was sponsored and promoted by music manager Robert Strand, disc jockey Gene Lane, and professor James Davis.
Overview
There were concerns that the festival would cause a disruption in the area. Residents of the nearby cities Ione, California and Jackson, California were "shook up' about the prospects of hosting hordes of rock music enthusiasts." According to The Sun-Telegram, "one county official wanted to short circuit the festival by cutting off the electricity to the site, but he was overruled by the board for supervisors."
Dr. James Davis, a professor of botany at San Joaquin Delta College in Stockton, California, and his students built a bandstand and concession both to be used for the festival. The proceeds of the festival went to Project Costa Rica, a nonprofit education venture headed by Dr. David. He took his students to Costa Rica each year for science research projects.
Davis named the festival "Gold Rush" after the gold mining past of Amador County.
Although drugs were prevalent and some concertgoers went skinny dipping in the lake, no arrests were made. Amador County officials said the thousands of people, many of whom had camped out for days, were "completely peaceful and law-abiding."
Tickets for the event cost $3 in advance and $3.50 at the gate. An estimated 40,000-50,000 people attended the festival which was held at a 40-acre site near Lake Amador. The music began at 9 a.m. on Saturday, October 4, and ended at 2 a.m. on Sunday, October 5. Davis estimated that the festival grossed only $32,450 due to greedy gate guards and dishonest people posing as ticket takers.
Performers
The event was advertised as a rock music festival but there were blues, soul, and folk musicians in the lineup as well.
List of performers:
* Santana
* Ike & Tina Turner
* Taj Mahal
* Bo Diddley
* Albert Collins
* Kaleidoscope
* Al Wilson
* Southwind
* Sons of Champlin
* Country Weather
* Cold Blood
* John Fahey
* Linn County
* Daybreak
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WIKI
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LIBSVM TUTORIAL PART 4 – Testing the Model
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
The whole purpose of using a Support Vector Machine is to be able to predict whether new instances of an object belong to a certain group. This could be detecting whether documents are sensitive, stocks are a “buy”, or whether it will rain. In our case, we are trying to determine whether emails are SPAM or not. So to test this, we need to come up with more instances of emails.
For the first test, we will use a sample email:
James, can you pick up the dog?
To translate this to the proper input format to test, we once again need to take each word and map them to our previous vector of words:
james=16
can=???
you=17
pick=???
up=???
the=29
dog=26
Any words with ??? mean that we didn’t see those words during the training phase, so we will essentially ignore them for now. So to convert that new email to the proper input format, it would look like:
0 16:1 17:1 26:1 29:1
Since we know that this email should not be classified as SPAM, we start it off with a “0”, then include a value for any words we already know about. We will then save this text in a file named “sample.1.txt” and run the following command line to test it:
c:\Program Files\LibSVM\windows>svm-predict.exe sample.1.txt spam.train.model sample.1.predicted.txt
Accuracy = 100% (1/1) (classification)
The output on the command line tells us that the algorithm predicted the email was HAM and not SPAM since it had an accuracy of 100%. Also, if you open up the sample.1.predicted.txt, you will see a single entry with “0” indicating that it predicted the first line in the input file belonged to the class “0” or HAM.
Now lets, add some new sample emails to test:
Cheap viagra by mail!
James, you need viagra.
The first email is obviously a SPAM type email, but the second one is a little more interesting. If that was sent from a stranger, then it might be SPAM, however if my wife sent it, it may not 🙂
So let’s add them to our input file along with the first one, it would look like:
0 16:1 17:1 26:1 29:1
1 2:1 3:1 8:1 9:1
0 2:1 16:1 17:1
And then, lets run the algorithm to see what it thinks:
c:\Program Files\LibSVM\windows>svm-predict.exe sample.1.txt spam.train.model sample.1.predicted.txt
Accuracy = 100% (3/3) (classification)
As you can see, the algorithm did very well. It thought that the first email was HAM, the second was SPAM, and the third was HAM. The output file shows 0, 1, 0.
While this was a trivial and made up example, I hope that I met the overall goal, which was to show how to use LIBSVM for classification problems. By building an input training set, generating a predictive model, and testing it against inputs we showed that Support Vector Machines can be powerful and easy to use tools in Machine Learning.
29 thoughts on “LIBSVM TUTORIAL PART 4 – Testing the Model
1. blanche says:
Found your blog while searching for a good LibSVM tutorial. Very Easy to understand and fun to read. I almost laughed when I read the third email for testing. Hope you didn’t need it. Thank you for the nice tutorial!
2. James says:
Glad it was helpful… and hopefully I won’t get that email from my wife any time soon 🙂
3. A.Geethapriya says:
Thank u Mr.James, as just started my research work in opinion mining,very helpful and got clear understanding of creating training and testing data using libsvm. But for long text and larger no of documents,is there any way to create train and test data automatically
• James says:
If you are interested in running some machine learning algorithms against larger data sets and are just getting started, I would recommend Weka. This tool has a UI to interact with and integrates with LibSVM and others.
Also, Weka can read in test files and get them into the correct format for testing.
http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/
Let me know if you would like to have me do a tutorial on it, and I can see what I can do.
4. Peace Abiemo says:
Hello James
Thanks for the tutorial, it has been helpful. I will be using libsvm but one set of my data is a measurement of two dependent parameters against time. So its more like a time series data, is this time of data learnable by SVM? I actually want to detect outliers.
Thanks in advance
• James says:
Hi Peace,
Time series data can be a little trickier, and I haven’t actually done any work that would relate exactly. Support Vector Machines are pretty good at not letting dependent parameters skew the results, so you may have luck.
Also, if what you’re really looking for is an outlier detection, I would suggest to investigate a clustering algorithm. Check out k-Means. The idea is to arrange data in clusters, and then find the data points that are furthest from the centers of the clusters.
5. Peter says:
Hello James
Very Easy to understand and fun to read.
Thanks for the tutorial.
Can you write a tutorial for LIBLINEAR?
6. Nina says:
Thanks! very helpful!:)
7. ashish says:
i want to classify words in a sentence to different parts of speech categories. I want to write features like words occuring before and and after a particular word, prefixes,suffixes etc….how should i write the train file.Morever this is a multi-classification problem.please help me
8. Sandra says:
You, Sir, are just AWESOME!!! Thanks a bunch for this tutorial! Found it just in time 🙂
9. Andre says:
Thank You very much!
A tip for MatLab Users: It has another interface with different syntax.
See: https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~nnikvand/Coderep/libsvm-3.16/matlab/libsvm-3.pdf
Usage =====
matlab> model = svmtrain(training_label_vector, training_instance_matrix [, ‘libsvm_options’]);
-training_label_vector:
An m by 1 vector of training labels (type must be double).
-training_instance_matrix:
An m by n matrix of m training instances with n features. It can be dense or sparse (type must be double).
-libsvm_options:
A string of training options in the same format as that of
LIBSVM.
matlab> [predicted_label, accuracy, decision_values/prob_estimates] = svmpredict(testing_label_vector, testing_instance_matrix, model [, ‘libsvm_options’]);
-testing_label_vector:
An m by 1 vector of prediction labels. If labels of test
data are unknown, simply use any random values. (type must be
double)
-testing_instance_matrix:
An m by n matrix of m testing instances with n features. It can be dense or sparse. (type must be double)
-model:
The output of svmtrain.
-libsvm_options:
A string of testing options in the same format as that of
LIBSVM.
10. Jani says:
Hello webmaster do you need unlimited content for your website ?
What if you could copy article from other blogs, make it pass copyscape test and publish on your site – i know
the right tool for you, just search in google:
Ziakdra’s article tool
11. Sujit says:
hi…
Can u explain , how kernel boundaries are generated ??
also. Please explain what is there in sample.train.model file ???
Thanks in advance …. 😀
12. Del says:
Very nice tutorial James.
I am using libsvm java API for document classification of resumes. I am able to run prediction on test data and get the accuracy. How do I get the label for that particular prediction?
How do I use libsvm for multiple classes. Please help.
13. Nitin says:
Thank you very much James… 🙂
14. Divyaa says:
Hi James,
I am trying to implement image classification. My feature set will be histograms. Is there anyway I can do this using libsvm?
Because libsvm assumes inputs as vectors, but I will have a histogram as my featureset. How do I work it, any idea?
Thanks!
15. Numl says:
Dear all,
I have a question regarding LibSVM. Can we use libsvm testing without labels. I mean first train the system with labels (e.g 1 or -1) and in testing, do not label and use the data to see which data row show which class and then compared with the original one.
I want to do testing without labeling and then compare with original output to find difference.
Waiting for your kind reply.
Thanks in advance
16. saad says:
hello james,kindly tell that how libsvm can be used for regression
17. Mayur Kulkarni says:
Thanks for this funny but illustrative tutorial! Had fun reading it 🙂
18. avinash says:
Funny and easiest way to learn libsvm 🙂
19. amine says:
thanks for the tutorial. if some one need more deep knowledge in machine learning i recommended:
https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning
amine.b
20. Sayali says:
I have text data descriptions.Using those descriptions I want to produce training set for further descriptions to be predicted whether they are valid or not.I am trying to achieve it using weka libsvm,but not getting desired output as desired. I want output as : 1 1:10 2:3 3:11 for positive one and -1 1:7 2:5 5:6 where 1 indicate positive -1 indicate negative and in 1:7 indicates 1st word occurred 7 times.How can I achieve this using libsvm ? and in what format I should build my text file or csv file ?
21. Eliana says:
Hi James! I have a question.
You put cero 0 or one 1 in prediction file.
But I want clasify, and I don’t know the label for the prediction file.
I undertood that later the training model I use the prediction and I have a file with cero or one and this is the response.
pd:Sorry my bad English
22. Abdulwahab says:
Thanks James
23. 95Theo says:
Hello admin, i must say you have very interesting content here.
Your blog should go viral. You need initial traffic
only. How to get it? Search for; Mertiso’s tips go viral
24. H Pham says:
I need to test a text data email. the email have 10 words . if only 1 word is spam and 9 words extant are not of train data… >> the email is spam or no spam
25. Odysius says:
Hello James,
this is a great tutorials, can you share the code with me, please ,my email : odysius.anwar@gmail.com
It will help me so much,
Thank you
26. SNEHITHAPRASAD says:
Hi James! Thanks for such a great explanation.Now I am very happy that I got to know how to work with lib SVM. But, I have one question in my mind which is not letting me to sleep.Could you please suggest me on how to achieve it.The scenario is below.
You kept zero 0 or one 1 in prediction file.
But I want classify, and I don’t know the label for the prediction file.How to come across this.Your help is greatly appreciated.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How to Eat Your Way to a Less Stressful Day
How to Eat Your Way to a Less Stressful Day
Image credit: Shutterstock
As entrepreneurs, you're under an intense amount of pressure, the last thing you need is more stress caused by poor diet choices. Continual stress puts your body on a state of constant alert. You may find during high-stress periods that your energy production increases, your muscles tense and your heart rate is heightened.
"All systems are ramped up to deal with what our bodies perceive are physically dangerous situations," says Charlotte Watts, nutritional therapist and author of The De-Stress Diet (Hay House, 2008). While you may feel you're most productive when rushing to meet a deadline, putting your body in this "fight or flight" stage uses up a lot of energy and nutrients, compromising the health of your immune system, digestion and circulation and leaving you feeling depleted.
Eating a proper diet that aids the body manage stress symptoms can help keep you healthy and productive, even during these high-stress times.
Related: 7 Simple Ways to Relieve Stress Now
Breakfast
"How we start the day can set the scene for how we cope with its demands,” says Watts. A high protein breakfast that contains some of all of the following-- eggs, goat cheese, meat and nuts, will provide nutrients that help sustain brain and body fuel. Add a fruit salad to stimulate digestion and detoxification to relieve stress on your digestive system.
Lunch
A hearty salad with plenty of vegetables and a protein portion or a home-made stew with lots of vegetables is a good lunch option to satisfy your appetite and ensure a more productive and stress-free afternoon. Protein increases your energy levels while healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts or seeds help control your body's dopamine and serotonin levels, which control your mood and stress levels.
Snacks
Do you get the mid-afternoon munchies? Go for snacks such as nuts and fruit that keep blood sugar levels even. "Almonds are high in calming magnesium and omega oils," says Watts. Celery is also a great snack to calm your mid-afternoon nerves. "[Celery] activates the parasympathetic calming tone of the nervous system, hence its traditional use as a sleep and high blood pressure remedy,” says Watts. Avoid high-carb such as chips and crackers. While these may fill satisfy your growling stomach, but they rob us of nutrients and are full of empty calories.
Related: 7 Superfoods to Boost Energy Levels Now
Dinner
After a stressful day, your body needs to relax. Watts recommends filling your plate with green vegetables to replenish minerals lost throughout the day. Vegetables such as broccoli, kale, cabbage and cauliflower aid in detoxification and provide natural carbohydrates that boost serotonin – the body's feel good hormone. These vegetables also have immunity-boosting powers to keep you from getting sick.
Every meal
Eat mindfully -- when planning your mealtimes, Watts says the most important element in staying stress-free is to eat mindfully. "Sitting down and chewing thoroughly is a crucial part of digesting and allowing mealtimes to be a part of your relaxation and not add to stress patterns,” says Watts. So, step away from your computer and smartphone and take the time to enjoy your food.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Evan C/Railpage Australia
Railpage Australia is a website focusing on railways within Australia and Oceania.
Originally started in 1992 by David Bromage, it was among the first 100 web sites to be hosted in Australia.
The site is used by railway enthusiasts to find and exchange news, pictures and information relating to Australian trains and railway infrastructure. The site features a user photo database, discussion forums, a chat room and a railway news section.
The discussion forums are divided into separate sections, such as Australian based discussions, heritage interest groups, and overseas discussions.
It is considered by many in the enthusiast scene to be a sort of "hub" for Australian railways, a meeting point where those new to the scene can ask questions and network, and where enthusiasts can share their knowledge and keep up to date.
The site has its crtics however, some users allege that some posts have been edited or deleted by a few moderators who disagree with the line of arguement or for no apparent reason, while some users have critised the ill judged selection of certain moderators.
The Finger Service
Railpage started in 1992 as a cfingerd service on David Bromage's account on Monash University's general access unix server. Anybody could finger the account and view the indexpage, and further view the railpage. The name lives on.
The Web Service
The content of the finger service was translated to an experimental web site in July 1994. It is believed to have been the first Australian railway site on the World Wide Web. Early content included a repository of Australian railway timetables, inspired by a contemporary project in the United States.
In January 1994, Brian Evans suggested to David Bromage that Railpage (which at that point comprised static web pages) could be further developed. The two began to develop the site further, later transferring it to a dedicated server.
The site gained its own domain name (railpage.org.au) in January 1997.
The Forums
On January 11 2003, Railpage introduced an online forums service using the open source PhpBB forum software. As of June 2006, it is awaiting inclusion on the Big-boards.com index.
RP2
Assuming the role of Project Director, (which he still maintains today), Brian Evans proposed the website enter a new development phase, involving the introduction of a Content Management System (CMS). To date, the site had accumulated a significant number of unique URL's and was becoming increasingly harder to maintain. A solution to provide content owners with an ability to create and maintain content at the site became a priority.
Late in 2003, after several months of development and with the help of several developers and testers; RP2 was launched on Saturday 10th April 2004 at approximately 5pm. While at the time the portal structure was primitive and contained a number of bugs present in all Nuke releases - the portal offered a number of new services to users including an image gallery and news feeds.
RP2.1
As time continued, the development team grew to include Michael Greenhill, James Holt and Lionel Camilleri. Additionally, the RPDN (Railpage Developer Network) was established to allow the core developers to work with the extended development team comprised of key users and testers, as well as other willing parties. A sitewide re-themeing was conducted by Michael Greenhill and the rest of the development team and released to a mostly positive reception. The new theme was more compact and simple, and cut a lot of the baggage that PHP-Nuke often outputs.
Today
As of May 2006, the site routinely receives in excess of 1000 posts per day, 10,000 unique visitors, 100,000 hits, and serves well in excess of 300 gigabytes of data per month. As of August 2006, the site had reached 10,000 registered users and 550,000 posts.
SHAFT
Originally billed as the 2005 Summer Development Project which was later delayed significantly to an unknown point in the future due to time constraints, SHAFT (Acronym unknown) is due to bring a much enhanced user-interface, several new features and a number of code-tweaks.
Technical
Railpage has and continues to endure a significant amount of technical difficulties. The hardware Railpage runs on is old, and while it was capable of handling the load experienced in 2003; present load is far too much for the hardware resulting in numerous outages, some of which require human intervention.
Servers
Railpage Australia runs on three servers, codenamed Fang, Shaft and Icarus. Fang runs Redhat Linux 9 and handles the HTTP frontend tasks and mailer tasks. Shaft runs Fedora Core 2 and is responsible for holding the backend database to RP2, and also hosts a development-only copy of the RP2 code. Icarus is the dedicated Gallery server, and runs Fedora Core 4.
The servers are located in Melbourne, Australia at a central business district based data centre.
Software
Railpage Australia is based on PHP-Nuke, however as times wears on it bears less and less resemblance to the original release. Its codebase is PHP and the backend database runs MySQL.
Internet Capacity
Railpage Australia's Internet capacity is provided by Digital River Networks, a national telecommunications carrier. The servers are connected to a gigabit backbone and from there to the Internet directly and by way of peering through other direct connections including the Victorian Internet Exchange.
Collaborations
In December 2003, Railpage assisted the then Australian Geological Survey Organisation (now Geoscience Australia) and the Australasian Railway Association in the production of the Railways of Australia thematic map.
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Michael Jai White
Michael Jai White is an American martial artist and actor. He was the first Black American to portray a major comic book superhero starring as Al Simmons, the protagonist in the 1997 film Spawn. White appeared as Marcus Williams in the Tyler Perry films Why Did I Get Married? (2007) and Why Did I Get Married Too? (2010), and starred as the character on the TBS/OWN comedy-drama television series Tyler Perry's For Better or Worse. White portrayed Jax Briggs in Mortal Kombat: Legacy and the Cyborg Seth in Universal Soldier: The Return, opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme. He portrayed boxer Mike Tyson in the 1995 HBO television film Tyson. He also played the title role in the blaxploitation parody film Black Dynamite (2009), as well as the animated series of the same name.
Early life
White is a martial artist in nine different styles: Shōtōkan, Goju-Ryu (for which he studied under Master Eddie Morales where he learned to sharpen his Goju karate technique), Taekwondo, Kobudō, Tang Soo Do, Wushu, Jujutsu, Kyokushin and Boxing, with a specific focus in Kyokushin Karate (although his style incorporates aspects of many different martial arts forms). White started training in the martial arts at the age of four in Jujutsu. He next took up Shōtōkan and moved on to other styles later. White holds seven legitimate black belts in Kyokushin Karate, Goju-Ryu Karate, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kobudo, and Wushu.
White is a former special education teacher and taught students with behavioral problems for three years. He cites his history in education as the reason why, despite his personal love for the music genre on "a lot of levels", he cannot "in good [conscience]" have a positive opinion on hip hop or "excuse some of [its] pervasive and destructive elements", mainly due to his experience with youngsters who had difficulty seeing the difference between it and real life.
He graduated from Central High School in Bridgeport, Connecticut in 1982.
Acting career
White's first major starring role and breakout performance was in the 1995 HBO film Tyson, as heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson. He portrayed the eponymous character in the 1997 film Spawn, making him the first African American to portray a major comic book superhero in a major motion picture. His work in Spawn earned him a nomination for the Blockbuster Entertainment Award. White starred opposite Jean-Claude Van Damme in Universal Soldier: The Return, in 1999. A few years earlier, he acted in Full Contact, with Jerry Trimble. In 2001, he also starred opposite fellow martial artist Steven Seagal in Exit Wounds. In 2003, he starred in Busta Rhymes and Mariah Carey's music video "I Know What You Want". Since 2003, in addition to his on screen roles, White has been doing voice work, including in Static Shock and Justice League. White showcases his martial arts skills in the direct-to-DVD film Undisputed II: Last Man Standing. He also appears in Michelle Yeoh's Silver Hawk in 2004. He appeared in Kill Bill: Volume 2, although his role was cut from the theatrical release. His film Why Did I Get Married? opened at number one at the box office on October 12, 2007.
White played the role of the mob boss Gambol in the 2008 film The Dark Knight. He also starred in the film Blood and Bone and the blaxploitation homage Black Dynamite, both released in 2009. White wrote the scripts for both Black Dynamite and 3 Bullets in which he stars with Bokeem Woodbine.
On March 30, 2010, White appeared on The Mo'Nique Show to promote his film Why Did I Get Married Too. The two joked about the acclaim that comes with winning an Oscar. In May of that year he appeared in the music video for Toni Braxton's new song "Hands Tied" from her album Pulse, as well as the Nicki Minaj music video for "Your Love" as Nicki's sensei and love interest.
He also starred in Kevin Tancharoen's short film Mortal Kombat: Rebirth, as Jax Briggs, and reprised the role in Mortal Kombat: Legacy, a webseries from the same director. He posted on Twitter that he would not be returning to the role for the second season, but would return for the 2013 film.
White made his directorial debut and starred in Never Back Down 2: The Beatdown, which was released on home video on September 13, 2011.
White also provided the voice of Green Lantern in the video game Justice League Heroes.
In October 2019, White announced that the spiritual successor to Black Dynamite titled Outlaw Johnny Black had officially entered pre-production. Despite the Indiegogo campaign not reaching its goal, he was still able to secure enough backers and additional donors to get the project off the ground. It is available for pre-order on the official website. Its theatrical release date was 15 September 2023. In July 2023, its trailer was released.
In October 2020, White's latest film Welcome to Sudden Death debuted on Netflix and became one of the most watched films on the platform. The Universal Pictures Home Entertainment release is a remake of the 1995 film Sudden Death starring Jean-Claude Van Damme.
On July 12, 2021, White laid out a vision for starting a film studio in New Haven, Connecticut called "Jaigantic Studios". He wants to create a studio district on New Haven's Quinnipiac River waterfront.
Personal life
From 2005 to 2011, White was married to Courtenay Chatman and together they have a daughter named Morgan. In addition, White has two sons. In February 2014, White announced his engagement to actress Gillian Iliana Waters. In April 2015, White penned an open letter via Facebook entitled "Apologies to My Ex's", where he credited Waters for helping him become "the very best version of myself." In July 2015, White married Waters in Thailand. They appeared together in the martial arts thriller movie Take Back (2021), with Gillian White starring as the female lead.
In 2014, White was honored with the Fists of Legends Decade Award at the Urban Action Showcase & Expo at HBO. In 2015, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame. On November 8, 2019, he assumed the "Mantle of The Black Dragon" from Ron van Clief, Don "The Dragon" Wilson, Cynthia Rothrock, and Taimak, in a ceremony at the 2019 Urban Action Showcase & Expo at AMC 25, New York City.
White briefly dated actress Angela Bassett during the 1990s.
White is a cousin of comedian and actress Kym Whitley.
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February 2011 Entries
How do I Delete a View? How do I Create a View?
Before I create views, I generally work out what I want to retrieve in my SELECT statement ahead of time so I'll just have to cut and paste the query. The example below is done in T-SQL/Sybase format, however for Oracle and MySQL, just place a semi-colon ';' at the end of your statement and remove the 'GO' command. To drop (delete) an existing view: DROP VIEW vw_rpt_metroBestCustomers GO To create a view: CREATE VIEW vw_rpt_metroBestCustomers ( CustomerName, OfficeNum, City, StateOrProv, Country, ......
Posted On Tuesday, February 22, 2011 5:01 PM | Comments (0)
How do I route my SMTP outgoing mail through gmail (Google Mail) ?
Here is the quick answer: Go into your client e software (e.g. Outlook, Thunderbird, etc.) for the account you are working on (usually default). Set the SMTP server to smtp.gmail.com Set the username as your gmail account user name (e.g. myname@gmail.com). Gmail will need the username and password you use for that account, so if your default is set to some other email, be sure to set the username and password to that value, or click on the checkbox for username/password. Check TLS as the secure connection. ......
Posted On Saturday, February 19, 2011 1:57 AM | Comments (1)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Sean Lock
Sean Lock (22 April 1963 – 16 August 2021) was an English comedian and actor. He began his comedy career as a stand-up comedian and in 2000 he won the British Comedy Award, in the category of Best Live Comic, and was nominated for the Perrier Comedy Award. He was a team captain on the Channel 4 comedy panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats from 2005 to 2015, and on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown from 2012 until his death in 2021.
Lock frequently appeared on stage, television and radio. His routines were often surreal and delivered in a deadpan style. He also wrote material for Bill Bailey, Lee Evans and Mark Lamarr. Lock was voted the 55th-greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups in 2007, and he was upgraded to 19th in the updated 2010 list. He was a frequent guest on other panel shows, including BBC's Have I Got News for You, QI and They Think It's All Over.
Early life
Lock was born in Chertsey, Surrey, on 22 April 1963, the youngest of four children. His father, Sidney, worked in the building industry; his mother, Mary (née McCreesh), was from Cullaville, County Armagh. Lock was raised in Woking, Surrey, where he attended St John the Baptist School.
During Lock's teenage years, he watched art-house films on BBC Two, and named Andrei Tarkovsky's 1979 science-fiction film Stalker as one that affected him greatly. In 1981, he left education with a grade E in English A-Level. Afterwards, his father got him a job stripping concrete panels off buildings. After spending seven years as a labourer, he travelled, taking on different jobs. For six weeks, he worked on a French farm as a goat herder and worked on a kibbutz in Israel. During this period, he also worked as a toilet cleaner and a Department of Health and Social Security office worker. During his work as a labourer, he developed skin cancer.
He then decided to pursue acting and enrolled at the Drama Centre London, though he soon realised he had made an error. He quit and returned to being a labourer. After Lock saw comedians like Alexei Sayle and Paul Merton performing in comedy clubs, he decided to pursue comedy. Throughout this time, he visited comedy shows in London pubs and started doing open-mic spots as a hobby. In 1988, Lock had his first official gig at a pub in Stoke Newington, London. After being paid £15 for his 20 minutes, he realised he could pursue being a comedian as a career.
Career
Lock's early television work included a supporting role alongside Rob Newman and David Baddiel in the 1993 series Newman and Baddiel in Pieces including touring with them as their support act. Frank Skinner and Eddie Izzard are credited as major influences on his comedy.
A popular belief is that Lock was the first stand-up comedian to perform at Wembley Arena, as he was the support act for Newman and Baddiel. But, while Lock was the support act, he only featured in skits in the middle of the show.
15 Minutes of Misery and 15 Storeys High
Lock made regular appearances on various radio panel shows and script-edited for Bill Bailey's 1998 BBC2 series, Is It Bill Bailey?. In December 1998, he launched his own show on BBC Radio 4, 15 Minutes of Misery, originally as a five-episode pilot. These shows also featured actors Kevin Eldon and Hattie Hayridge. The premise involved Lock eavesdropping on his neighbours in his south London tower block (all played by Lock, Eldon and Hayridge) using a bugging device fitted by his plumber, "Hot Bob" (Eldon), which was known as "The Bugger King" (and had "nothing to do with meat or sex"). 15 Minutes of Misery lasted for one series of six programmes in late 1998 and early 1999.
In 1999, 15 Minutes of Misery was expanded into the half-hour series 15 Storeys High, co-written by Lock and Martin Trenaman. From ostensibly the same tower block, Lock's character was now given a flatmate (the hapless Errol) and a job at the local swimming baths, as well as a somewhat dour and intolerant demeanour. The bugging device was no longer used, but the antics of Lock's neighbours still featured heavily in the show. The plots for this series were more linear in a "traditional" sitcom style, although they still showed Lock's brand of dark, surreal humour. 15 Storeys High would transfer to television after two radio series, with Lock's character renamed 'Vince', for a further two series in 2002 and 2004. Initially aired on BBC Choice, it follows a cynical Vince and his naive flatmate Errol (Benedict Wong). It attracted a cult following after its release as a VHS box set and on DVD.
Other work
In 1995, Lock played an escaped murderer in an episode of The World of Lee Evans, alongside Lee Evans and Phil Daniels. Lock wrote the screenplay for Andrew Kötting's 2001 feature film This Filthy Earth, based on the novel La Terre by Émile Zola. In 2004, Lock had a guest appearance on television's first-ever "dope opera", Top Buzzer, written by Johnny Vaughan.
In 2005, he became a regular team captain on the Channel 4 panel game 8 Out of 10 Cats. In an article at the time of his death, The Guardian said Lock "will be best remembered as a team captain for the first 18 series of... 8 Out of 10 Cats... and he quickly emerged as its biggest star." He was a team captain on 8 Out of 10 Cats between 2005 and 2015, and on its spin-off 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown between 2012 and 2021.
In spring 2006, he hosted his own entertainment show on Channel 4 called TV Heaven, Telly Hell. Lock narrated the BBC production World Cup Goals Galore in 2006. In 2008, he appeared on The Big Fat Quiz of the Year, on a team with James Corden. Lock also appeared on many popular British TV panel shows, including Have I Got News for You, QI and They Think It's All Over. He was also a celebrity guest in The Last Leg. Lock became "The Curator" for the second radio series of The Museum of Curiosity, in 2009, taking over from Bill Bailey.
In 2010, Lock took part in Channel 4's Comedy Gala, a benefit show held in aid of Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, filmed live at The O2 Arena. He also appeared in a spoof video produced by Shelter, the housing charity, to highlight the problem of rogue landlords. In 2011, he took over from John Sergeant as the host of the Dave comedy panel show Argumental. In 2019, Lock featured in episode 4 of the BBC comedy series Mandy.
Comedic style
Lock was known for his surreal style, deadpan delivery and dry humour. The Guardian stated that he was "celebrated for his carefully crafted surreal content and imaginative observational wit". Lock stated that comedy is not always easy, saying: "The real secret ... is every day spending tedious hours straining over a blank sheet of paper trying to think of something funny. Some days I'd rather try and lay an egg."
Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph described his persona as "studiedly obtuse". He said Lock's topics included political correctness, "existential woe", and the difficulties of being a football supporter which gave him "irresistible everyman quality". Power described him as "a Samuel Beckett trapped inside a Tommy Cooper punchline." Power also suggested that his persona was so convincing because it matched his off-stage persona. Fellow comedian Harry Hill said, "People are tempted to pigeonhole him as dark or surreal but he was more than that. He had a playful side; a wide-eyed wonder at the world".
During an interview with Bill Bailey on the Channel 4 show Comic's Choice, Lock listed Sam Kinison and Lenny Bruce as his main comedy influences. On the BBC Radio 2 show "Talking Comedy", he listed Paul Merton, Steven Wright, Jasper Carrott, Les Dawson, Jerry Sadowitz, Kenneth Williams and Hylda Baker as his favourite comedians.
Personal life
Lock and his wife, Anoushka Nara Giltsoff, had two daughters, born in 2004 and 2006, and a son born in 2009. The family lived in the Muswell Hill area of London.
Lock was diagnosed with skin cancer in 1990, attributing the condition to overexposure to the sun while working as a builder in the early 1980s. After seeing his doctor, he was referred to a dermatologist at Guy's Hospital, London, and made a full recovery. In May 2012, he gave his support to a Sun Awareness event at the hospital.
Lock was a supporter of Chelsea F.C. and was an active supporter of the Muswell Hill soup kitchen. In December 2020, Lock made a video to help raise funds for Edible London, a charity that aimed to provide ingredients for a million meals to help those struggling in lockdown. In the clip, he quipped, "I'm Sean Lock. You may know me as that bloke off the telly whose name you can't remember."
Death and tributes
Lock died of cancer at his home, on 16 August 2021, aged 58. According to Bill Bailey, a close friend of Lock, he had been diagnosed with advanced lung cancer a few years earlier.
Those who paid tribute included fellow 8 Out of 10 Cats performers Jimmy Carr, Jon Richardson, Rachel Riley and Susie Dent; many comedians; Chelsea F.C.; QI; and Channel 4. Harry Hill wrote a piece in The Guardian, describing him as "the comedian's comedian". On 19 August 2021, Channel 4 aired a tribute to Lock, showing his stand-up show Keep It Light along with an episode of 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown. Chelsea Football Club paid tribute to Lock on 11 September during their fixture against Aston Villa with a one-minute applause during the 58th (the age at which he died) minute of the match.
Fans of Lock called for his book The Tiger Who Came for a Pint, a parody book read on 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown based on the children's book The Tiger Who Came to Tea, to be published, with some fans suggesting the proceeds should go to cancer research in his honour. In addition, the tribute night of programming prompted fans and friends, including Kathy Burke, to call for the BBC to add 15 Storeys High to its online service. Following this, the BBC released both series of the show onto its iPlayer service on 27 August 2021.
In August 2022, Bill Bailey completed a 100 mi charity walk in memory of Lock, raising more than £110,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support.
Awards and nominations
Lock was voted the 55th-greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups in 2007 and as the 19th-greatest stand-up comic in the updated 2010 list.
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Soundstreams Canada
Soundstreams is a Toronto-based music presenter that commissions, develops, and showcases the work of contemporary Canadian and international composers. It was established in 1982 by Artistic Director and oboe player Lawrence Cherney, and has commissioned more than 150 works over the past three decades.
A season features a concert series at Koerner Hall, with each concert featuring usually featuring a world premiere by a Canadian composer, as well as Canadian and international performers. Composers who have written for Soundstreams include R. Murray Schafer, Steve Reich, Harry Somers, James Rolfe, and Alexina Louie. Performers have included Gryphon Trio, soprano Shannon Mercer, percussion ensemble Nexus.
Other projects have included festivals and conferences such as the Northern Encounters festival, University Voices, Toronto Fanfare Project, and Cool Drummings percussion festival and conference, as well as new productions such as Thomson Highway and Melissa Hui’s Cree opera Pimooteewin: The Journey and R. Murray Schafer’s Dora Award-winning site-specific opera The Children’s Crusade.
Soundstreams has been nominated for three Juno Awards, is the recipient of two Lieutenant Governor’s Awards for the Arts, and Lawrence Cherney is a member of the Order of Canada.
Soundstreams is the producer of the first-ever Cree language opera Pimooteewin: The Journey with libretto by Tomson Highway and music by Melissa Hui. In October 2016, a Soundstreams concert celebrated the versatility of the modern flute, and in 2017 the company mounted a music and theatre production about the life and ideas of Quebecois composer Claude Vivier.
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WIKI
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When it comes to tools of the ancient world, the oldest known were created from stone. Tools that were believed to be used as choppers and scrapers were discovered at the Olduvai Gorge, which is located within the northern section of Tanzania. In this article, you will learn of some of the materials that the earliest tools were made of.
The chopper and scrapers were created from simple chips of stone. They were also given the nickname of “pebble tools.” This sort of tool has been uncovered in areas, such as Ethiopia, the Congo, as well as Malawi. Breaking one edge of the material to make a sharp edge created the tool power of these simple pebbles. The way that these tools were created and functioned also resembles the arrowheads that were used by the Native Americans.
The arrowheads were created from a material called flint, which is considered to be one of the best materials to produce the greatest variety. So what exactly is this flint? It is closely related to an array of semiprecious stones called jasper, carnelian, as well as chrysoprase. These materials came in a wide-range of colors, such as red, yellow and green. These examples are known as mineral chalcedony. When a large section of black or gray chalcedony is found, it is called chert. When they are broken into smaller pieces, they become called nodules. When the gray or black chalcedony is located within chalk or limestone, these finds are referred to as flint. There is no known cause for the development of flint nodules.
Numerous early tools were also created from obsidian, which is a glass that is created by a natural process, namely originating from volcanoes. Obsidian is formed when granite and quartz is mixed with feldpar and mica and is melted by a volcano. When it cools at a fast rate, obsidian is the result. To get a picture of how obsidian worked, you can imagine the scattered pieces of a glass bottle or cup that has broken on the floor. When examining the pieces, you will notice that when the glass broke, it followed a certain pattern, where some pieces were larger than others, but the broken edges of the glass are always sharp to the touch. These fragments can easily be used as a tool for cutting, due to its sharp edges.
Other stone tools that have been encountered have been made from great heat and pressurization that had occurred deep within the Earth. The materials come from quartzites and hardened shales. Regarding axe heads that are created from quartzites, users gain an advantage because they do not crack as easily.
During the later part of the Stone Age, flint and obsidian became the most popular materials used to create tools, but was soon replaced by evolving techniques. One example can be seen with microliths, which combines obsidian or flint that has been embedded into wood.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Keith M. JACOBSON, Appellant.
No. 88-2097NE.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted May 17, 1990.
Decided Oct. 15, 1990.
George H. Moyer, Jr., Madison, Neb., for appellant.
Jan W. Sharp, Omaha, Neb., for appellee.
Before LAY, Chief Judge, HEANEY, Senior Circuit Judge, and McMILLIAN, ARNOLD, JOHN R. GIBSON, FAGG, BOWMAN, WOLLMAN, MAGILL and BEAM, Circuit Judges, En Banc.
FAGG, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted Keith M. Jacobson of knowingly receiving through the mails sexually explicit material depicting a minor. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2) (Supp. V 1987). Jacobson appeals, and we affirm.
When police searched a California pornography bookstore, they discovered Jacobson’s name on the bookstore’s mailing list. Jacobson had ordered three items from the bookstore, two magazines featuring photos of nude adolescent boys and a brochure listing stores in the United States and Europe selling sexually explicit materials. Posing as a member of a hedonist organization, a postal inspector mailed Jacobson a sexual attitude survey and a membership application. Jacobson paid the membership fee to receive a quarterly newsletter from the organization and returned the survey expressing his preference for preteen sex. Later, a postal inspector mailed Jacobson another survey. Jacobson responded positively, “Please feel free to send me more information. I am interested in teenage sexuality.” The postal inspector then mailed Jacobson a list of pen pals with similar sexual interests, and Jacobson began corresponding with pen pal Carl Long, the undercover identity of a postal inspector. Jacobson sent Carl Long a newspaper for homosexuals and two letters. Another postal inspector sent Jacobson a letter inviting him to order a child pornography catalogue. Jacobson requested the cat-alogue and then ordered Boys Who Love Boys, a magazine advertised in the cat-alogue. The catalogue described Boys Who Love Boys as “eleven year old and fourteen year old boys get it on in every way possible. If you love boys, you will be delighted with this.” Jacobson also ordered a set of sexually explicit photographs of young boys from another brochure a customs service agent mailed him. The photographs were never delivered to Jacobson. Following a controlled delivery of the magazine, postal inspectors arrested Jacobson when they searched his home and found Boys Who Love Boys.
Jacobson responded with interest on eight occasions.
On appeal, Jacobson contends the government cannot begin an undercover investigation of a suspected person unless the government has reasonable suspicion based on articulable facts that the suspected person is predisposed to criminal activity. Although Jacobson did not raise this legal issue in the district court, both the government and Jacobson were given an opportunity to brief and argue the issue before the court en banc. We thus proceed on the premise that this issue is properly before us. In re Modern Textile, 900 F.2d 1184, 1191 (8th Cir.1990).
Apart from any question of whether the government’s investigatory conduct deprived Jacobson of due process of law, Jacobson contends we should bar the government from obtaining a conviction in his case because the government did not have reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing on his part before targeting him for an undercover investigation. Jacobson argues this bar should apply even when the character of the government’s investigation is not outrageous. We disagree.
In this circuit, we review the government’s involvement in undercover investigations under due process principles. United States v. Irving, 827 F.2d 390, 393 (8th Cir.1987) (per curiam). The same is true of other courts of appeals. See United States v. Miller, 891 F.2d 1265, 1267 (7th Cir.1989); United States v. Driscoll, 852 F.2d 84, 86-87 (3d Cir.1988); United States v. Jenrette, 744 F.2d 817, 823-24 & n. 13 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1099, 105 S.Ct. 2321, 85 L.Ed.2d 840 (1985); United States v. Gamble, 737 F.2d 853, 856-60 (10th Cir.1984); United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932, 941 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 956, 101 S.Ct. 364, 66 L.Ed.2d 221 (1980).
Due process limitations “come into play only when the [government activity in question violates some protected right of the defendant.” Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484, 490, 96 S.Ct. 1646, 1650, 48 L.Ed.2d 113 (1976) (emphasis omitted). Jacobson has no constitutional right to be free of investigation. United States v. Trayer, 898 F.2d 805, 808 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 111 S.Ct. 113, 112 L.Ed.2d 83 (1990). Indeed, Jacobson does not claim the government’s decision to investigate him deprived him of any right secured by the constitution. Nevertheless, Jacobson borrows from the rule of particularized suspicion that governs investigatory detentions, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1883, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), to narrow the government’s power to initiate undercover investigations. There is no constitutional basis for this borrowing since the government’s decision to investigate Jacobson did not encroach on Jacobson’s “right to personal security.” Id. at 9, 88 S.Ct. at 1873. Jacobson’s demand for particularized suspicion runs against the grain “of the post-Hampton cases decided by the courts of appeals [holding] that due process grants wide leeway to law enforcement agen[ts] in their investigation of crime.” United States v. Kaminski, 703 F.2d 1004, 1009 (7th Cir.1983); see also Hampton, 425 U.S. at 495 n. 7, 96 S.Ct. at 1653 n. 7 (Powell, J., concurring).
We thus join with the courts of appeals that hold the constitution does not require reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing before the government can begin an undercover investigation. See Jenrette, 744 F.2d at 824 & n. 13; Gamble, 737 F.2d at 860; United States v. Thoma, 726 F.2d 1191, 1198-99 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1228, 104 S.Ct. 2683, 81 L.Ed.2d 878 (1984); United States v. Jannotti, 673 F.2d 578, 609 (3d Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1106, 102 S.Ct. 2906, 73 L.Ed.2d 1315 (1982); Myers, 635 F.2d at 941; see also United States v. Steinhorn, 739 F.Supp. 268 (D.Md.1990). But see United States v. Luttrell, 889 F.2d 806, 812-14 (9th Cir. 1989) (constitutional norms require reasoned grounds for undercover investigations), reh’g en banc granted, 906 F.2d 1384 (1990). To hold otherwise would give the federal judiciary an unauthorized “veto over law enforcement practices of which it [does] not approve.” United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 435, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1644, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973); see also United States v. Lovasco, 431 U.S. 783, 790, 97 S.Ct. 2044, 2049, 52 L.Ed.2d 752 (1977) (judges are not free to impose their personal notions of fairness on law enforcement officers under the guise of due process). In our view, when the government’s investigatory conduct does not offend due process, the mere fact the undercover investigation is started without reasonable suspicion “does not bar the conviction of those who rise to its bait.” Jannotti, 673 F.2d at 609.
Jacobson next contends the government’s investigatory conduct was outrageous and violated his due process rights. This contention is without merit. We recognize due process bars the government from invoking judicial process to obtain a conviction when the investigatory conduct of law enforcement agents is outrageous. Gunderson v. Schlueter, 904 F.2d 407, 410-11 (8th Cir.1990) (citing Hampton, 425 U.S. at 492-95, 96 S.Ct. at 1651-53 (Powell, J., concurring); Russell, 411 U.S. at 431-32, 93 S.Ct. at 1642-43). Because the government may go a long way in concert with the investigated person without violating due process, United States v. Musslyn, 865 F.2d 945, 947 (8th Cir.1989) (per curiam), the level of outrageousness needed to prove a due process violation “is quite high,” Gunderson, 904 F.2d at 410. Indeed, the government’s behavior must shock the conscience of the court. Id. (citing Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 172, 72 S.Ct. 205, 209, 96 L.Ed. 183 (1952)).
We simply cannot characterize the government’s conduct in Jacobson’s case as outrageous. Having discovered Jacobson’s name on a pornographer’s mailing list, the government pursued its investigation over a period of twenty-nine months by mailing purveys, letters, and catalogues to Jacobson. The postal inspectors did not apply extraordinary pressure on Jacobson. The inspectors merely invited Jacobson to purchase pornographic material through the mail. See Kaminski, 703 F.2d at 1009 (the offer of reasonable inducements is a proper means of investigation). Unlike face-to-face contacts, Jacobson easily could have ignored the contents of the mailings if he was not interested in them. Similar undercover operations aimed at child pornography collectors “have withstood the constitutional challenge [Jacobson] now raises.” Musslyn, 865 F.2d at 947 (citations omitted).
Jacobson also contends he was entrapped as a matter of law. We cannot agree. The jury rejected Jacobson’s entrapment defense. Jacobson argues, however, the evidence clearly shows entrapment: the postal inspectors originated the criminal plan, implanted the disposition to purchase child pornography into Jacobson’s otherwise innocent mind, and Jacobson ordered the illegal magazine at their behest. See United States v. Pfeffer, 901 F.2d 654, 656 (8th Cir.1990). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government in deciding whether there is a jury issue on entrapment, id., and having done so, we conclude this is not a case in which the government was a manufacturer rather than a detector of crime.
Entrapment is established as a matter of law only when the absence of defendant’s predisposition to commit a crime is apparent from the uncontradicted evidence. Thoma, 726 F.2d at 1197. Having considered the factors that bear on a criminal defendant’s predisposition, id., we are convinced the district court properly submitted the question of Jacobson’s entrapment to the jury. The government presented ample evidence that the postal inspectors only provided Jacobson with opportunities to purchase child pornography and renewed their efforts from time to time as Jacobson responded to their solicitations. Indeed, the panel’s opinion recognized Jacobson’s response to a survey mailed to him by the postal inspectors “indicated a predisposition to receive through the mails sexually explicit materials depicting children,” United States v. Jacobson, 893 F.2d 999, 1000 (8th Cir.1990), and “justified] the decision to offer Jacobson the opportunity to purchase illegal materials through the mail,” id. at 1001. Jacobson was not entrapped as a matter of law.
Finally, Jacobson contends the district court committed error in admitting certain evidence and in failing properly to instruct the jury. We have carefully considered these contentions and find them without merit.
We thus affirm Jacobson’s conviction.
LAY, Chief Judge,
dissenting.
In Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484, 96 S.Ct. 1646, 48 L.Ed.2d 113 (1975), the Supreme Court recognized that “the entrapment defense ‘focus[es] on the intent or predisposition of the defendant to commit the- crime,’ rather than upon the conduct of the Government’s agents.” Id. at 488, 96 S.Ct. at 1649 (quoting United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 429, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1641, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973)); see also United States v. Thoma, 726 F.2d 1191, 1197 (7th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1228, 104 S.Ct. 2683, 81 L.Ed.2d 878 (1984) (entrapment is established as a matter of law if the uncontroverted evidence indicates that a defendant was not predisposed to commit a crime).
In the present case, it is clear the government entrapped Jacobson as a matter of law. Jacobson is a fifty-seven year old farmer from Newman Grove, Nebraska. Prior to his conviction, Jacobson’s criminal record reflected only a 1958 conviction for driving while under the influence.
On February 4, 1984, Jacobson lawfully ordered from Dennis Odom, a California businessman, two nudist magazines and a brochure. Several months later, the government obtained Odom’s mailing list, which included Jacobson’s name. Although the government possessed no information that Jacobson had previously purchased obscene materials, he nevertheless became the target of five undercover sting operations. Over a period of two and one-half years, the government, using as a subterfuge various fictitious organizations, repeatedly solicited Jacobson through the mail to purchase illegal pornography. Jacobson finally succumbed to the government’s pressure by ordering “Boys Who Love Boys," a pornographic magazine.
From the uncontroverted facts in this case, it is readily apparent that Jacobson was not predisposed to commit the crime of receiving through the mails sexually explicit materials depicting a minor. The government contends that Jacobson had the requisite predisposition based on his answer to a survey that indicated he was interested in pre-teen sex magazines. Jacobson’s response merely demonstrates that the government set out to entrap him because he had legally ordered two magazines that later proved to be obscene. Based on Jacobson’s prior history, it is not clear that he would knowingly and voluntarily violate the law by purchasing obscene materials. The evidence fails to show that Jacobson was predisposed to commit the crime of which he was ultimately convicted.
I find the government’s conduct in this case to be reprehensible. The government invested considerable time and money to prosecute a man who never would have committed a crime but for the government’s encouragement. The government should not concentrate its efforts on incriminating innocent individuals; rather it should strive to suppress criminal behavior.
HEANEY, Senior Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
Keith Jacobson’s conviction should be set aside. Prior to instituting the sting, the Postal Service possessed no evidence giving rise to a reasonable suspicion that Jacobson, a 57-year old, law-abiding, Nebraska farmer with a 20-year record of honorable service in the armed services of the United States, had violated child obscenity laws in the past or was likely to do so in the future. The targeting of Jacobson violated federal law enforcement guidelines requiring an investigative agency to have a reasonable suspicion before investigating an individual that the prospective target is engaging, has engaged, or is likely to engage in illegal activities of a similar type.
Jacobson’s conviction should also be set aside because the conduct of the Postal Service was outrageous, not only for the reason previously stated, but also because the Service made at least ten mailings to Jacobson over a period of 27 months, January 1985 to May 1987, before he succumbed to its solicitations to order an illegal magazine.
Had the Postal Service left Jacobson alone, he would have, on the basis of his past life, continued to be a law-abiding man, caring for his parents, farming his land, and minding his own business. Now he stands disgraced in his home and his community with no visible gain to the Postal Service in the important fight against the sexual exploitation of children. .
The majority is concerned about unduly limiting the government’s investigation of crime. I cannot accept this view, particularly because the government itself rejects the tactics used here as unacceptable.
An argument can, of course, be made that the administrative agency itself should enforce the policy against the targeting of individuals unless a reasonable suspicion exists for so doing, and well it should. The Postal Service should have done so here by vetoing the local decision to pursue Jacobson. But when an important constitutional right is involved, we should not shrink from requiring that a federal policy be followed. Of course, Jacobson has no right to be free from investigation; all of us, judges included, have no such right. But here the government unlawfully undertook to induce him to violate the law with repeated solicitations to buy obscene materials. Before commencing the sting, the government had no evidence that Jacobson had ever purchased or possessed such materials or desired to do so.
Jacobson, a 57-year old resident of Newman Grove, Nebraska, currently lives on his family farm and supports his parents. He enlisted in the United States Navy in 1951. During his tour of duty, he served on a destroyer in the Korean theater. He was honorably discharged in 1955. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1958. He served in the Korean and European theaters and was decorated for his service. He retired from the Army in 1974.
On returning to Nebraska, Jacobson became a school bus driver and served in that capacity for ten years. Upon his retirement, he received a certificate of commendation from the Board of Education. There is not a hint in his 20-year service record of participation in illegal or improper sexual activities, and his record as a school bus driver is unblemished. He has no criminal history, with the exception of a conviction for driving while intoxicated in 1958.
On February 4, 1984, Jacobson ordered two magazines and a brochure from Dennis Odom, who did business as the Electric Moon in San Diego, California. On May 11,1984, the government executed a search warrant on the Electric Moon business premises and seized the business’s mailing list. Jacobson’s name and address were on that mailing list.
The two magazines Jacobson ordered were “Bare Boys I” and “Bare Boys II.” They were nudist magazines, the receipt of which did not violate any law. Receipts for his order were found in Blue Moon’s files. The government had no information at the time it instituted the sting that Jacobson had purchased obscene materials through the mails or that he produced child pornography or that he was predisposed to do either.
Nevertheless, the government made Jacobson the target of five undercover sting operations involving at least twelve separate mail solicitations over a period of two and one-half years. Jacobson answered a survey sent to him during the first undercover operation. In his response, he indicated an interest in material about preteen sex. The government, in the guise of five separate, fictitious organizations and one fictitious individual, contacted Jacobson through the mail eleven more times before he finally ordered “Boys Who Love Boys,” an admittedly obscene magazine. After sending him this publication, government agents arrested Jacobson and searched his home. No other illegal materials were found.
I adhere to the views I expressed in our panel opinion that Jacobson’s Electric Moon purchase did not evidence a predisposition to purchase illegal child pornography and thus did not give rise to a reasonable suspicion that Jacobson had committed a crime in the past or was likely to commit one in the future. I continue to believe that the government must have such a reasonable suspicion before instituting an undercover sting directed at an individual, see United States v. Luttrell, 889 F.2d 806, 813 (9th Cir.1989), reh’g en banc granted, 906 F.2d 1384 (9th Cir.1990), and that because no such suspicion existed in this case, Jacobson’s conviction must be set aside. Additionally, I believe that the Postal Service’s repeated solicitation of Jacobson to purchase illegal pornography constituted conduct so outrageous and offensive that a conviction arising therefrom offends due process principles. See United States v. Russell, 411 U.S. 423, 431-32, 93 S.Ct. 1637, 1642-43, 36 L.Ed.2d 366 (1973).
The requirement that law enforcement officials have a reasonable suspicion of actual or potential criminal behavior before targeting an individual for an undercover investigation is consistent with the investigative policies of the United States Attorney General, the FBI, and the United States Postal Service. The Attorney General’s guidelines on FBI undercover operations provide that undercover operations offering an inducement to illegal activities are not to be approved unless:
(a) there is a reasonable indication, based on information developed through informants or other means, that the subject is engaging, has engaged, or is likely to engage in illegal activity of a similar type; or
(b) The opportunity for illegal activity has been structured so that there is reason for believing that persons drawn to the opportunity, or brought to it, are predisposed to engage in the contemplated illegal activity.
Office of the Attorney General, Attorney General’s Guidelines on FBI Undercover Operations 16 (Dee. 31, 1980), reprinted, in Law Enforcement Undercover Activities: Hearing before the Select Comm, to Study Law Enforcement Undercover Activities of Components of the Dep’t of Justice, U.S. Senate, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 86, 101 (1982) [hereinafter Senate Hearings ]; see also Office of the Attorney General, Attorney General’s Guidelines on Criminal Investigations of Individuals and Organizations 1 (Dec. 2, 1980), reprinted in Senate Hearings, supra, at 121 (“A key principle underlying these practices, and reflected in these Guidelines, is that individuals and organizations should be free from law enforcement scrutiny that is undertaken without a valid factual predicate and without a valid law enforcement purpose.”).
Additionally, Raymond J. Mack, an inspector with the United States Postal Inspection Service, testified at Jacobson’s trial that the purpose of Postal Service testing programs was “to bring us into contact with individuals that have committed some type of criminal offense or [are] in the act of committing a criminal offense.” Trial transcript at 92. To that end, according to Mack, Postal Inspection Service sting operations were to be directed only at those individuals whose names appeared independently on at least two lists acquired from the following sources: mailing lists seized by postal inspectors in separate child pornography investigations; incoming child pornography seized by the United States Customs Service; programs conducted by the FBI; investigations of mail order dealers of child pornography conducted by metropolitan police departments and state police agencies; or Postal Inspection Service regional testing programs. Trial transcript at 95, 97, 146-47. Calvin M. Comfort, a prohibited mailing specialist with the Postal Inspection Service, acknowledged at trial that the sole independent source on which Jacobson’s name appeared was the Electric Moon mailing list. Trial transcript at 346.
The majority cites five cases from other circuits as holding that “the Constitution does not require reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing before the government can begin an undercover investigation” of a particular individual. One of these cases appears to be on point. See United States v. Gamble, 737 F.2d 853 (10th Cir.1984). In that case, the court allowed the defendant’s conviction to stand despite its finding that government agents fabricated criminal schemes to enmesh a black doctor with no criminal record about whom the agents had “no apparent hint of a predisposition to criminal activity.” Id. at 860.
In United States v. Thoma, 726 F.2d 1191 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1228, 104 S.Ct. 2683, 81 L.Ed.2d 878 (1984), the court acknowledged that the government had a good faith basis for investigating the defendant. Id. at 1198. Its subsequent statement that such a basis is not a constitutional prerequisite to an undercover investigation is therefore dictum. See id. at 1198-99. In United States v. Jannotti, 673 F.2d 578 (3d Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1106, 102 S.Ct. 2906, 73 L.Ed.2d 1315 (1982), an attorney with a “proven ability to enlist corrupt politicians” provided the government with the defendants’ names. Id. at 609. The Third Circuit concluded that this source “provided the government with a reasonable basis for the initiation of the bribe offers” it made to the defendants. Id. In an alternative holding, the court stated: “Where the conduct of the investigation itself does not offend due process, the mere fact that the investigation may have been commenced without probable cause does not bar the conviction of those who rise to its bait.” Id. (emphasis added). The Jannotti court expressed no opinion as to whether an investigation commenced without a degree of suspicion less than that required for probable cause, or with no suspicion at all, would offend due process.
In United States v. Jenrette, 744 F.2d 817 (D.C.Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1099, 105 S.Ct. 2321, 85 L.Ed.2d 840 (1985), the District of Columbia Circuit rejected the contention of a former United States congressman that the FBI’s targeting of him in the ABSCAM sting without a reasonable suspicion of criminal behavior violated due process. The court relied on United States v. Kelly, 707 F.2d 1460 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 908, 104 S.Ct. 264, 78 L.Ed.2d 247 (1983), an earlier appeal in another ABSCAM prosecution. The Kelly court stated:
[Bjecause dishonest public officials, responsive more to money than to their obligations to the nation, may cause grave harm to our society, we recognize the need for law enforcement efforts to detect official corruption. Furthermore, such corruption is “that type of elusive, difficult to detect, covert crime which may justify Government infiltration and undercover activities.”
Id. at 1473-74 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). The court considered the “genuine need to detect corrupt public officials as well as the difficulties inherent in doing so” to conclude that the FBI’s targeting of Congressman Kelly did not constitute intolerable government conduct. Id. at 1474. The Jenrette court recognized that Kelly’s holding was premised on law enforcement needs in detecting official corruption, observing that “other courts of appeal have considered and rejected the contention that the government must have a reasonable suspicion of wrongdoing before offering a bribe to a public official." 744 F.2d at 824 n. 13 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
Similarly, in United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 956, 101 S.Ct. 364, 66 L.Ed.2d 221 (1980), the Second Circuit rejected the argument that the Constitution requires “The Executive Branch [to] demonstrate some basis of suspicion (short of probable cause) before deciding to make any Member of Congress the target of a sting.” Id. at 941 (emphasis added). The court based its rejection of such a requirement, in part, on the limitations the Speech or Debate Clause places on the conduct of a congressman that may be made the basis of a prosecution and the evidence that may be used against him. Id.
Two factors motivating the holdings in Jenrette and Myers, the need to detect official corruption and the constitutional safeguards available to congressmen-targets of the ABSCAM sting, are absent from the government’s targeting and prosecution of Jacobson. Thus, we need not decide in this case whether we should follow them.
Additionally, I believe the conduct of the Postal Service’s sting operations involving Jacobson was so outrageous that the prosecution arising therefrom violates Jacobson’s due process rights. Once the Postal Service obtained Jacobson’s name from the Electric Moon mailing list, its operatives commenced a two and one-half year campaign of deceptive mail solicitations whose sole object was to induce Jacobson to commit a crime “merely for the sake of pressing criminal charges against him when, as far as the record reveals, he was lawfully and peacefully minding his own affairs.” United States v. Twigg, 588 F.2d 373, 381 (3d Cir.1978).
The Postal Service first contacted Jacobson through a sting operation called “The American Hedonist Society,” “a private, members only society for those who adhere to the doctrine that pleasure and happiness is the sole good in life.” Government Exhibit 7. Jacobson completed the purportedly confidential questionnaire, indicating an interest in preteen sexual material. The Postal Service then “enrolled” Jacobson in the American Hedonist Society and began sending him the Society’s newsletters, which advertised sexually explicit materials for sale. Jacobson never ordered any of the advertised materials.
The Postal Service then approached Jacobson through “Midlands Data Research,” “a small, old established firm in Lincoln, Nebraska” which purported to conduct “consumer surveys on a variety of subjects.” Government Exhibit 8. The mailing included a questionnaire and a letter which stated: “If you believe in the joys of sex and the complete awareness of those lusty and youthful lads and lasses of the neophite [sic] age, we would like to hear from you.” Id. Jacobson responded that Midlands Data Research should feel free to send him further information, but did not answer the questionnaire.
Jacobson’s failure to complete the questionnaire prompted the Postal Service to send another letter and questionnaire from the “Heartland Institute for a New Tomorrow” (HINT). Exhibit 102. The HINT letter asked Jacobson to reconsider his refusal to participate in the Midlands Data Research survey. Jacobson responded by completing the HINT questionnaire.
The Postal Service next sent Jacobson a letter from the director of HINT, which stated:
We at HINT have computer matched your response with the responses of others who have similarly completed our survey questionnaire. Enclosed with this correspondence you will find a list of persons with backgrounds and interests similar to yours. It’s the only way to overcome the pressures of society which come to bear on each of us.
We welcome any comments or suggestions you might have concerning HINT or its programs.
Defendant’s Exhibit 113. Jacobson neither responded to this letter nor wrote to any of the individuals on the accompanying list.
The Postal Service next used a technique known as “mirroring” to acquire further information from Jacobson. A postal inspector posing as “Carl Long,” a supporter of HINT with interests similar to Jacobson’s, wrote to Jacobson stating that he collected erotic literature and wished to correspond with him. Government Exhibit 11; trial transcript at 342. Jacobson replied that he too collected erotica and would be willing to correspond. Government Exhibit 12. Long responded, inquiring about Jacobson’s interest in amateur sex videos. Government Exhibit 13. Jacobson again wrote to Long, noting that amateur videotapes were difficult to acquire, naming several film sources, and stating that he preferred “good looking young guys (in their late teens and early 20’s).” Government Exhibit 14. Jacobson failed to answer a third letter from Long.
After Jacobson ceased writing to Long, the Postal Service again contacted Jacobson, posing as the “Far Eastern Trading Company Ltd.” of Hong Kong and “Pro-duit Outaouais” of Quebec, two mail-order retailers of erotica. After receiving a second mail solicitation, Jacobson ordered “Boys Who Love Boys” from the Far Eastern Trading Company. When the Postal Service delivered the magazine to Jacobson, he was arrested, charged with, and convicted of knowingly receiving through the mails sexually explicit material depicting a minor.
Jacobson’s conviction thus was the culmination of the Postal Service’s two and one-half year campaign to induce this heretofore law-abiding farmer to violate the obscenity laws. Posing as an imaginative variety of spurious organizations and individuals, all apparently legitimate, the Postal Service first engaged Jacobson in a dialogue about erotica, then presented him with a series of opportunities to purchase government-compiled pornography through the mails. When Jacobson failed to complete a Postal Service questionnaire, the Postal Service sent him another and urged him to reconsider responding. When Jacobson ceased corresponding with a Postal Service “pen pal,” the Postal Service renewed its approach under the guise of two fictitious purveyors of erotica who assured Jacobson that their mailings would not run afoul of United States Customs.
In its pursuit of Jacobson, I believe the Postal Service’s direct and continuous involvement in the creation and maintenance of opportunities for criminal activity rises to that demonstrable level of outrageousness which violates due process. See Hampton v. United States, 425 U.S. 484, 495 n. 7, 96 S.Ct. 1646, 1653 n. 7, 48 L.Ed.2d 113 (1976) (Powell, J., concurring); see also Greene v. United States, 454 F.2d 783, 787 (9th Cir.1971) (“When the Government permits itself to become enmeshed in criminal activity, from beginning to end, to the extent which appears here, the same underlying objections which render entrapment repugnant to American criminal justice are operative.”).
Moreover, all the time, effort, expense, and ingenuity invested in apprehending Jacobson yielded only a single conviction of a single individual for the receipt of a single obscene magazine that would never have entered the United States mails had the Postal Service not deposited it there in the first place. The investigation of Jacobson produced no new evidence against existing pornography producers or purchasers and did nothing to further the goal of preventing the sexual exploitation of minors. As the Seventh Circuit has observed:
If the police entice someone to commit a crime who would not have done so without their blandishments, and then arrest him and he is prosecuted, convicted, and punished, law enforcement resources are squandered in the following sense: resources that could and should have been used in an effort to reduce the nation’s unacceptably high crime rate are used instead in the entirely sterile activity of first inciting and then punishing a crime.
United States v. Kaminski, 703 F.2d 1004, 1010 (7th Cir.1983) (Posner, J., concurring).
In my view, the government’s investigation and prosecution of Jacobson amount to the deliberate manufacture of a crime that would never have occurred but for the Postal Service’s overzealous efforts to create it. Jacobson’s conviction should be reversed. Accordingly, I dissent.
. William H. Webster, then director of the FBI, endorsed a reasonable suspicion standard for undercover investigations in his testimony during the Senate hearings on Justice Department undercover operations:
[O]ne of the basic standards for initiating an operation or for making a change in direction or a change in focus, which is one of the sore points we have observed in these various operations, currently appears in the Attorney General's Guidelines on Criminal Investigations, and that is that there must be facts or circumstances that reasonably indicate that a Federal criminal violation of the type to be investigated has occurred, is occurring, or is likely to occur. In other words, a reasonable cause provision.
Senate Hearings, supra, at 1041 (statement of Hon. William H. Webster); see also id. at 1055 ("We have come pretty close to it in the investigative guidelines that are already there, if we are talking about a reasonable suspicion basis. I have no problem with requiring an articulation of the reasons. I think we are doing that now, and we will certainly do it in the future.").
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CASELAW
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User:Pontus5991/sandbox
Operation PONTUS
http://www.military.ie/press-office/news-and-events/single-view/article/12-november-2015-le-samuel-beckett-conducts-search-rescue-operation/?cHash=91ce49942ec3dcd18cb92c22b65cf4c1
http://afloat.ie/port-news/navy/item/34487-defence-forces-receive-award-for-humanitarian-work
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/l%C3%A9-niamh-to-join-migrant-rescue-mission-in-mediterranean-1.2279448
http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/navy-to-get-medals-for-mediterranean-mission-390681.html
http://www.thejournal.ie/defence-forces-coastguard-2015-2520660-Dec2015/
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WIKI
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使用 Azure CLI 创建具有静态公共 IP 地址的虚拟机Create a virtual machine with a static public IP address using the Azure CLI
可以创建具有静态公共 IP 地址的虚拟机。You can create a virtual machine with a static public IP address. 使用公共 IP 地址可以通过 Internet 来与虚拟机通信。A public IP address enables you to communicate to a virtual machine from the internet. 分配静态公共 IP 地址而非动态地址可以确保地址永远不会改变。Assign a static public IP address, rather than a dynamic address, to ensure that the address never changes. 详细了解静态公共 IP 地址Learn more about static public IP addresses. 若要将分配给现有虚拟机的公共 IP 地址从动态更改为静态，或者要使用专用 IP 地址，请参阅添加、更改或删除 IP 地址To change a public IP address assigned to an existing virtual machine from dynamic to static, or to work with private IP addresses, see Add, change, or remove IP addresses. 公共 IP 地址会产生少许费用，可为每个订阅使用的公共 IP 地址数有限制Public IP addresses have a nominal charge, and there is a limit to the number of public IP addresses that you can use per subscription.
创建虚拟机Create a virtual machine
可以从本地计算机完成以下步骤。You can complete the following steps from your local computer. 若要使用本地计算机，请确保安装 Azure CLITo use your local computer, ensure you have the Azure CLI installed.
备注
在 Azure China 中使用 Azure CLI 2.0 之前，请首先运行 az cloud set -n AzureChinaCloud 更改云环境。Before you can use Azure CLI 2.0 in Azure China, please run az cloud set -n AzureChinaCloud first to change the cloud environment. 如果要切换回全局 Azure，请再次运行 az cloud set -n AzureCloudIf you want to switch back to Global Azure, run az cloud set -n AzureCloud again.
1. 打开命令会话并使用 az login 登录到 Azure。Open a command session and sign into Azure with az login.
2. 使用 az group create 命令创建资源组。Create a resource group with the az group create command. 以下示例在“中国东部”Azure 区域中创建一个资源组：The following example creates a resource group in the China East Azure region:
az group create --name myResourceGroup --location chinaeast
3. 使用 az vm create 命令创建虚拟机。Create a virtual machine with the az vm create command. --public-ip-address-allocation=static 选项向虚拟机分配静态公共 IP 地址。The --public-ip-address-allocation=static option assigns a static public IP address to the virtual machine. 以下示例使用名为 myPublicIpAddress 的静态基本 SKU 公共 IP 地址创建 Ubuntu 虚拟机：The following example creates an Ubuntu virtual machine with a static, basic SKU public IP address named myPublicIpAddress:
az vm create \
--resource-group myResourceGroup \
--name myVM \
--image UbuntuLTS \
--admin-username azureuser \
--generate-ssh-keys \
--public-ip-address myPublicIpAddress \
--public-ip-address-allocation static
如果公共 IP 地址必须是标准 SKU，请将 --public-ip-sku Standard 添加到上述命令。If the public IP address must be a standard SKU, add --public-ip-sku Standard to the previous command. 详细了解公共 IP 地址 SKULearn more about Public IP address SKUs. 如果虚拟机将添加到公共 Azure 负载均衡器的后端池，则虚拟机公共 IP 地址的 SKU 必须与负载均衡器的公共 IP 地址的 SKU 相匹配。If the virtual machine will be added to the back-end pool of a public Azure Load Balancer, the SKU of the virtual machine's public IP address must match the SKU of the load balancer's public IP address. 有关详细信息，请参阅 Azure 负载均衡器For details, see Azure Load Balancer.
4. 使用 az network public-ip show 查看分配的公共 IP 地址，并确认它是否创建为静态基本 SKU 地址：View the public IP address assigned and confirm that it was created as a static, basic SKU address, with az network public-ip show:
az network public-ip show \
--resource-group myResourceGroup \
--name myPublicIpAddress \
--query [ipAddress,publicIpAllocationMethod,sku] \
--output table
Azure 从你在其中创建虚拟机的区域使用的地址中分配了一个公共 IP 地址。Azure assigned a public IP address from addresses used in the region you created the virtual machine in. 可以下载 Azure 中国云的范围（前缀）列表。You can download the list of ranges (prefixes) for the Azure China cloud.
警告
不要修改虚拟机操作系统中的 IP 地址设置。Do not modify the IP address settings within the virtual machine's operating system. 操作系统不知道 Azure 公共 IP 地址。The operating system is unaware of Azure public IP addresses. 虽然可以向操作系统添加专用 IP 地址设置，但除非必要，否则我们建议不要这样做，而只能阅读向操作系统添加专用 IP 地址之后才执行此操作。Though you can add private IP address settings to the operating system, we recommend not doing so unless necessary, and not until after reading Add a private IP address to an operating system.
清理资源Clean up resources
如果不再需要资源组及其包含的所有资源，可以使用 az group delete 将其删除：When no longer needed, you can use az group delete to remove the resource group and all of the resources it contains:
az group delete --name myResourceGroup --yes
后续步骤Next steps
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Rural car (Indonesia)
The rural car (mobil pedesaan), also known as the village car (mobil desa), is a group of cars commonly found in Indonesia.
The rural car appeared after the second reshuffle of the Joko Widodo's cabinet in July 2016, when Airlangga Hartarto was appointed Minister of Industry and was tasked by the President to develop the Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) project and rural cars.
The program was initiated by the Ministry of Industry together with the Indonesian Automotive Institute (IOI). The fixed price for a rural car is around 60 IDR–80 IDR million, which is less expensive than similar vehicles in this class. They can only be used on off-road pathways and village roads outside the toll road.
These rural vehicles are designed to facilitate community activities, mainly being a means of transporting agricultural and plantation products.
Specifications
The Ministry of Industry defines rural cars as those that meet the following specifications:
* 1) The form does not intersect with the vehicle of that era. Assuming dimensions of length × width × height (3.2 m × 1.5 m × 1.8 m plus trailer).
* 2) Vehicle configuration can be 4×4 or 4×2.
* 3) Diesel engine with a capacity of 1,000 cc, can be powered by biofuel (biodiesel).
* 4) Vehicle speed of 50 km/h.
* 5) The retail price is around 60 IDR million on the road.
* 6) Vehicles with simple maintenance concepts and systems.
* 7) The design or shape of the body and cabin has a characteristic or patterned local wisdom.
* 8) The vehicle platform uses frames that are simple and easily assembled.
* 9) The body and cabin are easy to disassemble and are made from local materials that must be both lightweight and strong.
* 10) Minimum ground clearance of 200 mm.
* 11) In general, this vehicle is easily assembled.
* 12) The vehicle shape design must be multipurpose (for agriculture, plantations, animal husbandry, irrigation, fisheries, fishermen, etc.).
* 13) As a means of transporting people and goods.
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WIKI
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Suncor Energy Slips To Loss In Q2
(RTTNews) - Suncor Energy Inc. (SU, SU.TO) reported a net loss of C$614 million or C$0.40 per share in the second quarter of 2020, compared to net earnings of C$2.729 billion or C$1.74 per share in the prior year quarter.
The company's results in the second quarter of 2020 were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has lowered demand for both crude oil and refined products and, combined with the OPEC+ increase in supply, resulted in a significant decline in commodity prices, compared to the prior year quarter.
The latest-quarter result included a C$478 million unrealized after-tax foreign exchange gain on the revaluation of U.S. dollar denominated debt but excluded the C$397 million after-tax hydrocarbon inventory loss that was recognized in net earnings in the first quarter of 2020.
Quarterly operating loss was C$1.489 billion or C$0.98 per share, compared to operating earnings of C$1.253 billion or C$0.80 per share in the prior year quarter Analysts polled by Thomson Reuters expected the company to report a loss of $0.78 per share for the second-quarter. Analysts' estimates typically exclude special items.
Funds from operations dropped to C$488 million or C$0.32 per share from C$3.005 billion or C$1.92 per share last year.
The company made significant progress in reducing operating and capital costs in the second quarter of 2020 and remains on track to achieve its C$1 billion operating cost reduction target and C$1.9 billion capital cost reduction target by the end of 2020.
Total upstream production decreased to 655,500 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boe/d) during the second quarter of 2020, from 803,900 boe/d in the prior year quarter.
The company said its board has approved a quarterly dividend of C$0.21 per share on its common shares, payable September 25, 2020 to shareholders of record at the close of business on September 4, 2020.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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C Programming Integer Data Types
Hey my name is Junaid Shahid. I will like to explain today about the c programming integer data types. In my past post when I have explained about the c programming datatypes. There is basic datatype point, which I have two parts one is integer and other one is floating point datatype. I can say that floating point is derived from the integer datatype. According to some developers and programmers integer datatype is the parent type of floating point.
Introduction
All the arithmetical values expect of decimal and float type are considering as integer datatype. Like if will want to define the value “10”,”12”,”22” then I have to declare the integer type variable with suitable identifiers so that I can recognized them. Almost every program and code have at least one integer datatype variable. From this statement you can judge the importance of integer data types in programming languages. Almost every computer programming language has same syntax of declaring the integer datatype.
I am familiar will C++,Java & C# which have the same syntax. I am not sure about the others programming languages.
This is the chart of integer datatype, which is showing their range, storage capacity and types.
Type Storage size Value range
char 1 byte -128 to 127 or 0 to 255
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
signed char 1 byte -128 to 127
int 2 or 4 bytes -32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned int 2 or 4 bytes 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295
short 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65,535
long 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295
I am also sharing sample code of declaring and defining some types of integer datatypes.
Conclusion
I have tried to convey c programming integer data types. Hope this post is very helpful for you to learn integer data types. Brief chart is also given to understand the storage capacity of different types. If you saw any ambiguous content please let me know. You can comment your views and join my Facebook group. If you have any kind of problem regarding integer data type you are warmly welcome to ask.
SEMrush
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How much it costs to relocate to expensive cities around the world
Moving expenses can add up, especially if you're headed overseas. The cost of a visa alone will run you over $2,000 in Auckland, New Zealand, according to apartment website Nestpick, which compared relocation costs for 80 bustling cities around the globe. Nestpick analyzed how much the first month in each location would run a single person, taking into account visa fees, rent for a one-bedroom furnished apartment, transportation and the price of food, internet and a phone plan. It's worth noting that the analysis focuses mostly on the first month's worth of expenses in the new location and doesn't include the costs related to the physical move, such as shipping boxes, hiring movers or plane tickets to your destination. Out of the top 10 most expensive cities, two are located in the United States: San Francisco and New York. In both places, the median monthly rent for a one-bedroom is over $2,000. Los Angeles and Seattle also make the top 15. Below, check out how much it takes to relocate to 15 of the most expensive cities in the world.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Use of a Spline Function of a Fractional Degree for the Description of the Base Line in the Determination of Platinum by Stripping Voltammetry
Результат исследований: Материалы для журналаСтатья
14 Цитирования (Scopus)
Аннотация
The systematic error in measuring the analytical signal of Pt obtained at a mercury thin-film electrode with staircase potential sweep has been studied. The description of the residual current by splines of degree 2.5 reduces the average systematic error by the factor of 4.3 as compared to the linear description. It is shown that splines of degree 2.5 are more stable as compared to the cubic splines, which suggests that the random error arising from the subtraction of the residual current is reduced when the spline degree decreases from 3 to 2.5.
Язык оригиналаАнглийский
Страницы (с-по)51-55
Число страниц5
ЖурналJournal of Analytical Chemistry
Том56
Номер выпуска1
DOI
СостояниеОпубликовано - 2001
Fingerprint
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Analytical Chemistry
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Short note on florence nightingale. A Brief Biography of Florence Nightingale 2022-10-23
Short note on florence nightingale Rating:
Florence Nightingale was a pioneering nurse who is best known for her work during the Crimean War, where she tended to the wounded soldiers and improved the unsanitary conditions at the military hospitals. Born in Italy in 1820, Nightingale was raised in a wealthy and well-educated family, but she felt a calling to nursing from a young age. Despite opposition from her family and society, she pursued her passion and eventually became a nurse at a hospital in London.
In 1854, Nightingale was asked to lead a team of nurses to the Crimean War, where she encountered terrible conditions at the military hospitals. The hospitals were overcrowded and unsanitary, and many soldiers were dying from preventable diseases rather than their battle injuries. Nightingale worked tirelessly to improve the conditions and care at the hospitals, and her efforts are credited with significantly reducing the mortality rate among the wounded soldiers.
Nightingale's work in the Crimean War brought her international fame, and she became known as the "Lady with the Lamp" for her habit of making rounds at night to check on the patients. After the war, she returned to England and continued her work in nursing, establishing the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas' Hospital in London in 1859. The school was innovative in that it provided formal training for nurses, rather than relying on the traditional apprenticeship model.
In addition to her work in nursing, Nightingale was also a writer and a statistician, and she used her skills to publish numerous articles and reports on healthcare reform. She is considered one of the founders of modern nursing, and her contributions to the field have had a lasting impact. Nightingale died in 1910 at the age of 90, but her legacy lives on through the many nurses who have followed in her footsteps and the countless lives that have been saved as a result of her tireless efforts.
Florence Nightingale, gender issues, and men in nursing — The Nightingale Society
The second sub commission was responsible the organization of the statistical issues of the army. She loved to write Nightingale had a passion for writing, as she wrote more than 150 books and pamphlets. The death of Florence Nightingale, which occurred in August 13th, 1910 met tears and sorrows. In addition, she became successful in the introduction of other female nurses in the military. The congress further resolved to communicate the resolution to respective governments represented in the event. The sentry at a post is changed much oftener than any servant at a private house or institution can possibly be. Wait till we have reached the bottom before we discuss the top.
This early introduction to a competitive and intellectual world rather than a purely social and domestic one would be a great influence on Nightingale. But for this, you must have sufficient outlet for the impure air you make yourselves to go out; sufficient inlet for the pure air from without to come in. Death Florence Nightingale died peacefully in her sleep in her room at 10 Contributions Statistics and sanitary reform Florence Nightingale exhibited a gift for mathematics from an early age and excelled in the subject under the tutelage of her father. Nightingale believed that there were many natural elements that could help a patient begin to have their health restored. Many people would say, surely all or most of them.
What is often not realized or remembered is that Nightingale was more than a nurse; she was a hospital reformer and administrator. She knew men she considered to be good nurses. It is considered today as a classic introduction to nursing, and was well received by the public as well upon its publishing. The death of her two min right hand officials in the war administration office ended the reform agenda. A room remains uninhabited; the fireplace is carefully fastened up with a board; the windows are never opened; probably the shutters are kept always shut; perhaps some kind of stores are kept in the room; no breath of fresh air can by possibility enter into that room, nor any ray of sun.
Florence Nightingale truly cared for her suffering patients. Nightingale often believed that one of the best things a patient could be given was direct access to sunlight. But does it ever occur to them that with many arrangements of this kind it would be safer to keep the windows shut than open? The answer is—When ought they to be shut? If you propose to the patient change of air to one place one hour, and to another the next, he has, in each case, immediately constituted himself in imagination the tenant of the place, gone over the whole premises in idea, and you have tired him as much by displacing his imagination, as if you had actually carried him over both places. And it follows that there ought to be nothing in the room, excepting him, which can give off effluvia or moisture. Concealing the utensils behind the vallance to the bed seems all the precaution which is thought necessary for safety in private nursing. The fund received many generous donations when it was first established.
The former only implies that just what you can do with your own hands is done. Later in life, she kept up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Sister Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea. It was that the carpets and curtains were always musty;—it was that the furniture was always dusty;—it was that the papered walls were saturated with dirt;—it was that the floors were never cleaned;—it was that the uninhabited rooms were never sunned, or cleaned, or aired;—it was that the cupboards were always reservoirs of foul air;—it was that the windows were always tight shut up at night;— it was that no window was ever systematically opened even in the day, or that the right window was not opened. Either they did not know their business or they did not know how to perform it. All these things require common sense and care. Within the hospital, the Nightingale Training School for Nurses was established. A nurse who rustles I am speaking of nurses professional and unprofessional is the horror of a patient, though perhaps he does not know why.
In the words of the Lord Mayor of London on the 15th day of august 1910, Florence Nightingale was probably the greatest Englishwoman to have ever lived. I have seen, in fevers and felt, when I was a fever patient myself , the most acute suffering produced from the patient in a hut not being able to see out of window, and the knots in the wood being the only view. In reading they sing, they hesitate, they stammer, they hurry, they mumble; when in speaking they do none of these things. Because here I can manage the windows myself. Even where it is thought of at all, the most extraordinary misconceptions reign about it. In fact, during her final 40 years she spent many days confined to her bed.
This is the reason why sleep is so all-important. Little as we know about the way in which we are affected by form, by colour, and light, we do know this, that they have an actual physical effect. Mary Clarke even met up with Nightingale when they were in Paris on their way to Crimea and assisted them. But nurses are very fond of heating the foot-warmer at night, and of neglecting it in the morning, when they are busy. Macaulay somewhere says, that it is extraordinary that, whereas the laws of the motions of the heavenly bodies, far removed as they are from us, are perfectly well understood, the laws of the human mind, which are under our observation all day and every day, are no better understood than they were two thousand years ago. At that time Britain, France and Turkey were fighting Russia.
Florence Nightingale Environmental Theory of Nursing Explained
Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at the Institute for deaconesses at "Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of women into near helplessness, such as Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. Always, air from the air without, and that, too, through those windows, through which the air comes freshest. She finally used the sub-commission to fight for the introduction of female nurses in the hospitals of the military. I could better understand in towns shutting the windows during the day than during the night, for the sake of the sick. After newspapers wrote about her work in the Crimea, people thought of her as a heroine. The phrase came from a report in The Times and was popularized even more in a 1857 poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
Retrieved 16 July 2010. The problem was that ten times the amount of men that died from battle wounds were dying from typhoid, cholera, typhus, dysentery, and other fatal illnesses. Never speak to a sick person suddenly; but, at the same time, do not keep his expectation on the tiptoe. So in 1855, the British government sent a sanitary commission to investigate. Nightingale mentored and trained many women that would go on to become accomplished nurses, one of them being Linda Richards, the first train nursed in America. Gordon told her that he won his men to him because of his care for them when sick or wounded, and continually visiting the hospitals. The world had all but forgotten her.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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When it comes to rewiring your home, choosing the right electrician is a critical decision that can impact the safety, efficiency, and longevity of your electrical system. A well-executed rewiring project can prevent electrical hazards and improve your home’s functionality. In Lincolnshire, finding a qualified professional to handle your rewiring needs is essential. This article will guide you through the process of selecting the best electrician for your project, ensuring you make an informed decision. If you’re searching for an “electrician company near me,” you’ve come to the right place.
Understanding the Importance of Rewiring
Why Rewiring is Necessary
Rewiring a home is often required for several reasons:
• Safety Concerns: Old wiring can be a fire hazard. Faulty wiring is one of the leading causes of house fires.
• Electrical Upgrades: Modern appliances and devices require more power. Updating your wiring ensures your home can handle the load.
• Compliance with Regulations: Older homes may not meet current electrical codes. Rewiring ensures compliance with the latest standards.
• Property Value: Updated wiring can increase your home’s value and appeal to potential buyers.
Signs Your Home Needs Rewiring
• Flickering or dimming lights
• Frequent blown fuses or tripped circuit breakers
• Discoloured or charred outlets and switches
• Burning smell or sparks from outlets
• Outdated wiring materials such as knob-and-tube or aluminium wiring
Qualities to Look for in an Electrician
Credentials and Qualifications
• Certification and Licensing: Ensure the electrician is certified and holds the necessary licences to operate in Lincolnshire. This guarantees they have undergone proper training and adhere to local regulations.
• Insurance: Verify that the electrician has adequate insurance coverage to protect against potential damages or accidents during the project.
• Experience: Look for an electrician with extensive experience in rewiring projects. Experienced professionals are more likely to handle complexities and unforeseen issues effectively.
Reputation and References
• Reviews and Testimonials: Check online reviews and testimonials from previous clients. Positive feedback indicates a reliable and trustworthy electrician.
• References: Ask the electrician for references and contact previous clients to inquire about their experience and satisfaction with the work performed.
• Local Reputation: Opt for electrical contractors in Lincoln with a strong reputation within the community. Local businesses are often more accountable and invested in maintaining their reputation.
Detailed Estimates and Transparent Pricing
• Written Estimates: Request detailed written estimates from multiple electricians. This allows you to compare costs, materials, and the scope of work.
• Transparent Pricing: Avoid electricians who provide vague or overly low estimates. Transparent pricing ensures there are no hidden costs or surprises during the project.
Questions to Ask Prospective Electricians
Experience and Specialisation
• How many years of experience do you have in electrical rewiring projects?
• Have you handled rewiring projects similar to mine?
• Are you familiar with the electrical codes and regulations in Lincolnshire?
Process and Timeline
• What is your process for completing a rewiring project?
• How long do you estimate the project will take?
• Will there be any disruptions to my daily routine during the rewiring process?
Safety and Compliance
• How do you ensure the safety of my home and family during the project?
• Will the rewiring meet all current electrical codes and standards?
• Can you provide documentation of your insurance and licensing?
Warranty and Post-Project Support
• Do you offer a warranty on your work?
• What kind of post-project support do you provide in case of any issues?
The Role of an Electrician in a Rewiring Project
Initial Inspection and Assessment
A reputable electrician will conduct a thorough inspection of your existing wiring to identify potential issues and determine the scope of the project. This assessment is crucial for providing an accurate estimate and ensuring the project addresses all necessary upgrades.
Planning and Design
The electrician will create a detailed plan outlining the rewiring process, including the materials required, the timeline, and any necessary permits. Proper planning ensures the project runs smoothly and efficiently.
Execution and Installation
During the execution phase, the electrician will systematically replace old wiring, install new outlets and switches, and ensure all components meet safety standards. Quality workmanship during this phase is essential for the long-term reliability of your electrical system.
Testing and Final Inspection
After installation, the electrician will perform comprehensive testing to ensure all wiring is functioning correctly and safely. A final inspection will confirm that the project complies with all local codes and regulations.
Benefits of Hiring Professional Electricians
Safety and Compliance
Professional electricians adhere to strict safety protocols and ensure your wiring meets all regulatory standards. This reduces the risk of electrical hazards and ensures the longevity of your electrical system.
Quality Workmanship
Experienced electricians provide high-quality workmanship, ensuring your rewiring project is completed to the highest standards. This results in a more efficient and reliable electrical system.
Peace of Mind
Hiring a professional gives you peace of mind knowing that your home is in capable hands. You can trust that the project will be completed safely, efficiently, and correctly.
Conclusion
Choosing the right electrician for your rewiring project is essential for ensuring the safety and efficiency of your home’s electrical system. By considering factors such as credentials, reputation, and transparency, you can make an informed decision. For residents of Lincolnshire, finding reputable electrical contractors in Lincoln can make all the difference. Matson’s Electrical Services Ltd is committed to providing top-notch rewiring services, ensuring your home meets all safety standards and functions optimally. When searching for “electricians in Lincoln,” trust in our expertise and dedication to quality service.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Draft:Amir Morv
Amir Morv is a Canadian entrepreneur and the Chief Technology and Security Officer of Botler AI, a legal Artificial Intelligence company.
In 2021, Morv and his co-founder Ritika Dutt reported alleged misconduct within the Canada Border Service Agency (CBSA's) procurement practices. The allegations are part of more than a dozen federal investigations, including by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and the Canadian House of Commons.
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WIKI
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What to Expect - WKRN, Nashville News, Nashville Weather and Sports
What to Expect
Your First Visit
We are excited to have you join us at Snodgrass-King Dental. To serve you best, we ask that you arrive at least 15 minutes early for your scheduled appointment. If you have dental insurance please have the most up-to-date insurance card and information available.
If your child is over the age of four, we start with brushing and flossing instructions. With the parent accompanying the patient, we will go over the most effective way to excel in oral hygiene. We will then proceed to take both cavity detecting and growth development x-rays if they are needed. After the hygienist thoroughly cleans your son or daughter's teeth, you will be present while the dentist does his/her examination. This will enable you to meet the dentist, get first-hand knowledge of your child's progress and ask any questions that you may have. The process is very similar to your own experience at the dentist, with the exception of a more kid-friendly environment.
If the patient is under the age of four, the process is a little different. You are welcome to join your child in a room more suitable for babies and toddlers. They, as any of our patients, will be able to watch cartoons or movies during their cleaning. For our younger patients, an extensive toothbrush prophy (cleaning) is done. We will use polishing paste and a toothbrush to effectively treat your child's teeth. As recommended by the American Dental Association a topical fluoride application will be administered to help prevent decay and promote strong teeth. The dentist will then do an exam and will help you access your child's overall oral hygiene.
Dental Recommendations
Dental Recommendations From The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
* Regular dental care for children beginning at the eruption of the first tooth.
* Regular 6 month dental checkups for cavity detection and fluoride application.
* Dental sealants on all 6 year molars no later than age seven.
* An orthodontic screening by age seven.
Preventive Dental Questions
At what age should my child first visit a pediatric dentist?
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and our practice recommends that parents bring their child for their first dental visit as soon as the first baby tooth erupts, around age six months. The primary reason for this is so we can properly educate the parents on preventive measures that every child's parent should know and understand.
Since baby teeth are going to be lost anyway, why do they need to be treated when there are cavities?
Baby teeth are not only extremely important for a child's chewing, pretty smile, and overall well being, they represent the foundation for the permanent teeth. The existence of baby teeth and their root structures guide the proper eruption of permanent teeth. If certain baby teeth are lost prematurely due to cavities, etc., the child will almost certainly lose permanent teeth because of the lost baby tooth.
What are the differences in the anatomy of baby teeth vs. permanent teeth?
Baby teeth are much smaller and whiter than permanent teeth. They also have thinner enamel making them more susceptible to decay and the dental pulp chambers (nerves) of baby teeth are much larger in comparison to permanent teeth.
How important is a child's regular dental checkups?
If you want your child to have a chance to grow up without cavities and a smile that will enhance their well-being and future, then regular six-month dental checkups are a priority. Six month dental checkups are important because children grow and change rapidly. Also, the topical preventive fluoride treatments last for about six months and need to be repeated in order to have a lasting effect at preventing cavities.
How important is brushing and flossing for a young child?
The parent, not the child, should be responsible for seeing that a child's teeth are cleaned properly on a daily basis. When a child is around four, he/she should brush with supervision once daily and the parent should always brush and floss the child's teeth before putting them to bed.
Flossing must begin as soon as any teeth touch. This could be as early as 18 months. Parents should always floss baby teeth to prevent interproximal decay. Parents need to floss their own teeth to prevent gum disease.
What are dental sealants and why are they important for permanent teeth?
Usually, the first area that we see cavities are in the pit and fissure areas of the permanent six year molars. A dental sealant is a hard plastic coating that is placed in these pit and fissure areas to seal and protect the tooth from cavities. For many reasons, sealants are usually placed on the chewing surfaces of permanent, not baby teeth. Sealants can be placed on baby teeth by request, but it is much more important from a decay standpoint for parents to brush, floss, and pay attention to a child's diet.
What is the purpose of a space maintainer?
Because permanent teeth develop under baby teeth, if a baby tooth is lost prematurely adequate space and guidance for the underlying permanent tooth will be lost. Without a space maintainer to maintain the space for the permanent teeth, the permanent tooth will become impacted and have to be extracted.
Restorative Procedure Questions
How long will my child be numb after treatment?
The local anesthetic will last for approximately 2 to 3 hours. When the feeling begins to return, a child often wants to bite their cheek, tongue, and gums to relieve the tingling sensation. We ask the parent to have the child hold air in their mouths like they are blowing bubbles. This keeps them from biting and comforts this tingling feeling.
Why do baby teeth often need a stainless steel crown to properly restore the tooth?
Complex and multiple surface fillings whether they are white fillings or silver fillings are simply contraindicated for restoring posterior primary molars. Research has shown that 75 to 85% of these fillings fail within two years of placement. The failure of these type fillings often means extracting a baby tooth prematurely and placing a space maintainer.
How do you keep my child comfortable during a restorative procedure?
We have four methods.
1. Tell, Show, and Do
2. Gas (Nitrous Oxide)
3. Mild Sedation
4. General Anesthesia (In the Hospital)
In our practice, we use option #2 combined with option #3. This is by far the best option for your child. The sedation acts to relax and calm your child. In many cases the children have very little memory of their treatment due to the sedation. It decreases postoperative complications and minimizes their treatment visits. We very strongly believe that children need to enjoy coming to the dentist.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 93.djvu/491
PUBLIC LAW 96-70—SEPT. 27, 1979
93 STAT. 459
JOINT SEA LEVEL CANAL STUDY COMMITTEE
SEC. 1109. (a) The President shall appoint the representatives of the 22 USC 3619 United States to any joint committee or body with the Republic of Panama to study the possibility of a sea level canal in the Republic of Panama pursuant to Article XII of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977. (b) Upon the completion of any joint study between the United Transmittal to States and the Republic of Panama concerning the feasibility of a sea President of the and level canal in the Republic of Panama pursuant to paragraph 1 of Senate of House Article XII of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977, the text of the study Representatives. shall be transmitted by the President to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (c) No construction of a sea level canal by the United States in the Republic of Panama shall be undertaken except with express congressional authorization after submission of the study by the President as provided in subsection O> of this section. t) AUTHORITY OF THE AMBASSADOR
SEC. 1110. (a) The United States Ambassador to the Republic of Panama shall have full responsibility for the coordination of the transfer to the Republic of Panama of those functions that are to be assumed by the Republic of Panama pursuant to the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and related agreements. (b)(l) The Commission shall not be subject to the direction or supervision of the United States Chief of Mission in the Republic of Panama with respect to the responsibilities of the Commission for the operation, management, or maintenance of the Panama Canal, as established in this or any other Act or in the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and related agreements, except that the Commission shall keep the Ambassador fully and currently informed with respect to all activities and operations of the Commission. (2) Except as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection, section 16 of the Act of August 1, 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2680a), shall apply with respect to the activities of the Commission.
Coordination of transfer of functions. 22 USC 3620.
SECURITY LEGISLATION
SEC. 1111. It is the sense of the Congress that the best interests of 22 USC 3621. the United States require that the President enter into negotiations with the Republic of Panama for the purpose of arranging for the stationing of United States military forces, after the termination of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977, in the area comprising the Canal Zone before the effective date of this Act, and for the maintenance of installations and facilities, after the termination of such Treaty, for the use of United States military forces stationed in such area. The Report to President shall report to the Congress in a timely manner the status Congress. of negotiations conducted pursuant to this section. CODE O F CONDUCT FOR COMMISSION PERSONNEL
SEC. 1112. (a) Before assuming the duties of his office or employment, each member of the Board of the Commission and each officer and employee of the Commission shall take an oath to discharge faithfully the duties of his office or employment. All employees of the Commission shall be subject to the laws of the United States regarding duties and responsibilities of Federal employees. O> Not later than 60 days after all the members of the Board of the t) Commission have been appointed, the Board shall adopt a code of conduct applicable to the persons referred to in subsection (a) of this
Oath of office. 22 USC 3622.
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WIKI
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Francesco Longo Mancini
Francesco Longo Mancini (1880–1954) was an Italian painter of the early 20th century who was known for his paintings of nudes. He was born in Catania where he lived part of his life. He died in Rome. He signed his paintings "F. Longo Mancini".
Works
* The Unexpected Visitor
* Nudo di Donna
* La Ragazza di Rosa
* The Red Shoes
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WIKI
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Page:Blackwood's Magazine volume 046.djvu/224
216 "This is the place where people go to get rid of the dust, confusion, and noise of the city, and where the ladies, in fine weather, display their ornaments and charms, as well as their signals for intriguing. There are seats placed at convenient distances for refreshing the wearied joints of reduced officers, disappointed courtiers, and broken tradesmen; and those, whose fortunes as well as their linen are generally reversed, sit promiscuously together, debating on the fate of princes and nations, as pertinently as though they were the immediate ministers and agents of all the powers in Europe, although, unhappy wretches, not one in nineteen of them knows where to procure a meal's meat. Yet, by their constant attendance on these seats, they are called Benchers of the Park, sitting with as much state and solemnity as those of the Inns of Court do at their halls in Commons!"
The anonymous author of A Trip through the Town; or, a Humorous View of Men and Things, gives the following amusing account of the Park of St James's as it was:—
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WIKI
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0
Hello,
I don't recall the exact name for it nor how to do it, but I am looking to do something simliar to remote assistance except without having to ask permission. I'm not sure if it's remote desktop or VPN or what, but I want to be able to share computer access with a computer on my own LAN. I used to help run a youth computer lab where I could always look and see what a user was doing while sitting at my PC and even mess with them by moving the mouse. This helped keep them off bad internet sites because they didn't know when I would be checking on them. I don't remember how that worked though. Can someone refresh me please?
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Contributors
5
Replies
8
Views
9 Years
Discussion Span
Last Post by Reliable
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VNC is a good solution
You can set it to where you can connect with no password, or with a password, but only from the person doing the logging in. You can then observe the desktop and interact if need be.
www.realvnc.com
Remote desktop will not allow them to be logged in at the same.
1
dickersonka,
That is incorrect, you can share the mouse and keyboard with RDP.
I do this daily. its called Terminal server shadowing.
To shadow a Windows XP SP2 or higher pc you need to add this registry entry to every computer ... can be done via a login script.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\ Control\Terminal Server Add a value named: "AllowRemoteRPC"
You do not need this reg edit for win xp SP0,SP1
Once this is done reboot the remote PC.
Now RDP to a server that has "terminal services manager" on it. Type the computer name (not \\computername, (if you do \\ you will get a access error) just computername will let you connect)
Once connected to the computer you have a few options, you can kill processes via the manager or you can remote control. To remote without asking you need to modify the terminal services policy .. this can be done via group policy to a select group of computer or a whole forest.
Votes + Comments
great stuff, didn't know that
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After looking into both it seems simpler with RealVNC. XP may have the capability but that is too many changes to go through as opposed to just giving a program my preferences and it obeys.
At least now I don't have to have to get up only for one of the young people to click off the window they shouldn't be looking at as they see me coming. It will also increase my productivity as I don't have to leave my seat and work to help someone every few minutes.
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to many changes?
RDP
One group policy, that has a single registry change. Done
VNC
Deploy out VNC on every computer, manage local passwords, hide vnc console, create port exceptions.
atleast use a good vnc solultion .. like ultra vnc.
How are you going to deploy this out?
If you think VNC is easier .. ill help you
Here is a vnc install script i wrote
REM Remote computer name
set ComputerName=192.168.1.2
NET USE \\%computerName%\IPC$ /user:administrator
REM This will stop the service, required if you are doing a remote upgrade
psexec \\%computerName% -s -i -d net stop"VNC Server"
REM Copy your local VNC files to the remote PC.
xcopy "C:\temp\VNCInstall\vnc" "\\%computerName%\C$\Program Files\ultraVNC\*.*" /r/i/c/h/k/e
xcopy "C:\temp\VNCInstall\Reg" "\\%computerName%\C$\" /r/i/c/h/k/e
REM Use Regedit to export the local VNC registry settings to the remote PC. Note: If you prefer you can export the file locally and then copy it.
REM import the above registry file on the remote PC.
psexec \\%computerName% -s -i -d regedit /s C:\import.reg
REM You are using regedit on the remote PC to perform this command. If the path for regedit is different on the remote PC, use the exact path instead of %windir%
REM PsExec to install the remote winvnc service.
psexec \\%computerName% -s -i -d "C:\Program Files\ultravnc\winvnc.exe" -install
REM Use PsExec to start the remote "VNC Server" service.
psexec \\%computerName% -s -i -d net start "VNC Server"
...
Config is arounf 6 years old .. since i use rdp shadowing and not vnc now
You will need to export your vnc config before this will work. You can also script the computer name you want to install the software on ... but thats not included here you will have to code that your self.
Oh ya you will need psexec.exe to do the remote install. You can get it from MS at system internals
This question has already been answered. Start a new discussion instead.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Strange Man
The result was d elete. - Mailer Diablo 03:19, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
The Strange Man
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Self-published and does not have any coverage in reliable sources, thus failing the notability guidelines for books. See also Talk:The Strange Man. Fl e x (talk/contribs) 00:18, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Literature-related deletions. — A. B. (talk) 21:31, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Strong Delete New author, no sources, completely non notable.scope_creep 00:57, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Delete -- I already had this tagged for deletion via PROD -- I'm not sure why we need to go through the AfD process. In any event, see the information I left about my notability search at Talk:The Strange Man. -- A. B. (talk) 14:43, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy Delete - per nom. The article lacks any sort of sources that can establish notability and verifiability, at a moment's notice. Rudget Contributions 18:06, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Delete No indication of notability, no sources. Pigman what? / trail 21:12, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Delete (unless sourced). Seems to be non-notable "vanity" publication (that's a term of art, no insult intended on integrity of the author) by non-notable author. I couldn't find sources to say otherwise; I doubt they exist.Wikidemo 21:57, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:Memoir and correspondence of Caroline Herschel (1876).djvu/114
92 and are wishing it may not be long before you visit England again.
Another foreign correspondent was inspired to soar above the ordinary level of scientific communications, and addressed Miss Herschel in a strain of high-flown adulation, of which the following is a translation:—
, May 10, [about 1793.] Permit me, most revered lady, to bring to your remembrance a man who has held you in the highest esteem ever since he had the good fortune to enter the Temple of Urania, at Slough, and to pay his respects to its priestess. I still recall the happy hours passed in England in earlier days of sweet remembrance, and above all, those which I was privileged to spend near you in a society as genial as it was intellectual.
Give me leave, noble and worthy priestess of the new heavens, to lay at your feet my small offering on eclipses of the sun, and at the same time to express my gratitude and deepest reverence. The bearer is a young Mr. Johnston, who has been studying here, and is now returning to England. He is a young man of excellent character, and possessed of unusual capacity and attainments.
May I venture to ask, most honoured Miss, that when you or your brother make any discovery, you will grant me early notice of it, as you once had the kindness to promise to do. You can hardly fail to make them at Slough, where every day is rich in discovery, especially when one of your own subjects—the comets—comes to offer its homage.
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WIKI
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Carl Edvard Johansson
Carl Edvard Johansson (March 15, 1864 – September 30, 1943) was a Swedish inventor and scientist.
Johansson invented the gauge block set, also known as "Jo Blocks" ("Johansson gauge blocks"). He was granted his first Swedish patent on 2 May 1901, Swedish patent No. 17017 called "Gauge Block Sets for Precision Measurement". He formed the Swedish company CE Johansson AB (CEJ AB), Eskilstuna, Sweden in 1911. The first CEJ gauge block set in America was sold to Henry M. Leland at Cadillac Automobile Co. around 1908.
At the end of his career, in 1923, Johansson started to work for Henry Ford at the Ford Motor Company, in Dearborn, Michigan. Ford bought the entire American company, CE Johansson Inc., that he had established 1918 in Poughkeepsie, New York and all the equipment was moved to Dearborn. Some of his Swedish employees that worked in Poughkeepsie were also employed by Ford. At the age of 72, he decided to retire and went back to Sweden. During his life he had crossed the Atlantic Ocean 22 times and spent a lot of time in America.
He received a number of awards and honors, including the large gold medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, posthumously in 1943, shortly after his death in Eskilstuna.
Johansson and the inch
In the 1910s, the U.S. and U.K. definitions of the inch differed, with the U.S. inch being defined as 25.4000508 mm (with a reference temperature of 68 F) and the U.K. inch at 25.399977 mm (with a reference temperature of 62 F). When he started manufacturing gauge blocks in inch sizes in 1912, Johansson's compromise was to manufacture gauge blocks with a nominal size of 25.4 mm, with a reference temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, accurate to within a few parts per million of both official definitions. Because Johansson's blocks were so popular, his blocks became the de facto standard for manufacturers in both countries, leading industry associations to adopt 25.4 mm as the standard "industrial inch" in both the U.K. (1930) and the U.S. (1933). When the English-speaking nations jointly signed the International Yard and Pound Agreement of 1959, the inch was fixed at 25.4 mm worldwide, effectively endorsing what had already become common practice.
Life and family
Johansson was born in Frötuna village in the Roslagen area of Uppland province, Sweden. He was married to Margareta Andersson in 1896. They had four children: Elsa, Signe, Edvard, and Gertrud.
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WIKI
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• Status: Solved
• Priority: Medium
• Security: Public
• Views: 1207
• Last Modified:
C# - how to add decimal types together
Simple question. How can I add 2 decimal data types together?
string x;
decimal y;
decimal w;
while (dtrResults1.Read())
{
x = dtrResults1.GetString(0);
w = Decimal.Parse(x);
y = y + w;
}
I get an error message with the code above.
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Hojoformo
Asked:
Hojoformo
• 3
1 Solution
COBOLdinosaurCommented:
What language? Where? server? client?
What is the error you get?
Cd&
0
KeirGordonCommented:
I think decimal is not a basic datatype and must be instantiated. I assume you are getting a null reference exception. Instatiate y.
string x;
decimal y = new decimal(0);
decimal w;
while (dtrResults1.Read())
{
x = dtrResults1.GetString(0);
w = Decimal.Parse(x);
y = y + w;
}
0
KeirGordonCommented:
Also, probably some code like this is much more efficient..... Should do the same thing as yours.
double y = 0;
while (dtrResults1.Read())
y += dtrResults1.GetDouble(0);
0
KeirGordonCommented:
Or better yet.... if thats a datareader, and your just adding up the values anyway.... why didnt you just use a sum() aggregate function in your sql query and do an executeScaler rather than executeReader...... that'd be alot prettier.
0
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Limits (collection)
Limits is a collection of short stories and essays by science fiction author Larry Niven, originally published in 1985.
* "The Lion in his Attic" - Seventy-six years after Atlantis drowned, a sorceress and a prince learn to their dismay that not all lions eat red meat.
* "Spirals" - An early space colony loses its supply lines to budget cuts. But the colonists aren't going to give up without a fight.
* "A Teardrop Falls" - In his youth, Hilary Gage had fought men and studied the ravages of Berserkers. As a machine, he terraformed planets and lay in wait . . ..
* "Talisman" - A thief steals an enchanted talisman from a wealthy stranger, but when she tries to find the treasure he's seeking, the talisman leads her back to its previous owner.
* "Flare Time" - A professional tourist visits a planet in a three-star system. Its ecology is affected by the intense UV flares released by its normally-red suns.
* "The Locusts" - The first attempt to colonise an alien planet seems to hit a snag when all the babies are born with simian features - but there's something much bigger going on.
* "Yet Another Modest Proposal" - At last, a solution to the problem of radioactive wastes that costs nothing and yields an immodest profit.
* "Folk Tale" / "Table Manners" - A group of dog-like aliens invites a man to join them on their hunt.
* "The Green Marauder" - An ancient alien visits The Draco Tavern and tells the proprietor about the first time she came to Earth.
* "War Movie" - A drunk, bankrupt alien asks a human why her race no longer fights wars.
* "The Real Thing" - Rick Schumann of the Draco Tavern is offered a look at another interplanetary bar.
* "Limits" - Two aliens fascinated by man's fondness for defining boundaries decide to make sure he doesn't get out of the habit.
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WIKI
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BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, INC., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant.
No. Civ.A. 96-1360(JCL).
United States District Court, D. New Jersey.
Dec. 22, 1998.
Robert J. Alter, Sills, Cummis, Zucker-man, Radin, Tischman, Epstein & Gross Newark, NJ, for plaintiff.
Susan C. Cassell, A.U.S.A., United States Attorney’s Office, Newark, NJ, for defendant.
OPINION
LIFLAND, District Judge.
Presently before the Court are plaintiffs motion and defendant’s cross-motion for partial summary judgment under Fed. R.Civ.P. 56. For the reasons set forth herein, plaintiffs motion will be denied. Defendant’s cross-motion will be granted in part.
BACKGROUND
BMW of North America, Inc. (hereinafter “BMW”) brings this action for the recovery of federal employment taxes and interest for the tax years 1988 and 1989, which it claims were erroneously and illegally assessed and collected by the Commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service (hereinafter “IRS”), an agency of defendant. The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.
BMW, the sole distributor of BMW automobiles in the United States, allows certain employees to use BMW automobiles as a fringe benefit of employment. Under BMW’s automobile fringe benefit policy as it existed in 1988 and 1989, BMW assigned a particular “series” of BMW models to an employee based on the employee’s job title. For example, BMW assigned BMW “7 Series” automobiles to vice-presidents, “5 Series” automobiles to department managers, and “3 Series” automobiles to section managers and field employees. However, if a model was in short supply or oversupply, an employee may have been assigned a model different from that normally assigned to his or her job title. Employees do not have freedom of choice concerning the color and features of the vehicles assigned to them; rather, the assignment is made by BMW based on existing inventory supply. An employee’s use of a BMW vehicle is a privilege that may be revoked if the employee fails to operate the assigned vehicle in accordance with BMW’s guidelines.
For the 1988 model year, the Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price (hereinafter “MSRP”) of base model “7 Series” BMW automobiles ranged from $54,000 to $69,-000; the MSRP for base model “5 Series” automobiles ranged from $31,950 to $47,-500; and the MSRP of base model “3 Series” automobiles ranged from $25,150 to $34,800. For the 1989 model year, the MSRP for base model “7 Series” automobiles ranged from $54,000 to $70,000; base model “5 Series” automobiles ranged from $37,000 to $43,600; and base model “3 Series” automobiles ranged from $24,650 to $34,950. These prices do not include optional equipment.
Use of an assigned BMW vehicle is a “fringe benefit,” the value of which is in-cludible in an employee’s gross income. See 26 U.S.C. § 61(a)(1). BMW is required to calculate the fringe benefit value of an assigned BMW and include that value on each employee’s W-2 wage statement. BMW is required to pay federal employment tax with respect to that income. To determine the value as a fringe benefit of the automobiles assigned to its employees, BMW elected to use the Annual Lease Value Table (hereinafter the “Table”) in Treasury Regulation § 1.61 - 21(d)(2)(iii). The Table is included in one of the “special valuation rules” in Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21.
To apply the Table, an employer must first determine the “fair market value” of each automobile and then plug that value into the Table. The Table translates this “fair market value” into an annual fringe benefit value according to a schedule. A portion of the Annual Lease Value Table is set forth below to illustrate how it works:
Automobile Fair Market Value Lease Value
$0 to 999 $600
1,000 to 1,999 860
2,000 to 2,999 1,100
3,000 to 3,999 1,360
54,000 to 55,999 14,250
56,000 to 57,999 14,750
58,000 to 59,999 15,250
See 26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(d)(2)(iii).
The “fair market value” for use in the Table “is the amount that an individual would have to pay in an arm’s length transaction to purchase the particular automobile in the jurisdiction in which the vehicle is purchased or leased.... Any special relationship that may exist between the employee and employer must be disregarded. Also, the employee’s subjective perception of the value of the automobile is not relevant to the determination of the automobile’s fair market value.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(d)(5). The parties agree that the determination of “fair market value” is not an exact science, and that reasonable persons, acting reasonably and in the utmost good faith, could reach different conclusions with respect to an automobile’s “fair market value.”
In 1988 and 1989, BMW provided more than 2,000 vehicles to its employees as fringe benefits. BMW used the Table to calculate and report fringe benefit values. In determining “fair market value,” BMW used the employee purchase price for the base model vehicle assigned to the employee’s job position. The employee purchase price was the price at which the vehicle was offered for sale to BMW employees under an employee car purchase program (since discontinued) and was approximately the same as the vehicle’s wholesale price. BMW used the price for the base model in the relevant series (e.g., the “3 Series” or “5 Series”) and usually did not distinguish between models within a series. In addition, BMW used the base model vehicle for the series assigned to the employee’s job position although sometimes an employee would, for the convenience of BMW, drive a vehicle from a different series (e.g ., “5 Series” vehicle instead of a “3 Series” vehicle).
BMW alleges that it used the employee purchase price of the base model vehicle as its fair market value in order to reflect certain factors that would have depressed the sales price of the assigned vehicle if it had been offered for sale on the open market. These factors included restrictions placed by BMW on the use of the vehicle and frequent assignment of slow-moving, unpopular, or end-of-model-year vehicles to employees. The IRS disputes this and claims that the only restrictions provided to employees in a written policy in 1988 and 1989 were maintenance and parking requirements. Def. Opp. Br. ¶ 18. The IRS also claims that the record is devoid of evidence that any specific vehicle assigned in 1988 or 1989 was an unpopular or end-of-model-year vehicle. Id. at ¶ 17.
The IRS determined that BMW “improperly applied” the special lease valuation rule (of which the Table is a part). The IRS asserted that the fringe benefit values determined by BMW were incorrect because the “fair market value” numbers BMW plugged into the Table were too low. As a result, the IRS determined that BMW was no longer entitled to use the special valuation rules, including the Table. As authority for its position, the IRS cited Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(c)(5), which states in part that “when a special valuation rule is not properly applied to a fringe benefit ..., the fair market value of that fringe benefit may not be determined by reference to any value calculated under any special valuation rule.”
The IRS states that it determined the value of the fringe benefits based on the general valuation rules of Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21. These rules require that the fair market value of a fringe benefit be determined “on the basis of all the facts and circumstances.” “Specifically, the fair market value of a fringe benefit is the amount that an individual would have to pay for the particular fringe benefit in an arm’s length transaction.” See 26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(b)(1).
BMW states that the IRS calculated the fair market value of the fringe benefit using a one-year lease formula that appears in the Revenue Agent’s report. BMW claims this formula is not referred to or found in the Treasury Regulations.
The IRS assessed additional employment tax with respect to the vehicles in the approximate amount of $698,000 for 1988 and $651,000 for 1989.
BMW claims that the practical effect of the IRS’s refusal to apply the Table was to increase annual fringe benefit values of the assigned vehicles by about 50% over the values that the IRS would have derived if it applied the Table using the IRS’s own fair market value numbers.
BMW moves for partial summary judgment that Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(c)(5) is not a penalty provision and therefore is not a basis on which to deny BMW the right to use the special valuation rules to determine the fringe benefit value of its assigned BMW- automobiles. The IRS cross-moves for partial summary judgment that (a) Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(c)(5) is a basis on which to deny BMW the right to use the special valuation rules to determine the fringe benefit value of its assigned BMW automobiles and that BMW in fact may not use the special valuation rules to value the automobile fringe benefits provided to its employees in 1988 and 1989, (b) and in the event the Court finds that BMW can use the special valuation rules, BMW cannot account for vehicle use restrictions to reduce the fair market values to insert into the special automobile lease valuation table; and (c) in either event, BMW cannot reduce the fair market value of its employee fringe benefits on account of restrictions regarding color and option choices under any valuation rule.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment eliminates unfounded claims without recourse to a costly and lengthy trial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). However, a court should grant summary judgment only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists rests initially on the moving party. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. A litigant may discharge this burden by exposing “the absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Id. at 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548. In evaluating a summary judgment motion, a court must view all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); Goodman v. Mead Johnson & Co., 534 F.2d 566, 573 (3d Cir.1976), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 1038, 97 S.Ct. 732, 50 L.Ed.2d 748 (1977).
Once the moving party has made a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The substantive law determines which facts are material. Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Id. No issue for trial exists unless the -nonmoving party can demonstrate sufficient evidence favoring the nonmoving party such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict in that party’s favor. See id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
DISCUSSION
Motion and Cross-Motion on Whether Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(c)(5) is a Basis on Which to Deny BMW the Right to Use the Special Valuation Rules
The first issue before the Court involves a question of law, namely, whether Treasury Regulation § 1.61 — 21(c)(5) is a penalty provision which prevents taxpayers from using any special valuation rule after they have erred in using such a rule. The Court finds, on the facts of this case, that § 1.61-21(c)(5) is a penalty provision that the IRS may invoke to prevent a taxpayer from using any special valuation rule after that taxpayer has improperly applied such a rule. The Court expresses no opinion as to whether a rule has been improperly applied on facts different from those in this ease.
The IRS argues as a preliminary matter that its interpretation of Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21 is entitled to deference under Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 117 S.Ct. 905, 137 L.Ed.2d 79 (1997) (“[D]eference to an interpretation offered in the course of litigation is still proper as long as it reflects the ‘agency’s fair and considered judgment on the matter.’ ”) However, in Auer, the agency’s “fair and considered judgment on the matter” was I embodied in an amicus brief filed at the request of the Court. The agency was not | a party to the litigation, and the Supreme Court concluded that “[t]he [agency’s] position is in no sense a ‘post hoc rationalization’ advanced by an agency seeking to defend past agency action against attack.” Here, the IRS is offering its interpretation for the first time as a party to the litigation, making it questionable whether the interpretation is the agency’s “fair and considered judgment on the matter.”
Furthermore, the Third Circuit has stated “No deference is due an agency’s litigation position” absent a showing that the position reflects a long-standing and considered agency view. Appalachian States Low-Level Radioactive Waste Comm’n v. Pena, 126 F.3d 193, 198 (3d Cir.1997); see also CSI Hydrostatic Testers, Inc. v. Comm’r, 103 T.C. 398, 409, 1994 WL 466342 (1994), aff'd, 62 F.3d 136 (5th Cir.1995) (“In short, unless an agency’s interpretation of a statute is a matter of public record and is an interpretation upon which the public is entitled to rely when planning their affairs, it will not be accorded any special deference”). The IRS has put forth no evidence to show that its position in this litigation is a long-standing and considered agency view. Rather, its arguments in this case are being made ad hoc. Therefore, the interpretation of the IRS is not entitled to deference.
The third sentence of Treasury Regulation § 1.61 — 21(c)(5), which is in dispute here, appears in Treasury Regulations dealing with fringe benefits. The first part of these regulations, at § 1.61-21(a), contains general rules concerning the taxa-bility of fringe benefits. It states that fringe benefits are taxable income to the person receiving them, provides certain exceptions to this general rule, and defines certain terms used in the regulations.
The second part of the fringe benefits regulations, at § 1.61-21(b), provides general rules concerning the valuation of fringe benefits. It provides in general that the amount of a taxable fringe benefit is equal to its fair market value minus any amount contributed by the employee.
The final part of the fringe benefit regulations, which is at issue here, consists of §§ 1.61-21(c) through (k). These deal with “special valuation rules.” Section (c) introduces the special valuation rules, and sections (d) through (k) contain the rules themselves. Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(c)(5) states:
Valuation formulae contained in the special valuation rules. The valuation formula contained in the special valuation rules are provided only for use in connection with those rules. Thus, when a special valuation rule is properly applied to a fringe benefit, the Commissioner will accept the value calculated pursuant to the rule as the fair market value of that fringe benefit. However, when a special valuation rule is not properly applied to a fringe benefit (see, for example, paragraph g(13) of this section), or when a special valuation rule is used to value a fringe benefit by a taxpayer not entitled to use the rule, the fair market value of that fringe benefit may not be determined by reference to any value calculated under any special valuation rule. Under the circumstances described in the preceding sentence, the fair market value of the fringe benefit must be determined pursuant to the general valuation rules of paragraph (b) of this section.
26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(c)(5) (emphasis added).
The parties interpret the third sentence of § 1.61-21(c)(5) differently. BMW contends that this sentence explains the scope of the “special valuation rules” contained in the Treasury Regulations; its purpose is to make clear that those rules may be used only in connection with the specific fringe benefits for which they were designed and may not be used, even by analogy, to value other types of fringe benefits. BMW Moving Br., at 1. The IRS, on the other hand, contends that once a taxpayer does not “properly apply” the special valuation rule to a fringe benefit, the taxpayer can no longer use the special valuation rules to determine the fair market value of that fringe benefit. USA Opp. Br., at 13. In this case, the taxpayer must use the general valuation principles contained in the fringe benefit regulations. Id. Neither party cites any authority supporting its interpretation, and the Court was unable to find such authority.
BMW argues that t"he plain language of paragraph (c)(5) supports its argument. BMW, relying on the rule of statutory construction that the first sentence of a paragraph identifies the general scope of a paragraph unless the language indicates otherwise^ see Tri-O Inc. v. United States, 28 Fed.Cl. 463, 469 (1993), argues that the first sentence of paragraph (c)(5) sets the scope of the paragraph and the second and third sentences “illustrate the point of the first sentence in contrasting ways.” PI. Mov. Br. at 16. BMW argues that the meaning of the first sentence of paragraph (c)(5) is unambiguous — the special valuation formulae may be used only in conjunction with the special valuation rules, i.e., to determine the value of an item covered by those rules. For example, a taxpayer could not determine the fringe benefit value of a boat by using the special valuation formula for cars.
BMW argues that the second sentence of paragraph (c)(5) “amplifies the affirmative point made in the first sentence.” Id. at 16. Thus, BMW contends that the phrase, “when a special valuation rule is properly applied to a fringe benefit” refers only to situations where a special valuation formula is used to value a fringe benefit covered by the rules. BMW also argues that the third sentence “articulates the negative point made in the first sentence— namely, that the special valuation formulae may not be used to value fringe benefits that do not come within the reach of the special valuation rules, whether because of (1) the nature of the fringe benefit or (2) the nature of the taxpayer.” Id.
The IRS agrees with BMW’s interpretation of the first sentence of (c)(5). The IRS agrees that that sentence would, for example, preclude a taxpayer from using the automobile lease valuation table to value boats, motorcycles, or other fringe benefits.
However, the IRS argues that the second sentence of (c)(5) “extends a promise” in that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue pledges to accept a valuation without question if the taxpayer properly applies the special valuation rules to a fringe benefit. Opp. Br. at 13. The IRS argues that the third sentence limits the promise and lays down the consequences for those who violate the rules. Id. According to this argument, the first two clauses of the third sentence limit the Commissioner’s promise of acceptance to taxpayers who properly apply the requirements of the rule and to taxpayers who are entitled to use the rule in the first place. The third clause excludes taxpayers who violate the rule, or taxpayers who try to use the rule but are not entitled to use the rule, from using “any special valuation rule.” The fourth sentence limits taxpayers who violate the special valuation rule or are not entitled to use the rule to the general valuation principles contained in the fringe benefit regulations.
In interpreting section (c)(5), the court should attempt to lend meaning to every sentence and avoid redundancies. See Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 143, 116 S.Ct. 501, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995) (“ ‘Judges should hesitate ... to treat (as surplusage) statutory terms in any setting....’”) (quoting Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 114 S.Ct. 655, 126 L.Ed.2d 615 (1994)). The court should assume that the IRS “intended each of its words to have meaning.” Id. BMW’s arguments based on the plain meaning of section (c)(5) are unconvincing because they fail to explain the significance of the dichotomy between sentences two and three concerning when the special valuation rules are “properly applied” or are “not properly applied.” Based on this dichotomy, it is clear that sentences two and three do more than just illustrate the broader proposition set out in the first sentence. BMW’s interpretation also fails to explain the meaning of the last phrase of the third sentence — “the fair market value of that fringe benefit may not be determined by reference to any value calculated under any special valuation rule.” This phrase goes beyond the proposition in the first sentence that a taxpayer could not determine the fringe benefit value of a boat by using the special valuation formula for cars. The Court interprets this phrase to mean, for example, that when the special valuation rule for cars is not “properly applied” in determining the fringe benefit value of a car, the taxpayer cannot use any special valuation rule in calculating the fringe benefit value of the car. Thus, a taxpayer who wrongfully applies the automobile lease valuation table in paragraph (d) cannot use the special vehicle eents-per-mile valuation rule in paragraph (e) or the commuting valuation rule in paragraph (f). Furthermore, the fourth sentence, which BMW ignores, explains that the taxpayer must follow the general valuation rules if he or she is precluded from using the special valuation rules.
The IRS’ interpretation that the rule extends a promise in the second sentence and then places a limit on that promise in the third sentence is the more convincing interpretation because it lends meaning to each sentence in the regulation. The use of the words “properly applied” in the second and third sentences makes sense in light of this construction, for it is unlikely that the Commissioner would promise to accept a valuation without limiting that acceptance to valuations made in accordance with the regulations.
Furthermore, the interpretation of the IRS takes into account the last phrase of the third sentence and all of the fourth sentence. The last phrase of the third sentence states that a taxpayer cannot refer to “any special valuation rule” after a special valuation rule is not properly applied to a fringe benefit. The fourth sentence states that in such a case, the general valuation rules must be used. These sentences do more than just “illustrate the point” made in the topic sentence as BMW contends. They set guidelines for what rules a taxpayer can rely on after that taxpayer has improperly applied a special valuation rule. Therefore, the plain language of paragraph (c)(5) supports the IRS’s interpretation.
General principles of the tax system also support the IRS’s interpretation. Our tax system is one that depends heavily on voluntary compliance. See United States v. Generes, 405 U.S. 93, 104, 92 S.Ct. 827, 31 L.Ed.2d 62 (1972); Aronson v. Internal Revenue Service, 973 F.2d 962, 966 (1st Cir.1992). In such a system, it would make sense to have a penalty provision such as paragraph (c)(5) to induce taxpayers to properly apply the special valuation rules, which are usually more beneficial to them than the general valuation rules. Without such a penalty provision, taxpayers could improperly apply the special valuation rules to their benefit until caught, and then go back and properly apply the same beneficial rules the second time, losing nothing. The Court interprets paragraph (c)(5) to prevent such a situation, and as an attempt to prevent an abuse of the rules.
The parties also dispute the meaning of the reference in paragraph (c)(5) to paragraph (g)(13). The first clause in the third sentence of paragraph (c)(5) states, “However, when a special valuation rule is not properly applied to a fringe benefit (see, for example, paragraph g(13) of this section)....” Treas.Reg. § 1.61-21(c)(5). Section (g) is one of the special valuation rules; it deals with certain kinds of employee air travel. Paragraph (g)(13) is a specific provision within this special valuation rule that describes the penalties for making certain kinds of errors in applying the special valuation rule of section (g). Paragraph (g)(13) states:
Erroneous use of the non-commercial flight valuation rule — (i) Certain errors in the case of a flight by a control employee. If—
(A) the non-commercial flight valuation rule of this paragraph (g) is applied by an employer or a control employee ... on the grounds that either—
(1) The control employee is not in fact a control employee, or
(2) The aircraft is within a specific weight classification, and
(B) Either position is subsequently determined to be erroneous, the valuation rule of this paragraph (g) is not available to value the flight taken by that control employee by the person or persons taking the erroneous position. With respect to the weight classifications, the previous sentence does not apply if the position taken is that the weight of the aircraft is greater than it is subsequently determined to be....
(ii) Value of flight excluded as a working condition fringe. If either an employer or an employee ... excludes from the employee’s income or wages all or any part of the value of a flight on the grounds that the flight was excludable as a working condition fringe under section 132, and that position is subsequently determined to be erroneous, the valuation rule of this paragraph (g) is not available to value the flight taken by that employee by the person or persons taking the erroneous position. Instead, the general valuation rules of paragraph (b)(5) and (6) of this section apply.
26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(g)(13).
Paragraph (c)(5) clearly refers to paragraph (g)(13) as an example of when a special valuation rule is not properly applied to a fringe benefit. Paragraph (g)(13) does not describe the inappropriate j application of the non-commercial flightl special valuation rule to an analogous fringe benefit; rather, it describes errors within the application of the requirements of the special non-commercial flight valuation rule, such as using an incorrect airplane weight or misclassifying a control employee. Id. Paragraph (g)(13) therefore provides a specific and concrete application of what paragraph (c)(5) means by “not properly applied.”
BMW argues that the IRS’s interpretation of paragraph (c)(5) cannot be reconciled with the existence of paragraph (g)(13) for three reasons, and the existence of paragraph (g)(13) proves the IRS’s interpretation wrong. First, BMW argues that the IRS’s interpretation of paragraph (c)(5) would render paragraph (g)(13) superfluous. BMW argues that under the IRS’s view, a taxpayer that committed any error in applying the special valuation rule of section (g) would be permanently foreclosed by paragraph (c)(5) from using the rule because the rule would have been “not properly applied.” Under that construction, there would be no need for section (g)(13) at all because (c)(5) would remove the taxpayer from the special valuation rules without regard to paragraph (g)(13).
The IRS contends that paragraph (c)(5) applies to the errors described in paragraph (g)(13), but that paragraph (g)(13) exists due to the complexity of the special valuation rules for non-commercial flights (the IRS compares this complexity with the simplicity of the determination of fair market value under the automobile lease valuation formula). In other words, the IRS contends that due to the complexity of paragraph (g), paragraph (g)(13) was added to help the taxpayer navigate the intricacies of the rule and to warn of the types of errors that must be avoided. The Court agrees. Just because paragraph (g)(13) specifically addresses certain errors than can be made in a computation does not I mean that the more general provision in paragraph (c)(5) does not apply. Rather, paragraph (c)(5) refers to the more specific provision as an example.
Second, BMW argues that the fact that paragraph (c)(5) cites paragraph (g)(13) approvingly indicates that a special valuation rule “is not properly applied to a fringe benefit” in cases where the penalty provision of paragraph (g)(13) makes the special valuation rule unavailable to that fringe benefit. BMW argues that this confirms that paragraph (g)(13) is a penalty provision, while paragraph (c)(5) is not. This argument is unconvincing. BMW ignores the fact that paragraph (c)(5) refers to paragraph (g)(13) as an example. As an example, paragraph (g)(13) is by no means the only instance when a special valuation rule will be improperly applied. In fact, it is telling that paragraph (c)(5) refers to (g)(13), which BMW admits is a penalty provision, in explaining the meaning of “when a special valuation rule is not properly applied.” This implies that (c)(5) is also a penalty provision.
Third, BMW argues that the Treasury Department would have drafted paragraph (c)(5) in a more specific fashion, similar to paragraph (g)(13), if (c)(5) were really intended to be a penalty provision. However, as discussed supra, (c)(5) appears in the general provisions of the special valuation rules, while (g)(13) appears in the specific rules and is designed to guide taxpayers in the more complicated noncommercial flight valuation rules. Thus, the fact that (c)(5) is not more specific does not create an inconsistency, and the Court finds that the contextual reference in paragraph (c)(5) to paragraph (g)(13) confirms the IRS’s interpretation that the phrase “not properly applied to a fringe benefit” includes violations of requirements in applying the special rules.
BMW also argues that the IRS’s interpretation should be rejected because the IRS is unable to explain its standard. In particular, BMW argues that the IRS has been unable to explain (1) what kind of error will preclude a taxpayer from using the special valuation rules, and (2) what standard should be applied in making this determination. The IRS concedes that it has nothing in writing on these points.
In its response to plaintiffs first set of interrogatories, the IRS articulated a standard for the kind of error that will preclude a taxpayer from using the Annual Lease Valuation Table. See Plaintiffs First Set of Interrogatories, at 3-4. Defendant distinguishes between “error” and “clear error” in making a valuation. However, the IRS offered no further explanation in later interrogatories on the issue. See Plaintiffs Second Set of Interrogatories.
The IRS’s failure to articulate an exact standard for the type of error that will preclude a taxpayer from applying the special valuation rules does not render the IRS’s interpretation of the regulation invalid. There could be a variety of improper applications of the special valuation rules in determining fringe benefits, all of which cannot be contemplated by and listed in the regulation. Such improper applications could range from a single arithmetic error to a blatant disregard of the rules contained in the special valuation provisions. The IRS must apply the regulation to the facts set before it. The Court will examine BMW’s conduct and the IRS’s application of paragraph (c)(5) in the context of the IRS’s cross-motion for summary judgment.
BMW argues that the IRS’s interpretation of paragraph (c)(5) undermines the predictability and usefulness of the special valuation rules because it makes the rules available or unavailable to the taxpayer on a vehicle-by-vehicle basis. See Plaintiffs First Requests for Admission ¶ 5. That is, after valuatidn is completed by the taxpayer, the IRS might find that the special valuation rules were properly applied to one vehicle but not another, requiring the use of entirely different methodologies to determine the annual fringe benefit value of the two cars. BMW states that because the methodology that is used is determined long after the taxpayer applies the special valuation rule, the taxpayer does not know at the outset whether it may use a special valuation rule. The Court disagrees.
A taxpayer can avoid uncertainty by properly applying the special valuation rules. The second sentence of paragraph (c)(5) states, “Thus, when a special valuation rule is properly applied to a fringe benefit, the Commissioner will accept the value calculated pursuant to the rule as the fair market value of that fringe benefit.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(c)(5). Under the standard articulated by the IRS in this case, if a taxpayer does not commit “clear error” in applying the rules, that taxpayer will know at the outset whether it will be entitled to use the special valuation rules. The Court notes that paragraph (g)(13), which BMW contends is a properly drafted penalty provision, works in exactly the same way.
Based on the plain language of paragraph (c)(5), tax policy, and the reference to paragraph (g)(13), the Court finds paragraph (c)(5) is a penalty provision that the IRS may invoke to prevent those taxpayers who have improperly applied a special valuation rule to a fringe benefit from using any special valuation rule to then determine the value of that fringe benefit. The taxpayer that improperly applies such a rule must apply the general valuation rules in that case. Therefore, BMW’s motion for partial summary judgment that Treasury Regulation § 1.61-21(c)(5) is not a penalty provision and therefore is not a basis on which to deny BMW the right to use the special valuation rules to determine the fringe benefit value of its assigned BMW automobiles will be denied. The IRS’s cross-motion that Treasury Regulation § 1.61 — 21(c)(5) is a basis on which to deny BMW the right to use the special valuation rules to determine the fringe benefit value of its assigned automobiles will be granted.
The IRS’s Cross-Motion that BMW Is Precluded From Using the Special Valuation Rules and The IRS’s Cross-Motion that BMW Cannot Account for Vehicle Use Restrictions to Reduce Fair Market Values I
The Court now examines the issue ofj whether BMW is precluded from using the| special valuation rules to value the automobile fringe benefits provided to its employees in 1988 and 1989 because it did not properly calculate the fair market value of automobiles to plug into the Table.
The IRS contends that it is undisputed that BMW did not “properly apply” (see 26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(c)(5)) the automobile lease valuation rule in calculating the fair market value of the automobiles it would plug into the Table. The IRS contends that it is undisputed that BMW took account of a “special relationship with its employees” and failed to value the “particular automobiles” its employees drove, both of which violate the clear language of 26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(d)(5). That section states in pertinent part:
Fair market value — (i) In general. For purposes of determining the Annual Lease Value of an automobile under the Annual Lease Value Table, the fair market value of an automobile is the amount that an individual would have to pay in an arm’s length transaction to purchase the particular automobile in the jurisdiction in which the vehicle is purchased or leased.... Any special relationship that may exist between the employee and the employer must be disregarded. Also, the employees’s subjective perception of the value of the automobile is not relevant to the determination of the automobile’s fair market value....
26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(d)(5) (emphasis added).
As the moving party, the IRS has the initial burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The IRS points to Plaintiffs Response to First Set of Interrogatories, Response to Interrogatory No. 3 and to the Deposition of Allen Henrici at 15 to show that it is I undisputed that BMW used the “employee purchase price” to value all of the vehicles it gave its employees in 1988 and 1989. [This interrogatory asked BMW to explain |the method by which it calculated the fringe benefits at issue in this case, including the determination of fair market value for purposes of applying the Table. In response, BMW stated, “The Company calculated the fringe benefit value of its vehicles during 1988 and 1989 first by determining the ‘employee purchase price’ of the vehicle (i.e., the price at which the vehicle was offered for sale to employees), which was typically ‘dealer cost’.... The Company then applied the special valuation tables in Treasury Regulation 1.61— 21(d)(2)(h).... ” PLResp. to First Set of Interrog., No. 3. The IRS has met its summary judgment burden on this issue.
The IRS points to the Henrici Deposition at 15 to show that BMW used the “vehicle that was assigned to the employee as compared to the vehicle that was actually driven” in determining fair market value of the automobiles. The IRS points to Exhibit 2 of BMW’s Opposition Brief as proof that BMW employees often received models from higher series of BMW vehicles than the “assigned” models that BMW valued. Exhibit 2 is a list of headquarters employees who received vehicles in 1988 and 1989. The exhibit covers approximately 330 employees. Of these, according to the IRS’s calculations, 58% received either more than one type of vehicle model series (i.e. 3, 5, 7 Series) or M-series vehicles. M-Series models were priced as much as $15,000 above the base model in the number series. The 3, 5, 7 Series vehicles ranged in price from approximately $25,000 to $69,000. However, the IRS admits that under its view of paragraph (c)(5), “the taxpayer’s ability to use the Annual Lease Value Table must be made on a car-by-car basis, so that an error in valuation with respect to one vehicle may prevent the taxpayer from using the Annual Lease Value Table with respect to that vehicle only.” Response 5 to Plaintiffs First Requests for Admission. Although the IRS has pointed to evidence that shows that some of the 2,000 or more automobiles BMW valued in 1988 and 1989 were improperly valued because the valúation was not based on the “particular automobile” the employee was using, the -IRS has not produced specific evidence for each automobile. The IRS has not met its summary judgment burden on this issue.
Once the moving party has made a properly supported motion for summary judgment, as the IRS has for the “employee purchase price” issue, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). BMW explains that it used the employee purchase price (the price at which the vehicle was offered for sale to BMW employees under an employee car purchase program and which was approximately the same as the vehicle’s wholesale price) as the fair market value for the vehicles because it felt that this price encompassed the discounts that would be appropriate to reflect vehicle use restrictions, slow-selling models, and damage that existed with regard to the vehicles assigned to its employees. BMW states that these and other factors had a negative effect on the fair market value of the employee-assigned vehicles compared to typical BMW vehicles sold in the market. Thus, it appears that BMW is arguing that it used the employee purchase price to determine fair market value of the vehicles not because of the employee-employer relationship (as is clearly prohibited by the Regulations), but rather because the employee purchase price happened to be a price that BMW felt adequately represented the reductions in fair market value that would occur due to factors mentioned above if the vehicle were sold in an arm’s length transaction. In support of this argument, BMW points to its expert report, which “shows that the vehicle use restrictions alone support the range of discounts applied by BMW in 1988 and 1989....” BMW Opp.Br. At 8. BMW also states in its Opposition Brief that it “[tjook [use restrictions] into account when determining the vehicle’s fringe benefit value, based on a belief— confirmed by the evidence — that a vehicle subject to such restrictions is less valuable than a vehicle not subject to restrictions.” BMW Opp.Br. at 13.
The Court does not reach the issue of whether BMW met its summary judgment burden because it finds as a matter of law that it must grant the IRS’s motion for summary judgment. Paragraph (d)(5) states, “[t]he fair market-value of an automobile is the amount that an individual would have to pay in an arm’s length transaction to purchase the particular automobile in the jurisdiction in which the vehicle is purchased or leased.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(d)(5) (cf. paragraph (b)(4) in the general valuation rules which states, “[the fair market value of the use of the vehicle] equals the amount that an individual would have to pay in an arm’s length transaction to lease the same or comparable vehicle....” 26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(d)(4)). BMW has put forth no evidence that it is a usual practice to purchase automobiles in the open market with use restrictions, and the court cannot conceive of a situation where that would be the case. Although such restrictions might occur when leasing a vehicle, (d)(5), which is applicable here, specifically contains the word “purchase,” and the fact that (b)(4) contains the word “lease” indicates that such a distinction was intentionally made. Thus, BMW improperly took into account use restrictions when calculating the fair market value of the automobiles under (d)(5). Furthermore, 26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(d)(5) states that “any special relationship that exists between the employer and the employee must be disregarded” in calculating the fair market value of an automobile. The use restrictions in this case were clearly a product of the employer-employee relationship. Because BMW used use restrictions as a factor in reducing fair market value, it has violated the clear language of the regulations and could not have arrived at an accurate value for the “fair market value” of the automobiles under (d)(5). For these reasons, the Court finds that BMW’s error is similar to the most basic kind of error such as those errors described in paragraph (g)(13) of the noncommercial flight valuation rules concerning the weight classification of an aircraft or whether an employee is a control employee. Paragraph (c)(5) refers to paragraph (g)(13) as an example of when a special valuation rule is not properly applied. Thus, the Court finds that BMW has not properly applied the automobile lease valuation rules in this case, and that BMW is precluded under the third sentence of paragraph (c)(5) from using those rules to determine the fair market value of the fringe benefits of the automobiles in this case. “The fair market value of the fringe benefits must be determined pursuant to the general valuation rules of paragraph (b) of this section.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(e)(5).
The Court need not consider the effects of pre-existing damage and slow-moving sales characteristics on the value of the vehicles since it has already determined that the use of use restrictions in reducing the fair market value of the automobiles was improper.
Therefore, the Court will grant the IRS’s cross-motion for summary judgment that BMW is precluded from using the special valuation rules to value the automobile fringe benefits provided to its employees in 1988 and 1989. The Court will also grant the IRS’s cross-motion that BMW cannot account for vehicle use restrictions to reduce fair market values of automobiles it plugs into the Table.
The IRS’s Cross-Motion that BMW Cannot Reduce the Fair Market Value of its Employee Fringe Benefits on Account of j Restrictions Regarding Color and Option Choices Under Any Valuation Rule
BMW reduced the fair market value of Isome or all of its vehicles on account of the restriction that its employees could not always choose the color and options on their assigned vehicles. “[A]n employee’s subjective perception of the value of the automobile is not relevant to the determination of the automobile’s fair market value.” 26 C.F.R. § 1.61 — 21(b)(2), (d)(5)®. The IRS argues that attributing a reduced value to restrictions on color or option choices necessarily implicates subjective perceptions of value under any valuation rule (both general and special), and cannot be relevant to fair market value unless BMW can prove that the assigned models were worth less in the marketplace on account of unpopular colors or options.
BMW argues that the IRS’s argument misses the mark in that the value of having an ability to choose is independent of whether the employee likes, or does not like, the automobile provided. BMW argues that the ability to choose is a factor independent of any particular employee’s “subjective perception” of value, and that as such, its is relevant under both the general and special valuation rules.
The Court finds that restrictions on option and color choices cannot be considered in determining fair market value under paragraph (d)(5) of the special valuation rules. 26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(d)(5)(i) states that “Any special relationship that may exist between the employee and the employer must be disregarded.” That section also states that the fair market value of an automobile is the amount an individual would have to pay to purchase the particular automobile in an “arm’s length transaction.” BMW has put forth no evidence that restrictions on color or option choices occur in arm’s length transactions in the open market. Thus, the analysis upon which the Court relied in rejecting BMW’s use of use restrictions in determining fair market value under (d)(5) likewise applies here. BMW is precluded from taking these restrictions into account when determining fair market value under the Table.
However, the Court finds that restrictions on option and color choices can be considered in determining fair market value under paragraph (b)(4) of the general valuation rules. Paragraph (b)(4) states in pertinent part:
Fair market value of the availability of an employer-provided vehicle — (i) In general. If the vehicle special valuation rules of paragraph (d), (e), or (f) of this section do not apply with respect to an employer-provided vehicle, the value of the availability of that vehicle is determined under the general valuation principles set forth in this section. In general, that value equals the amount that an individual would have to pay in an arm’s-length transaction to lease the same or comparable vehicle on the same or comparable conditions in the geographic area in which the vehicle is available for use. An example of a comparable condition is the amount of time that the vehicle is available to the employee for use, e.g., a one-year period....
26 C.F.R. § 1.61-21(b)(4)(i) (emphasis added).
Paragraph (b)(4), unlike paragraph (d)(5), requires the taxpayer to determine the value of the fringe benefit directly, rather than requiring the taxpayer to first determine the fair market value of the automobile and then plug that value into a table to get the value of the fringe benefit. Thus, paragraph (b)(4) looks to the amount that an individual would have to pay in an arm’s-length transaction to lease the vehicle on the same or comparable conditions. The amount of time that the vehicle is available to the employee is put forth as an example of a “comparable condition.” The Court finds that likewise, restrictions on color and option choices could be present in a lease, and that this could be a “comparable condition.” Therefore, BMW is not precluded from taking these restrictions into account when determining fair market value of the fringe benefit under paragraph (b)(4).
An appropriate Order accompanies this Opinion.
. This interpretation is based in part on the | reference in paragraph (c)(5) to paragraph (g)(13) as an example of when a special valuation rule is not properly applied lo a fringe benefit. See infra p. 452.
. BMW imposes a number of restrictions on the automobiles it provides to its employees, such as prohibiting the employee from parking the vehicle on the streets of New York] City or at any of the metropolitan airports. I BMW Opp.Br. at 13. |
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CASELAW
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Tutorials/Installing a data pack
From Minecraft Wiki
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This feature is exclusive to Java Edition.
This article is about how to install a data pack. For what a data pack is, see Data pack. For a tutorial on how to create a data pack, see Tutorials/Creating a data pack.
These tutorials are meant to help you use data packs in Minecraft. Data packs allow players to customize command functions, loot tables, world structures, advancements, recipes, and tags, which will change the actual game play. Before installing a data pack, you will first need to download one or create your own.
Singleplayer[edit]
Here is how to install a data pack when in singleplayer:
1. Download the data pack. It should be a .zip file or directory.
2. Open Minecraft.
3. Select the world you want to install the data pack for, click on "Edit", then "Open world folder".
4. Open the folder named datapacks, and put the data pack into it.
5. Type /reload (if you have enabled cheats) or press F3 + T if you are in the world during the installation.
6. If the data pack has a correct format, it would be enabled in the world. If you have enabled cheats, you can verify by typing /datapack list enabled and find an entry named [file/your data pack file/directory name].
Multiplayer[edit]
Here is how to install a data pack when in multiplayer:
1. Download the data pack. It should be a .zip file or directory.
2. Open your server folder, then open the folder of the world you wish to install the data pack in (default: world).
3. Put the data pack into a folder named datapacks
4. Type /reload from the console or as a level 3 operator if the server was running during the installation.
5. If the data pack has a correct format, it would be enabled on the server. You can verify by typing /datapack list enabled from the console or as a level 3 operator and find an entry named [file/your data pack file/directory name].
See also[edit]
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Thomas Stenström
Karl Thomas Stenström (born January 19, 1988), is a Swedish artist, singer and songwriter. He is best known for his charting single "Slå mig hårt i ansiktet". He has released three albums: Nåt annat, nån annanstans (2012), Fulkultur (2014) and Rör inte min kompis! (2017).
He grew up in Uddevalla. In 2010 he was awarded the Ted Gärdestad Scholarship and in 2011 released his second single "Detsamma" followed by "Krossade drömmar" and "Full av liv". The debut album Nåt annat, nån annanstans was released on June 13, 2012. In 2014, he took part in Sommarkrysset a Swedish television program broadcast live from the Gröna Lund amusement park in Stockholm during the summer. The same year he released his second album Fulkultur.
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WIKI
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Talk:Loreen/Archive 1
Edit request on 27 May 2012
' The statement that Loreen said that human right were violated is false. In her interview she has stated, ""These are people who have been through a lot and they should get to tell their stories. There will be press present and they will get to tell the truth. It will be the other side of the front that is being shown. It is a strong front, it is as beautiful as anything, but what happens in the cracks?" Loreen said to news agency TT at the time of the meeting." That is all she said.
Gilavar249 (talk) 11:39, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
* No you are wrong actually.--BabbaQ (talk) 11:41, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
* I'm closing this request as the edit is disputed. If a consensus develops please re-open the request. Monty 845 19:17, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
Castration Request
Would you be so kindly to remove that penis from the source list? It doesn't contribute any information about the singer. Thank You! Nixoninajar (talk) 20:43, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
* It was removed; along with a link to pornography. --OfTheGreen (talk) 22:45, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
Birth date
According to the incipit of the article, she was born on 16 October 1983, while in the infobox the birth date is set to 18 October 1983. Which one is Loreen's correct birth date? Can somebody please correct it? --Stee888 (talk) 15:48, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
Picture is old
Could somebody please change the picture of Loreen to a new one? You can ask SVT for permission to use one of their pictures of Loreen from 2012, the quality is a million times better.. Please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Snarterf (talk • contribs) 19:31, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
* Yea but i dont reallly know how to do that. Edit: Yea, now i know thank you very much. But there are no pictures to use, everyone of them are copyrighted so i dont know what to do really. but i guess we could wait for some new pictures to get released with a creative commons license --Mais oui! (talk) 19:58, 27 May 2012 (UTC)
* I don't think they are going to release any new one --Verria (talk) 17:35, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
* Wait I think I found something --Verria (talk) 17:45, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
UK Chart
The UK chart listing at 85 is wrong she was number 1 in the charts on the official chart shows on Sunday 27th May as well as number 1 in the UK iTunes chart. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:07, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
* 1) 85 is her current position in the official UK singles chart...mid week and specialist radio charts are not the officially recognised UK chart Vauxhall1964 (talk) 21:48, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
Discography
The format for the Discography section was off, information in tables were not in their proper column (ex, the "Year" column" contained album names, "Single" column had years listed). I have fixed the table so it displays properly. Also, I have added "The Snake" from 2005 as a featured song when Loreen was known as Lorén. Dfizzles (talk) 07:03, 31 May 2012 (UTC)
Pronunciation
Someone needs to add the Swedish IPA pronunciation and remove the from the article. I believe her name is pronounced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 09:42, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
* I don't know a lot of Swedish, but I think it might be one of these:, . — Andreyyshore (talk) 11:28, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
"Euphoria (Instrumental)" as a separate non-vocal release in France
In France there were two releases of Euphoria. The original Eurovision song with vocals entered the SNEP chart dated 21 May to 26 May, 2012. . But for the SNEP chart from 28 May to 3 June 2012, there was a NEW ENTRY at #26 for what was termed "Euphoria (Instrumental)". . If this had been the same with the previous week's position, it would have said up from #34 to #26. But it rather says New entry at #26. Accordingly I have added an infobox for "Euphoria (Instrumental)". When I locate the cover for this, I will upload it as well. I have listened to the Instrumental version that contains NO LOREEN VOCALS. Please do not remove "Euphoria (Instrumental)" without justification. I expect that "Inbstrumental" may also enter charts other than French and probably will show two separate positions, one for vocal, the other for instrumental. werldwayd (talk) 22:01, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
* Here are clear separate pages for Euphoria vocal version http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Loreen/Euphoria-s24133.html
* Meilleure position : n° 34 du Top Singles France, pendant 1 semaine.
* 1 semaine au total classé dans le Top Singles France. (détail)
* Entré dans le Top Singles France du 19 mai 2012, en 34e position.
* Sorti du Top Singles France le 19 mai 2012, en 34e position.
* Whereas Instrumental version page
http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Loreen/Euphoria-Instrumental--s24210.html
* Meilleure position : n° 26 du Top Singles France, pendant 1 semaine.
* 1 semaine au total classé dans le Top Singles France. (détail)
* Entré dans le Top Singles France du 26 mai 2012, en 26e position.
* Sorti du Top Singles France le 26 mai 2012, en 26e position. werldwayd (talk) 03:58, 11 June 2012 (UTC)
* LesCharts shows them BOTH as new entries
http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Loreen&titel=Euphoria&cat=s
* 26/05/2012: N 34.
* 02/06/2012: N 26.
* Had they been the same release, N would not show besides #26 position werldwayd (talk) 04:02, 11 June 2012 (UTC)
"Crying Out Your Name" article
Just wondering, is there an article for "Crying Out Your Name" in the ready since it has already been released. Dfizzles (talk) 06:07, 10 October 2012 (UTC)
Vandalism got through?
[...]a Swedish pop chimpanzee[...]
chimpanzee
Really? REALLY? Someone fix this please. Also surely there is a more flattering image to use in the header... — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:54, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
She's not even Swedish, so who cares? Norum 03:17, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Loreen (singer). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/20160131205737/http://www.spiritmusicofficial.blogspot.ro/p/winners-2013.html to http://www.spiritmusicofficial.blogspot.ro/p/winners-2013.html
Cheers.—cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 00:37, 26 February 2016 (UTC)
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Ok, first of all, I'm not sure if this belongs to C section. Since WinAPI is written in C, I'll post here. I'm using OpenGL with Win32 windows (not sure how to call that). I can't switch to fullscreen mode after creating the window. I'm using Windows 7 (64-bits) and VS 2008. Here's the part of the code where I switch to fullscreen mode:
DEVMODE dmScreenSettings;
// ...
if(ContextPtr->Fullscreen)
{
memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings));
dmScreenSettings.dmSize = sizeof(dmScreenSettings);
dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = ContextPtr->ScreenWidth;
dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = ContextPtr->ScreenHeight;
dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = ContextPtr->ScreenDepth;
dmScreenSettings.dmFields = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT;
if(ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN) != DISP_CHANGE_SUCCESSFUL)
{
ContextPtr->Fullscreen = false;
}
}
I've tried copying some code from SDL (SDL_dibvideo.c), but it didn't work either. There's a similar example in some book on games development:
(the link was a bit long)
Need help :)
Thanks
Recommended Answers
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183411%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
It seems to return a number of different values.
Perhaps you should look at/print the other values as well as just checking for DISP_CHANGE_SUCCESSFUL.
It might give you some clue as to where to start looking next.
Jump to Post
All 2 Replies
ChangeDisplaySettings returns DISP_CHANGE_BADMODE, which means that the display mode is not supported. It works with 32-bit depth, I was trying to use 24-bit depth. I guess this thread is solved now. Thank you for your help Salem.
commented: Good detective work :) +17
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Ordell Braase
Ordell Wayne Braase (March 13, 1932 – March 25, 2019) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League (NFL). He played with the Baltimore Colts throughout his career. While Braase was with the Colts they won the NFL Championship three times, in 1958, 1959 and 1968. He was a Pro Bowl pick in both 1966 and 1967. In his final season (1968), the Colts went to Super Bowl III, on January 12, 1969, only to lose to the New York Jets.
Career
After playing at South Dakota, the Colts selected Braase in the 14th round of the 1954 NFL draft. However, he did not join the team until 1957, delayed by three years of service in the U. S. Army which included a tour of duty in Korea. In his second season, he was a won an NFL title in the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a game widely considered one of the best in NFL history.
During his football career in Baltimore, Braase performed in commercials for Dixie Cola, even singing their jingle.
Following his retirement as an active player, Braase was a restaurant owner in Timonium, Maryland, and in the 1970s was an executive with a Baltimore truck body manufacturer. He also teamed with play-by-play announcer Chuck Thompson to provide color commentary for radio broadcasts of Colts games. In the 1990s, he co-hosted a popular program, Braase, Donovan, Davis and Fans on WJZ-TV in Baltimore with fellow Colt teammate Art Donovan. The trio talked more about Art Donovan's fabled stories than contemporary NFL football, but the show held high ratings in its time period.
Braase later lived in Bradenton, Florida, where he died in 2019 at the age of 87.
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-- Aggreko, BP, BHP, Irish Life, J Sainsbury: U.K., Irish Equity Preview
The following is a list of companies
whose shares may have unusual price changes in U.K. and Irish
markets. Stock symbols are in parentheses and prices are from
the last market close.
The benchmark FTSE 100 Index rose 0.3 percent to 5,217.82.
The FTSE All-Share Index advanced 0.4 percent and Ireland’s ISEQ
Index climbed 1.1 percent.
Aggreko Plc (AGK LN): Citigroup Inc raised its
recommendation for the world’s largest provider of mobile power-
supply gear to “buy” from “hold.” The stock gained 5 pence,
or 0.4 percent, to 1,445 pence.
BHP Billiton Ltd. (BLT LN), Fresnillo Plc (FRES LN), Lonmin
Plc (LMI LN): JPMorgan Chase & Co. lowered its recommendation
for all three mining companies to “underweight” from
“neutral.”
Separately, BHP and Rio Tinto Group (RIO LN) said
Australia’s government gave no sign at a meeting today in
Canberra that it will compromise on its proposed mining profit
tax. BHP shares fell 2 pence, or 0.1 percent, to 1,919 pence.
BP Plc (BP/ LN): The company’s well in the Gulf of Mexico
is gushing as much as 60,000 barrels of oil a day, the U.S.
government said yesterday, again increasing a figure officials
put at 1,000 barrels more than seven weeks ago.
Separately, President Barack Obama vowed that BP will pay
for all damage caused by its “recklessness” and that the
government would commit to restoring the Gulf Coast.
BP shares lost 13.45 pence, or 3.8 percent, to 342 pence.
Irish Life & Permanent Plc (IPM ID): Deutsche Bank AG
initiated coverage of the Dublin-based lender with a “buy”
recommendation. The shares rose 9.4 cents, or 5.7 percent, to
1.73 euros in Dublin.
J Sainsbury Plc (SBRY LN): The U.K.’s third-largest
supermarket owner said sales at stores open at least a year rose
1.1 percent, excluding fuel and including value-added tax, in
the 12 weeks ended June 12. That compares with the 1 percent
median estimate of six analysts compiled by Bloomberg. The
shares rose 1.5 percent to 324.4 pence.
Jupiter Fund Management Plc (JUP LN): The company has set
its pricing of its initial public offering at 165 pence per
ordinary share, giving it a market value of about 755 million
pounds ($1.1 billion).
Man Group Plc (EMG LN): The largest publicly traded hedge-
fund firm said the net asset value of its flagship Man AHL
Diversified Futures Ltd. fund fell 3.12 percent over the last
week, according to a statement yesterday. The shares rose 0.6
pence, or 0.3 percent, to 245.5 pence.
Schroders Plc (SDR LN): Citigroup Inc. lowered its
recommendation for the second-largest publicly traded U.K. money
manager by assets to “sell” from “buy.” The shares gained 13
pence, or 0.1 percent, to 1,365 pence.
To contact the reporter on this story:
Sarah Jones in London at
sjones35@bloomberg.net .
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Samantha Bray she was born on 2nd of September she is going to be famous one day!!!!!!!!
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Talk:The Aenar/GA1
GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''
Reviewer: J Milburn (talk · contribs) 15:31, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
Happy to offer a review. Josh Milburn (talk) 15:31, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
* "collaborate to stop the unknown drones from causing further havoc" What unknown drones?
* "one of whom has been taken to pilot the drone Romulan ship" What do you mean by "taken"? What Romulan ship? What's a "drone" ship anyway? I think the lead assumes a little too much knowledge.
* I've linked through to Unmanned combat aerial vehicle for drone, as this is effectively what they were - just space ship versions. I guess Enterprise was a little bit ahead of its time for once.
* I think "installment" is standard in American English
* Corrected as noted.
* The plot section introduces "drone program" without any real context
* I wasn't sure whether to add a background section or not. For now I've simply added that it was in the previous two episodes.
* "from inside the drone" Again!
* I've changed that to clarify that it was the Romulan ship.
* "but Tucker requests to leave the ship as well." Just requests or actually leaves? With the Aenar, or independently? This isn't completely clear.
* I've added a clarification.
* "Shran appeared to be impaled" Was the character actually impaled?
* Changed simply to "was" rather than "appeared to be".
I hate to say this, but you're relying on some pretty weak sources- to the extent that I'm left thinking that the episode is barely notable. A quick Google is throwing up a few passing mentions... Is there really nothing better? Josh Milburn (talk) 16:22, 29 November 2015 (UTC)
* It's problematic because I know that better reviews etc are out there, but will be in print magazines. Undoubtably there are also articles related to the three part episode in those magazines as well, but the only ones I can access are the Starlog archives on archive.org. I just double checked that one and there isn't any mention. Enterprise never had any proper source books produced (unlike that fantastic DS9 one), and only has a section in the back of the Broken Bow novelization (this only covers the first few episodes) and occasional mentions in general franchise summaries. Miyagawa (talk) 18:28, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
* I just double checked the sources I had through the Wikipedia Library's worth with McFarland publishers and managed to find an extra source on the Aenar, which I've added to the reception section. Miyagawa (talk) 18:46, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
Query
It's been 17 days since both review and article were edited. J Milburn, Miyagawa, where does the review stand? Thanks. BlueMoonset (talk) 19:46, 25 December 2015 (UTC)
* Sorry, I will get back to this soon. Josh Milburn (talk) 12:07, 26 December 2015 (UTC)
Second look through
* The lead strikes me as too long for an article of this length.
* "He added that the Aenar served a further allegory as the blindness of the race "reflects whiteness to itself has no ability to see itself."[10]" Could you check this quote? I understand what is being claimed, but it's grammatically all over the place.
I'm still wondering if the episode is actually notable, but I am starting to feel that this is about as good as the article's going to get- there are a couple of hits on Google Scholar that look like they have a line or two, but certainly nothing substantial. Josh Milburn (talk) 12:32, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
* Certainly it is one of the least talked about episodes of the series. I've trimmed the lead and completely re-written that line with the quote so that it makes at least a little sense. Miyagawa (talk) 13:18, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
* I think this is about where it needs to be for promotion, and so I'll push it through now. My sincere apologies for the delay. Merry Christmas and all that! Josh Milburn (talk) 15:46, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
* Thanks J, I always appreciate your thoughts on my articles. Miyagawa (talk) 16:32, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR is relevant to cellular proliferation, invasiveness, and clinical relapse in small-cell lung cancer
Hiroshi Ono, Noriko Motoi, Hiroko Nagano, Eisaku Miyauchi, Masaru Ushijima, Masaaki Matsuura, Sakae Okumura, Makoto Nishio, Tetsuro Hirose, Naohiko Inase, Yuichi Ishikawa
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
135 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a subtype of lung cancer with poor prognosis. To identify accurate predictive biomarkers and effective therapeutic modalities, we focus on a long noncoding RNA, Hox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), and investigated its expression, cellular functions, and clinical relevance in SCLC. In this study, HOTAIR expression was assessed in 35 surgical SCLC samples and 10 SCLC cell lines. The efficacy of knockdown of HOTAIR by siRNA transfection was evaluated in SBC-3 cells in vitro, and the gene expression was analyzed using microarray. HOTAIR was expressed highly in pure, rather than combined, SCLC (P = 0.012), that the subgroup with high expression had significantly more pure SCLC (P = 0.04), more lymphatic invasion (P = 0.03) and more relapse (P = 0.04) than the low-expression subgroup. The knockdown of HOTAIR in SBC-3 cells led to decreased proliferation activity and decreased invasiveness in vitro. Gene expression analysis indicated that depletion of HOTAIR resulted in upregulation of cell adhesion-related genes such as ASTN1, PCDHA1, and mucin production-related genes such as MUC5AC, and downregulation of genes involved in neuronal growth and signal transduction including NTM and PTK2B. Our results suggest that HOTAIR has an oncogenic role in SCLC and could be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)632-642
Number of pages11
JournalCancer Medicine
Volume3
Issue number3
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2014 Jun 1
Keywords
• HOTAIR
• invasiveness
• lincRNA
• proliferation
• small-cell lung cancer
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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2016 Chicago Sky season
The 2016 Chicago Sky season was the franchise's 11th season in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). The season began on May 14th, at home against the Connecticut Sun.
The Sky began the season with a win, but could not sustain that momentum and lost their next four games. They finished May with a win and extended their streak with three wins to start June. However, they only won one of their final five games in June to finish the first two months of the season with a 6–9 record. The Sky split a home and away matchup with Washington to begin July and lost two of their next three. The won three of their last four to end the month with a 5–4 record. The Sky came out of the Olypmic break strongly, winning both their games in August and their first two in September. They lost their next two, before winning three in a row. They could not overcome Seattle on the final day of the season and finished with an 18–16 regular season record.
Their record was good enough for second place in the Eastern Conference and the fourth overall seed in the 2016 WNBA Playoffs. They earned a bye into the Second Round where they defeated sixth-seed Atlanta 108–98 and advanced to the Semfinals. There they matched-up against the Los Angeles Sparks. The Sparks defeated the Sky 3 games to 1 and would go on to finish as WNBA Champions.
Roster
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%;" ! colspan="2" style="background:#6495ED; color:#FDE910;"|2016 Chicago Sky Roster ! Players !! Coaches {| class="sortable" style="background:transparent; margin:0px; width:100%;" ! Pos. !! # !! Nat. !! Name !! Ht. !! Wt. !! From
* - style="text-align:center; background-color:#FDE910; color:#FFFFFF;"
* valign="top" |
* valign="top" |
Preseason
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 1 || May 1 || New York || W 93–59 || Elena Delle Donne (17) || Betnijah Laney (7) || Courtney Vandersloot (4) || Bob Carpenter Center 3,432 || 1–0
* - bgcolor="ffcccc"
* 2 || May 4 || Connecticut || L 84–81 || Elena Delle Donne (13) || Jessica Breland (6) || Jamierra Faulkner (5) || Mohegan Sun Arena 4,207 || 1–1
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 3 || May 5 || Atlanta || W 95–75 || Betnijah Laney (14) || Cheyenne Parker (5) || Courtney Vandersloot (6) || Mohegan Sun Arena 4,025 || 2–1
Regular Season
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 1 || May 14 || Connecticut || W 93–70 || Vandersloot (14) || Breland (9) || Vandersloot (7) || Allstate Arena 6,719 || 1–0
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 2 || May 18 || Minnesota || L 80–97 || Delle Donne (28) || Delle Donne Young (6) || Vandersloot (11) || Allstate Arena 5,034 || 1–1
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 3 || May 22 || @ Atlanta || L 81–87 || Pondexter (17) || Breland (10) || Pondexter (5) || Philips Arena 6,152 || 1–2
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 4 || May 24 || Los Angeles || W 80–93 || Faulkner 17 || Breland Young (9) || Faulkner (10) || Allstate Arena 5,554 || 1–3
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 5 || May 27|| @ San Antonio || L 78–79 || Delle Donne (27) || de Souza Delle Donne (9) || Faulkner (11) || AT&T Center 5,210 ||1–4
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 6 || May 29 || @ Dallas || W 92–87 || Pondexter (18) || Boyette (8) || Faulkner (9) || College Park Center 5,297 || 2–4
6:00 PM || @ Washington || W 86–78 || Delle Donne (18) || Delle Donne (9) || Vandersloot (8) || Verizon Center 5,649 || 3–4 7:30 PM || Washington || W 98–72 || Delle Donne (18) || de Souza (7) || Faulkner (9) || Allstate Arena 5,489 || 4–4 6:00 PM|| @ Indiana || W 73–64 || Boyette (16) || Boyette (12) || Vandersloot (6) || Bankers Life Fieldhouse 7,533 || 5–4 5:00 PM || @ Phoenix || L 80–86 || Delle Donne (18) || de Souza (7) || de Souza, Faulkner (3) || Talking Stick Resort Arena 9,055 || 5–5 9:30 PM || @ Los Angeles || L 85–98 || Pondexter (20) || de Souza (12) || Pondexter (5) || Staples Center 7,348 || 5–6 6:30 PM || @ Atlanta || L 97–101 OT || Delle Donne (26) || de Souza (8) || Vandersloot, Pondexter, Faulkner (5) || Philips Arena 4,560 || 5–7 7:00 PM || San Antonio || W 81–75 || Delle Donne (23) || Young (9) || Faulkner, Young, Delle Donne (3) || Allstate Arena 5,744 || 6–7 6:30 PM || @ New York || L79–80 || Delle Donne (31) || Delle Donne (8) || Vandersloot (5) || Madison Square Garden 10,120 || 6–8 11:30 AM || Indiana || L 83–95 || Delle Donne (21) || Delle Donne (6) || Pondexter (6) || Allstate Arena 11,892 || 6–9
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 7 || June 1
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 8 || June 3
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 9 || June 10
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 10 || June 12
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 11 || June 14
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 12 || June 17
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 13 || June 21
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 14 || June 24
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 15 || June 29
6:00 PM || Washington || W 86–84 OT || Delle Donne (28) || Delle Donne (11) || Vandersloot (5) || Allstate Arena 5,320 || 7–9 7:30 PM || @ Washington || L 82–87 || Delle Donne (38) || Delle Donne (10) || Faulkner (7) || Target Center 7,433 || 7–10 7:30 PM || New York || L 85–88 || Quigley (29) || Delle Donne (7) || Faulkner (5) || Allstate Arena 5,633 || 7–11 6:00 PM|| Phoenix || W 100–95 || Quigley (21) || Boyette (13) || Vandersloot, Faulkner (7) || Allstate Arena 7,021 || 8–11 5:00 PM || Los Angeles || L 67–77 || Delle Donne (15) || Boyette (7) || Vandersloot, Faulkner (5) || Allstate Arena 16,444 || 8–12 9:30 PM || Los Angeles || W 84–77 || Delle Donne (24) || Boyette (8) || Faulkner (6) || Allstate Arena 6,012 || 9–12 6:30 PM || @ Seattle || W 91–88 || Delle Donne (35) || Delle Donne (11) || Faulkner (4) || KeyArena || 10–12 7:00 PM || @ Phoenix || L 77–79 || Delle Donne (18) || Boyette (10) || Vandersloot (3) || Talking Stick Resort Arena 9,318 || 11–12 6:30 PM || Connecticut || L 89–94 || Delle Donne (20) || Breland (8) || Vandersloot (6) || Allstate Arena 6,893 || 11–13
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 16 || July 1
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 17 || July 5
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 18 || July 8
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 19 || July 10
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 20 || July 13
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 21 || July 14
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 22 || July 17
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 23 || July 19
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 24 || July 22
11:30 AM || Atlanta || W 90–82 || Delle Donne (34) || Boyette (9) ||Delle Donne, Pondexter (5) || Allstate Arena 6,016 || 12–13 11:30 AM || @ Dallas || W 92–85 || Delle Donne (18) || Delle Donne (9) || Vandersloot (9) || College Park Center 5,651 || 13–13
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 25 || August 26
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 26 || August 28
11:30 AM || Seattle || W 92–88 || Young (24) || Breland (10) || Vandersloot, Pondexter (5) || Allstate Arena 5,997 || 14–13 11:30 AM || San Antonio || W 97–73 || Delle Donne (35) || Boyette (7) ||Vandersloot, Pondexter 5 || Allstate Arena 6,034 || 15–13 6:00 PM|| @ Washington || L 81–118 || Vandersloot (17) || Boyette (7) || Vandersloot (8) || Verizon Center 5,373 || 15–14 5:00 PM || @ Los Angeles || L 88–95 || Pondexter (22) || Breland (9) || Vandersloot (4) || Bankers Life Fieldhouse 10,533 || 15–15 9:30 PM || @ Los Angeles || W 96–86 || Pondexter (24) || Breland (10) || Pondexter (5) || Mohegan Sun Arena 6,620 || 16–15 6:30 PM || Minnesota || W 98–97 OT || Pondexter (24) || de Souza (11) || Pondexter (4) || Allstate Arena 6,050 || 17–15 7:00 PM || New York || W 92–68 || Young (22) || Young (9) || Faulkner (11) || Allstate Arena 7,925 || 18–15 6:30 PM || @ Seattle || L 75–88 || Faulkner, Breland (14) || Boyette, de Souza (6) || Faulkner (7) || KeyArena 12,186 || 18–16
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 27 || September 2
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 28 || September 4
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 29 || September 7
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 30 || September 9
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 31 || September 11
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 32 || September 13
* - bgcolor="bbffbb"
* 33 ||September 16
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 34 || September 18
Playoffs
* - style="background:#bbffbb;"
* 1
* September 25
* Atlanta
* W 108–98
* Vandersloot (21)
* Breland (16)
* Vandersloot (13)
* Allstate Arena 3,922
* 1–0
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 1
* September 28
* @ Los Angeles
* L 75–95
* Faulkner (13)
* Breland (7)
* Vandersloot (5)
* Walter Pyramid 3,894
* 0–1
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 2
* September 30
* @ Los Angeles
* L 84–99
* dos Santos (15)
* Breland (9)
* Quigley (5)
* Staples Center 7,855
* 0–2
* - style="background:#bbffbb;"
* 3
* October 2
* Los Angeles
* W 70–66
* Vandersloot (17)
* McGee-Stafford (11)
* Faulkner, Vandersloot (5)
* Allstate Arena 5,018
* 1–2
* - style="background:#fcc;"
* 4
* October 4
* Los Angeles
* L 75–95
* Pondexter (19)
* McGee-Stafford (10)
* Young (6)
* Allstate Arena 3,841
* 1–3
Playoffs
The Sky's 18–16 regular season record was good for second in the Eastern Conference and fourth overall in the WNBA. This standing led to Chicago being seeded fourth and being granted an automatic bye from the first of two single elimination rounds. In the second single elimination round, the Sky drew sixth-seeded Atlanta, defeating the Dream 108–98 and advancing to the best-of-five semifinal round. The Sky fell to second-seeded Los Angeles in the semifinals, losing in four games.
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WIKI
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Level 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms
Unveil the autism spectrum disorder level 1 symptoms, from social challenges to sensory sensitivities.
judah schiller
Judah Schiller
May 28, 2024
Published On
May 28, 2024
Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a wide-ranging condition that influences how a person interacts with the world around them. It's a spectrum condition, meaning it affects individuals differently and to varying degrees. This article aims to shed light on 'autism spectrum disorder level 1 symptoms' and provide a comprehensive understanding of the condition.
Overview of Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal communication. ASD traits vary significantly across different people, which makes it a 'spectrum' disorder. Individuals with ASD may face difficulties in establishing and maintaining friendships, interpreting and expressing non-verbal social cues, and engaging in small talk. They may also exhibit inflexible, rule-bound behavior and experience excessive anxiety related to everyday events.
ASD affects individuals differently — some might be able to live independently, while others may require lifelong support. A common trait among people with ASD is a unique set of strengths and challenges in areas such as learning, thinking, and problem-solving. Some people with ASD may excel in visual skills, music, math, or art.
Levels of Autism Spectrum Disorder
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) categorizes autism into three levels based on the amount of support required by the individual: level 1, 2, or 3 [2].
• Level 1: Requiring some support.
• Level 2: Requiring substantial support.
• Level 3: Requiring very substantial support.
Individuals with Level 1 ASD, previously known as Asperger's Syndrome, need minimal support and can often live independently. However, they may face social challenges that make it hard to make friends, especially without the right support. This level of ASD was first included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1994 under Pervasive Developmental Disorders.
On the other hand, those with Level 3 autism will need the most support, finding it very difficult to use or understand verbal and nonverbal communication, and may exhibit very limited activities in daily living [2].
Understanding these levels of ASD is crucial for providing effective support and intervention to individuals with autism. The following sections will delve into the specific symptoms and challenges associated with Level 1 Autism.
Symptoms of Level 1 Autism
Understanding the autism spectrum disorder level 1 symptoms can help provide the necessary support for children dealing with this condition. Level 1 autism, previously known as Asperger's Syndrome, is characterized by mild symptoms that require minimal support but can still significantly impact a child's life. Let's take a closer look at some of the common symptoms.
Social Communication Challenges
Children with level 1 autism often experience a range of social communication challenges. According to the Indiana Institute on Disability and Community, these individuals who are fluently verbal still have language and communication challenges. They may find it difficult to engage in conversations, form social bonds, and establish or retain friendships easily.
This difficulty in communication can extend to established routines, where unexpected changes can be unsettling. These children may also prefer to do things in their own way, leading to potential conflicts in social situations [3].
Moreover, these challenges in socializing can lead to severe anxiety and even panic attacks, resulting in apprehension in social situations even without any attempt to engage them in conversation.
Difficulty with Social Cues
Children with level 1 autism also exhibit difficulty with social cues. They may have trouble maintaining eye contact during conversations and initiating conversations due to struggles in understanding social cues and the perspective of others [3].
This difficulty extends to predicting reactions to their actions or words, and they may struggle with abstract concepts which makes it difficult for them to develop corresponding mental images [3].
The Autism Society of Ontario also notes that individuals with autism spectrum disorder may struggle with interpreting and expressing non-verbal social cues and have difficulty in making small talk. They may speak in a monotone voice with limited eye contact, or speak too loudly with intense eye contact, which can lead to misinterpretations about their personalities.
In conclusion, understanding and recognizing the symptoms of Level 1 autism can be the first step towards providing the necessary support and intervention. It's important to remember that each individual with autism is unique and may not exhibit all of the above symptoms or may exhibit them in different ways. Therefore, a tailored approach is crucial for their support and treatment.
Behavioral Characteristics in Level 1 Autism
Exploring the distinctive behavioral traits that are associated with level 1 Autism Spectrum Disorder can be vital in early identification and intervention. Two key behavioral characteristics are challenges in socializing and obsessive interests and focus.
Challenges in Socializing
Children with level 1 autism may find it difficult to engage in conversations, form social bonds, and establish or retain friendships easily. They may prefer established routines and find unexpected changes unsettling, while also preferring to do things in their own way.
These children may exhibit difficulty in reading social cues, maintaining eye contact during conversations, and initiating conversations due to struggles in understanding social cues and the perspective of others.
Additionally, the challenges in socializing can lead to severe anxiety and even panic attacks, resulting in apprehension in social situations even without any attempt to engage them in conversation [3]. They may also find it challenging to predict reactions to their actions or words, and struggle with abstract concepts which makes it difficult to develop corresponding mental images.
Obsessive Interests and Focus
Another behavioral characteristic of level 1 autism is a tendency to obsess over specific ideas or memories. These children face difficulties in shifting their focus away from these specific topics. This obsessive focus can be so intense that it interferes with their ability to engage in other activities or conversations.
While these obsessive interests can sometimes lead to exceptional abilities or skills in a specific area, they can also create challenges in social interactions and daily life, particularly if the child struggles to engage in other activities or topics of conversation.
Understanding these behavioral characteristics is key to providing effective support and intervention for children with level 1 autism. It's also important for parents, caregivers, and educators to remember that every child with autism is unique, and these symptoms can range in severity and presentation. Early identification and intervention can play a crucial role in helping children with autism to navigate social situations and develop coping strategies for their obsessive interests.
Sensory Sensitivities in Autism
Sensory sensitivities are a common feature in individuals with autism spectrum disorder level 1. These sensitivities can manifest in various ways, with some individuals being oversensitive (hypersensitive) to sensations, while others may be undersensitive (hyposensitive). These sensitivities can impact the daily life of the individual and their family.
Oversensitivity and Undersensitivity
Autistic children and teenagers can exhibit varying degrees of sensory sensitivities, which can become more pronounced in times of stress or anxiety Raising Children Network.
Signs of oversensitivity can include behaviors such as avoiding sensory experiences, expressing distress through crying or withdrawal, covering ears or eyes, stimming, and showing signs of stress or irritability. Some examples may include discomfort in bright light, aversion to certain textures, tastes, smells, loud sounds, and difficulties with physical affection Raising Children Network.
On the other hand, signs of undersensitivity can include seeking out sensory experiences, enjoying certain textures, tastes or sounds, and displaying behaviors like sitting close to the TV, exploring through touch, enjoying tight hugs, or speaking loudly. For instance, they may enjoy bright colors, strong flavors, or not notice strong odors. It's also worth mentioning that autistic children with undersensitivities might not be as aware of pain, such as not reacting to painful experiences or injuries. This reduced sense of pain might lead to difficulties in recognizing or responding to pain, like not noticing when objects are too hot or not reacting to injuries appropriately Raising Children Network.
Impact on Daily Life
Sensory sensitivities in autistic children can have a significant impact on daily life. The family's routine, environment, and activities may need to be adjusted to accommodate the child's sensory needs. For instance, they may need to avoid certain environments or situations that cause sensory distress, or incorporate more sensory activities that the child enjoys.
Given the complex nature of these sensitivities, professional intervention may be necessary. Occupational therapists, dietitians, speech pathologists, optometrists, audiologists, paediatricians, or psychologists can assess, manage, and support the child's sensory needs, behaviors, and development Raising Children Network.
Understanding and managing sensory sensitivities is a crucial aspect of caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder level 1. By recognizing the signs of oversensitivity and undersensitivity, families and professionals can implement strategies to support the child's sensory needs and enhance their quality of life.
Support and Intervention for Autism
Supporting and intervening in the lives of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder level 1 symptoms is crucial for their overall development. This process involves enhancing communication abilities and implementing tailored treatment programs.
Early Communication Development
The development of communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an essential aspect of helping them reach their full potential. Parents and caregivers can play a significant role in enhancing their child's speech and language abilities by paying attention to their language development early on. Children who lack pre-language skills may be evaluated and treated by a speech-language pathologist to prevent further developmental delays [4].
Additionally, sensory sensitivities in children with autism can impact the entire family, necessitating intervention from various professionals. Occupational therapists, dietitians, speech pathologists, optometrists, audiologists, pediatricians, and psychologists may be involved in assessing, managing, and supporting the child's sensory needs, behaviors, and development.
Tailored Treatment Programs
The provision of support and services for children with ASD must be personalized to address their specific needs. The best treatment programs begin early, during the preschool years, and are tailored to the child’s age and interests. These programs can include various therapies and interventions, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, and social skills training.
A tailored treatment program could focus on:
• Enhancing communication and social interaction skills
• Improving sensory processing and reducing sensory sensitivities
• Developing adaptive skills for daily living
• Addressing obsessive interests and repetitive behaviors
The support and intervention strategies adopted should be flexible and adaptable, evolving with the child's needs and progress. This approach ensures that the child continually benefits from the treatment, helping them navigate the world with their unique abilities.
In conclusion, early communication development and tailored treatment programs are vital components of support and intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder level 1 symptoms. By providing these supports, we can help children with ASD to reach their full potential and lead fulfilling lives.
Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Autism
In understanding autism spectrum disorder level 1 symptoms, a critical aspect to consider is the presence of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (RRBs).
Characteristics of RRBs
Repetitive Restricted Behaviors, as the name suggests, are behavioral patterns characterized by repetition, inflexibility, invariance, and a lack of obvious function or specific purpose. While RRBs are observed in both typically developing children and those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), they tend to be more excessive and diverse in children with ASD. These behaviors can interfere with the acquisition of essential life skills [7].
However, the classification of RRBs is contentious and lacks consensus among clinicians. Various measurement tools and questionnaires have proposed different classification criteria, leading to inconsistencies in research findings [7].
Assessment and Predictive Value
The presence and intensity of RRBs in children with ASD can provide valuable predictive information. Specifically, early specific RRB symptoms have been found to predict the severity and outcome of ASD. For instance, preschool children with ASD displaying RRBs tend to have worse school-age language outcomes.
Assessing RRBs typically involves three main methods: parent interview, observation, and questionnaire. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd edition (ADOS-2) are commonly used diagnostic tools. However, these tools have limitations in capturing all relevant RRBs occurring in children with ASD.
Recent studies have identified potential mechanisms of RRBs, including abnormalities in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit, cerebellum, and immune functions. Understanding these mechanisms can help identify therapeutic targets for RRBs.
In conclusion, Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors are a significant aspect of autism spectrum disorder level 1. Recognizing and understanding these behaviors can provide valuable insights into the nature of ASD and potential intervention strategies.
References
[1]: https://www.asontario.org/asd-overview/
[2]: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325106
[3]: https://www.songbirdcare.com/articles/level-1-autism
[4]: https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/autism-spectrum-disorder-communication-problems-children
[5]: https://raisingchildren.net.au/autism/behaviour/understanding-behaviour/sensory-sensitivities-asd
[6]: https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-are-the-three-levels-of-autism-260233
[7]: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924045/
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Shahzthottan/Archive
30 June 2013
* Suspected sockpuppets
* User compare report Auto-generated every hour.
* Editor interaction utility
All of the above are involved in repeated attempts to post a biographical article on Shahzaman Thottan. They follow a similar pattern: initial post through the named new account, then subsequent editing including removal of CSD templates by the IPs. AllyD (talk) 11:49, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
Comments by other users
Aside, can the constantly recreated Shahzaman thottan article be salted? Yinta n 12:05, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
* [Elockid] did 10 minutes ago, but now he's spamming his stuff on the talk page... — Ginsuloft (talk) 12:09, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
Clerk, CheckUser, and/or patrolling admin comments
* Blocked two weeks, IPs are disposible, sock was previously blocked. Left msg on user page. Closing. Dennis Brown | 2¢ | WER 13:15, 2 July 2013 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Eleanor Boardman
Olive Eleanor Boardman (August 19, 1898 – December 12, 1991) was an American film actress of the silent era.
Early life and career
Olive Eleanor Boardman was born on August 19, 1898, the youngest child to George W. Boardman and Janice Merriam "Jennie" Stockman Boardman. She had two older sisters named Merriam and Esther. In 1920, she was working as a contractor.
Educated in Philadelphia, Boardman originally acted on stage, but she lost her voice while starring in The National Anthem. She then entered a nationwide contest for new actors and actresses for silent films. She was chosen from among 1,000 competitors by Goldwyn Pictures as their "New Face of 1922". Her initial screen test was unsuccessful, but a second test resulted in a contract. After several successful supporting roles, she played the lead in Souls for Sale in 1923. That same year, Boardman's growing popularity was reflected by her inclusion on the list of WAMPAS Baby Stars. She appeared in more than 30 films during her career, including director King Vidor's The Crowd (1928). Her performance in that film is widely recognized as one of the outstanding performances in American silent film. In 1932, after some success in sound films, she parted ways with MGM. Her final film was The Three Cornered Hat, which was made in Spain in 1935. After that production, she retired from acting and retreated from Hollywood. Her last appearances were in an interview filmed for Kevin Brownlow and David Gill's British documentary series Hollywood (1980) and the series MGM: When the Lion Roars (1992).
Personal life
Boardman was married to film director King Vidor, with whom she had two daughters, Antonia and Belinda. They married in 1926 and were divorced on April 11, 1933. Fellow actors John Gilbert and Greta Garbo had allegedly planned a double wedding with them, but Garbo broke the plans at the last minute.
On May 23, 1929, a federal grand jury returned an indictment that charged Boardman with evading income tax payments in 1925, 1926, and 1927. Simultaneously, an information filed in federal court accused Vidor of income tax evasion in 1925 and 1926. J. Marjorie Berger, an income tax counselor in Hollywood, had earlier been indicted on charges of preparing a false income tax return for the couple for 1925.
Boardman's second husband was Harry d'Abbadie d'Arrast, to whom she was married from 1940. She divided her time between the United States and their chateau in the Pyrenees Mountains. After her husband's death in 1968, she permanently relocated to the United States, where she settled into Montecito, California, living in a house she designed.
Death
Boardman died in her sleep at her Santa Barbara, California, home on December 12, 1991, at the age of 93. Her ashes were scattered in Santa Barbara near her home.
Recognition
For her contributions to the film industry, Boardman has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Her star is located at 6928 Hollywood Boulevard.
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WIKI
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