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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2009 September 1
= September 1 =
What are the "elements of national power?"
While attending the Army's Command & General Staff College years ago, I learned that there are several defined "elements of national power." I cannot remember all of them.
I have checked through Google and all of the reference/archive portions of WIKI. No results, not even close. The elements of national power consist of at least the following: - Geographical size and location. - Natural resources. - Military capability. - Population: size, common ethnicity. - Economics. - Industrial vs. agrarian economy. There are more, I just cannot recall them. Greyhound67 (talk) 00:52, 1 September 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Greyhound67 (talk • contribs) 00:51, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Though I do not profess to be an expert on the subject, from what you have given in the question, it seems "elements of national power" is a broad term and definitions may vary, based on what you examine or whom you ask. As I see it, the only way you can find the specific elements which you are seeking is to ask someone from the Army's Command & General Staff College. I apologize if the information I have provided is incorrect - again, I am not an expert on the subject. Intelligent sium 01:18, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* This book, U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, 2nd Edition Edited by Colonel (Ret) J. Boone Bartholomees Jr., is available as a download on | this site. The review claims that the third section of the book is about "the elements of national power". // BL \\ (talk) 03:04, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
The Soviet Union - reality vs bias
I'm an American, this is extremely relevant. I just finished reading the article about KAL 007 and am left with the feeling that the S.U.'s actions were just unredeemingly evil. This seems to be just another bullet-point in a decades-long list of examples why the Soviet Union was a terrible, terrible thing.
(huge) BUT, I am also acutely aware of the inherent bias found in both culture and educational systems - which must be undeniably strong for an American looking towards the former Cold War adversary.
How do I separate the facts from the filter? Is it even possible for an American to objectively judge the Soviet Union's actions? I read articles like that and I feel my disgust is justified, but at the same time I wonder if I'm not just a well-socialized fool? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:33, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* You could try imaging you're an Iranian confronted with Iran Air Flight 655. That might help you somewhat. I don't think either of us think there is good justification for either incident - and certainly not for medals to be handed out to the crew who shot down that unfortunate plane. But in both cases the two superpowers just did their thing. --Tagishsimon (talk) 02:38, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* If I were you, I'd look at all the information I had on the incident, re-write it (either in my head or for real) with only objective statements that have been verified and then make judgements, trying to ignore anything controversial or subjective. Prokhorovka (talk) 08:13, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* The question is whether you ascribe the action to some sort of inherent aspect of the government, or whether you see it as an exceptional situation. There are some times when a given action DOES reflect whether the government is poorly run, has malicious intentions, is just sadistic, etc. There are others that represent more local causes: bad judgment, poor systems of hierarchy, on-edge mentality, etc. The question is whether you see this as being that the USSR is evil (or that the USA is evil, in the case of IAR 655), or whether you see it as a mistake, or a sign of a faulty system, or an inevitable result of relying too much on computers to identify potential threats, or whatever. Chernobyl, for example, did not happen because the Soviet Union was "evil"—it happened because they had a very cavalier attitude towards their reactors, and importantly towards the training of reactor technicians, and very poor oversight of all of these things. The attempted cover up of Chernobyl tells you more about the style and organization of the Soviet government than does the actual accident. One can similarly look at Three Mile Island and do an analysis that tells you about "what really went wrong"—at technical, bureaucratic, and political levels. All of this can, I think, be done fairly objectively, if one is ready to focus on what the real questions are—"evil" not usually being one of them. Even when trying to talk about, say, Hitler, referring to "evil" as an explanatory device is rarely very fulfilling. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:16, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* I think you've picked an odd example here, both because it was quite possibly an accident and has a direct US example to compare it with. If I were to be asked to support the notion that the USSR was "evil", I'd probably point to the purges, the Secret Police, the labour camps and the brutal suppression of its neighbours. And that's setting aside for the moment the millions killed in famines due to the USSR's blind and tragic imposition of a command economy on agriculture, and the generally despicable nature of Stalin himself. TastyCakes (talk) 14:35, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* I was just trying to present a general framework. Personally I still think "evil" is a poor explanatory device. Paranoid? Ruthless in its political activities? Belligerent? Sure. Evil? I don't know. Everybody has a different definition of "evil," and cherry-picking the worst examples doesn't leave many nations looking good. Are the French "evil" because of their actions in Algeria? How about the British in their imperial adventures? The Americans happily killed millions of civilians as "collateral damage" during its twentieth-century wars. Is "evil" a sensible way to make sense of the actions of states? Personally I doubt it. One can say that without condoning any of these sorts of actions. I think North Korea is a pretty lousy place, and run by a complete loon, but is the state itself "evil"? --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:39, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Sorry, I should have made it clear, I was referring to the original OP's observations, not your own ;). I agree it is problematic applying black and white, good and evil labels to countries, particularly one as large and complex as the USSR. TastyCakes (talk) 15:57, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Be careful with your indents! If replying directly to the original question, indent once. If replying to a previous reply, indent one more time than that reply was indented by. --Tango (talk) 16:24, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
OP here. Thank you for the replies thus far. The wording of my original post focused the discussion more on KAL 007 than I had actually intended. What I wanted to convey was that reading that article caused me to reflect on my understanding of the history of the Soviet Union, and I found myself forced to admit that I couldn't come up with a single "good" thing they'd done. Such an unredeemingly negative (rather than "evil") legacy seems basically impossible, so I now question how much my nationality is influencing my perception of events. It reminds me of the classic Life of Brian scene when the Jewish guy is ranting about the evils of the Roman Empire, and his co-conspirator keeps interjecting with all the good things they've done (better roads, safe to walk about at night, organized judiciary, etc.) Is there a List of Ways the Soviet Union was a Good Thing out there somewhere?<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:53, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* Healthcare, and industrialisation would be the first main things that spring to mind - getting a nearly mediaevil economy to modern standards in thirty years, with more doctors per head than America are fairly impressive accomplishments. Now, the cost of getting there, the plans in particular, is another matter --Saalstin (talk) 00:57, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* If you look into the Ostalgie phenomenon (nostalgia for East Germany, e.g. here), that might give you some clues. Some of it's about cultural identity, but there are also points about healthcare, education and guaranteed jobs (unemployment has risen sharply in the former GDR). AlmostReadytoFly (talk) 07:31, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* They pretty much beat the Nazis? TastyCakes (talk) 14:16, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* Nu, pogodi! Can't think of anything else. — Kpalion(talk) 21:24, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* I couldn't come up with a single "good" thing they'd done.
* Vodka. 'nuff said. *718smiley.png — The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 18:50, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
Adolf Hitler
Is there any way to get access to the day to day histories of prominent Nazis and Allies throughout World War Two ? For example, if I wanted to write a historical novel, I need to know if say Hitler was in a certain place at a certain time, and maybe where was Churchill or Roosevelt or Keitel, for instance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:53, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* The best person to answer this would be your nearest Librarian, and it would really make their day! I am doubtful that the sort of detail you're after would be floating around online for free, as considerable effort would be needed to digitize the old records. I would expect to use lots of microfilm--inksT 04:02, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* "Dear Diary: Invaded Poland today. Next week I'll invade the Netherlands, which should be easier, as it's downhill from here. Blitzkrieg is, like, the coolest game ever!" Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 07:28, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Someone already tried to help you, but it wasn't much use. --Richardrj talkemail 07:45, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* The main source for Konrad Kujau was the multi-volume "Reden und Proklamationen 1932 1945" (Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations) by Max Domarus which would appear to be what you're after for Hitler. For Churchill you could try the published diaries of John Colville who was Churchill's Private Secretary during the war and travelled with him most of the time. Sam Blacketer (talk) 10:01, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
The Hitler Diaries might also be of use to you... ╟─ Treasury Tag ► Not-content ─╢ 10:07, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Ja! Richard also mentioned it above. A couple of guys went to jail for that forgery, and several others got Stern warnings. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 10:22, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
Hans Frank kept a detailed diary which was later used as evidence in the Nurember Trial. An English translation has been published. — Kpalion(talk) 10:52, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Not quite the best-seller as the diary of Anne Frank. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 11:03, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* "Hanged" Frank's little-known real last words were "And now I'm swingin', and here I go-o-o-o-o..." Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 11:06, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* The Goebbels Diaries are another source. --Nigelpackham (talk) 11:04, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
I can highly recommend Colville's diaries for Churchill's day to day whereabouts and activities; also useful are Lord Moran's autobiography/diary, along with Sir John Martin and Alan Brooke's diaries. For FDR, I'm less sure - I'd look up the names of his cabinet and see if they published diaries. I believe his wife published a diary of some kind. Hope this helps. Skinny87 (talk) 20:54, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
Photo identification question
The article about Montana and Montana State Capitol both have a lithograph image that is definitely not an image of the Capitol building of Montana. This is the capital of Montana. It doesn't even look similar.
The lithograph is clearly of the Minnesota State Capitol. But the weird thing is, this lithograph is labeled "Montana State Capitol" and even has a Montana-looking background that doesn't look like St. Paul to me.
Does anyone know how this lithograph could have gotten produced? Anybody know more about the history of the state capitols or the history of that image? (It's a featured image! Someone must have noticed this before. I must be missing something.) - Dmz5 *Edits**Talk* 04:43, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Something's fishy here, as there are no mountains in the background in St. Paul, as noted before. However, it doesn't quite match the St. Paul building either, unless they removed the angled facades at some point. Other details don't quite match either, although overall it's fairly close. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 07:31, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* I took it out and replaced it with this: File:Helena capitol.jpg, which appears to be the real deal. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 08:01, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Notice it was from 1896. My guess is that it was an artist's conception. The building finally opened in 1902, significantly altered. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 08:21, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Indeed. Good detective work. The colored lithograph is signed "Copyrighted 1896 by George R. Mann, architect". From the Encyclopedia of Arkansas website I'm reading "Mann was living in St. Louis when he read that Daniel W. Jones, the governor of Arkansas, was considering a new capitol for the state. Mann visited Little Rock in 1899, and after an encouraging meeting with the governor, he sent drawings of his design for the Montana State Capitol, which had not been built. They were hung on the walls of the 1830s Capitol to generate interest in a new building. The strategy worked. The drawings’ attractiveness not only eased the passage of the bills calling for the new building but also drew attention to the architect." Mann had briefly been in practice in Minneapolis. Like Cass Gilbert's Minnesota State Capitol (1896-1905) its dome is an homage to Michelangelo's. Wikipedia needs an article on George Richard Mann (1856–1939), designer of the Arkansas State Capitol, where no architect is mentioned. --Wetman (talk) 08:33, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Bingo! There's your design. He took the walls of the Arkansas capitol and the dome of the Minnesota capitol and voila! A nice illustration that only in a very high-level way resembles the finished Montana product - i.e. it's clad in stone and has a dome. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 08:41, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Except that the Arkansas capitol wasn't started until 1899. But the walls are rather closer to the 1896 lithograph than are the walls of the Minnesota capitol - which, by the way, began in 1896. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 08:45, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* One should say rather that he took the elevation of his unbuilt Montana capitol and adapted it for the Arkansas capitol. The "finished Montana project" was only a highly finished presentation drawing. --Wetman (talk) 09:53, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* See the new article George R. Mann. Edison (talk) 17:23, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* I found out via e-mail from the Library of Congress that this was an entry in a design competition, and obviously it was not accepted as the final design. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 20:34, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Sources say he shopped designs around with a few changes to one competition after another, as did his competitors. Edison (talk) 15:50, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* That was probably a small industry, given that so many states were building new capitols in the late 1800s. The new article about him could make that point, and show the proposed (and rejected) Montana capitol, and the accepted Arkansas capitol, for comparison. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 17:37, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* I'm so glad this question generated some discussion and actually got an excellent answer! Dmz5 *Edits**Talk* 04:06, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
Have I the right to write to each director of some company?
Lawyer types needed here. (Especially ones who know Australian law). I remember reading that it is a statutory obligation on any public company that it must publicly list all of its directors. Companies don’t advertise that provision, but nevertheless people can write to directors and inform them of things their company is doing, and about which they may know nothing. I would like to avail myself of this right, if so it be, but I have forgotten where they are supposed to publish such information. Myles325a (talk) 05:07, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Corporations Act 1989 No. 109 of 1989 - Sect 242 states:
* A company shall keep a register of its directors, its principal executive officer and its secretaries.
* The register shall be open for inspection:
* (a) by any member of the company-without charge; and
* (b) by any other person-on payment for each inspection of such amount, not exceeding the prescribed amount, as the company requires or, where the company does not require the payment of an amount, without charge.
* A person may request a company to give to the person a copy of the register or any part of the register and, where such a request is made, the company shall send the copy to the person:
* (a) if the company requires payment of an amount not exceeding the prescribed amount-within 21 days after payment of the amount is received by the company or within such longer period as the Commission approves; or
* (b) otherwise-within 21 days after the request is made or within such longer period as the Commission approves.
* In other words, under this legislation every Australian company is obliged to provide you with access to, or a copy of, their directors register, for a fee. In practice, most large companies will list their directors on their website somewhere (though it often takes a bit of searching). I don't think the 2001 Corporations Act altered this particular bit of legislation, but I'm not a corporate lawyer. You should consult one before taking legal action. You might also contact your local Consumer Affairs and Fair Trading officer or the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Rockpock e t 07:15, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* If you are trying to find the details online it might be worth looking for an "investor relations" section. There often is one and it will have all the public accounts filings and things - the directors details may well be there. --Tango (talk) 16:28, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
If by "public company" you mean one listed on a stock exchange, the company's annual report will have the names of all directors. You can write to them c/o the company itself. DOR (HK) (talk) 02:58, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* Australian public company annual reports are available on the ASX website for personal use: http://www.asx.com.au/ --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 01:05, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
Ecumenical/secular monasteries
Throughout history, monasteries have generally been projects undertaken by particular sects, so they've generally been collections of people who believe the same things. But given that monks are by their very nature peaceable and quiet, wouldn't it make a certain amount of sense for them to band together in pluralistic communities, adhering to a minimalistic charter of 'monk and let monk'? If the whole point of being a monk is to shut out the distractions of the world, why does it matter what the person in the next cell thinks or believes, so long as he's quiet? Have there ever been organized communities united only by the desire to contemplate something (no matter what) in austerity and silence? L ANTZY T ALK 21:02, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Perhaps not to such an extent, but the universities of Europe through maybe the 17th century were rather like monasteries - male only, staff and students living, working, and dining together on site, with its own laws that go far beyond merely the educational sphere, devoted to study and rather abstracted from the real world. But their similarity to religious institutions is no accident, for many (most?) were built around schools of religion. And none meets your last criterion, that of being particularly laissez-faire (but then how many monasteries really were either?). One might say that some universities, and related bodies like astronomical observatories, are still rather reminiscent of monasteries. -- Finlay McWalter • Talk 21:16, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* It's hard to answer this past the "peaceable and quiet" part. Maybe that's true on TV or something, but not in reality, especially not in any era where monks had any power. Adam Bishop (talk) 21:18, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* If you don't like the way I use the word 'monk', simply ignore everything but the last sentence: Have there ever been organized communities united only by the desire to contemplate something (no matter what) in austerity and silence? That's what I'm interested in. L ANTZY T ALK 09:08, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* In addition, many religious monasteries in the U.S. have to be self-supporting, which means somebody's going to have to combine his contemplation with tilling the garden, cleaning the cow barn, making the cheese or jam or fruitcake or whatnot. Hence St. Benedict's ora et labora. --- OtherDave (talk) 00:29, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* Obviously that would be part of the charter. Why should collaboration require ideological uniformity? L ANTZY T ALK 09:08, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* It's much easier to keep things "peaceable and quiet" when everyone pretty much believes the same way. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots 10:40, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* If you google "retreat centers" you'll find a lot of places (e.g.), many of which are ecumenical. The Iona Community is one example, which attempts to adapt the traditional monastic life of Iona to a modern ecumenical world (including denominations who don't believe in monasticism). Most retreats are more geared towards short stays than long stays, because few people can afford to pay to stay indefinitely.--Nigelpackham (talk) 12:53, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* Try commune.--Wetman (talk) 13:41, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
The most important part of religious communities is prayer followed by obedience to the rule as laid down by the founders.Thus,unity between different orders as you imagine it is not possible.Really,it seems you have a very imperfect idea of what a monastery is all about.They are not projects,they are powerhouses of prayer.I googled "communes" and found lots of hits,some of these may be what you are looking for...hotclaws 17:31, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
I think the OP is describing the idea behind the Institute for Advanced Study which the IHÉS and maybe other places were set up to emulate. Of course not just anybody could get placement there. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:48, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
What are the "ramps" in the Vltava at the base of the Charles Bridge
In photographs (both historical and contemporary) of the Charles Bridge, structures that look like ramps made of logs propped up out of the water can be seen in the Vltava at the base of the bridge (one near each of the pillars). I'm guessing these are to protect the bridge from floating debris. Is that correct? What are these called? Donald Hosek (talk) 21:13, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* These sound like cutwaters - a topic on which we don't yet have an article. Warofdreams talk 11:16, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* The Charles Bridge article says: "The bridge is 516 meters long and nearly 10 meters wide, resting on 16 arches shielded by ice guards." I believe the "ramps of logs" a few metres upstream of the starlings (and which can easily be seen in Google Earth) are these ice guards. Astronaut (talk) 01:03, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
Caesar's mother
In Conn Iggulden's novel The Gates of Rome, he claims that Julius Caesar's mother, Aurelia Cotta, had epilepsy, but our article on her doesn't mention this. Is there any evidence for this assertion? Who then was a gentleman? (talk) 22:55, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
* Plutarch says Caesar suffered from something that could be interpreted as epilepsy. See this and the souces in the footnote. Adam Bishop (talk) 02:23, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
* In the Roman times epilepsy was usually seen as something positive, and it was a disease that was often associated with great men. So it was probably that Iggulden was implying by having Caesars mother suffer from it. The wikipedia article does not quite get around to that, but it has some aspects of it:"In ancient times, epilepsy was known as the "Sacred Disease" because people thought that epileptic seizures were a form of attack by demons, or that the visions experienced by persons with epilepsy were sent by the gods.". --Saddhiyama (talk) 21:03, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
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Page:Rousseau - The Social Contract - Discourses, tr. Cole, 1913.djvu/103
elective. Finally, the transmission of the father's power along with his goods to his children, by creating patrician families, made government hereditary, and there came to be senators of twenty.
There are then three sorts of aristocracy—natural, elective and hereditary. The first is only for simple peoples; the third is the worst of all governments; the second is the best, and is aristocracy properly so called.
Besides the advantage that lies in the distinction between the two powers, it presents that of its members being chosen; for, in popular government, all the citizens are born magistrates; but here magistracy is confined to a few, who become such only by election. By this means uprightness, understanding, experience and all other claims to pre-eminence and public esteem become so many further guarantees of wise government.
Moreover, assemblies are more easily held, affairs better discussed and carried out with more order and diligence, and the credit of the State is better sustained abroad by venerable senators than by a multitude that is unknown or despised.
In a word, it is the best and most natural arrangement that the wisest should govern the many, when it is assured that they will govern for its profit, and not for their own. There is no need to multiply instruments, or get twenty thousand men to do what a hundred picked men can do even better. But it must not be forgotten that corporate interest here begins to direct the public power less under the regulation of the general will, and that a further inevitable propensity takes away from the laws part of the executive power.
If we are to speak of what is individually desirable, neither should the State be so small, nor a people so simple and upright, that the execution of the laws follows immediately from the public will, as it does in a good democracy. Nor should the nation be so great that the rulers have to scatter in order to govern it and are able to play the Sovereign
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Hannington Sengendo
Hannington Sengendo is a Ugandan academic, urban planner and academic administrator. Currently, he is the vice chancellor of Nkumba University, a private University in Uganda, which was accredited by the Uganda National Council for Higher Education in 1999. He was installed in that position on Friday 21 June 2013.
Background
Sengendo was born in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city, on 14 November 1954.
Education
Sengendo attended Mengo Primary School. He studied at Mengo Senior Secondary School, for his O-Level education. He then attended Kololo Senior Secondary School for his A-Level studies. In 1975, he entered National Teachers College Kyambogo to study for the two-year Diploma in Education. The diploma was awarded by Makerere University. National Teachers College was amalgamated with other institutions in 2001 to form Kyambogo University.
Sengendo also holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Makerere University and the degree of Master of Arts in Human Geography, obtained in 1987, from the University of Leeds. His degree of Doctorate in Urban Planning (PhD), was obtained in 1992, from the University of Nottingham.
Work history
His long service at Makerere University, included as Head of the Geography Department from 1994 until 2000. Later, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the university. He then moved to Nkumba University, serving there as the deputy vice chancellor, before he was appointed vice chancellor in June 2013.
Personal life
Sengendo is a married father. He is of the Christian faith.
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Page:Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale-Ship Essex.djvu/69
of heavy blows. We continued to watch the wreck for any serviceable articles that might float from her, and kept one man during the day, on the stump of her foremast, on the lookout for vessels. Our work was very much impeded by the increase of the wind and sea, and the surf breaking almost continually into the boats gave us many fears that we should not be able to prevent our provisions from getting wet; and above all served to increase the constant apprehensions that we had of the insufficiency of the boats themselves during the rough weather that we should necessarily experience. In order to provide as much as possible against this, and withal to strengthen the slight materials of which the boats were constructed, we procured from the wreck some light cedar boards (intended to repair boats in cases of accidents) with which we built up additional sides, about six inches above the gunwale; these, we afterwards found, were of infinite service for the purpose for which they were intended; in truth, I am satisfied we could never have been preserved without them; the boats must otherwise have taken in so much water that all the efforts of twenty such weak, starving men as we afterwards
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Facebook is building chat bots that can negotiate and plan ahead like actual humans
Facebook says its machines are getting more and more human. The social giant released research Wednesday outlining its efforts to train artificially intelligent chat bots to negotiate with real humans — a skill that requires bots to actually plan a few steps ahead. Facebook trained the bots by showing them negotiation dialogues between real people, then training the bots to “imitate people’s actions,” a process called supervised learning. In the training, the bots were asked to divide up a number of objects that each correlated with a different point value. The goal was to divide the objects through negotiation and end up with the most possible points. Facebook claims the bots got smart enough to negotiate with humans who didn’t realize they were dealing with a machine. As explained in a Facebook blog post: “Interestingly, in the [Facebook AI Research] experiments, people did not realize they were talking to a bot and not another person — showing that the bots had learned to hold fluent conversations in English in this domain.” Facebook says that the bots even learned to bluff, pretending to care about an outcome they didn’t actually want in order to have the upper hand down the line. “This behavior was not programmed by the researchers but was discovered by the bot as a method for trying to achieve its goals,” reads Facebook’s blog post. Dividing up a list of fake objects doesn’t mean a whole lot, but Facebook hopes these bots could eventually assist with real-world conversations. It could be as simple as having a bot negotiate meeting times with co-workers, or as complex as conducting a business deal on your behalf. “Think about a marketplace, like Facebook’s marketplace or Craigslist,” explained Dhruv Batra, a Georgia Tech professor who is spending a year with Facebook’s AI research team. “Sometimes you’re willing to [negotiate]. ‘I’ll drop this price if you’ll come pick up.’” Facebook isn’t the only company trying to build smart assistants. Google, Apple and Amazon all have voice-controlled assistants in the market, but Facebook hasn’t moved into voice. Instead, it’s focusing on text-based AI challenges. This particular technology isn’t live yet in any of Facebook’s products, but it could be soon, according to the company’s researchers. Facebook, a big proponent of open sourcing AI research, is publicly releasing the code for the negotiation bots. This article originally appeared on Recode.net.
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Stuttering
Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.
The term stuttering as defined by listeners is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to adults who stutter, stuttering is defined as a "constellation of experiences" expanding beyond the external disfluencies that are apparent to the listener. In fact, most of the experience of stuttering is internal and encompasses more experiences beyond the external speech disfluencies that are not observable by the listener. The moment of stuttering often begins before the disfluency is produced, described as a moment of anticipation - where the person who stutters knows which word they are going to stutter on. The sensation of losing control and anticipation of a stutter can lead people who stutter to react in different ways including behavioral and cognitive reactions. Some behavioral reactions can manifest outwardly and be observed as physical tension or struggle anywhere in the body. Almost 80 million people worldwide stutter, about 1% of the world's population.
Stuttering is not connected to the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress are not thought to cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress). Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering.
The disorder is variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more or less noticeable. People who stutter often find that their stuttering fluctuates, sometimes at random.
Audible disfluencies
Common stuttering behaviors are observable signs of speech disfluencies, for example: repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds.
* Repeated movements
* Syllable repetition—a single syllable word is repeated (for example: "on-on-on a chair") or a part of a word which is still a full syllable such as "un-un-under the ..." and "o-o-open".
* Incomplete syllable repetition—an incomplete syllable is repeated, such as a consonant without a vowel, for example, "c-c-c-cold".
* Multi-syllable repetition—more than one syllable such as a whole word, or more than one word is repeated, such as "I know-I know-I know a lot of information."
* Prolongations
* With audible airflow—prolongation of a sound occurs such as "mmmmmmmmmom".
* Without audible airflow—such as a block of speech or a tense pause where no airflow occurs and no phonation occurs.
Outward physical behaviors
People who stutter may have reactions, avoidance behaviors, or secondary behaviors related to their stuttering that may look like struggle and tension in the body. These could range anywhere from tension in the head and neck, behaviors such as snapping or tapping, or facial grimacing.
Behavioral reactions
These behavioral reactions are those that might not be apparent to listeners and only be perceptible to people who stutter. Some people who stutter exhibit covert behaviors such as avoiding speaking situations, substituting words/phrases when they know they are going to stutter, or use other methods to hide their stutter.
Feelings and attitudes
Stuttering could have a significant negative cognitive and affective impact on the person who stutters. Joseph Sheehan described this in terms of the analogy to an iceberg, with the immediately visible and audible symptoms of stuttering above the waterline and a broader set of symptoms such as negative emotions hidden below the surface. Feelings of embarrassment, shame, frustration, fear, anger, and guilt are frequent in people who stutter, and may increase tension and effort. With time, continued negative experiences may crystallize into a negative self-concept and self-image. People who stutter may project their own attitudes onto others, believing that the others think them nervous or stupid. Such negative feelings and attitudes may need to be a major focus of a treatment program.
The impact of discrimination against stuttering can be severe. This may result in fears of stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, low self-esteem, being a possible target of bullying or discrimination, or feeling pressured to hide stuttering. In popular media, stuttering is sometimes seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is no direct correlation in that direction.
Alternatively, there are those who embrace stuttering pride and encourage other stutterers to take pride in their stutter and to find how it has been beneficial for them.
Associated conditions
Stuttering can co-occur with other disabilities. These associated disabilities include:
* attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); the prevalence of ADHD in school-aged children who stutter is.
* dyslexia; the prevalence rate of childhood stuttering in dyslexia is around 30–40%, while in adults the prevalence of dyslexia in adults who stutter is around 30–50%.
* autism
* intellectual disability
* language or learning disability
* seizure disorders
* social anxiety disorder
* speech sound disorders
* other developmental disorders
Causes
The cause of developmental stuttering is complex and thought to be neurological with a genetic factor.
A variety of hypotheses and theories suggest multiple factors contributing to stuttering. There is strong evidence that stuttering has a genetic basis. Children who have first-degree relatives who stutter are three times as likely to develop a stutter. In a 2010 article, three genes were found by Dennis Drayna and team to correlate with stuttering: GNPTAB, GNPTG, and NAGPA. Researchers estimated that alterations in these three genes were present in 9% of those who have a family history of stuttering.
There is evidence that stuttering is more common in children who also have concurrent speech, language, learning or motor difficulties. For some people who stutter, congenital factors may play a role. In others, there could be added impact due to stressful situations.
There is evidence for structural and functional differences in the brains of stutterers. Research is complicated by the possibility that such differences could be the consequences of stuttering rather than a cause.
Other much less common causes of stuttering include neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition).
History of causes
Auditory processing deficits have also been proposed as a cause of stuttering. Stuttering is possibly less prevalent in deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals, and stuttering is occasionally reduced when auditory feedback is altered, such as by masking, delayed auditory feedback (DAF), or frequency altered feedback.
There is evidence of differences in linguistic processing between people who stutter and people who do not. Brain scans of adult stutterers have found greater activation of the right hemisphere, which is associated with emotions, than of the left hemisphere, which is associated with speech. In addition, reduced activation in the left auditory cortex has been observed.
The capacities and demands model has been proposed to account for the heterogeneity of the disorder. In this approach, speech performance varies depending on the capacity that the individual has for producing fluent speech, and the demands placed upon the person by the speaking situation. Demands may be increased by internal factors or inadequate language skills or external factors. In stuttering, the severity of the disorder is seen as likely to increase when demands placed on the person's speech and language system exceed their capacity to deal with these pressures. However, the precise nature of the capacity or incapacity has not been delineated.
Another theory is that adults who stutter have elevated levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, and have thus found dopamine antagonists that reduce stuttering. Overactivity of the midbrain has been found at the level of the substantia nigra extended to the red nucleus and subthalamic nucleus, which all contribute to the production of dopamine. However, increased dopamine does not imply increased excitatory function since dopamine's effect can be both excitatory or inhibitory depending upon which dopamine receptors have been stimulated.
It was once thought that forcing a left-handed student to write with their right-hand caused stuttering due to bias against left-handed people, but this myth died out.
Diagnosis
Some characteristics of stuttered speech are not as easy for listeners to detect. As a result, diagnosing stuttering requires the skills of a licensed speech–language pathologist (SLP). Diagnosis of stuttering employs information both from direct observation of the individual and information about the individual's background, through a case history. The SLP may collect a case history on the individual through a detailed interview or conversation with the parents (if client is a child). They may also observe parent-child interactions and observe the speech patterns of the child's parents. The overall goal of assessment for the SLP will be (1) to determine whether a speech disfluency exists, and (2) assess if its severity warrants concern for further treatment.
During direct observation of the client, the SLP will observe various aspects of the individual's speech behaviors. In particular, the therapist might test for factors including the types of disfluencies present (using a test such as the Disfluency Type Index (DTI)), their frequency and duration (number of iterations, percentage of syllables stuttered (%SS)), and speaking rate (syllables per minute (SPM), words per minute (WPM)). They may also test for naturalness and fluency in speaking (naturalness rating scale (NAT), test of childhood stuttering (TOCS)) and physical concomitants during speech (Riley's Stuttering Severity Instrument Fourth Edition (SSI-4)). They might also employ a test to evaluate the severity of the stuttering and predictions for its course. One such test includes the stuttering prediction instrument for young children (SPI), which analyzes the child's case history, and stuttering frequency in order to determine the severity of the disfluency and its prognosis for chronicity for the future.
Stuttering is a multifaceted, complex disorder that can impact an individual's life in a variety of ways. Children and adults are monitored and evaluated for evidence of possible social, psychological or emotional signs of stress related to their disorder. Some common assessments of this type measure factors including: anxiety (Endler multidimensional anxiety scales (EMAS)), attitudes (personal report of communication apprehension (PRCA)), perceptions of self (self-rating of reactions to speech situations (SSRSS)), quality of life (overall assessment of the speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES)), behaviors (older adult self-report (OASR)), and mental health (composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI)).
Clinical psychologists with adequate expertise can also diagnose stuttering per the DSM-5 diagnostic codes. The DSM-5 describes "Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)" for developmental stuttering, and "Adult-onset Fluency Disorder". However, the specific rationale for this change from the DSM-IV is ill-documented in the APA's published literature, and is felt by some to promote confusion between the very different terms fluency and disfluency.
Normal disfluency
Preschool aged children often have difficulties with speech concerning motor planning and execution; this often manifests as disfluencies related to speech development (referred to as normal dysfluency or "other disfluencies"). This type of disfluency is a normal part of speech development and temporarily present in preschool-aged children who are learning to speak.
Classification
Developmental stuttering is stuttering that originates when a child is learning to speak and may persist as the child matures into adulthood. Stuttering that persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering.
Neurogenic stuttering (stuttering that occurs secondary to brain damage, such as after a stroke) and psychogenic stuttering (stuttering related to a psychological condition) are less common and classified separately from developmental.
Developmental
Stuttering usually begins in early childhood. The mean onset of stuttering is 30 months. With young stutterers, disfluency may be episodic, and periods of stuttering are followed by periods of relatively decreased disfluency.
With time a young person who stutters might transition from easy, relaxed repetition to more tense and effortful stuttering, including blocks and prolongations. Some propose that parental reactions may affect this development. With time, secondary stuttering, including escape behaviours such as eye blinking and lip movements, may be used, as well as fear and avoidance of sounds, words, people, or speaking situations. Eventually, some become fully aware of their disorder and begin to identify themselves as stutterers. Depending on the situation, this may come with deeper frustration, embarrassment and shame.
Other patterns of stuttering development have been described, including sudden onset, with the child being unable to speak, despite attempts to do so. The child usually is unable to utter the first sound of a sentence, and shows high levels of awareness and frustration. Another variety also begins suddenly with frequent word and phrase repetition, and does not include the development of secondary stuttering behaviours.
Neurogenic stuttering
Some stuttering is also believed to be caused by neurophysiology. Neurogenic stuttering typically appears following some sort of injury or disease to the central nervous system. Injuries to the brain and spinal cord, including cortex, subcortex, cerebellum, and even the neural pathway regions.
Acquired stuttering
In some cases, stuttering may be acquired in adulthood as the result of a neurological event such as a head injury, tumour, stroke, or drug use. This stuttering has different characteristics from its developmental equivalent: it tends to be limited to part-word or sound repetitions, and is associated with a relative lack of anxiety and secondary stuttering behaviors. Techniques such as altered auditory feedback are not effective with the acquired type.
Additionally, psychogenic stuttering may also arise after a traumatic experience such as a death, the breakup of a relationship or as the psychological reaction to physical trauma. Its symptoms tend to be homogeneous: the stuttering is of sudden onset and associated with a significant event, it is constant and uninfluenced by different speaking situations, and there is little awareness or concern shown by the speaker.
Differential diagnosis
Other disorders with symptoms resembling stuttering, or associated disorders include autism, cluttering, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, palilalia, spasmodic dysphonia, and selective mutism.
Treatment
While there is no cure for stuttering, several treatment options exist and the best option is dependent on the individual. Therapy should be individualized and tailored to the specific and unique needs of the client. The speech–language pathologist and the client typically work together to create achievable and realistic goals that target communication confidence, autonomy, managing emotions and stress related to their stutter, and working on disclosure.
* Fluency shaping therapy
* Fluency shaping therapy trains people who stutter to speak less disfluently by controlling their breathing, phonation, and articulation (lips, jaw, and tongue). It is based on operant conditioning techniques. This type of therapy is not considered best practice in the field of speech and language pathology and is potentially harmful and traumatic for clients.
* Stuttering modification therapy
* The goal of stuttering modification therapy is not to eliminate stuttering but to modify it so that stuttering is easier and less effortful. The most widely known approach was published by Charles Van Riper in 1973 and is also known as block modification therapy. Stuttering modification therapy should not be used to promote fluent speech or presented as a cure for stuttering.
* Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is an effective form of modification therapy. It is a framework based on theories developed by professor Joseph Sheehan and his wife Vivian Sheehan. This framework focuses on self-acceptance as someone who stutters, and efficient, spontaneous and joyful communication, essentially, minimizing quality-of-life impact due to stuttering.
* Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS) is an effective form of modification therapy. It is a framework based on theories developed by professor Joseph Sheehan and his wife Vivian Sheehan. This framework focuses on self-acceptance as someone who stutters, and efficient, spontaneous and joyful communication, essentially, minimizing quality-of-life impact due to stuttering.
* Electronic fluency device
* Altered auditory feedback effect can be produced by speaking in chorus with another person, by blocking out the voice of the person who stutters while they are talking (masking), by delaying slightly the voice of the person who stutters (delayed auditory feedback) or by altering the frequency of the feedback (frequency altered feedback). Studies of these techniques have had mixed results.
* Medications
* No medication is FDA-approved for stuttering. Some research suggests dopamine antagonists ecopipam and deutetrabenazine have the potential to treat stuttering.
Support
Self-help groups provide people who stutter a shared forum within which they can access resources and support from others facing the same challenges of stuttering.
Prognosis
Among ages 3–5, the prognosis for spontaneously recovery is about 65% to 87.5%. By 7 years of age or within the first two years of stuttering, and about 74% recover by their early teens. In particular, girls are shown to recover more often.
Prognosis is guarded with later age of onset: children who start stuttering at age 3½ years or later, and/or duration of greater than 6–12 months since onset, that is, once stuttering has become established, about 18% of children who stutter after five years recover spontaneously. Stuttering that persists after the age of seven is classified as persistent stuttering, and is associated with a much lower chance of recovery.
Epidemiology
The lifetime prevalence, or the proportion of individuals expected to stutter at one time in their lives, is about 5–6%, and overall males are affected two to five times more often than females. As seen in children who have just begun stuttering, there is an equivalent number of boys and girls who stutter. Still, the sex ratio appears to widen as children grow: among preschoolers, boys who stutter outnumber girls who stutter by about a two to one ratio, or less. This ratio widens to three to one during first grade, and five to one during fifth grade, as girls have higher recovery rates. the overall prevalence of stuttering is generally considered to be approximately 1%.
Cross cultural
Cross-cultural studies of stuttering prevalence were very active in early and mid-20th century, particularly under the influence of the works of Wendell Johnson, who claimed that the onset of stuttering was connected to the cultural expectations and the pressure put on young children by anxious parents, which has since been debunked. Later studies found that this claim was not supported by the facts, so the influence of cultural factors in stuttering research declined. It is generally accepted by contemporary scholars that stuttering is present in every culture and in every race, although the attitude towards the actual prevalence differs. Some believe stuttering occurs in all cultures and races at similar rates, about 1% of general population (and is about 5% among young children) all around the world. A US-based study indicated that there were no racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of stuttering in preschool children.
Different regions of the world are researched unevenly. The largest number of studies has been conducted in European countries and in North America, where the experts agree on the mean estimate to be about 1% of the general population. African populations, particularly from West Africa, might have the highest stuttering prevalence in the world—reaching in some populations 5%, 6% and even over 9%. Many regions of the world are not researched sufficiently, and for some major regions there are no prevalence studies at all.
Identification
Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages. Many bilingual people have been exposed to more than one language since birth and throughout childhood. Since language and culture are relatively fluid factors in a person's understanding and production of language, bilingualism may be a feature that impacts speech fluency. There are several ways during which stuttering may be noticed in bilingual children including the following.
* The child is mixing vocabulary (code-mixing) from both languages in one sentence. This is a normal process that helps the child increase their skills in the weaker language, but may trigger a temporary increase in disfluency.
* The child is having difficulty finding the correct word to express ideas resulting in an increase in normal speech disfluency.
* The child is having difficulty using grammatically complex sentences in one or both languages as compared to other children of the same age. Also, the child may make grammatical mistakes. Developing proficiency in both languages may be gradual, so development may be uneven between the two languages.
It was once believed that being bilingual would 'confuse' a child and cause stuttering, but research has debunked this myth.
Stuttering may present differently depending on the languages the individual uses. For example, morphological and other linguistic differences between languages may make presentation of disfluency appear to be more or less depending on the individual case.
History
Because of the unusual-sounding speech that is produced and the behaviors and attitudes that accompany a stutter, it has long been a subject of scientific interest and speculation as well as discrimination and ridicule. People who stutter can be traced back centuries to Demosthenes, who tried to control his disfluency by speaking with pebbles in his mouth. The Talmud interprets Bible passages to indicate that Moses also stuttered, and that placing a burning coal in his mouth had caused him to be "slow and hesitant of speech" (Exodus 4, v.10).
Galen's humoral theories were influential in Europe in the Middle Ages for centuries afterward. In this theory, stuttering was attributed to an imbalance of the four bodily humors—yellow bile, blood, black bile, and phlegm. Hieronymus Mercurialis, writing in the sixteenth century, proposed to redress the imbalance by changes in diet, reduced libido (in men only), and purging. Believing that fear aggravated stuttering, he suggested techniques to overcome this. Humoral manipulation continued to be a dominant treatment for stuttering until the eighteenth century. Partly due to a perceived lack of intelligence because of his stutter, the man who became the Roman emperor Claudius was initially shunned from the public eye and excluded from public office.
In and around eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe, surgical interventions for stuttering were recommended, including cutting the tongue with scissors, removing a triangular wedge from the posterior tongue, and cutting nerves, or neck and lip muscles. Others recommended shortening the uvula or removing the tonsils. All were abandoned due to the danger of bleeding to death and their failure to stop stuttering. Less drastically, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard placed a small forked golden plate under the tongue in order to support "weak" muscles.
Italian pathologist Giovanni Morgagni attributed stuttering to deviations in the hyoid bone, a conclusion he came to via autopsy. Blessed Notker of St. Gall (c. 840 – 912), called Balbulus ("The Stutterer") and described by his biographer as being "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine," was invoked against stammering.
A royal Briton who stammered was King George VI. He went through years of speech therapy, most successfully under Australian speech therapist Lionel Logue, for his stammer. The Academy Award-winning film The King's Speech (2010) in which Colin Firth plays George VI, tells his story. The film is based on an original screenplay by David Seidler, who also stuttered until age 16.
Another British case was that of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Churchill claimed, perhaps not directly discussing himself, that "[s]ometimes a slight and not unpleasing stammer or impediment has been of some assistance in securing the attention of the audience ..." However, those who knew Churchill and commented on his stutter believed that it was or had been a significant problem for him. His secretary Phyllis Moir commented that "Winston Churchill was born and grew up with a stutter" in her 1941 book I was Winston Churchill's Private Secretary. She related one example, "'It's s-s-simply s-s-splendid,' he stuttered—as he always did when excited." Louis J. Alber, who helped to arrange a lecture tour of the United States, wrote in Volume 55 of The American Mercury (1942) that "Churchill struggled to express his feelings but his stutter caught him in the throat and his face turned purple" and that "born with a stutter and a lisp, both caused in large measure by a defect in his palate, Churchill was at first seriously hampered in his public speaking. It is characteristic of the man's perseverance that, despite his staggering handicap, he made himself one of the greatest orators of our time."
For centuries "cures" such as consistently drinking water from a snail shell for the rest of one's life, "hitting a stutterer in the face when the weather is cloudy", strengthening the tongue as a muscle, and various herbal remedies were tried. Similarly, in the past people subscribed to odd theories about the causes of stuttering, such as tickling an infant too much, eating improperly during breastfeeding, allowing an infant to look in the mirror, cutting a child's hair before the child spoke his or her first words, having too small a tongue, or the "work of the devil".
Stuttering community
Many counties have regular events and activities to get people who stutter together in mutual support. These events take place at regional, national, and international level. At a regional level, there are often stuttering support or chapter groups that look to provide a place for people who stutter in the local area to meet, discuss and learn from each other.
At a national level, stuttering charities or groups host conferences. Conferences can vary in their focus and scope, some focus on the latest research developments, some on stuttering and the arts and others still look to provide a space for stutterers simply to come together.
There are two different international meetings of stutterers. The International Stuttering Association World Congress is primarily focused on people who stutter. There is also Joint World Congress on Stuttering and Cluttering that brings together academics, researchers, speech-language pathologists, people who stutter, and people who clutter for a focus more on research, viewpoints, and treatments for stuttering.
Historic advocacy and self-help
Self-help and advocacy organisations for people who stammer have reportedly been in existence since the 1920s. In 1921, a Philadelphia-based attorney who stammered, J. Stanley Smith, established the Kingsley Club. Designed to support people with a stammer in the Philadelphia area, the club took inspiration for its name from Charles Kingsley. Kingsley, a nineteenth-century English social reformer and author of Westward Ho! and The Water Babies, had a stammer himself.
Whilst Kingsley himself did not appear to recommend self-help or advocacy groups for people who stammer, the Kingsley Club promoted a positive mental attitude to support its members in becoming confident speakers, in a similar way discussed by Charles Kingsley in Irrationale of Speech.
Other support groups for people who stammer began to emerge in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1935 a Stammerer's Club was established in Melbourne, Australia, by a Mr H. Collin of Thornbury. At the time of its formation it had 68 members. The club was formed in response to the tragic case of a man from Sydney who "sought relief from the effects of stammering in suicide". As well as providing self-help, this club adopted an advocacy role with the intention of appealing to the Government to provide special education and to fund research into the causes of stammering.
Disability rights movement
Some people who stutter, and are part of the disability rights movement, have begun to embrace their stuttering voices as an important part of their identity. In July 2015 the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) announced the launch of the Defence Stammering Network to support and champion the interests of British military personnel and MOD civil servants who stammer and to raise awareness of the condition.
Stuttering pride
Stuttering pride (or stuttering advocacy) is a social movement repositioning stuttering as a valuable and respectable way of speaking. The movement seeks to counter the societal narratives in which temporal and societal expectations dictate how communication takes place. In this sense, the stuttering pride movement challenges the pervasive societal narrative of stuttering as a defect and instead positions stuttering as a valuable and respectable way of speaking in its own right. The movement encourages stutterers to take pride in their unique speech patterns and in what stuttering can tell us about the world. It also advocates for societal adjustments to allow stutterers equal access to education and employment opportunities, and addresses how this may impact stuttering therapy.
Associations
* All India Institute of Speech and Hearing
* American Institute for Stuttering
* British Stammering Association
* European League of Stuttering Associations
* International Stuttering Association
* Israel Stuttering Association
* Michael Palin Centre for Stammering Children
* National Stuttering Association, United States
* Philippine Stuttering Association
* Taiwan Stuttering Association
* Stuttering Foundation of America
* The Indian Stammering Association
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Page:Tom Swift in the Caves of Ice.djvu/198
188 in Abe's eyes. "I guess, Tom, you'd better git"
"No! No! My son is wrong—he is too hasty," interposed Mr. Foger. "We will go away—certainly we will. The valley is large enough for both of us—just as you say. Come, Andy!"
The bully seemed about to refuse, but a look at Abe's angry face and a sight of Mr. Damon coming from the cave where the airship was, with a rifle, for the eccentric man had hastened to get his weapon—this sight calmed Andy down. Without further words he and his father got back on their sleds, and were soon being driven off to where a large ice cave loomed up, about a mile away.
"Good riddance," muttered the miner, "now we kin go on diggin' wthout [sic] bein' bothered by that little scamp."
"I don't know about that," spoke Tom, shaking his head dubiously. "There's always trouble when Andy Foger's within a mile. I'm afraid we haven't seen the last of him."
"He'd better not come around here ag'in," declared Abe. "Queer, how he should turn up, jest when I made a big strike."
"They must have come on all the way from where their airship was wrecked, by means of dog sleds," observed Ned, and the others agreed with
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Cyprogenia
Cyprogenia is a genus of freshwater mussels, aquatic bivalve mollusks in the family Unionidae.
Species within the genus Cyprogenia
* Cyprogenia aberti (edible naiad)
* Cyprogenia stegaria (fanshell)
Unionids are one of the most endangered fauna in the world due to water quality degradation and other human activities. Unionid reproductive strategies involve a parasitic life stage on a host fish and, in most species, involve lures that mimic prey to attract the host fish or amphibian, and the glochidia latch onto the host's gills for nutrients. The main types of natural fish lures: dispensing lures, trapping lures, conglutinate lures and mantle lures.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Saige Thompson (2nd nomination)
The result was keep. Yamamoto Ichiro 会話 17:24, 19 January 2008 (UTC)
Saige Thompson
AfDs for this article:
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Not a glimmer of an assertion of notability for this person. Wikipedia is not a dumping ground for every insignificant actress to have ever landed a role. No significant coverage in WP:RS, so no WP:V. Fails WP:BIO.
* Delete. Fails WP:BIO. Has not had any important or significant acting roles. How did this pass last time?-- brew crewer (yada, yada) 08:08, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
* Keep. Yada yada is correct, Brewcrewer. You ask "How did this pass last time?". Because people voted to keep it, that's how. I support the compelling arguments for it in the first AFD. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:15, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
* — <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* I, user:<IP_ADDRESS> have in fact made hundreds of edits "outside this topic". It so happens that when I edit I am assigned a thingy, and it is always has a different number. That is why when I sign off this time I am User:<IP_ADDRESS>. And no, it is none of your business that I prefer to not create an "account".
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Actors and actresses-related deletion discussions. -- the wub "?!" 10:25, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
* Keep. Passes WP:BIO - "Significant role in notable television series", emphasis added. Life On A Stick may not be the most significant TV show ever, but we have an article on it - ergo, it's deemed to be notable. If the notability of the TV show is in question, then its article should be up for AfD instead. Tevildo (talk) 17:06, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
* Keep - As per Tevildo. matt91486 (talk) 20:06, 13 January 2008 (UTC)
* Keep - According to WP:BIO, an actor with a significant role in a notable production would pass. As part of the regular cast of a TV show, she meets the element of having a significant role. The show itself was covered in the media, for example this USA Today article so I would say that there is notability to the show meeting the condition of notable production. -- Whpq (talk) 16:09, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
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Page:American Historical Review, Volume 12.djvu/378
368 Reviews of Books author " has chosen ... to lay special weight on Calvin's training, spiritual development, and constructive work" (p. iii), and he therefore has not attempted to discuss some topics which one would be glad to see treated by so well-equipped a writer. There is no discussion of Calvin's influence on French language and literature; of the Ordinances of 1561 with their significant changes as to marriage laws and the choice of pastors; of Calvin's liberal teaching on Sunday, or of the effect on every- day life of his ideas of prayer and Providence; or of the actual working of the system and the every-day conditions of the " Puritan town " of Geneva in the last ten years of Calvin's control. There are no errors of vital importance. The reviewer would dis- sent from a few conclusions, which must, however, remain largely mat- ters of opinion. The author's statement (p. 192) regarding the mem- orial of January 16, 1537, that " the plan which Farel and Calvin had presented became the law of Geneva in its essential features ," needs qualification. The language of the vote is dubious ; but the previous and continued policy of the council (the law-making and law-executing body) substantiates the conclusion of Roget and Cornelius that the coun- cil had no intention in 1537 and 1538 of enacting into the actual law of Geneva the " independent exercise of ecclesiastical discipline " which, as Professor Walker has so clearly shown, was the essential feature in Calvin's plan. Professor Borgeaud has pointed out that " the title Venerable Compagnie . . . appears as such only in the seventeenth century.'" The somewhat sweeping statement that the modern concep- tion "of human admixture of error" in 'the Bible was "of course un- known " to Calvin will not stand before an examination of his Commen- taries. Calvin's acknowledgment of the " manifest error " in Acts vii, 16 has been pointed out by Schaff. Calvin declared that it should be corrected ; and it is interesting to find that the correction was made in a marginal note of the "Genevan Bible" of 1557. In verse 14 of the same chapter Calvin again speaks of other " errors of the writers who wrote the books"." The few slips in proof-reading are not troublesome, save a misuse of " that " for " what " (p. 37), several cases of scholia for schola (pp. 365-366), and two mistakes in the numbering of notes (pp. 40, 213). The amount to criticize is small; there is much to praise. To say that the book is the best biography written in English is not enough. No other equally brief life has so well assimilated the vast amount of material or summed up Calvin's character and career with so much insight; and no other life of Calvin preserves throughout so judicial a tone. It is a book whose scholarship will appeal to both the church his- torian and the general historical reader. It is likely to appeal to a some- what wide circle, for it is trustworthy, brief, and interesting, and comes at an opportune time. The growing interest in Calvin's contribution to civil and intellectual freedom is likely to develop still more with the ap- ■Americ.sn Historical Review, VII. 35^. ^ " Commentarius in Acta Apostolorum", Opera, vol. 48, pp. 138. 137.
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-- Costa Rica to Start Trade Talks With Korea, Colombia in 2012
Costa Rica plans to start
negotiating free trade agreements with South Korea and Colombia
this year and complete an accord with members of the European
Free Trade Area by October, the country’s trade minister said. South Korea and Colombia “have presented a feasibility
study and we are basically waiting for Korea to be ready,”
Anabel Gonzalez said in an interview at a conference in Doha,
Qatar. “I hope again that we can launch negotiations around the
middle of this year and the same with Colombia.” Central America’s second-biggest economy has completed two
rounds of negotiations with the European Free Trade Area ,
comprising Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein, she
said. The next round is scheduled for June. Costa Rica has opened its economy to foreign investment and
pursued trade agreements with countries including the U.S.,
Canada and the European Union. Last year, President Laura Chinchilla signed a free trade accord with China . Foreign direct investment in Costa Rica rose 52 percent to
a record $1.56 billion in the first nine months of 2011 on
increased spending by technology and telecommunications
companies. The country counts as investors U.S. corporations
such as Intel Corp., International Business Machines Corp. and
Hewlett-Packard Co., which have manufacturing and service units
in the country. To contact the reporter on this story:
Robert Tuttle in Doha at
rtuttle@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Joshua Goodman at
jgoodman19@bloomberg.net .
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Natural (RRR-) α-tocopherol (αT) is more bioactive than synthetic (all racemic, all rac-) αT, but not enough is known about the tissue kinetics of the 2 αT sources. We examined the time-course bioaccumulation of natural versus synthetic αT in tissues of young, marginally vitamin E-deficient mice using C-RRR-αT or C-all rac-αT tracers. In experiment 1, 3-week old male wild-type mice were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet for 0, 1, 2, or 3 weeks (n = 5/time point). Tissue αT levels were analyzed by HPLC-PDA. Feeding a vitamin E-deficient diet for up to 3 weeks decreased total αT concentrations in all analyzed tissues except the brain, which maintained its αT level. In experiment 2, a 2-week αT-depletion period was followed by administration of a single oral dose of 0.5 mg of C-RRR-αT or C-all rac-αT. At 12 hr, 1, 2, and 4 days post-dose, serum and multiple tissues were collected (n = 3/time point). αT was quantified by HPLC-PDA, and C-αT enrichment was determined by LC-MS. Both sources of C-αT reached maximum serum levels at 12 hr post-dose. C-RRR-αT levels were significantly higher than C-all rac-αT in serum at 1 d post-dose, and in heart, lungs, and kidney at 2d post-dose. In brain, C-RRR-αT concentrations were significantly higher than C-all rac-αT at 2 and 4 d post-dose. At 4 d post-dose, C-αT levels were similar between the 2 sources in examined tissues except for brain and adipose tissue where C-RRR-αT was higher. In conclusion, αT bioaccumulation over time varied substantially depending on αT source and tissue type.
Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Author
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Ray Stone (rugby league)
Abbreviations
Per MOS:1STABBR, abbreviations should be spelled out on first occurrence - ie "National Rugby League (NRL)" is correct, simply "NRL" is not. Forcing readers to follow the link is not appropriate. Nikkimaria (talk) 00:31, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
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John Falkner
John Falkner may refer to:
* John Meade Falkner, English novelist and poet
* John Falconer (Jesuit), also spelled John Falkner
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Page:Neith Boyce--The bond.djvu/59
Rh good sense and will. From his father he took his artistic impulse. … And that father, a few years after his wife's death, had married a little half-German woman, whose only merits apparently were that she cooked to perfection and made his physical man thoroughly comfortable. Comfortable! He could marry for that, and have several more children—after the fine creature who had condescended to love him had died in her youth. …
Teresa looked at the Major's scarred cheek, and watched the loving care with which he extracted the meat from a lobster-tenacle [sic]—and she marvelled at the ways of man.
She and Gerald left the table when the dessert came on, and even then they were late and had to wait in the corridor of the concert-hall till the first number was finished. Teresa was out of humour, partly because she had not had time to change her dress, and she hated having to hurry; partly because Basil had called after her that he didn't think he should be home to dinner, and she suspected he meant to make a night of it, and drink more than was good for him. But Gerald's attempts at gaiety and his extreme nervousness ended by distracting her attention from herself. She had observed at lunch that he was drinking a good deal of whisky; and now in his physical
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Northwestern University Graduate School
The result was merge to Northwestern University. ✗ plicit 00:50, 27 August 2022 (UTC)
Northwestern University Graduate School
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Only outside reference is foreign language. Notability? Needs more references Wiseoleman17 (talk) 02:03, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Liz Read! Talk! 02:20, 20 August 2022 (UTC)
* Keep AFD is not cleanup. Many of our college articles are sourced to primary sources because they are readily available. But that doesn't mean they are not notable. Searching finds lots of mentions, but it is time consuming to go through them because a lot just says somebody graduated from or is teaching there. I quickly found this about an program with Arthur Young, and this about a new dean. I'm sure with time and effort, a good article could be developed. MB 02:23, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Education, Schools, and Illinois. Shellwood (talk) 07:54, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
* Delete Not especially notable. Lacks outside references--Wiseoleman17 (talk) 18:56, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
* Merge/redirect to Northwestern. Andre🚐 23:56, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
* Merge/redirect to Northwestern'''. --Bduke (talk) 01:30, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* *Merge and/or redirect to Northwestern. Insufficient grounds for a standalone article on this particular faculty of the university.MaxnaCarta (talk) 02:25, 20 August 2022 (UTC)
* *Merge and/or redirect to Northwestern. It can just have its own section in the main Northwestern article. Nintendoswitchfan (talk) 18:14, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
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Administration Guide
SQL Expressions and SQL Scripts
SQL expressions and SQL scripts both help calculate values. However there are some differences:
• SQL expression indicates a single SQL SELECT statement
• SQL script is a set of SQL statements
NOTE: SQL scripts contain Transact-SQL statements. Creating SQL scripts requires a good knowledge of Transact-SQL. For Microsoft SQL Server 2017, see the Transact-SQL Reference at https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/language-reference?view=sql-server-2017.
If you are using a different version of Microsoft SQL Server, see the relevant Microsoft resources.
In order to use a SQL expression or a SQL script as calculated values for fields or parameters in Alloy Navigator workflow, you will need to follow these steps:
1. Click the Build Expression button next to the Value field in the Update Field, Form Field, or Assign Parameter dialog box. The Build Expression dialog box opens. For illustration, see the figure in Using the Expression Builder.
2. Under Expression Type, make sure you choose either the SQL expression or SQL script option.
NOTE: When you open the Build Expression dialog box for a non-text field or parameter, these are the only available options. For text fields and parameters, the Build Expression dialog box also offers the Text option.
1. To specify a SQL expression:
1. Under Expression Type, click SQL expression.
2. In the text field below, type a single SQL SELECT statement returning a single value that matches the requirements matches the parameter type.
NOTE: If all you need to do is evaluate a simple expression without querying the database, you may omit the SQL SELECT syntax and specify the expression as is. For example, you can actually specify 1 + 2, and Alloy Navigator will sum these numbers and produce 3 as the result.
2. To specify a SQL script:
1. Under Expression Type, click SQL script.
2. In the text field below, type your SQL script commands. Make sure that there is at least one SQL SELECT statement. At runtime, Alloy Navigator will run the script and return the value of the last SELECT statement. If the statement produces multiple rows or multiple columns, only the very first value will be returned. The data it returns must match the parameter type.
3. Click OK. Alloy Navigator will analyze your input. If your SQL expression is invalid, an error message appears.
The following two examples illustrate the usage SQL expressions and SQL scripts:
SQL expressions and scripts can also be used for calculating field values and Function parameters.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Why Most Files Can't Be Compressed
This is an assumption proof given in the Cardiff Uni Maths Coding Theory and Data Compression Course. It makes sense if you understand what we mean by “most files.”; i.e. literally any random string of data.
So, why, in most cases, can’t any old file be compressed? Lets start off at the beginning obvious: let \(A,B\) be files, and they get compressed to \(C,D\) respectively. Now \(C=D\) if and only if \(A=B\). So every compression must be unique if its source is unique.
Now, we can look into what happens when we have every possible combination of a file length.
Let \( A =n\) then once compressed it removes 10% of the redundant data, or \( C =0.9n\).
For any file with length \(n\) we have \(2^{n}\) possible files (for every ordering of data) each of which would need a compressed equivalent.
The number of file sizes up to \(2^{0.9n}\) is:
This ratio of #of files to #of compressed possibilities: \(2^{0.9n +1}\)/\(2^n\) tends to 0 as \(n \rightarrow \infty \)
The concept of Data compression means to reduce redundant data in a file, however most of the \(2^n\) possibilities are random and have no redundant data. Data compression will only work on files where there is a possibility to remove redundancy that exists.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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L'Oreal shares drop as struggles to lift growth at Garnier shampoo unit
L'Oreal shares fell on Friday as the cosmetics firm struggled to fire up sales of its mass market beauty products like Garnier shampoo and revenues in western Europe faltered. The French company posted higher operating income in the first half of the year late on Thursday. Its luxury arm extended its strong run, with labels like Lancome doing well in China in an encouraging signal for rivals like U.S.-based Estee Lauder, which is more squarely focused on premium brands. But L'Oreal reported lower-than-expected comparable sales growth of 2.3 percent in the second quarter in its central mass market division, and the United Kingdom, gearing up to leave the EU, emerged as a fresh weak spot across the group. Its shares were down just over 4 percent at 1028 GMT. "Clearly we are not happy with growth in the consumer division in the first half," L'Oreal Chairman and Chief Executive Jean-Paul Agon told analysts on a conference call on Friday. "We think that we have everything it takes to outgrow the market and clearly the ambition is to get back progressively, soon, to a rhythm, of 3 to 4 percent," he said but did not elaborate. A sluggish backdrop for mass market products in L'Oreal's home market - echoing the cut-throat competition hampering French supermarket retailers - showed little signs of a turnaround so far. Other markets like Brazil and Italy were tough too but should improve, the company said. The outlook for Britain, as it gears up to leave the EU next March, was less encouraging. Agon said L'Oreal had not lost market share in the United Kingdom, where its consumer, luxury and professional products units have traditionally done well. But he pointed to a "less buoyant" backdrop than a year ago, when a weaker pound had at least spurred tourist purchases on premium cosmetics. "Also there is a consumer sentiment in the United Kingdom, probably linked to this Brexit story, that is not what it used to be," Agon said. "The market is not in a great shape (...) and I'm not really confident that it will improve soon." Overall, L'Oreal's operating income grew 1.8 percent from a year ago to 2.58 billion euros ($3 billion) in the first half of the year, in line with forecasts. The Asian market continued to outperform, and demand from Chinese shoppers proved resilient at L'Oreal in the face of a trade spat with the United States, mirroring encouraging signals across the broader luxury goods industry.
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Page:The Comic English Grammar.djvu/43
Rh signification of the positive; as fatter, uglier, more foolish, less foolish.
The Superlative decree increases or lessens the positive to the highest or lowest degree; as fattest, ugliest, most foolish, least foolish.
Amongst the ancients, Ulysses must have been the fattest, because nobody could compass him.
Aristides the Just was the ugliest, because he was so very plain.
The most foolish, undoubtedly, was Homer; for who was more natural than he?
The positive becomes the comparative by the addition of r or er; and the superlative by the addition of st or est to the end of it; as, brown, browner, brownest; stout, stouter, stoutest; heavy, heavier, heaviest; wet, wetter, wettest. The adverbs more, and most, prefixed to the adjective, also form the superlative degree; as, heavy, more heavy, most heavy.
Monosyllables are usually compared by er and est, and dissyllables by more and most; except dissyllables ending in y or in le before a mute, or those which are accented on the last syllable; for these, like monosyllables, easily admit of er and est. But these terminations are scarcely ever used in comparing words of more than two syllables.
We have some words, which, from custom, are irregular in respect of comparison; as, good, better, best; bad, worse, worst, &c.; but the Yankee's "notion" of comparison was decidedly funny; "My uncle's a tarnation rogue; but I'm a tarnationer."
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Typhoon Meranti
Typhoon Meranti, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Ferdie, was one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. Impacting the Batanes in the Philippines, Taiwan, as well as Fujian Province in September 2016, Meranti formed as a tropical depression on September 8 near the island of Guam. Tracking to the west northwest, Meranti gradually intensified until September 11, at which point it began a period of rapid intensification. Continuing to rapidly intensify, it became a super typhoon early on September 12, as it passed through the Luzon Strait, ultimately reaching its peak intensity on September 13 with 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h. Shortly afterwards, it passed directly over the island of Itbayat. Meranti passed to the south of Taiwan as a super typhoon, and began weakening steadily as a result of land interaction. By September 15, it struck Fujian Province as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon, becoming the strongest typhoon on record to impact the province. Upon moving inland, rapid weakening ensued and Meranti became extratropical the next day, dissipating shortly afterwards after it passed to the south of the Korean Peninsula.
The island of Itbayat sustained a direct hit from the super typhoon near its peak intensity, severing communications from the island for several days. However, no fatalities were reported on the island. The typhoon caused ₱244.99 million (US$5.16 million) in damage on the island. However, the most costly and direct impacts were felt in eastern China, where 45 people were killed from floods. Total economic cost in China reached ¥31.78 billion (US$4.76 billion). In total, Meranti caused US$4.79 billion in damage and killed 47 people.
During its lifetime, Meranti broke or tied several meteorological records. With JTWC-estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h, Meranti is tied with Haiyan in 2013, Goni in 2020 and Surigae in 2021 as the strongest typhoon on record by wind speed. Additionally, in terms of 1-minute sustained winds, the storm's landfall on the island of Itbayat shortly after peak intensity ties it with Haiyan as the second strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record, only behind Goni. The estimated pressure of 890 mbar was also the lowest on record in the Western Pacific since Megi in 2010.
Meteorological history
On September 8, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for an area of convection about 155 km west of Guam in the western Pacific Ocean. According to the agency, the circulation was rapidly consolidating alongside fragmented rainbands. At 18:00 UTC that night, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression. On the next day, the JTWC classified it as Tropical Depression 16W. By that time, the nascent system was moving slowly west-northwestward through a region of low wind shear, steered by ridges to the north and southwest. Increasing but fragmented convection, or thunderstorms, was fueled by unusually warm water temperatures and outflow from the south. At 06:00 UTC on September 10, the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Meranti, which meandered over its own track while consolidating.
Northerly wind shear shifted the deepest convection to the south of Meranti's circulation, although rainbands and a central dense overcast continued to evolve as the wind shear decreased. By early on September 11, the storm's movement was steady to the west-northwest, south of the ridge. At 06:00 UTC that day, the JMA upgraded Meranti to typhoon status, and shortly thereafter the JTWC followed suit. The storm's structure continued to improve, with increased outflow. A small eye 9 km across developed within the spiraling thunderstorms, signaling that Meranti was rapidly intensifying. At 06:00 UTC on September 12, the JTWC upgraded Meranti to a super typhoon, with 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 240 km/h. Six hours later, the JTWC estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h, equivalent to Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson scale, while noting "an extremely favorable environment", and that the eye became even more symmetric within intense convection. Outflow enhanced by a strong anticyclone over Meranti fueled the intensification, and the typhoon peaked in intensity on September 13 while passing through the Luzon Strait.
The JMA estimated peak 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h and a minimum barometric pressure of 890 hPa (mbar; 26.28 inHg), while the JTWC estimated peak 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h. Based on the JMA pressure estimate, Meranti was among the most intense tropical cyclones. The JTWC wind estimate made Meranti the strongest tropical cyclone by wind speed worldwide in 2016, surpassing Cyclone Winston, which had peak sustained winds of 285 km/h when it struck Fiji in February. Late on September 13, the storm made landfall on the 83 km2 island of Itbayat in the Philippine province of Batanes shortly after attaining its peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h. A weather station on the island measured 10-minute sustained winds of 180 km/h and a concurrent pressure of 933.6 mbar around 17:00 UTC before being destroyed. Just south of Itbayat in Basco, sustained winds peaked at 144 km/h, gusts reached 252 km/h, and a minimum pressure of 935.4 mbar was observed in the eyewall.
At around 03:15 CST on September 15 (19:15 UTC on September 14), Meranti slammed into the Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, with measured 2-minute sustained winds of 173 km/h, making it the second strongest typhoon ever to make landfall in Fujian Province.
Philippines
Meranti struck the northernmost Philippine province of Batanes at peak strength, passing directly over the island of Itbayat; the island was left isolated after communications were lost during the storm on September 14. From text messages received by family members, residents in Itbayat reported their stone homes to be swaying during the height of the typhoon. Assessments as of September 17 indicated that 292 homes were destroyed and 932 were damaged across the Batanes. More than 10,000 people were affected by the storm, with many in dire need of water. A state of calamity was declared for the province on September 15. Total damage exceeded an approximate total of ₱244.99 million (US$5.16 million) as of September 24.
Government relief efforts reached Itbayat on September 18, reporting no casualties on the island.
Taiwan
At least two people were killed in Taiwan. Nearly 1 million households lost power and 720,000 lost water supply. Agricultural damage exceeded NT$850 million (US$26.8 million). A small lighthouse in Taitung County collapsed and rough seas unmoored 10 vessels in Kaohsiung Harbor.
Mainland China
Typhoon Meranti wrought extensive damage across Fujian and Zhejiang provinces. In Fujian, the storm killed 18 people and left 11 others missing. Typhoon-force winds and flash floods caused tremendous damage, leaving ¥31.78 billion (US$4.76 billion) in economic losses and killed 45 people across East China. In Fujian, the cities of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou were left paralyzed in Meranti's wake, while flash floods in Yongchun County destroyed an 871-year-old bridge that was classified as a protected heritage site. Flooding in Zhejiang claimed at least ten lives and left four others missing. At least 902 homes collapsed and 1.5 million people in the province were affected.
Retirement
During the 49th annual session from the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee during February 2017, the name Meranti was retired from the rotating lists of names. In March 2018, the Typhoon Committee chose Nyatoh as its replacement name.
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Cary Instruments
Cary Instruments was founded in 1946 by Howard Cary, George W. Downs and William C. Miller under the name Applied Physics Corporation. Howard Cary previously had been vice president in charge of development for National Technologies Laboratories (later to become Beckman instruments and eventually Beckman Coulter), where he had worked on the development of the DU line of UV/Vis Spectrophotometers.
The Applied Physics Corporation, subsequently renamed to Cary Instruments company, became well known as a supplier of high-quality optical instrumentation for scientific laboratories. The company was purchased in 1966 by Varian Associates, at which time it became known as the Cary Instruments division. In 1982 the Cary division was merged with the Techtron division of Varian and moved to Melbourne Australia. The Cary brand is still retained to the present day for UV/Vis Spectrophotometers, Fluorometers and FTIR spectrometers, even after the acquisition of Varian, Inc. by Agilent Technologies in 2010.
Scientific instruments
The following are some of the scientific instruments developed by Cary Instruments.
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Buried in a cave in Northern Israel, a shaman who died 12,000 years ago was uncovered in 2005. The shaman, although she had a prestigious role in her society, was a small woman, measuring only 4 feet 9 inches tall, and was only about forty-five years old at the time of her death.
The team that is excavating the tomb is from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and led by Leore Grosman, who is a professor at the Institute of Archeology in the university. According to Grosman, the shaman was buried in a complex ritual that was appropriate for her position in society.
The shaman’s people were called the Natufians. This group lived in the eastern Mediterranean Levant area from 12,500 to 9,500 BC. They were a hunter-gatherer society—they hunted gazelles, deer, cattle, horses, wild boars, and sea creatures, as well as foraging for cereals, wheat, barley, and almonds. The Natufians lived in large communities in villages of stone houses for the majority of the year. They are one of the earliest settlements to have buried their dead in graveyards — it is widely believed that it was at this point that humans began to build a society based on spiritual hierarchy. “Ritual practice plays crucial social roles in human societies by communicating information about social status, calming tensions, and integrating communities,” Grosman explained.
During the shaman’s life (and for her funeral, obviously), extravagant funerals were apparently not uncommon for prestigious people. Her funeral was conducted in six parts, as the team detailed in the study published in Current Anthropology. The first step that the funeral attendants completed would be to mark an oval shape on the cave floor and then break the floor, which was bedrock, with sharp objects. Next, the walls and floor of the pit would be covered with layers of mud, limestone, and other materials. The third step would be to line the pit with limestone blocks, shells, and gazelle horns, and then cover everything with a layer of ash.
The fourth step involves the body of the deceased: the funeral goers would arrange the corpse in a squatting position with tortoise shells supporting the head and pelvis. More limestone blocks and shells were placed on top of the body. The next, the fifth, step saw the living sitting down to a hearty meal: for this shaman, the meal consisted of eighty-six tortoises, which is about to fifty-five pounds of meat. The remains of the meal would be placed on top of the corpse. The final step would be rolled across the entrance of the grave.
The burial would not have been a clean affair. As is evidenced from the explanation of the funeral above, it was a hands-on operation. “A vast effort was made to bring materials to the grave. There was a complex ritual based on protocol, which is not a trivial matter,” Grosman said.
The team excavating the shaman’s tomb uncovered marten skulls, a wild cow tail, a boar foreleg, a leopard pelvis, an eagle’s wing, and even a human foot. The presence of these particular artifacts, says archeologists, prove that people believed this shaman could talk to animal spirits.
The shaman held a high position in society, but despite this, she did not have her own grave. In fact, she shared her tomb with twenty-eight other people—all of whom are from the later Natufian period (15,000 to 11,500 BC). Nevertheless, her pit was separated by a stone divider and the objects in her grave were clearly arranged with care.
Although her society did not last, her people had an impact on future generations. For example, the direct descendants of the Natufians emerged later as the earliest farmers on the planet.
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Bent Jædig
Bent Jædig (28 September 1935 – 9 June 2004) was a Danish jazz musician. He played tenor saxophone and flute.
Born and raised in Copenhagen, Bent Jædig first studied clarinet before playing saxophone. In the 1950s, he settled in Germany and led a band with trombonist Rudi Fuesers, later joining another band with trombonist Peter Herbolzheimer in Munich. In the 1960s, he returned to Denmark and worked with Danish trumpet player Allan Botschinsky and pianist Bent Axen, with whom he recorded for Danish Debut label. In the following years, he played with the Dollar Brand Quintet which included Don Cherry. As a side-man, Jædig was constantly in demand and worked with such musicians as Tete Montoliu, Jimmy Woode, Philly Joe Jones/Dizzy Reece, and Louis Hjulmand. Jædig recorded his first album as sole leader, Danish Jazzman, in 1967 with Axen, Botschinsky, Dusko Goykovich, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen and Alex Riel. He later formed his own trio included bass player Hugo Rasmussen and drummer Kresten Osgood. In a duo with pianist Carsten Dahl, Jædig recorded live shows in 2002 which later were compiled for a release from Timeless Records.
In the 1970s and 1980s Jædig worked with Wild Bill Davison, Art Farmer, Stan Getz, in the Thad Jones Big Band (Live at Montmartre, 1978), also with Duke Jordan, Horace Parlan (Arrival, 1973), Sahib Shihab (Orgy in Rhythm), and in Ernie Wilkins Almost Big Band. In the 80ern he was also member of the Erling Kroner Tentet; he played th Danish radio big band (conducted by Palle Mikkelborg), recording the Miles Davis album Aura. In 1987, Jædig was a member of Pierre Dørge's New Jungle Orchestra.
At the end of the 1990s Jædig performed in a quintet with Dennis Drud, Erling Kroner, Jørgen Emborg, and Peter Hansen. After Jædig died in 2004, saxophonist Charles Davis recorded the album Charles Davis Plays the Music of Bent Jædig (2006). In 2008, at the Jazzhus Montmartre, a Bent Jædig Memorial Award Celebration was held.
Reception
Kjeld Frandsen, a music critic and journalist from Denmark's Berlingske Tidende mentioned Bent Jædig's influence on Danish Jazz scene for years, in an article published in DanishMusic.Info in January 2008.
Music journalist Kjeld Frandsen wrote: "A Danish tenor saxophonist who was of immeasurable importance to the Danish jazz scene died in the summer of 2004; bebop veteran Bent Jædig. Young musicians flocked around him, learning from his style and his indomitable approach to the music, and it was widely held that an evening on stage with Bent Jædig was worth more than a whole semester at the Conservatory." (The Danish Jazz Scene: "Rich in activities – In Touch With the Whole World", Kjeld Frandsen)
Discography
* Let's Keep the Message (Debut (Dn.), 1960) – Co-led record with Bent Axen
* Danish Jazzman (Debut (Dn.), 1967)
* Egon Denu & Bent Jædig (Olufsen, 1991)
* Sizzlin' (1996)
* Bent the Sailor (2001)
* Bent Jædig Was Here – Live at the Montmartre 1969 (2012)
With DR Big Band
* The Danish Radio Jazz Group With Bent Jædig – 1964 - 1966 (Jazzhus Disk, 2012)
With Philly Joe Jones
* Round Midnight (Lotus, 1980) – recorded in 1969
With Horace Parlan
* Arrival (SteepleChase, 1974)
Compilations
* From Jædig's Galaxy (Storyville, 1966–83, ed. 2003)
* The Free Spirit (Little Beat, 1963–2003) with Tete Montoliu, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Dusko Gojkovich, Carsten Dahl, Allan Botschinsky, Duke Jordan, Kenny Drew, Pierre Dorge, Dollar Brand, Don Cherry, Mads Vinding, Art Farmer, Jesper Lundgaard, Dizzy Reece, Isla Eckinger, Philly Joe Jones
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Pyrethrin
The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects. Pyrethrin naturally occurs in chrysanthemum flowers and is often considered an organic insecticide when it is not combined with piperonyl butoxide or other synthetic adjuvants. Their insecticidal and insect-repellent properties have been known and used for thousands of years.
Pyrethrins are gradually replacing organophosphates and organochlorides as the pesticides of choice as the latter compounds have been shown to have significant and persistent toxic effects to humans. They first appeared on markets in the 1900's and have been continually used since then in products such as bug bombs, building insect sprays, and even to spray animals so that they do not get infectious diseases.
History
The pyrethrins occur in the seed cases of the perennial plant pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium), which has long been grown commercially to supply the insecticide. Pyrethrins have been used as an insecticide for thousands of years. It is believed that the Chinese crushed chrysanthemum plants and used the powder as an insecticide as early as 1000 BC. It was widely known that the Zhou Dynasty in China widely used pyrethrin for its insecticide properties. For centuries, crushed Chrysanthemum flowers have been used in Iran to produce Persian Powder, an insecticide for household use. Pyrethrins were identified as the potent chemical in the Chrysanthemum plants responsible for the insecticidal properties in the crushed flowers around 1800 in Asia. In the Napoleonic Wars, French soldiers used the flowers to keep away fleas and body lice.
Biosynthesis
Well after their use as insecticides began, their chemical structures were determined by Hermann Staudinger and Lavoslav Ružička in 1924. Pyrethrin I (CnH28O3) and pyrethrin II (CnH28O5) are structurally related esters with a cyclopropane core. Pyrethrin I is a derivative of (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid. Pyrethrin II is closely related, but one methyl group is oxidized to a carboxymethyl group, the resulting core being called pyrethric acid. Knowledge of their structures opened the way for the production of synthetic analogues, which are called pyrethroids. Pyrethrins are classified as terpenoids. The key step in the biosynthesis of the naturally occurring pyrethrins involves two molecules of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, which join to form a cyclopropane ring by the action of the enzyme chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase.
Production
Commercial pyrethrin production mainly takes place in mountainous equatorial zones. The commercial cultivation of the Dalmatian chrysanthemum (C. cinerariifolium) takes place at an altitude of 1600 to 3000 meters above sea level. This is done because pyrethrin concentration has been shown to increase as elevation increases to this level. Growing these plants does not require much water because semiarid conditions and a cool winter deliver optimal pyrethrin production. The Persian chrysanthemum C. coccineum also produces pyrethrins but at a much lower level. Both may be planted in low-altitude zones in dry soil, but the pyrethrin level is lower.
Most of the world's supply of pyrethrin and C. cinerariaefolium comes from Kenya, which produces the most potent flowers. Other countries include Croatia (in Dalmatia) and Japan. The flower was first introduced into Kenya and the highlands of Eastern Africa during the late 1920s. Since the 2000s, Kenya has produced about 70% of the world's supply of pyrethrum. A substantial amount of the flowers are cultivated by small-scale farmers who depend on it as a source of income. It is a major source of export income for Kenya and source of over 3,500 additional jobs. About 23,000 tons were harvested in 1975. The active ingredients are extracted with organic solvents to give a concentrate containing the six types of pyrethrins: pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin I, cinerin II, jasmolin I, and jasmolin II.
Processing the flowers to cultivate the pyrethrin is often a lengthy process, and one that varies from area to area. For instance, in Japan, the flowers are hung upside down to dry which increases pyrethrin concentration slightly. To process pyrethrin, the flowers must be crushed. The degree to which the flower is crushed has an effect on both the longevity of the pyrethrin usage and the quality. The finer powder produced is better suited for use as an insecticide than the more coarsely crushed flowers. However, the more coarsely crushed flowers have a longer shelf life and deteriorate less.
Use as an insecticide
Pyrethrin is most commonly used as an insecticide and has been used for this purpose since the 1900s. In the 1800s, it was known as "Persian powder", "Persian pellitory", and "zacherlin". Pyrethrins delay the closure of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells of insects, resulting in repeated and extended nerve firings. This hyperexcitation causes the death of the insect due to loss of motor coordination and paralysis. Resistance to pyrethrin has been bypassed by pairing the insecticide with synthetic synergists such as piperonyl butoxide. Together, these two compounds prevent detoxification in the insect, ensuring insect death. Synergists make pyrethrin more effective, allowing lower doses to be effective. Pyrethrins are effective insecticides because they selectively target insects rather than mammals due to higher insect nerve sensitivity, smaller insect body size, lower mammalian skin absorption, and more efficient mammalian hepatic metabolism. Also, mammals are able to process pyrethrin quickly and have higher body temperatures which prevent pyrethrin from working effectively
Although pyrethrin is a potent insecticide, it also functions as an insect repellent at lower concentrations. Observations in food establishments demonstrate that flies are not immediately killed, but are found more often on windowsills or near doorways. This suggests, due to the low dosage applied, that insects are driven to leave the area before dying. Because of their insecticide and insect repellent effect, pyrethrins have been very successful in reducing insect pest populations that affect humans, crops, livestock, and pets, such as ants, spiders, and lice, as well as potentially disease-carrying mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks.
As pyrethrins and pyrethroids are increasingly being used as insecticides, the number of illnesses and injuries associated with exposure to these chemicals is also increasing. However, few cases leading to serious health effects or mortality in humans have occurred, which is why pyrethroids are labeled "low-toxicity" chemicals and are ubiquitous in home-care products. Pyrethrins are widely regarded as better for the environment, and can be harmless if used only in the field with localized sprays, as UV exposure breaks them down into harmless compounds. Additionally, they have little lasting effect on plants, degrading naturally or being degraded by the cooking process.
Specific pest species that have been successfully controlled by pyrethrum include: potato, beet, grape, and six-spotted leafhopper, cabbage looper, celery leaf tier, Say's stink bug, twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, lygus bugs on peaches, grape and flower thrips, and cranberry fruitworm.
Toxicity
Pyrethrins are among the safest insecticides on the market due to their rapid degradation in the environment.
Similarities between the chemistry of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids include a similar mode of action and almost identical toxicity to insects (i.e., both pyrethrins and pyrethroids induce a toxic effect within the insect by acting on sodium channels).
Some differences in the chemistry between pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids have the result that synthetic pyrethroids have relatively longer environmental persistence than do pyrethrins. Pyrethrins have shorter environmental persistence than synthetic pyrethroids because their chemical structure is more susceptible to the presence of UV light and changes in pH. The use of pyrethrin in products such as natural insecticides and pet shampoo, for its ability to kill fleas, increases the likelihood of toxicity in mammals that are exposed. Medical cases have emerged showing fatalities from the use of pyrethrin, prompting many organic farmers to cease use. One fatal case of an 11-year-old girl with a known asthmatic condition and who used shampoo containing only a small amount (0.2% pyrethrin) to wash her dog was documented.
Chronic pyrethrin toxicity in humans
Chronic toxicity in humans occurs most quickly through respiration into the lungs, or more slowly through absorption through the skin. Allergic reactions may occur after exposure, leading to itching and irritated skin as well as burning sensations. These types of reactions are rare because the allergenic component of pyrethrin in semi-synthetic pyrethroids has been removed. The metabolite compounds of pyrethrin are less toxic to mammals than their originators, and compounds are either broken down in the liver or gastrointestinal tract, or excreted through feces; no evidence of storage in tissues has been found.
Pyrethrum toxicity
Exposure to pyrethrum, the crude form of pyrethrin, causes harmful health effects for mammals. Pyrethrum also has an allergenic effect that commercial pyrethroids don't have. In mammals, toxic exposure to pyrethrum can lead to tongue and lip numbness, drooling, lethargy, muscle tremors, respiratory failure, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, paralysis, and death. Exposure to pyrethrum in high levels in humans may cause symptoms such as asthmatic breathing, sneezing, nasal stuffiness, headache, nausea, loss of coordination, tremors, convulsions, facial flushing, and swelling. A possibility of damage to the immune system exists that leads to a worsening of allergies following toxicity. Infants are unable to resourcefully break down pyrethrum due to the ease of skin penetration, causing similar symptoms as adults, but with an increased risk of death.
Aquatic habitats
In aquatic settings, toxicity of pyrethrin fluctuates, increasing with rising temperatures, water, and acidity. Run-off after application has become a concern for sediment-dwelling aquatic organisms because pyrethroids can accumulate in these areas. Aquatic life is extremely susceptible to pyrethrin toxicity, and has been documented in species such as the lake trout. Although pyrethrins are quickly metabolized by birds and most mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates lack the ability to metabolize these compounds, leading to a toxic accumulation of byproducts. To combat the accumulation of pyrethroids in bodies of water, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has introduced two labeling initiatives. The Environmental Hazard and General Labeling for Pyrethroid and Synergized Pyrethrins Non-Agricultural Outdoor Products was revised in 2013 to reduce runoff into bodies of water after use in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial areas. The Pyrethroid Spray Drift Initiative updated language for labeling all pyrethroid products to be used on agricultural crops. Because of its high toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates even at low doses, the EPA recommends alternatives such as pesticide-free methods or alternative chemicals that are less harmful to the surrounding aquatic environment.
Terrestrial Habitats
Pyrethrin is mainly used on land and can also have impacts in the places that it is used. For instance pyrethrin has the ability to be persistent in the fields that it is sprayed on. This persistence in crops can lead to negative effects for meat production.
Bees
Pyrethrins are applied broadly as nonspecific insecticides. Bees have been shown to be particularly sensitive to pyrethrin, with fatal doses as small as 0.02 micrograms. Due to this sensitivity and pollinator decline, pyrethrins are recommended to be applied at night to avoid typical pollinating hours, and in liquid rather than dust form.
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WIKI
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forklift battery
The Forklift Battery: Which Option Is Right For Your Business?
forklift battery
When it comes to choosing a forklift, there are some important decisions to make. You want a tool that will meet your lifting needs and have low running costs (including maintenance requirements). It obviously makes sense to first understand your needs, for example, lift height, load type and your load weight, and pick accordingly but another important consideration should be your choice of forklift battery.
Industrial batteries
Industrial batteries are usually traditional lead acid batteries, nickel cadmium (also known as NiCd) batteries or the more recent lithium ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated to Li-ion). These work in different ways and have different life expectancies, safety implications and charging requirements. Once you understand these it will be easier to make your choice. We look at different options and the implications your choice of forklift battery might have on your business.
forklift battery
Lead acid batteries
• How they work
Lead acid batteries have been around for a long time, have a good reputation for toughness and are still the most common forklift battery used in warehouses today. They generate electricity from the reaction between their battery plates (lead and lead oxide) and their electrolyte (sulfuric acid).
• Forkift Battery charging
Lead acid batteries require industrial chargers, which will allow you to set parameters to help you extend the life of your battery. So called, ‘opportunity charging’ is not recommended because it increases the number of charging cycles and limits the life of your battery. This may cause timing inconveniences and could lead to you increasing the size of your fleet.
• Industrial battery safety
Lead acid batteries need to be handled correctly in order to avoid injury. When charging these industrial batteries emit hydrogen (easy to ignite) and oxygen (combustion supporting) so they need to be kept well ventilated and away from possible sources of ignition. Regular visual inspections and watering to the manufacturer’s recommendations are vital. The sulfuric acid inside lead acid batteries can cause burns to the skin. They should always be stored in a separate area to nickel cadmium batteries.
lead acid batteries
Nickel cadmium batteries
• How they work
Nickel cadmium batteries generate electricity from the reaction between nickel oxide hydroxide and cadmium plates, which are suspended in a water-based alkali solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).
• Advantages
When it comes to initial cost, nickel cadmium batteries take the middle ground between cheaper lead acid batteries and more expensive lithium ion batteries. If your lifting activities require high discharge rates, nickel cadmium batteries are a good option as they can achieve this without related loss of capacity or damage. Nickel cadmium batteries perform well when they are not in use, holding their charge and maintaining their voltage.
• Disadvantages
Although all industrial batteries require careful handling, nickel cadmium batteries require additional awareness because they are particularly toxic and considered to be environmentally unfriendly.
• Forklift Battery charging
Although nickel-cadmium batteries are charged with a constant current in the same way as lead acid and lithium ion batteries, their charging cycle is more complicated in the way it measures a full charge.
• Industrial battery safety
Nickel cadmium battery cells can overheat in certain temperatures, or when internal shorting occurs. This overheating can release potassium hydroxide mist and explosive hydrogen gas. NiCad batteries should never be stored in the same area as lead acid industrial batteries. If a nickel cadmium battery becomes ruptured, it can release potassium hydroxide, which is corrosive to the skin and can cause significant burns. Regular re-watering and visual inspections are extremely important.
forklift battery
Lithium ion batteries
• How they work
Lithium ion batteries are gaining popularity in the industrial battery market as more and more manufacturers recommend them over traditional lead acid batteries. Lithium ion batteries generate electricity via the movement of lithium ions between their positive lithium cobalt oxide electrodes and their negative graphite electrodes.
• Advantages
Lithium ion batteries are relatively light for the amount of power stored, particularly when compared to lead acid batteries. Their main advantage is the speed at which they can take a full charge. Whereas both lead acid and nickel cadmium batteries require careful and timely refilling with water, lithium ion batteries are maintenance-free, and have a longer life.
• Disadvantages
Lithium ion batteries are more expensive on initial purchase than either lead acid or nickel cadmium batteries. Although they are very efficient, they do currently present environmental issues because their recycling technologies are still under development.
• Forklift Battery charging
Thanks to the boom in electric transport, industrial battery-charging technology for lithium ion batteries is improving all the time. Lithium ion batteries are faster to charge than lead acid and nickel cadmium batteries but their main charging advantage is their charging flexibility, which means that they can be charged during convenient points in the working day.
• Battery safety
Lithium ion batteries are generally considered to be amongst the safest for staff to use. Because they do not require watering or topping up, they are fully sealed units and not prone to the types of corrosion or contamination that might lead to acid spills or gas leaks. Lithium ion batteries need to be kept completely dry as they carry a small risk of gas emission if they come into contact with water. Regular visual inspections and checks to the manufacturer’s recommendations are essential.
Regular maintenance
As with all elements of your forklift fleet, regular maintenance checks are vital to sustain your battery’s effectiveness and safety. An important part of your health and safety routine should include the training of all staff on basic safety and maintenance, including battery awareness.
Whatever your forklift training requirements, we can provide AITT (Association of Industrial Truck Trainers) accredited courses for your whole team from the warehouse floor up. Find out how we can help you meet your training needs today by getting in touch on 01438 222157 for a free, no-obligation quote.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Bug 1369310 - Get rid of nsIPrincipal.appStatus, r=bholley
authorAndrea Marchesini <amarchesini@mozilla.com>
Fri, 02 Jun 2017 11:05:28 +0200
changeset 412481 027f5f5b7221b39f5dbca2c2ca43c9e58587d301
parent 412480 7ba5835bb00f43d5ef2e9c31d38b23a9094f5fdc
child 412482 0734a4af21613c3791f21c35aac808fb4f74e07a
push id1490
push usermtabara@mozilla.com
push dateMon, 31 Jul 2017 14:08:16 +0000
treeherdermozilla-release@70e32e6bf15e [default view] [failures only]
perfherder[talos] [build metrics] [platform microbench] (compared to previous push)
reviewersbholley
bugs1369310
milestone55.0a1
first release with
nightly linux32
nightly linux64
nightly mac
nightly win32
nightly win64
last release without
nightly linux32
nightly linux64
nightly mac
nightly win32
nightly win64
Bug 1369310 - Get rid of nsIPrincipal.appStatus, r=bholley
caps/BasePrincipal.cpp
caps/BasePrincipal.h
caps/nsIPrincipal.idl
--- a/caps/BasePrincipal.cpp
+++ b/caps/BasePrincipal.cpp
@@ -295,24 +295,16 @@ BasePrincipal::GetOriginAttributes(JSCon
NS_IMETHODIMP
BasePrincipal::GetOriginSuffix(nsACString& aOriginAttributes)
{
MOZ_ASSERT(mOriginSuffix);
return mOriginSuffix->ToUTF8String(aOriginAttributes);
}
NS_IMETHODIMP
-BasePrincipal::GetAppStatus(uint16_t* aAppStatus)
-{
- // TODO: Remove GetAppStatus.
- *aAppStatus = nsIPrincipal::APP_STATUS_NOT_INSTALLED;
- return NS_OK;
-}
-
-NS_IMETHODIMP
BasePrincipal::GetAppId(uint32_t* aAppId)
{
if (AppId() == nsIScriptSecurityManager::UNKNOWN_APP_ID) {
MOZ_ASSERT(false);
*aAppId = nsIScriptSecurityManager::NO_APP_ID;
return NS_OK;
}
--- a/caps/BasePrincipal.h
+++ b/caps/BasePrincipal.h
@@ -58,18 +58,17 @@ public:
NS_IMETHOD EnsurePreloadCSP(nsIDOMDocument* aDocument, nsIContentSecurityPolicy** aCSP) override;
NS_IMETHOD GetCspJSON(nsAString& outCSPinJSON) override;
NS_IMETHOD GetIsNullPrincipal(bool* aResult) override;
NS_IMETHOD GetIsCodebasePrincipal(bool* aResult) override;
NS_IMETHOD GetIsExpandedPrincipal(bool* aResult) override;
NS_IMETHOD GetIsSystemPrincipal(bool* aResult) override;
NS_IMETHOD GetOriginAttributes(JSContext* aCx, JS::MutableHandle<JS::Value> aVal) final;
NS_IMETHOD GetOriginSuffix(nsACString& aOriginSuffix) final;
- NS_IMETHOD GetAppStatus(uint16_t* aAppStatus) final;
- NS_IMETHOD GetAppId(uint32_t* aAppStatus) final;
+ NS_IMETHOD GetAppId(uint32_t* aAppId) final;
NS_IMETHOD GetIsInIsolatedMozBrowserElement(bool* aIsInIsolatedMozBrowserElement) final;
NS_IMETHOD GetUnknownAppId(bool* aUnknownAppId) final;
NS_IMETHOD GetUserContextId(uint32_t* aUserContextId) final;
NS_IMETHOD GetPrivateBrowsingId(uint32_t* aPrivateBrowsingId) final;
virtual bool AddonHasPermission(const nsAString& aPerm);
virtual bool IsCodebasePrincipal() const { return false; };
--- a/caps/nsIPrincipal.idl
+++ b/caps/nsIPrincipal.idl
@@ -246,61 +246,31 @@ interface nsIPrincipal : nsISerializable
/**
* The base domain of the codebase URI to which this principal pertains
* (generally the document URI), handling null principals and
* non-hierarchical schemes correctly.
*/
readonly attribute ACString baseDomain;
- const short APP_STATUS_NOT_INSTALLED = 0;
- const short APP_STATUS_INSTALLED = 1;
- const short APP_STATUS_PRIVILEGED = 2;
- const short APP_STATUS_CERTIFIED = 3;
-
- /**
- * Gets the principal's app status, which indicates whether the principal
- * corresponds to "app code", and if it does, how privileged that code is.
- * This method returns one of the APP_STATUS constants above.
- *
- * Note that a principal may have
- *
- * appId != nsIScriptSecurityManager::NO_APP_ID &&
- * appId != nsIScriptSecurityManager::UNKNOWN_APP_ID
- *
- * and still have appStatus == APP_STATUS_NOT_INSTALLED. That's because
- * appId identifies the app that contains this principal, but a window
- * might be contained in an app and not be running code that the app has
- * vouched for. For example, the window might be inside an <iframe
- * mozbrowser>, or the window's origin might not match the app's origin.
- *
- * If you're doing a check to determine "does this principal correspond to
- * app code?", you must check appStatus; checking appId != NO_APP_ID is not
- * sufficient.
- */
- [infallible] readonly attribute unsigned short appStatus;
-
/**
* Gets the id of the app this principal is inside. If this principal is
* not inside an app, returns nsIScriptSecurityManager::NO_APP_ID.
*
* Note that this principal does not necessarily have the permissions of
* the app identified by appId. For example, this principal might
* correspond to an iframe whose origin differs from that of the app frame
* containing it. In this case, the iframe will have the appId of its
* containing app frame, but the iframe must not run with the app's
* permissions.
*
* Similarly, this principal might correspond to an <iframe mozbrowser>
* inside an app frame; in this case, the content inside the iframe should
* not have any of the app's permissions, even if the iframe is at the same
* origin as the app.
- *
- * If you're doing a security check based on appId, you must check
- * appStatus as well.
*/
[infallible] readonly attribute unsigned long appId;
/**
* Gets the ID of the add-on this principal belongs to.
*/
readonly attribute AString addonId;
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
SGC2085
Ligand id: 9259
Name: SGC2085
Structure and Physico-chemical Properties
2D Structure
Calculated Physico-chemical Properties
Hydrogen bond acceptors 3
Hydrogen bond donors 2
Rotatable bonds 6
Topological polar surface area 64.35
Molecular weight 312.18
XLogP 4.26
No. Lipinski's rules broken 0
Molecular properties generated using the CDK
Classification
Compound class Synthetic organic
IUPAC Name
(2S)-2-amino-N-{[4-(3,5-dimethylphenoxy)-3-methylphenyl]methyl}propanamide
Synonyms
compound 27 [PMID: 27390919]
Database Links
GtoPdb PubChem SID 315661334
PubChem CID 121231417
Search Google for chemical match using the InChIKey GLFOFXKMALJTCZ-HNNXBMFYSA-N
Search Google for chemicals with the same backbone GLFOFXKMALJTCZ
Search UniChem for chemical match using the InChIKey GLFOFXKMALJTCZ-HNNXBMFYSA-N
Search UniChem for chemicals with the same backbone GLFOFXKMALJTCZ
Comments
SGC2085 is a selective inhibitor of the protein arginine N-methyltransferase, coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1, CARM1 (a.k.a. PRMT4) [1]. PRMT4 is reported to be involved in neoplastic transformation in colorectal cancer, and in estrogen-stimulated breast cancer growth. The selectivity of SGC2085 provides a useful tool compound to validate this PRMT as a therapeutic target.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Bad Flash
A common comment on the IPFire Forum is that IPFire "killed the flash" or just "doesn't boot any more after installing a Core Update". Often this is related to "bad flash". This article tries to identify what that is and how to avoid using it.
Definition
Bad flash is flash that just fails. Data cannot be written to one or more cells or cannot be read from one or more cells any more. The data in this cell is considered to be destroyed and can most likely will cause file system corruption. This will cause corrupted files or might render the entire filesystem unreadable.
Bad flash does not have any controller that does prevent to reuse the same cells over and over again. Although this is an industry standard for many years now, many cheap devices do not do wear leveling or employ any other similar technique. This is what bad flash is.
Bad flash is commonly found in almost all Compact Flash cards, some SD cards and a few SSDs.
Causes
A block on a flash chip has a limited lifetime. It can only be rewritten for a number of times. After that data cannot be stored reliably. This is not only limited to flash storage, but storage in general. Even harddisks age over time.
Some data in a filesystem is constantly changing. This is log files that are written to or databases. Also the filesystem itself is keeping metadata of all files and directories in an index. Every time a new file is created, a file is changed or deleted, this index has to be updated. Some filesystems use a journal.
The filesystem index and journal (if exists) are usually allocated to a number of blocks at the end or beginning of the storage device. This does not change much over the lifetime of a filesystem and causes that these blocks are more often rewritten than most of the blocks that actually contain the content of the files.
Other special types of files do the same. Round Robin Database files (RRDs) are used in IPFire to store analytics of the system. The information is collected regularly in intervals of one minute. That causes the RRD files to be updated once a minute. Luckily this is done in a very efficient way that works like a ring buffer. Only the oldest information is overwritten and then a pointer changed in the header of the file. On the filesystem layer this will break down into only two blocks being changed and the index being updated. The header however overwrites the same block over and over again.
Do the maths and you will find out that this will result in a very short lifetime of the entire flash device if the controller naively overwrites the same block over and over again.
Solutions
Intelligent devices use algorithms to distribute write operations across the entire device so that all cells are evenly used. This is called wear leveling. However, cheap SSDs, almost all Compact Flash cards and many SD cards don't support this. A controller costs money and is not needed for some applications like storing photos of a camera.
Running an operating system on such a device that has been designed for something completely different is a recipe for hardware failure.
So the only solution is to buy "good flash". There are some ways to mitigate problems with bad flash and to extend the lifetime, but for a reliable firewall system reliable storage is needed.
How to find "good flash"?
This is actually not that difficult. Every device that costs a reasonable amount of money should be okay to be used. The recommendation is to always go for a Solid State Disk. These are the most intelligent devices and reliable enough to run a reliable firewall. They are actually more reliable than a harddrive now.
Compact Flash and SD cards
These are very often not designed to be used 24/7 or even close to that. They are cheap. They are exchangeable. If that breaks in your camera you will just replace it because they are inexpensive.
If you really must use them (and you shouldn't) check that they have the "industrial" label on them which usually has flash cells with a longer life expectancy and a good controller inside. These will cost a huge amount more, but there is no way around it if you care about your data.
Mitigation
In IPFire we try to avoid all unnecessary write operations for many reasons like higher performance, less power consumption and some more. There is no manual tuning required.
However, certain things need to be logged and stored. A modern system is collecting a huge amount of statistical data that allows troubleshooting and monitoring the health of the system and the entire network. The IPFire developers can't and won't cut down on that.
TRIM
IPFire supports the TRIM command on SSDs which helps the controller to find unused blocks.
List of known devices
This is an incomplete list of devices that are known to cause issues:
SuperSSpeed S238G
This device is often shipped with the PC Engines APU devices and very faulty. PC Engines has issued a warning on their website that the device randomly drops blocks when TRIM is used. The controller sends to the operating system that it supports TRIM, but actually causes data-loss.
IPFire 2.17 - Core Update 93 is shipping a fix which will always disable TRIM for this device. There have been more reports that this device is failing despite of that.
Edit Page ‐ Yes, you can edit!
Older Revisions • August 24 at 5:46 pm • Jon
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Likelihood fit of y(x)
Hi,
I am sorry for my question. Is it possible to make a Likelihood fit of the variables y vs x when the y axis does not represent counts?
Thanks a lot!
Hi,
If you know the probability distributions of observing a y giving x, P(y|x) then it is possible.
Like in case of counts we have for each observation y , we assume that y is Poisson( y | f(x,p) ), where
f(x,p) is a model function given the expected counts for a given x and some parameters p that needs to be estimated by the fit
Lorenzo
Hi Lorenzo,
Many thanks for your reply.
Does that implies to perform a 2D likelihood fit, where the fit function is the pdf of x and y ( f(x,y|p) )?
In my problem I have a TGraphErrors of the cross-section “y” vs phi “x” where the fit function is y_model = f(x).
1. I tried using Binned Fitter::LikelihoodFit but I get the parameter errors to be extremely large, even if using SetErrorDef(0.5).
2. Is it correct to do the likelihood fit by minimizing the Baker-Cousins sum for every x point using TMinuit, something like:
void fcn(Int_t &npar, Double_t *gin, Double_t &f, Double_t par[], Int_t iflag){
Double_t nll = 0.0;
for (int i=0; i<no_of_points; i++){
/* some code to get y_model(x[i]) and y[i] for each point and the fitting parameters*/
nll = nll + y_model(x[i]) - y[i] + y[i]*TMath::Log(y[i]/y_model(x[i]));
}
f = 2*nll;
}
Can I do any of this even if I don’t have a PDF? I just have one value of the cross-section for each phi.
Many thanks for the clarifications,
Lily
Hi,
If y represents counts you can use the Baker-Cousins methods to perform a likelihood fit. distribution of observing y is a Poisson distribution.If you have weighted counts you can use a weighted likelihood fit . These two cases are implemented in ROOT if you do TH1::Fit with option L or 'LW` (weighted case).
If you have a TGraph you can early convert in an histogram if needed.
You can also use Fitter::LikelihoodFit (it is used anyway by TH1::Fit). If the error are very large, maybe it is because you have a weighted fit ?
But if y does not represent counts, you need to know its distribution. In the majority of case you can do a least square (chi-square) fit, which is also a maximum likelihood fit if the distribution of y is assumed to be normal. Your case, a cross-section value for each phi, looks to me a case for a chi-square fit.
So you can just use TGraphErrors::Fit
Lorenzo
Hi,
Thanks for your replies, they have been very helpful. Could I just ask if you could point me out an example of a 1d Likelihood fit of Y vs X where Y does not represent counts if you know its distribution? I can just find likelihood fits to PDFs.
Best regards,
Lily
Hi,
As I said every chi-square fit, as those in TGraphErrors::Fit with option “EX0” (no error in X) is a likelihood 1d fit where the Pdf in each point is a normal distribution Gauss( y, f(x), sigma(y) ), where y is the observed y value, f(x) is the expected value given by the model function f(x) and sigma(y) is the error in y.
Lorenzo
Hi,
Yes, thanks a lot, but I would like it to assume that the Pdf in each point is a Poisson distribution instead.
Thanks,
Lily
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
The Carpathia was on its regular voyage to New York City, when early on 15 April 1912 it received a distress signal from the White Star Line ocean liner Titanic, which had struck an iceberg and was sinking. Rostron was asleep when his wireless operator, Harold Cottam, by chance left his headset on while undressing for bed and so heard the signal. Cottam ran to Rostron's cabin to alert him. Rostron immediately ordered the ship to race towards the Titanic's reported position, posting extra lookouts to help spot and manoeuvre around the ice he knew to be in the area and extracted every bit of speed the ship’s engines could muster. Even so, Carpathia, travelling through dangerous ice floes, took about 3½ hours to reach the Titanic's radioed position. During this time Rostron turned off heating to ensure the maximum amount of steam for the ship's engines and had the ship prepared for the survivors; including getting blankets, food and drinks ready, and ordering his medical crew to stand by to receive the possibly injured survivors.
Altogether, a list of 23 orders from Rostron to his crew was successfully implemented before Carpathia had even arrived at the scene of the disaster. Carpathia began picking up survivors about an hour after the first starburst was seen by those in the lifeboats. The Carpathia would end up rescuing 710 survivors out of the 2,228 passengers and crew on board the Titanic; at least one survivor is said to have died after reaching the ship. Later, Rostron testified about the events the night Titanic sank at both the U.S. Senate inquiry and the British Board of Trade's inquiry into the disaster.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Catholics and Protestants are both Christians, which means that their Holy Book is the Bible and they both worship Jesus Christ, as they believe him to be the Son of God.
The Roman Catholic Church teaches that it developed from the community formed by Jesus himself in the first century AD. Over the next centuries the Catholic Church become very rich and powerful and its influence spread throughout much of Western Europe.
A split occurred during what is known as the Protestant Reformation. This was mainly started by a German friar called Martin Luther. He disagreed with some of the rules and beliefs of the Catholic faith and he tried to ‘reform’ the Catholic Church, but instead they split, and a new movement within Christianity was created.
Catholics believe that the Pope is God’s representative on Earth, and their beliefs are based on traditions as well as the Bible itself. Protestants reject the authority of the Pope and for them the Bible is only basis for their faith.
For a site with a chart of the differences, please click on the link below:
A chart showing the differences from Diffen.
For more detail, please see the following link:
More reading from BBC Bitesize.
For a video on what happened in England, please see the video below:
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Indran Amirthanayagam
Indran Amirthanayagam (born 1960) is a Sri Lankan-American poet-diplomat, essayist and translator in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Haitian Creole.
Life
Amirthanayagam was born in 1960 in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). When he was eight years old, he moved with his family to London, England, and at age 14, his family moved again to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he began writing. He studied at Punahou School in Honolulu and played cricket at the Honolulu Cricket Club.
He then studied English literature at Haverford College, where he also captained their cricket team during his last year. Amirthanayagam has a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University.
He is a diplomat in the U.S. Foreign Service, based currently in Washington, D.C.
Work
He writes poetry and essays in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and Haitian Creole. His Spanish collections include " Isleno" (R.I.L. Editores, Spain, 2021) El Infierno de los Pajaros (Resistencia, Mexico City), El Hombre que Recoge Nidos'' (CONARTE/Resistencia, Mexico), "Lirica a tiempo" (Mesa Redonda, Lima, 2020), Sin Adorno, lirica para tiempos neobarrocos (Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León, Mexico, 2013). Ventana azul, was published by El Tapiz del Unicornio in February 2016 in Mexico City. In 2019, in Lima, "En busca de posada" was published by Editorial Apogeo, and Paolo 9 by Manofalsa.
His three collections in French, Aller-retour au bord de la mer. Il n'est de solitude que l'ile lointaine, and Sur l'ile nostalgique, were published in 2014, 2017 and 2020 by Legs Editions and L'Harmattan.
He has also published The Splintered Face (Hanging Loose Press, 2008),Ceylon R.I.P. (International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Sri Lanka, 2001), and Coconuts On Mars (wwww.paperwall.in). The poem "So Beautiful" was broadcast on the PBS series The United States of Poetry. Univision reported on Amirthanayagam's Spanish poems in a news report in August, 1999. His poems have been anthologized in The United States of Poetry, World English Poetry, Language for a New Century, ALOUD: Voices from the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, The Open Boat: Poems from Asian America, The Nuyorasian Anthology, Black Lightning, Living in America, The Four Way Reader #1.
His poems have also been published in Grand Street, The Kenyon Review, The Massachusetts Review, Exquisite Corpse, Hanging Loose, BOMB, and elsewhere in the U.S.. Poems written originally in French and Spanish have been published in Côte d'Ivoire, Haiti, Mexico, Peru, Nicaragua and Argentina.
His translations of Mexican poet Manuel Ulacia were published in Origami:Selected Poems of Manuel Ulacia (Dialogos Books, 2023) and in Reversible Monuments: Contemporary Mexican Poetry. and Fafnir's Heart (World Poetry in Translation). Translations of Jose Eugenio Sanchez have been published online. Amirthanayagam has translated Kaita-Sofia Hakim, Chema Paz Gago, Natacha Feliz Franco, Natalie Gomez, Sylvie Poisson, Fabricio Estrada, Jorge Ureta Sandoval, Kenia Cano, Francois DeBleu and Beatriz Russo, among other poets from Latin America and Europe. His poetic history of the Sri Lankan Civil War, Uncivil War, was published in 2013. Amirthanayagam read in the international poetry festivals in London (1996), San Salvador (2005), Rosario (2005) Medellin (2010), Lima(2012), Granada, Nicaragua (2009 and 2014,), Santo Domingo (2015), Honduras (2019).
Awards
Amirthanayagam's The Elephants Of Reckoning won the 1994 Paterson Poetry Prize. The poem "Juarez" won the Juegos Florales of Guaymas, Sonora in 2006. Amirthanayagam has received the Superior Honor Award and the Meritorious Honor Award (thrice) from the Department of State for his diplomatic work. Amirthanayagam is a 2020 Poetry Fellow from the Foundation for the Contemporary Arts. He has also received fellowships from the New York Foundation for the Arts, the US/Mexico Fund for Culture and the Macdowell Colony. In 2022 Amirthanayagam received the 2022 IFLAC World Poet/Poeta Mundial award.
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WIKI
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Chicago Business Barometer Drops Much Less Than Expected In December
(RTTNews.com) - Growth in Chicago-area business activity pulled back in December after accelerating sharply in November, according to a report released by MNI Indicators on Friday, although the pace of growth slowed by much less than anticipated.
MNI Indicators said its Chicago business barometer dipped to 65.4 in December after spiking to 66.4 in November, with a reading above 50 still indicating growth in regional business activity. Economists had expected the barometer to drop to 62.0.
A slowdown in the pace of growth in demand contributed to the modest drop by the barometer, as the new orders index fell in December after surging in November.
However, MNI Indicators said November's order book strength did translate into higher output in December, with the production index rising to an eleven-month high.
While the order backlogs index also rose to a five-month higher in December, the report said supply-side issues abated but remain a hindrance.
MNI Indicators said inflationary pressures on firms continued to ease in December, as the prices paid index fell for the fifth consecutive month and by the biggest margin in almost four years.
Steel and wood were reportedly less costly, but multiple firms continued to report tariffs keeping prices elevated and stifling business, MNI Indicators said.
"The MNI Chicago Business Barometer saw 2018 out in good health, assisted by a firm uptick in Production, cementing the best calendar quarter outturn in a year," said Jai Lakhani, Economist at MNI Indicators.
"Encouragingly, inflationary pressures subsided for a fifth consecutive month and should this continue, it will ease the burden on firms' productive capacities," he added. "Still, concerns over tariffs continue to linger in the background and stir uncertainty."
Looking ahead, MNI Indicators said 46.8 percent of firms believe their business will expand by a rate below 5 percent next year, while an equal share expect growth by a rate between 5 and 10 percent. Just 6.4 percent saw growth coming in above 10 percent.
Read the original article on RTTNews (http://www.rttnews.com/2965835/chicago-business-barometer-drops-much-less-than-expected-in-december.aspx)
For comments and feedback: contact editorial@rttnews.com
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Page:Centennial History of Oregon 1811-1912, Volume 1.djvu/473
THE CENTKXNIAI. IllSTOKV OF OKKOON ;ji;3
pla)i.s. They .snceeedod tlirougli false anil iiialiciuus represciitaliou.s by 'I'hiirstou to Cougress, in having a clause inserted in the Oregon donation land law of Sep- tember 27, 1850, giving Abernetliy Island to Ahcrnethy as assignee of the Ore- gon Milling company, but under another name, and giving to the territory of Oregon the rest of Dr. IMcLougiilin's land claim, the proceeds from its disposal to be used for the establishment and endowment of a university. Almost all of Dr. :McLoughlin 's wealth was iu this claim and in the mills and other buildings situated on it. Dr. McLoughlin sought redress from CongTess, but he was un- successful. While he was not actually ousted, he could not move nor sell his mills and other improvements. It resulted in his practical bankruptcy. He died at Oregon City, September 3, 1S57, a broken-hearted man, the victim of malice, mendacity and ingratitude. He was buried in the churchyard of St. John's (Catholic) church at Oregon City, where his body has lain ever since. In 1862, the legislature of the state of Oregon restored to Dr. McLoughlin 's heirs all of the part of his land claim given to it by the donation land law.
In 1S4G, Pope Gregory XVI., in appreciation of Dr. ::\If-Loughliirs liigh <-iiar- acter and his humanity, made him a knight of St. Gregory the Great, of civil grade.
It is one test of Dr. McLoughlin "s high character and of his true worth that now, fifty-three years after his death his name is venei-ated in Oregon and his memory kept alive, not only by Oregon pioneers and their descendants, but by the people of Oregon as a whole. His full length portrait is hung in the place of honor in the senate chamber of the state capitol among the portraits of former governors of Oregon. His reputation is that of Oregon's greatest citizen, its first ruler whose autocracy was necessaiy, but kindly, beneficent and efficient, a friend of the poor and distressed, and the savior of the early Oregon pioneers. By common consent, without dispute and without jealousy, he is known as "The Father of Oregon."
FREDERICK V.
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WIKI
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Solved
Why are my click on event not showing up?
• 19 November 2023
• 4 replies
• 136 views
Badge +1
• New Member
• 2 replies
My page views are coming through just fine. but my “click on” events don’t show.
This is in development, not production.
heres what I’m doing:
icon
Best answer by Shubham Singh 19 December 2023, 18:55
View original
4 replies
Userlevel 1
Badge
Hi @Tim,
The click event appears to be configured correctly. Since you're working in the development environment, one potential reason for the no data is that there might not have been recent clicks on this specific button within the development site.
To validate the click event, I suggest checking the Live data feed. Click on the button in question while ensuring you're in the same environment as the website. By doing so, you can confirm the firing of the event.
Alternatively, try clicking on this button multiple times and check for the event data after a short interval by refreshing the event.
Hope this helps! Please do share whether this solution worked for you or not.
Badge +1
@Shubham Singh That is exactly what I’m doing already and the click events are not showing in the live feed..only page views.
Badge +1
any other ideas here? I’m dead in the water
Userlevel 1
Badge
Hi @Tim - I require more details about that specific page and its hierarchy code to identify why events aren't triggering in Heap.
However, since you can capture pageviews but not click events on the page, it might indicate that the website is built using a Shadow DOM or the event you're attempting to capture is within an iFrame. Please review these documents:
Hope this helps!
Reply
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Millennials have way more emergency savings than other generations
For many Americans, a broken-down car or out-of-the-blue medical cost can mean going into debt. That's because a whopping 66 million Americans have absolutely no emergency savings, so even a minor setback can result in credit card charges that can't be paid off or in having to take on a personal loan. One group of Americans, however, are putting away more than other generations to make sure they're prepared: millennials. According to a new survey from Earnest, Amino and Ipsos, 68 percent of millennials could cover a $500 emergency without going into debt, while only 43 percent of all Americans can say the same. While this is good news for 18-to-34 year olds, it doesn't tell the whole story. Just 31 percent of millennials are contributing to a retirement account, a crucial financial step to be prepared for the future. Still, it's a start. Most experts recommend setting aside three-to-six months' worth of living expenses in an emergency fund, while others, notably Suze Orman, financial expert and former CNBC television host, contend that it's smarter to aim for eight-to-12 months' worth. Orman says that three-to-six months' worth of expenses isn't enough to feel safe. What if you lose your job and can't find another one for a year? What if you're hit with an out-of-the-blue medical emergency? A million potential scenarios could drain your savings without warning, so it's better to have at least eight-to-12 months' worth of living expenses squirrelled away. "You need to know that you are going to be secure," she tells CNBC Make It. "Go back to 2007," she says. "You lost your job, you lost everything, you were working on this tech thing and all the startups went down. Nobody had any money to invest, nobody wanted to touch anything, nobody wanted to IPO because the markets were going down and you couldn't find anything to do. "Think it took you just three months to find another job? Think it took you six months to find another job?" Being prepared to handle the unexpected matters, she says. "It's not just about the economy. What if you get sick? What if you're hit by a car? What if something happens crazy in this world? We live in the craziest world I've ever seen in my life right now," says Orman. "And the only way you can take craziness out of that if for you to make yourself secure." If you're ready to follow her advice, and millennials' lead, and bulk up your savings, consider reworking your budget and trying to find areas where you can dedicate more to banking and investing. Check out these six easy ways to start putting away more money and see if there are any small expenses you can give up.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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How to Get Your Motorcycle out of Storage and Back on the Road
01
of 07
Coming out of Storage
covered motorcycle
Your bike may be clean, but it's not necessarily ready. (Photo from Amazon)
Even if you applied our motorcycle storage tips before putting your bike away for the winter, you'll want to go through this checklist before hitting the road this riding season.
Before we start, is it clean?
02
of 07
Is the Fuel Okay?
motorcycle fuel cap
Peer in to inspec the state of your fuel. (Ildar Sagdejev/Wikimedia Commons/GFDL)
If you used Sta-Bil or a comparable fuel stabilizer as outlined in our storage tips, your fuel should be in good shape as long as it's been a year or less. Regardless, double check by opening the filler cap and looking inside for gunk or stratification.
If the fuel is consistent and clean, you can go to the next step. If not, you're better off draining the tank, fuel lines, and carburetor (if applicable) before running the engine. If you didn't spray fogging oil or lubricate the top of the cylinder before storage, you may want to remove the spark plugs and pour two tablespoons of oil into the spark plug ports; this will lubricate the top portion of the cylinder walls before you start up the bike.
03
of 07
Check the Engine Oil's Quality and Quantity
motorcycle oil level gauge dipstick
uxcell Motorcycle Engine Oil Level Gauge Dipstick. (Photo from Amazon)
Whether or not you changed your engine oil before storage, you'll still want to check the oil level before riding. If you didn't do an oil change before storage, now is a good time to consider that oil and filter change, especially since oil degrades when it sits.
04
of 07
Charged Up?
motorcycle battery
Inspect batteries for corrosion, and make sure they're charged up. (Photo from Amazon)
Motorcycle batteries tend to lose life quickly, especially in cold weather. If you kept your battery trickle charged or hooked up to a tender, it's probably in good shape. Nonetheless, check the leads for corrosion, and make sure they're attached snugly.
If applicable, make sure your battery is topped off with distilled water, and if it's not completely charged, don't ride until you're confident it will hold a charge and not leave you stranded.
05
of 07
Check for Leaks
motorcycle oil cooler
(Pwiszowaty/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0)
Check your clutch, brake, and coolant levels (if applicable). Remember that if brake fluid needs topping off, you'll need to use a new, sealed supply that is the same brand as the fluid already in the system.
06
of 07
Check the Tires
motorcycle tire
Make sure rubber hasn't degraded during storage. (Dennis van Zuijlekom/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 2.0)
If you kept weight off your motorcycle's wheels and suspension as outlined in our storage tips, bravo! Chances are your tires and suspension are in good shape, but you should still thoroughly inspect them before riding. If your motorcycle rested on a kickstand, check to make sure there are no unusual stress marks, cracks, or flat spots on the tires.
Refer to our step-by-step tire maintenance article in order to make sure your tire wear, inflation levels, and general health are ready for the road. You can also read our chain maintenance article to make ensure that your chain is ready for use again.
07
of 07
Are You Ready to Ride?
motorcycle speedometer
(Alex Borland/publicdomainpictures.net/CC0)
Use the Motorcycle Safety Foundation's T-CLOCS checklist this and every time you ride. The list covers Tires, Controls, Lights, Oils & Fluids, Chassis, and Stands; for a more detailed checklist, go to the MSF's website.
Don't just take off after a thorough inspection; let the bike idle for a few minutes to get its fluids circulating.
Take those moments to get reacquainted with the bike's ergonomics. Before you go riding off into the sunset, don't forget that the most important component of a motorcycle is you, the operator. If you suspect you're rusty (and there's a good possibility you are), practice riding in an abandoned parking lot, taking it easy until you're up to speed.
When all is said and done, a little preparation will make re-entry into riding a lot more fun; look out for yourself and your bike, and enjoy the ride!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Tesla shares rise on hopes stock will join the S&P 500 benchmark
Tesla shares rose after Macquarie estimated the electric automaker may qualify to join the benchmark index as early as the second quarter of 2019. "TSLA checks off all the boxes for inclusion except aggregate GAAP profitability over trailing 12 months; we forecast this box to be checked in 2Q19," Macquarie analyst Maynard Um said in a note Thursday. The company's third quarter saw it report a surprise profit, as CEO Elon Musk made good on his promise to start turning regular profits in the last half of the year. "While TSLA still has to prove it can sustain profitability, we believe the company will achieve this last eligibility requirement," Um said. To be eligible for inclusion, Standard & Poor's requires companies to be profitable for four consecutive quarters on a GAAP basis. More than $3 trillion in funds are tracking the S&P 500 directly via index funds, according to Standard & Poor's website. Tesla shares closed Thursday trading up 0.9 percent following the note.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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User:Tennis0808
Hey I am Holly.
I am a tennis player at Unioto High School.
I also like to listen to music, hang out with friends, and go shopping.
I am here to promote wikipedia.
AKA Polly the Panther or Only Da Craziest
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WIKI
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Across the Rio Grande (film)
Across the Rio Grande is a 1949 American Western film directed by Oliver Drake and starring Jimmy Wakely, Dub Taylor, and Reno Browne. It was released on May 15, 1949.
Cast
* Jimmy Wakely as Jimmy Wakely
* Dub Taylor as Cannonball (credited as "Cannonball" Taylor)
* Reno Browne as Sally Blaine
* Riley Hill as Steven Blaine
* Dennis Moore as Carson
* Kenne Duncan as Joe Bardet
* Ted Adams as Tom Sloan
* Myron Healey as Stage Holdup Man
* Bud Osborne as Stage Driver
* Polly Bergen as Cantina Singer (as Polly Burgin)
* Bob Curtis as Gil (henchman)
* Carol Henry as Lewis (henchman)
* Boyd Stockman as Ed (henchman)
* William Bailey as Sheriff Reid
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WIKI
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Paul Watson (journalist)
Paul Richard Watson (born July 13, 1959) is a Canadian photojournalist, Pulitzer Prize-winner, and author of three books: Where War Lives, Magnum Revolution: 65 Years of Fighting for Freedom, and Ice Ghosts: The Epic Hunt for the Lost Franklin Expedition (2017). The Guardian newspaper named ICE GHOSTS one of the best science books of 2017. The CBC, Canada’s national broadcaster, put Ice Ghosts at the top of its 2017 "Holiday Gift Guide: 12 Books for the Science and Nature Enthusiast on Your List."
Biography
Watson was born in Weston, Ontario. He was awarded the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography for his photograph, taken in 1993 while covering the civil war in Somalia for the Toronto Star newspaper. The photograph depicted US Army 160th SOAR, Super 64 crew chief Staff Sgt. William Cleveland's body being dragged by Somalis through the streets of Mogadishu.
His reporting and photography spans almost three decades and includes conflicts in more than a dozen countries on several continents. Among those are: Eritrea, Somalia, southern Sudan, Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Romania, Serbia, and Kosovo, as well as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Iraq, and Syria.
While at the Toronto Star, Watson earned four Canadian National Newspaper Awards for photography and stories on the child sex trade in Asia, anarchy in Somalia following the 1991 overthrow of dictator Mohammed Siad Barre, and the torture and murder of a Somali teen by Canadian soldiers after a U.S.-led force intervened to end a famine in 1992.
He received the Drummer General’s Award in 2007 for his book Where War Lives, based on his experiences as a war journalist. The Globe and Mail of Toronto named it one of the "year’s 100 most notable books".
His second book, Magnum Revolution: 65 Years of Fighting for Freedom, showcases the legendary agency's photographers' images of, and personal insights into uprisings spanning almost seven decades. It was co-written with The New Yorker's Jon Lee Anderson and published by Prestel in Europe, the U.S., and Canada in 2012.
Watson was featured in director Martyn Burke's 2012 documentary Under Fire: Journalists in Combat, which was shortlisted for an Academy Award. The film won a prestigious Peabody Award in 2013.
His work is on permanent display at the Newseum, in Washington, D.C., in the journalism museum's Pulitzer Prize Photographs Gallery.
Watson is also the subject of the Kennedy Award-winning play by Dan O'Brien entitled The Body of an American, staged in London in 2014. The collaboration led to O'Brien's book of poetry War Reporter, published in the U.S. and Europe in 2013.
Paul Watson holds a Master's Degree from Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs in New York. He was the South Asia bureau chief for the Los Angeles Times, where his coverage area included Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Iraq. He was Southeast Asia bureau chief, based in Jakarta when he left the Los Angeles Times to return to The Toronto Star in July 2009. He also served as Balkans bureau chief for the LA Times during his decade as a foreign correspondent with the newspaper.
In 2015, Watson resigned from the Toronto Star, where he was a multi-media reporter, covering the Arctic and Aboriginal beat. He also did foreign assignments in Afghanistan, Syria, Russia, and India in his second stint at The Toronto Star, which was then Canada's largest circulation daily newspaper. His resignation followed The Star's decision to kill an investigative story into the then Conservative government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper to use the historic 2014 discovery of the wreck of Sir John Franklin's flagship, HMS Erebus, for political propaganda. The story was then published by BuzzFeed and won a National Magazine Award for investigative reporting along with a Digital Publishing Award for long-form storytelling.
Watson was the only journalist aboard CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier, a Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker, the lead vessel in the 2014 Victoria Strait Expedition, when archeologists aboard found Erebus in eastern Queen Maud Gulf, in the same area where Inuit had said for generations a large ship went down. Watson tells the story of the hunt for the lost Franklin Expedition in his 2017 book Ice Ghosts. In 2018, Ice Ghosts was a finalist for the Hubert Evans Non-Fiction Prize.
Awards
* Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, 1994
* National Magazine Award (Silver), 2016
* Digital Publishing Award (Silver), 2016
* Robert Capa Gold Medal, Overseas Press Club of America.
* George Polk Award, foreign reporting
* Freedom of the Press Award, National Press Club (USA), Washington, D.C.
* Hal Boyle Award, foreign reporting, Overseas Press Club of America
* South Asian Journalists Association’s Daniel Pearl Award, honouring the best print reporting from the region, for coverage of Afghanistan
* Canadian National Newspaper Awards
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WIKI
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Open Access
Plant-pathogen interactions
• Thomas Eulgem
Genome Biology20001:reports0062
DOI: 10.1186/gb-2000-1-2-reports0062
Received: 27 June 2000
Published: 19 July 2000
Abstract
Early response genes encoding potential regulators of pathogen and wound-induced plant responses have been identified using gene expression profiling.
Significance and context
Plants can specifically recognize distinct races of pathogenic microorganisms and can respond with appropriate defense measures. Such race-specific resistance requires a complementary pair of genes consisting of a plant resistance (R) gene and an avirulence (Avr) gene of the pathogen. Their products are thought to be directly involved in the recognition event that triggers resistance. One of the earliest defense responses of plants is the generation of active oxygen species (AOS, oxidative burst), which can be detected in cell culture systems within a few minutes after pathogen recognition. Besides having toxic effects on the invading pathogen, AOS appear to play a role in signaling. Defense-associated activation of numerous genes has been previously demonstrated to be dependent on the oxidative burst.
Using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), Durrant et al. have for the first time comprehensively examined early gene expression changes, which are independent of the oxidative burst, induced during a race-specific plant pathogen interaction. By choosing a time window that covers the first 30 minutes after pathogen recognition, they focused exclusively on early response genes, some of which may encode regulators of successive defense responses, including the oxidative burst.
Key results
The tomato R gene Cf9 confers resistance to races of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum expressing the Avr9 avirulence gene. A cDNA-AFLP-based RNA fingerprinting analysis was applied to cultured tobacco cells that contain Cf9as a transgene, 30 minutes after treatment with recombinant Avr9 protein. Based on non-selective amplification of cDNA fragments representing cellular mRNAs, this method allows gene expression profiling which requires, in contrast to cDNA microarrays, no prior assumptions about the set of genes that might be affected.
Using 512 primer combinations, approximately 30,000 AFLP fragments were visualized. The authors estimate that this may represent more than 75% of all tobacco transcript species. Differential expression in response to Avr9 could be observed for 290 of these fragments (in 273 cases expression was upregulated). The genes represented by these fragments were named ACRE (Avr9/Cf9 rapidly elicited) genes. Application of a specific inhibitor of the oxidative burst, diphenyleneiodonium, showed that only 4% of the early expression changes are dependent on AOS. Furthermore, Avr9-induced expression seems, at least in some cases, to be independent of de novo protein biosynthesis, as determined by experiments with the translation inhibitor cycloheximide. Only 42 ACREs show similarity to known genes. A subset of these encodes potential regulatory proteins, such as protein kinases, protein phosphatases and transcription factors including EREBPs (ethylene response element binding proteins) and one member of the WRKY family, a large class of plant-specific zinc finger-type transcriptional regulators that bind to W box cis-elements. As previously demonstrated, members of both transcription factor families appear to participate in the regulation of transcriptional responses associated with pathogen resistance. A small fraction of the ACRE genes were also shown to be activated in intact leaf tissue in response to wounding. These findings are consistent with previous investigations, and suggest an overlap between pathogen- and wound-induced plant responses.
Conclusions
The majority of early gene regulatory events triggered by Avr9 in Cf9 tobacco cell cultures are independent of AOS. Unlike many other defense responses, ACRE gene expression must therefore be controlled by a regulatory pathway that operates independently of the oxidative burst. Alternatively, this pathway could act causally upstream of AOS production. Furthermore, as shown for a subset of ACRE genes, transcriptional responses triggered by race-specific pathogen recognition and wounding can overlap.
Reporter's comments
By defining a large class of AOS-independent, early pathogen response genes, this study certainly contributes to our current understanding of defense-associated gene regulation in plants. Most importantly, however, it constitutes a starting point for future investigations. As the authors suggest, the role of distinct ACRE genes in the plant defense response should be addressed using reverse genetics, and investigation of regulatory mechanisms underlying ACRE gene activation could reveal common principles in the specific expression control of these genes. I think, however, that the overlap in early Avr9 and wound-induced gene expression, which is strongly emphasized in the paper's title, was somewhat neglected in this study. Only a limited set of 18 ACRE genes was tested after wounding. This comparison of expression changes should be extended in the future to define sets of genes that are specifically activated in response to each of these stimuli.
Table of links
References
1. Durrant WE, Rowland O, Piedras P, Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG: cDNA-AFLP reveals a striking overlap in the race-specific resistance and wound response expression profiles. Plant Cell. 2000, 12: 963-977. 1040-4651PubMedPubMed CentralView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Copyright
© BioMed Central Ltd 2000
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Testosterone and emotion
Overview
Patrick is an aspiring fitness model who lives a healthy lifestyle and works as a personal trainer at his local gym. From observing his clients, he has noticed that young males display aggressive behaviour while working out, while older men are often weaker and occasionally seem depressed. He often finds himself trying his absolute best to keep the older men focused on their workout as they often feel like giving up. However, he has some other clients who are significantly old yet work out with the same aggression as the younger men do. Patrick suspects that testosterone may have a relation to the emotions he observes in his clients.
This chapter informs readers about the effects of testosterone on emotion. It investigates testosterone, what it is, and theoretical approaches. The chapter's primary focus is to inform the reader of how testosterone relates to aggression, depression and mood.
* Learning objectives
* 1) What is testosterone?
* 2) What is the challenge hypothesis?
* 3) What information exists about the relationship between testosterone and aggression, depression and mood?
* 4) To be able to apply psychological knowledge regarding testosterone and emotion to one's life
What is testosterone?
Hailing from the androgenic family of hormones, testosterone is a steroidal hormone which is present in both men and women (Terburg, Morgan & Van Honk, 2009; Johnson, Nachtigall & Stern, 2013). In men, the predominant purpose of testosterone is for sexual health and maintaining masculine characteristics (Terburg et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2013). Testosterone is an important factor in the growth of both muscle and bone mass as well as the growth of the male reproductive organs (Terburg et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2013), and is primarily found in the testicles and adrenal glands (Johnson et al., 2013). In women, testosterone exists in much smaller quantities compared to men (Johnson et al., 2013), and is primarily located in the adrenal glands and ovaries (Johnson et al., 2013). Men are known to have up to 7 times more testosterone than women (Johnson et al., 2013), with the average level of testosterone ranging between 300 and 1000ng/dl (nanograms/decilitre) (Johnson et al., 2013). In research applications, testosterone is primarily measured by the total serum quantity (Johnson et al., 2013). In men, it is noted that testosterone levels decline at a stable rate throughout the lifespan with its highest point occurring during puberty and late adolescence (Johnson et al., 2013). For females, testosterone dramatically declines following menopause when oestrogen production is reduced (Johnson et al., 2013; Rohr, 2002).
Hypogonadism
Men with low testosterone levels have an increased chance in experiencing mild anaemia, loss of muscle mass, decrease in physical strength, increase in body fat, as well as a decline in physical and work performance (Johnson et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2008). Depressive mood, constant fatigue and poor concentration are also consequences a male may experience as the result of having low testosterone (Johnson et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2008). Further problems regarding low testosterone include sexual health complications and in extreme cases, it can be linked to hypogonadism (Johnson et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2008). Hypogonadism is a significant issue concerning men’s health as it is a threat to the sexual functioning of males and is highly correlated with low testosterone levels (Wang et al., 2008). If a male has 1 or more of the direct symptoms (low libido, erectile dysfunction or osteoporosis) and 2 or more of the indirect symptoms (sleep disturbance, depressed mood, lethargy or poor physical performance) as well as testosterone measured to be below 300ng/dl, they are diagnosed by clinicians as having hypogonadism (Wang et al., 2008).
The Challenge Hypothesis
A general theory about how testosterone affects emotion does not exist thus far in the social science arena. There are explanations and perspectives on the biological and physiological aspect of testosterone. The closest application of theory on testosterone and emotions is the challenge hypothesis which has the prime focus of explaining testosterones relationship with aggression. The challenge hypothesis was originally conceptualised to explain how testosterone fuelled acts of aggression occur in monogamous mating birds (Wingfield, Hegner, Dufty & Ball, 1990). Then, Archer (2006) attempted to apply the same theoretical constructs with a hypothetical stance on humans and aggression. There are 6 hypotheticals proposed (Archer, 2006):
“Hypothesis 1: There is no increase in aggression at puberty” (Archer, 2006, p.322).
The initial application of the challenge hypothesis on birds, established two specific testosterone-driven relationships which included the support of courtship and matting during the breeding season. The second was to engage in competitive behaviour when given the opportunity to do so by reproductive competition (Wingfield, Hegner, Dufty & Ball, 1990). Therefore, even though there is an increase of sexual interest that is caused by testosterone during puberty, it is expected that there will be no testosterone-related increases in aggression during puberty of human males (Archer, 2006).
“Hypothesis 2A: Men respond to sexual arousal with increased testosterone” (Archer, 2006, p.323).
The original theoretical application of testosterone in birds acknowledges that testosterone is increased in birds when they are exposed to situations involving mating efforts (Wingfield, Hegner, Dufty & Ball, 1990). There is a significant amount of research which suggests that the testosterone levels of young men increase in response to situations of sexual arousal (Archer, 2006). Therefore it is put forth that there is an increase of testosterone secretion in males when they are sexually stimulated (Archer, 2006).
“Hypothesis 2B: Men respond to competition with increased testosterone” (Archer, 2006, p.324).
It is predicted that testosterone will rise in young men who are in direct competition against one another in the pursuit to receive attention from an attractive female (Archer, 2006). There has been evidence that testosterone has been increased in males who have been in situations that have required physical activity, especially when individuals respond to insults and resort to physical violence as a means to defend their honour, pride, possessions, their woman or their family (Archer, 2006). Therefore, it is predicted that men will respond to competition with increased testosterone.
“Hypothesis 3: The testosterone response to challenge increases aggression” (Archer, 2006, p.329).
The increase of aggression is expected as a result of the testosterone response to challenges (Archer, 2006). This prediction is applicable in situations which may involve competitive scenarios of violence. For example, two fighters will pursue aggressive behaviour in combat to subdue or knock their opponent out, with attack, fighting and threat being present in the scenario (Archer, 2006). However, it is acknowledged that a majority of the research that exists on aggression increasing due to the testosterone response to challenge is primarily on animals (Archer, 2006). Therefore it is difficult to examine the association of competition that is impacted by adults and their testosterone-aggression response to challenge (Archer, 2006).
“Hypothesis 4: Testosterone levels are lower among paternal men” (Archer, 2006, p.331).
There is evidence that hormonal changes occur in paternal birds of which does not occur in non-paternal birds during the time of birth (Wingfield, Hegner, Dufty & Ball, 1990). It has also been indicated that testosterone levels decline in men after the birth of their child (Archer, 2006). Hence the hypothesis that testosterone levels are lower among paternal men than non-paternal men (Archer, 2006).
“Hypothesis 5: Aggressive dominance is correlated with testosterone levels” (Archer, 2006, p.332)
It is predicted that aggression-based dominance is associated with higher testosterone levels amongst humans. The argument is that links between testosterone, aggression and dominance would reflect the snowballing effect of successful reactions to challenges (Archer, 2006).
“Hypothesis 6: Testosterone is associated with alternative life history strategies” (Archer, 2006, p.334).
The final hypothesis predicts that individual differences in testosterone levels reflect a variety of other characteristics which relate to life choices such as short term mating opportunities instead of long-term mating opportunities and paternal care (Archer, 2006). These predicted alternative life history strategies amongst humans refer to the possible choices an individual can make, which may involve pursuing short term relationships, antisocial activities and having certain personality characteristics which may incline individuals to enter different life courses (Archer, 2006).
Testosterone and aggression
There have been multiple studies in the social science arena which have explored the relationship between testosterone and aggression (Book, Starzyk & Quinsey, 2001). Studies have presented inconsistent findings (Book et al., 2001). In a meta-analysis to find the strength of the relationship between testosterone and aggression, one hundred and six articles were examined (Book et al., 2001). It was found that there was a weak, positive correlation between testosterone and aggression (Book et al., 2001). The results were universal and were not affected by sex, it was found that males have more dramatic fluctuations of testosterone throughout their lifespan than females who have lower testosterone levels which remain more stable throughout their life (Book et al., 2001). The age of the participant as well the time of day the testosterone was measured were identified as the two variables which affected the strength of the relationship between testosterone and aggression (Book et al., 2001). The male age range most common in the studies analysed was 13 to 20 years, which were suggested to be ages where testosterone is on a decline, be it prior to puberty or towards its end stage (Book et al., 2001). However, this did not affect the data regarding female testosterone levels, as age was not an issue as their testosterone levels did not fluctuate and remained at a low level regardless of age (Book et al., 2001). A majority of the studies in the meta-analysis measured participants in the morning for their testosterone levels; however, the observation between testosterone and aggression occurred in the afternoon when it is suggested to decline (Book et al., 2001).
Testosterone is a steroidal hormone which is a member of the androgen group of hormones that play a vital role in the sexual health of males as well as muscle growth, bone health and hair growth (Terburg et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2013). Cortisol is another steroidal hormone that does the opposite of testosterone which is released when humans are in times of stress or there is a diminishing supply of blood glucose within the body (Terburg et al., 2009). The predominant function of cortisol is to control immune functions in times of stress and to increase blood sugar within the body whilst metabolising foods towards fat stores (Terburg et al., 2009). Cortisol is the body’s way to manage stress from psychological or biological stress (Terburg et al., 2009). Terburg and colleagues (2009) set out to discover the evidence between testosterone and cortisol, observing relationships towards human aggression and whether it would facilitate aggressive criminal behaviour. It is discussed that individuals with high testosterone and low cortisol are more likely to approach threat which may result in aggressive behaviour (Terburg et al., 2009). Therefore, it was predicted that high testosterone and low cortisol will facilitate aggression in social situations (Terburg et al., 2009). It was suggested that imbalances in the brain which occur from a high testosterone and low cortisol ratio result in more awareness of anger which may result in confrontations with little to no emotion other than anger or aggression (Terburg et al., 2009). Furthermore, this may motivate individuals to utilise aggressive tendencies towards stressful/threat situations and is then suggested that in an environment of normal social conduct, individuals who have this ratio will have no respect for any social hierarchy and will be more likely to utilise violence, and disregard rules to accomplish goals (Terburg et al., 2009).
Archer, Birring and Wu (1998) investigated the relationship between testosterone and aggression in young males. The empirical study examined 101 male medical students (a majority of the students were either Caucasian or Asian) who completed self report measures which aimed to assess aggressive behaviour, and also contributed blood samples which were used to measured levels of testosterone (Archer et al., 1998). The results were non significant as the testosterone levels did not show any correlations with the self reported behaviour measures on aggression and there were no differences between Caucasians or Asians within the findings (Archer et al., 1998). One justification for non significant findings were that testosterone may not be relatively high in students that have low levels of physical aggression (Archer et al., 1998). In an attempt to further investigate the implications of testosterone on aggression, a meta-analysis was conducted to observe any possible associations (Archer et al., 1998). It was hypothesised that testosterone elevates aggression in aggressive individuals. Two reviews were examined and studies which focused on students and had key words such as ‘testosterone’, ‘aggression or violence’ and ‘human’ were included in the meta-analysis. The results did not support the hypothesis, even when the testosterone levels of high and low aggression samples were selectively compared; no correlations were found (Archer et al., 1998). Therefore, it can be observed that there are bodies of research which contain little to no significance of measuring testosterone and aggression with only suggestions being put forth for future research objectives and experiments (Archer et al., 1998).
In the attempt to determine whether testosterone has a direct effect on aggression, Olweus, Mattsson, Schalling and Low (1988) examined 58 adolescent males from public schools in Sweden. Each males testosterone levels were analysed (Olweus et al., 1988). Participants were aged 15-17 years which was assessed as either being in their pubertal stage or reaching the adult stage of testosterone development (Olweus et al., 1988). A month prior to the collection of the blood samples, the participants were required to complete self-report measures which assessed aggressive traits of verbal aggression and physical aggression (Olweus et al., 1988). A physical examination was conducted on each participant to acquire variables such as pubertal stage, height, weight and chest circumference for extra data regarding the participant’s physicality (Olweus et al., 1988). A significant correlation was found between testosterone and verbal aggression as well as testosterone and physical aggression which was measured by the self report scores (Olweus et al., 1988). Further analysis suggested that there was a pattern on testosterone with verbal and physical aggression in the instances of provocation and threat or unfair treatment (Olweus et al., 1988). Therefore, it was suggested that aggressive responses to threat or being provoked were directly related to testosterone (Olweus et al., 1988). Weaker correlations were found with unprovoked physical or unprovoked verbal aggression with testosterone (Olweus et al., 1988).
Testosterone and depression
Research regarding testosterone and its affects on depression has been of focus by Booth, Johnson and Granger (1999). In the attempt to investigate testosterone and its implications for antisocial behaviour and depression, 4,393 service men who had served in Vietnam, United States, Germany and Korea between 1965 and 1971 were interviewed and physically examined (Booth et al., 1999). Depression and antisocial behaviour was assessed through interviews whilst testosterone was measured from blood samples which were collected in the morning from all participants (Booth et al., 1999). The results indicated that there was a relationship between testosterone and depression; those who had average or below average levels of testosterone had lower risk of depression (Booth et al., 1999). Whereas those who had average or above average levels of testosterone and also did not enjoy either their marriage or employment, they had greater chances of becoming depressed and were more likely to engage in antisocial behaviour (Booth et al., 1999). However, when those who had high levels of testosterone did enjoy their marriage or employment, it was found that they were less likely to be depressed (Booth et al., 1999).
Kenny, Fabregas, Song, Biskup and Bellantonio (2004) investigated older men with mild cognitive deficiencies and how testosterone would affect their functions relative to cognition, depression and behaviour (Kenny et al., 2004). A synthetic form of testosterone (Testosterone Enanthate) was provided to all participants (11 men all aged 65+) for 12 weeks which was to be intramuscularly injected (Kenny et al., 2004). It was a randomized double-blind trial where participants received either the synthetic testosterone or a placebo (Kenny et al., 2004). The aim was to discover the effect of the testosterone on the behaviour, depression and cognition of the male participants (Kenny et al., 2004). The testosterone levels were measured via blood samples, prior, during and after the 12 week cycle of testosterone or the placebo (Kenny et al., 2004). Depression was evaluated by self-report questionnaires which assessed depressive traits as well as aggressive traits (Kenny et al., 2004). Cognitive abilities were assessed on a separate test by the recognition of clock faces and abstract problem solving which were administered during each blood collection (Kenny et al., 2004). There were no significant findings on the participants in relation to depression or their cognitive functions, only their testosterone levels were higher in comparison to beginning the study (Kenny et al., 2004). It was concluded that testosterone replacement therapy may be productive and can be administered to men of older age without any depressive, aggressive or cognitive complications (Kenny et al., 2004). The study failed to find any significant relationship between testosterone and depression for the better or worse, nor with cognitive function (Kenny et al., 2004).
Rohr (2002) discussed and evaluated the potential impact an imbalance of testosterone may have on women and their mental health with a focus on depression. The possible delivery methods and side effects were also discussed in relation to administering testosterone replacement therapy to women who are suffering from depressive symptoms (Rohr, 2002). Testosterone in females is predominantly produced in the ovaries of women and the daily production is 5% of the daily production in men (Rohr, 2002). Androgenic hormones such as testosterone decline in women as they age, specifically between 20 and 40 years (Rohr, 2002). In correspondence with menopause, testosterone, although significantly low, remains at a constant level between the ages of 40 to 60 for females (Rohr, 2002). In an attempt to counteract depression in women during their menopausal transition, hormone replacement therapy has existed with a surplus of oestrogens (steroidal hormones which enhance feminine characteristics) to decrease the risk of heart attack and osteoporosis; it has not been effective in uplifting depressive moods or emotional well-being (Rohr, 2002). A suggestion has been made that testosterone replacement therapy may assist in treating depressive symptoms and emotional states of women who are complaining of fatigue, low libido and a diminishing well-being (Rohr, 2002). Androgenic deficiencies may be a supporting factor in the depression of women and the integration of testosterone to revive depreciated levels may be beneficial (Rohr, 2002). Furthermore, thorough research on administering testosterone to females with the goal to deter depressive symptoms and encourage a positive emotional state has been suggested for the future (Rohr, 2002).
Testosterone and mood
The effects of testosterone on mood in men have been reviewed by Johnson et al., (2013). The effects of testosterone were summarised after examining various studies with discussion on the variables of high and low testosterone in men (Johnson et al., 2013). There has been an increase in curiosity on the implication of testosterone and how it affects men as testosterone deficiencies are increasing worldwide (Johnson et al., 2013). The testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) market is also increasing in its popularity within the pharmaceutical industry as a result of more men requiring TRT as a means to revive multiple physiological and psychological aspects of their well-being (Johnson et al., 2013). Synthetic testosterone is formulated in various forms to be either injected intramuscularly, received orally in tablet form or as gel which is applied on the body (Rohr, 2002). Replacing testosterone has been shown to repair various complications in men who are suffering from low testosterone or hypogonadism (Johnson et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2008). Problems with libido, focus, sleep, mood and cognition (which can be symptoms of many mood disorders) have been suggested to be improved by TRT (Johnson et al., 2013).
A majority of the studies regarding the implications of high testosterone on mood, have had to assess men through external methods of administering high levels of testosterone as it is difficult to obtain reasonable sample sizes of men with naturally elevated testosterone levels (Johnson et al., 2013). Research thus far on naturally high testosterone on mood, suggests an increased chance of risk taking or aggressive behaviour (Olweus et al., 1988; Johnson et al., 2013). However, there is no substantial evidence to indicate the prevalence of mood disorders as a result of naturally elevated testosterone (Johnson et al., 2013). O’Connor, Archer and Wu (2004) conducted a placebo-controlled investigation on the moods and behaviours of men who were administered 1000mg of testosterone. Twenty-eight male participants satisfied the physical criterion and were recruited for this study (O’Connor et al., 2004). Participants were randomly assigned to receive 1000mg of testosterone or placebo under double-blind, cross-over circumstances throughout a 16 week cycle with regular monitoring and follow ups (O’Connor et al., 2004). Mood, behaviour and sexual behaviour were assessed through self report measures (O’Connor et al., 2004). The most significant finding was that those who had been intramuscularly injected 1000mg of testosterone reported an increase of anger and hostility in comparison to those who took placebo (O’Connor et al., 2004). Additional studies on elevated testosterone and how it affects the moods of males have been prevalent in the investigations of anabolic steroids being administered to participants (Johnson et al., 2013). However, such studies go beyond the scope that is relative to natural testosterone or rejuvenating natural testosterone levels.
Research on low testosterone and mood has had a dominant focus towards its relationship with depression. The effects of low testosterone on mood have been recorded to have associations with depressive symptoms (Amore et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2013). Men who have low testosterone often tell their clinicians that they are experiencing a loss of libido, irritability, fatigue and dissatisfaction with life (Amore et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2013). These neuropsychiatric symptoms can be relative to factors which may lead to major depression in men (Amore et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2013). There is no direct causal link between depression and low testosterone thus far, however, there are multiple studies which document correlations between depression and low testosterone (Amore et al., 2012; Johnson et al., 2013).
Conclusion
Research on testosterone, what it is and how it affects aggression, depression and mood has been addressed within this chapter. The challenge hypothesis is a theory which has attempted to explain the link between testosterone and aggressive behaviour. It is intended that a sufficient understanding on testosterone and its relationship with emotion has developed from reading the content within this chapter. Now that you have been able to understand how important testosterone is in a males health, it may encourage you to let others know about testosterone replacement theory. It may develop more discussions on low testosterone amongst peers, removing the taboo on such a topic and be able to identify symptoms of hypogonadism. May the testosterone be with you in a functional, healthy life full of positive emotions.
* Don't forget
* Testosterone is an important hormone for men's health, specifically in sexual health as well as physical health
* The Challenge Hypothesis attempts to explain testosterone fuelled aggression in males
* Unnaturally high levels of testosterone may contribute to feelings of anger or hostility
* There are correlations between low testosterone and experiencing depressive symptoms
* Above average levels of testosterone may warrant antisocial or risk taking behaviour if the individual is not happy with either marriage or employment
* Hypogonadism is a serious issue in mens health which can be treated by testosterone replacement therapy
Quiz
{Testosterone is a? - Roid + Steroidal hormone - Needle - Vial
* type=""}
{ Low testosterone may lead to? - Acne - Increased libido - Happiness + Hypogonadism
* type=""}
{ The Challenge Hypothesis was originally conceptualised for? - Aliens + Birds - Dogs - Lions
* type=""}
{ TRT is? + Testosterone Replacement Therapy - Test Reviving Tren - Testosterone Rejuvenation Tactic - Test Real Test
* type=""}
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2010 World Lacrosse Championship
The 2010 World Lacrosse Championship was held between 15–24 July. This international men's field lacrosse tournament organized by the Federation of International Lacrosse took place in Manchester, United Kingdom. This was the third time that the tournament was played in Greater Manchester, after the 1978 and 1994 championships.
The United States captured their ninth gold medal, defeating Canada 12–10 in the championship game. Paul Rabil of Team USA was named tournament MVP. Australia earned its fourth-straight bronze medal by defeating Japan 16 –9.
A record 29 nations competed at the event, eight more than the 2006 WLC in London, Ontario. The 101 games were held at the Armitage Centre, Manchester University's sports grounds.
For the first time, a FIL World Lacrosse Festival ran alongside the world championships from 17 to 22 July. 48 teams from around the world competed in 8 divisions from U16 to Grand Masters.
Iroquois passport controversy
The Iroquois Nationals' participation in the championships was prevented in a dispute over their passports. The team sought to travel on Haudenosaunee passports, but the United Kingdom government would not allow it because of increased passport security requirements. The United States Department of State initially also refused to allow the passports, but later granted the team a one-time waiver to travel to the tournament. However, the U.K. would not issue the team visas.
Initially, the Iroquois were hoping to be able to travel, and agreed to forfeit their first game against England. Because it was the opening game of the tournament, organizers arranged for the host team to play Germany in an exhibition match instead. However, just before game time, the FIL decided to move Germany to the Blue Division and the Iroquois to the Plum Division, making the England-Germany match an official one. The Iroquois team did not officially withdraw from the tournament, and would have been allowed to play its remaining games should it have resolved its passport difficulties in time. On 18 July, the FIL announced that the competition schedule had progressed too far to allow Iroquois to compete in the tournament. Each of the other three Plum Division teams were given 1–0 forfeit victories over the Iroquois team.
Pool play
For pool play, nations were separated into seven divisions according to strength, the top six teams were placed in the Blue Division, and the other teams were put in six divisions of four. Each of the thirty nations were eligible to win the championship. Each division played round-robin games for ranking to determine which tournament brackets they would be placed in.
Blue Division
The Blue Division originally consisted of the top six teams from the 2006 World Lacrosse Championship, but Germany was moved up to replace the missing Iroquois team. The first and second place teams from the Blue Division advanced to the tournament semifinals. The third and fourth place teams advanced to the quarterfinals. The fifth and sixth place teams were placed into the 5th through 8th place classification bracket.
Canada's 10–9 win over the United States marked the first time that the American team lost a preliminary round game in any world championship, and only its third loss overall. Both teams ended up advancing to the semifinals.
Japan, Australia, and England all finished 2–3 in the Blue Division and 1–1 in head-to-head matches against each other. All three games between the teams were close, with two going into overtime. Japan and Australia advanced to the quarterfinals based on goal differential in those matches.
Plum Division
* Iroquois forfeited their three games due to not being able to travel to the tournament.
Intermediate Round
Starting on 19 July, all teams except for the Blue Division moved to one of three intermediate brackets: either the upper, middle, or lower bracket.
Upper bracket
The upper bracket included the six first-place finishers from each division as well as the top two second-place finishers. These teams were still eligible for the World Championship and could have finished anywhere from 1st to 16th in the tournament. By winning two games in the upper bracket, Scotland and Netherlands advanced to the quarterfinals.
Middle bracket
The middle bracket included the remaining four second-place finishers and the top four third-place finishers. These teams could have finished anywhere from 9th to 24th in the final rankings.
Lower bracket
The lower bracket included the remaining two third-place finishers and the six fourth-place finishers. These teams could have finished no higher than 17th in the final rankings.
Play-in games
On 21 July, Finland beat Poland 13–7 to advance to the 9th–12th place bracket, sending Poland to the 13th–16th place bracket. Italy beat Switzerland 7–6 to advance to the 17th–20th place bracket, while Switzerland entered the 21st–24th place bracket.
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East Machias Historic District
The East Machias Historic District encompasses the historic early center of the 19th century lumber and shipbuilding center of East Machias, Maine. The district includes houses built between about 1760 and 1880, several churches, and Washington Academy, a private school founded in 1792. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
Description and history
The area that is now East Machias was first settled in the 1760s, and was part of neighboring Machias until 1826. Its principal settlement grew near a falls on the East Machias River, where several mills were established. Washington Academy, founded in 1792, was given a permanent home in East Machias in 1823. The area was an economically successful shipbuilding and lumbering area for most of the 19th century, giving rise to the collection of historic properties on the east bank of the river.
The district extends along the eastern bank of the East Machias River, roughly between the bridge carrying United States Route 1 in the north and that carrying Willow Street to the south. It extends inland to include properties on Water Street and Cutler Road (Maine State Route 191). Most of the buildings in the 63 acre district are residential, 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories in height, and of wood frame construction with clapboard siding. Notable exceptions including the original Washington Academy building (1823), the First Congregational Church (1836), and the former Church of the Disciples of Christ (1880), now an academy building. There are also two mid-19th century commercial buildings, a schoolhouse from that period, and the archaeological remains of four separate mills.
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Hedge cutter
Hedge cutter may refer to:
* a person cutting a hedge
* a tool or machine used for cutting hedges (the term is used rather imprecisely)
* a hedge trimmer (also called hedge clippers, hedge shears, shrub trimmer, or bush trimmer), a stand-alone manual or powered garden tool, or (rarely) a tractor-mounted machine
* a reach flail mower (also called flail mulcher, or flail shredder), a tractor-driven implement (when attached to a boom and actually used for cutting hedges)
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New
Outlook 2016 read emails turn into unread email?
Just updated a clients office to Outlook 2016. They use secure email from Godaddy aka webmail.
For some reason whenever an email is sent it shows up in "Sent Items" as unread. If a previously read email is moved from one folder to another it now becomes unread.
Why is this happening?
Customer service is pointing to the Outlook client and stops support there.
Seams to be a server side problem to me.
Are others having the same issue?
Has anyone solved it?
Super User II Super User II
Super User II
I think support pointed you to the correct solution @pmarsh? When configuring Outlook to retrieve email you choose what to do with server messages. It kind of seems like you need to check those settings in the emails retrieval?
1. Click File > Account Settings
2. In Account Settings window, choose the account you want to set, then choose Change and click More Settings
3. After dialogue box of Internet E-mail Settings appearing, choose Advanced tab
4. Mark check box Leave a copy of messages on the server in Delivery option
5. After that, click OK and click Next > Finish > Close
I hope that helps? Come back and let us know how you got this together.
...turns out that my two cents is worth less or more depending on the current exchange rate.
roy darling *my posts seem a lot shorter in my head
@rd
I am having the same issue and unfortunately this did not work. My email is set as IMAP which does not give me those options to change. Any other ideas?
It's a bit difficult to troubleshoot without specific knowledge @Jshayota. You can check out Set up email (IMAP) and/or Changing From POP to IMAP I hope that helps?
...turns out that my two cents is worth less or more depending on the current exchange rate.
roy darling *my posts seem a lot shorter in my head
Did anyone figure out the solution for this? Every time i send an email it shows up as unread in the sent box. Also if i delete the sent email, it shows as unread in the trash folder. Need this to stop!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Libra Scale (2nd nomination)
The result was redirect to Ne-Yo discography. Redirecting as a personal editorial decision. Consider this a keep close. (non-admin closure) Ron Ritzman (talk) 00:10, 1 July 2010 (UTC)
Libra Scale
AfDs for this article:
* – ( View AfD View log • )
Not notable per WP:NALBUMS. there's no information here that could not be merged to the Artist's page. The album is several months from release and its singles are in infancy. Note this is it's second nomination (first one was a month ago) because it hasn't improved at all since then. Lil-unique1 (talk) 23:32, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
* Merge any verifiable information to Ne-Yo discography. I don't see significant coverage about this forthcoming album. -- Whpq (talk) 16:12, 25 June 2010 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions. -- • Gene93k (talk) 15:43, 26 June 2010 (UTC)
* Keep and close this discussion. The matter for this album was resolved less than a month ago. This is, in my opinion, a ridiculous nomination since it's so soon after the album was declared notable in the previous deletion discussion. Str8cash (talk) 22:58, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
* Comment, I beg to differ. This album is clearly not notable per WP:NALBUMS, it does not have confirmed release date, it does not have reliably sourced independent coverage and still has fact tags. Most of all there is not enough coverage to create a detailed/sizeable article. Regards, Lil-unique1 (talk) 23:03, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
* Keep per my comment in last AfD and per Str8cash. Has a confirmed release date. STAT -Verse 05:22, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
* Comment, please can someone explain to me what's the point of having a guideline which says "where there is not enough reliably sourced information an independent article should not be created" if then articles like Libra Scale are going to breach it and people are going to support the creation of such articles...? Regards, Lil-unique1 (talk) 16:13, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
* Keep it would be foolish not to. Think about it. Instead of wasting our time. Dr. Universe (talk) 18:43, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
* Comment - Do you have a reason based on Wikipedia policy and guidelines? Why would it be foolish to delete it? -- Whpq (talk) 18:48, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
* Keep no point deleting yetandycjp (talk) 12:37, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
* Merge/Redirect to Ne-Yo discography. Sorry, but I don't see anywhere enough significant coverage to justify an article at this time.--Michig (talk) 15:43, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
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David Lowman (intelligence official)
David Daniel Lowman (1921-1999) was a National Security Agency employee, an expert witness in the case that overturned Hirabayashi v. United States, and the author of the posthumously published book MAGIC: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West Coast during World War II.
Biography
Lowman was a career officer in the National Security Agency. In the 1970s Lowman worked on the declassification of World War II Japanese cable traffic decrypted by the Magic program. Based on his reading of those cables, he criticized the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians for its conclusion that there had been "no military necessity" in relocating Japanese-Americans into internment camps. In 1985, in a court case brought by Gordon Hirabayashi to clear his wartime conviction for refusing to report for relocation, Lowman testified that the United States government had intercepted and decrypted signal traffic from Japan directing officials in the United States to organize spy networks using Japanese-Americans as agents. The court decided in favor of Hirabayashi. Lowman died in April 1999.
Posthumous book
Lowman's book MAGIC: The Untold Story of U.S. Intelligence and the Evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West Coast during World War II was published posthumously in 2001. Magic argued that the internment of Japanese Americans was justified based on intercepted communications that indicated a spy network operating on the American West Coast. The book was published by Lee Allen, a retired Army lieutenant colonel and activist who convinced the Smithsonian Institution to revise downward its estimates of medals and honors awarded to Japanese-American soldiers in World War II. Allen also wrote the book's foreword, in which he claimed that for Japanese-Americans during World War II, "evacuation and life under government care provided much needed relief from trials and threats they faced on the West Coast". Magic particularly criticized the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which offered reparations to surviving Japanese-American internees.
Writing for Military Review, Richard Milligan concluded that Magic "refutes the accepted history that the evacuation was solely the result of national leaders' 'racism, war hysteria and the lack of political will'". Publishers Weekly agreed that the book's discussion of decrypted Japanese communications "makes a solid case that the intelligence community's faith in its credibility contributed significantly to the government's decision" but also noted that book did not actually refute the claims of racism, digressing instead into technical details and "bitter critique of the 1988 decision to compensate the former prisoners". Jonathan Kirsch of the Los Angeles Times praised the book for being "intellectually honest enough to allow us to come to our own conclusions", particularly in its inclusion of a rebuttal from the general counsel for the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, but also suggested that "it is possible to read the MAGIC intercepts and come away with an entirely different impression of the evidence".
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Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 2.djvu/255
THE MECHANICS OF SOCIETY 241
Society itself, which includes all the structures and institu- tions that may exist at any given time together with a certain vague but general psychic integration, may be regarded as a great structure in which the social forces have to a certain extent been brought into a state of equilibrium. It is only the most general aspects of the will that are thus equilibrated, and within this great social structure there are others which in advanced societies may be classified into a sort of subordinate hierarchy of structures, along with many that are more or less coordinate.
In general it may be said that society as a whole, including all its structures and institutions, both general and special, constitutes a mecJianism. The structures are not chaotic and haphazard, but symmetrical and systematic. They conform to the universal law of evolution which creates the spheres of space and the adapted forms of organic life. Although all this is believed to go on spontaneously and to be the normal result of purely genetic causes, in the great poverty of language to express this process, it is almost necessary to resort to the language of teleology, which will convey no false implications to the well- informed. We may therefore say that society constitutes a mechanism for the production of results. Every social structure or institution exists for a purpose. It is necessary to guard against the mistake of confounding social statics with social stagnation. The social mechanism, taken as a whole, constitutes the social order, and social statics is simply the science of social order.
To regard social structures as mechanisms is a luminous point of view for the treatment of social mechanics. A machine, properly understood, is simply a device for reducing the forces it is designed to utilize to a state of equilibrium. Without the machine these forces would run to waste so far as the user of the machine is concerned. The machine checks their natural flow, and, temporarily at least and theoretically, equilibrates them. In other words the energy of nature is stored by the machine for the purpose of being utilized to far greater advantage and at the will of the user. Tim U clearly seen in the principle of the
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Delta neutral
In finance, delta neutral describes a portfolio of related financial securities, in which the portfolio value remains unchanged when small changes occur in the value of the underlying security. Such a portfolio typically contains options and their corresponding underlying securities such that positive and negative delta components offset, resulting in the portfolio's value being relatively insensitive to changes in the value of the underlying security.
A related term, delta hedging is the process of setting or keeping the delta of a portfolio as close to zero as possible. In practice, maintaining a zero delta is very complex because there are risks associated with re-hedging on large movements in the underlying stock's price, and research indicates portfolios tend to have lower cash flows if re-hedged too frequently.
Mathematical interpretation
Delta measures the sensitivity of the value of an option to changes in the price of the underlying stock assuming all other variables remain unchanged.
Mathematically, delta is represented as partial derivative $$\tfrac{\partial V}{\partial S}$$ of the option's fair value with respect to the price of the underlying security.
Delta is clearly a function of S, however Delta is also a function of strike price and time to expiry.
Therefore, if a position is delta neutral (or, instantaneously delta-hedged) its instantaneous change in value, for an infinitesimal change in the value of the underlying security, will be zero; see Hedge (finance). Since delta measures the exposure of a derivative to changes in the value of the underlying, a portfolio that is delta neutral is effectively hedged. That is, its overall value will not change for small changes in the price of its underlying instrument.
Creating the position
Delta hedging - i.e. establishing the required hedge - may be accomplished by buying or selling an amount of the underlier that corresponds to the delta of the portfolio. By adjusting the amount bought or sold on new positions, the portfolio delta can be made to sum to zero, and the portfolio is then delta neutral. See.
Options market makers, or others, may form a delta neutral portfolio using related options instead of the underlying. The portfolio's delta (assuming the same underlier) is then the sum of all the individual options' deltas. This method can also be used when the underlier is difficult to trade, for instance when an underlying stock is hard to borrow and therefore cannot be sold short.
Theory
The existence of a delta neutral portfolio was shown as part of the original proof of the Black–Scholes model, the first comprehensive model to produce correct prices for some classes of options. See Black-Scholes: Derivation.
From the Taylor expansion of the value of an option, we get the change in the value of an option, $$C(s) \,$$, for a change in the value of the underlier $$(\epsilon\,)$$:
* $$ C(s + \epsilon\,) = C(s) + \epsilon\,C'(s) + {1/2}\,\epsilon^2\, C''(s) + ...$$
* where $$ C'(s) = \Delta\,$$(delta) and $$C''(s) = \Gamma\,$$(gamma); see Greeks (finance).
For any small change in the underlier, we can ignore the second-order term and use the quantity $$\Delta\,$$ to determine how much of the underlier to buy or sell to create a hedged portfolio. However, when the change in the value of the underlier is not small, the second-order term, $$\Gamma\,$$, cannot be ignored: see Convexity (finance).
In practice, maintaining a delta neutral portfolio requires continuous recalculation of the position's Greeks and rebalancing of the underlier's position. Typically, this rebalancing is performed daily or weekly.
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Template:Did you know nominations/Iatrophysics
The result was: rejected by 97198 (talk) 05:11, 1 May 2017 (UTC)
Iatrophysics
* ... that ...? Source: "This article explains the concept of Iatrophysics, the use of mechanics to analyze anatomy. This was a key concept that changed the way medicine was viewed and studied. " (and [link] the source, or cite it briefly without using citation templates)
* ALT1:... that mechanical models of muscle contraction were fleshed out starting as early as the 17th century in the field of Iatrophysics? Source: "? " (and [link] the source, or cite it briefly without using citation templates)
Created/expanded by Yennyyang (talk). Self-nominated at 19:23, 9 March 2017 (UTC).
* Symbol question.svg What is the hook? (Nominator has been pinged). Yoninah (talk) 14:45, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
* please respond by providing a hook.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 05:44, 8 April 2017 (UTC)
* RightCowLeftCoast, I just discovered a hook placed in the middle of the source section of ALT1, so I've moved it into the main section of ALT1 and formatted it. The same incorrect placement was done for the original hook, but what's there is two sentences and not all that interesting. Can you take a look at ALT1 and see whether it does the job and is properly supported in the article? Thanks. BlueMoonset (talk) 03:28, 14 April 2017 (UTC)
* looking at the article as it stood on the date of nomination, the first paragraph of the "Iatrophysicists" section is unsourced.
* If the hooks are in the small writing, than ALT1 appears to be triple sourced, and the first hook "This article explains the concept of Iatrophysics, the use of mechanics to analyze anatomy. This was a key concept that changed the way medicine was viewed and studied." is not sourced.
* Symbol possible vote.svgfore upon second look, the article needs to be improved by, which appears to be the case, but not yet enough to allow it to pass.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 01:15, 15 April 2017 (UTC)
* Symbol possible vote.svgfore upon second look, the article needs to be improved by, which appears to be the case, but not yet enough to allow it to pass.--RightCowLeftCoast (talk) 01:15, 15 April 2017 (UTC)
* Symbol delete vote.svg The nominator has never responded here despite numerous pings here and on their talk page, and the class this was nominated for held its final meeting this past Friday. Marking for closure as unsuccessful. BlueMoonset (talk) 23:59, 30 April 2017 (UTC)
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What is waking up early a sign of?
What is waking up early a sign of?
Waking very early in the morning can also be a sign of sleep apnea. Episodes of apnea—the temporary interruptions to breathing that’s the hallmark of the disorder—can occur in every stage of sleep.
How can I stop waking up early?
– getting regular exercise.
– avoiding caffeine and other stimulants after early afternoon (1 or 2 p.m.)
– blocking light in your room and keeping it quiet, dark, and comfortable.
– covering the display on your clock and any other small (or blinking) lights in the room.
What is waking up early a sign of?
Waking very early in the morning can also be a sign of sleep apnea. Episodes of apnea—the temporary interruptions to breathing that’s the hallmark of the disorder—can occur in every stage of sleep.
Why do I wake up for no reason?
Most people wake up once or twice during the night. Reasons this might happen include drinking caffeine or alcohol late in the day, a poor sleep environment, a sleep disorder, or another health condition. When you can’t get back to sleep quickly, you won’t get enough quality sleep to keep you refreshed and healthy.
What it means to wake up at 5AM?
When you wake up at 5AM, you give yourself some space to actually improve and make progress as a person. Life, for most people, is very busy. Most Americans read less than one book per year. They’re too busy at work and then distracted by the media and the internet.
Why do I wake up at 5AM for no reason?
For those of us who are waking up at odd times in the morning, more often than not, it’s at the same time every day – sometime around 4am or 5am. This could be because of the simultaneous rise in cortisol levels and the brain’s processing of emotional material early in the morning.
Is waking up suddenly bad for you?
Waking up abruptly can cause higher blood pressure and heart rate. Besides increasing your blood pressure, an alarm can add to your stress levels by getting your adrenaline rushing. The solution to this health-harming problem is to instead try gradually waking up to natural light.
Why does waking up feel so bad?
Gartenberg: When you wake up, you have something called “sleep inertia.” It can last for as long as two hours. That’s why you get that groggy feeling, and if you’re sleep deprived, it’s going to be worse, too. Studies also show that if you wake up while in deep sleep, you’re going to have worse sleep inertia.
What happens when you wake up suddenly?
But if you wake suddenly, the muscles sometimes twitch. This is a ‘myoclonic jerk’ – an involuntary twitch that occurs in some neural diseases, but more often in healthy people when falling asleep.
Why do I wake up at 5am?
For those of us who are waking up at odd times in the morning, more often than not, it’s at the same time every day – sometime around 4am or 5am. This could be because of the simultaneous rise in cortisol levels and the brain’s processing of emotional material early in the morning.
Why do I wake up at 3am for no reason?
If you wake up at 3 a.m. or another time and can’t fall right back asleep, it may be for several reasons. These include lighter sleep cycles, stress, or underlying health conditions. Your 3 a.m. awakenings may occur infrequently and be nothing serious, but regular nights like this could be a sign of insomnia.
Why do I wake up at the same time every morning?
A habit suggests that it is a conscious and voluntary action, where waking every morning at the same time is habitual but unrelated to a conscious decision to wake up. Rather, the phenomenon is related to biological and physiological functions known as sleep timing, circadian rhythms, and sleep cycles.
Why waking up at 5AM changed my life?
Purpose: Waking up at 5AM has helped give me purpose in the morning and sense of direction to work towards something bigger. Time Gained: waking up at 5AM as opposed to 7AM for 30 years worth of weekdays creates 15,600 hours. That’s 15,600 hours to do something productive, healthy or just live my life.
How do I make it easier to wake up early?
– Set an earlier bedtime. …
– Unplug before bed. …
– Avoid late-night snacking. …
– Avoid sugary energy drinks and coffee. …
– Silence your phone. …
– Avoid all-nighters. …
– Sleep with your curtains open. …
– Place your alarm clock across the room.
Why am I suddenly waking up when I sleep?
Stress is one of the main reasons people wake up in the night. It makes your sleep lighter and keeps you from getting deep and REM sleep. Other mental health problems can also cause sleep problems, including: Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Feb 21, 2020
Why do I wake up at 3am and worry?
“If you wake up and begin to experience worry, anxiety or frustration, you likely have activated your sympathetic nervous system, your ‘fight-or-flight’ system,” says Dr. Kane. “When this happens, your brain switches from sleep mode to wake mode.
Is waking up early bad for you?
If you often find yourself waking up two or three hours before your alarm, you’re not alone. Waking up too early is a common problem among people at many stages of life and health. This form of sleep disturbance is upsetting and can cause exhaustion.3 days ago
Why is waking up at 5AM important?
When you wake up at 5AM, you give yourself some space to actually improve and make progress as a person. Life, for most people, is very busy. Most Americans read less than one book per year. … If instead, you woke up and started reading books, you could get to the point where you’re reading 20+ books per year.
Is it normal to wake up at 3am?
If you wake up at 3 a.m. or another time and can’t fall right back asleep, it may be for several reasons. These include lighter sleep cycles, stress, or underlying health conditions. Your 3 a.m. awakenings may occur infrequently and be nothing serious, but regular nights like this could be a sign of insomnia.
Is waking up early healthy?
Waking up earlier leads to faster accumulation of adenosine, making you feel sleepy in the evening hours. Going to bed early improves your chances of completing all four stages of sleep through the four to six sleep cycles, making you feel well-rested and rejuvenated the next morning.
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TMJ Acupuncturist Thousand Oaks
Acupuncture is an age-old practice in many native areas worldwide but a growing treatment in the western world. What do you think of when you hear of acupuncture? Most people visualize a dozen needles sticking onto the body and causing just as much pain as you would get from dozens of medical needles. How does acupuncture relate to jaw pain? Let us start by learning about acupuncture and how it will offer relief to your ailments.
What is acupuncture?
Acupuncture is the insertion of needles to offer relief for a variety of ailments. A licensed acupuncturist knows which needles to use and how to insert them at various points to stimulate the nervous system. In the end, this therapy will stimulate your connective tissue, nervous system, and muscles in the targeted areas for reduced pain and discomfort. The National Institute of Health reports that acupuncture recommends that you visit a specialized professional if you have a specific ailment, which means you should visit a dental acupuncturist if you want TMJ treatment in Thousand Oaks instead of the general spa acupuncture.
How acupuncture works for TMJ and jaw pain
TMJ happens when the lower jaw has fatigue and pain, which triggers the pain to spread to the shoulders. How does poking the needle offer effective pain relief?
It does not make any sense to insert needles on an already painful area. We promise that this therapy offers integrative healing for thousands of ailments, including TMJ. Here is a little breakdown of how it works to offer relief.
One 2017 study states that acupuncture is highly effective for temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome or people who suffer from myofascial pain. Many people with TMJ-related issues find immense relief from clenching and grinding, as well as the crippling pain of a nervous dysfunction.
What to expect during treatment
The first treatment will generally last longer because we will schedule a detailed medical analysis and a complete breakdown of the treatment you need. We want to learn more about your stress levels, diet, dental history to give you the perfect opportunity for fast relief.
Our specialist will give you the opportunity for questions, so you are comfortable settling down into the actual session. The actual insertion of needles will take approximately 20 minutes before we let them sit for a while before removing them. Overall, a single session will last an hour or two from the moment you enter the office.
Benefits of acupuncture for TMJ and sleep therapy
The treatment reduces inflammation and pain to stimulate the nerves and trigger transformation from the brain. Researchers noted that acupuncture stimulated the release of neurotransmitters which then control and regulate muscle tension.
Reduce stress
Acupuncture reduces stress because it relaxes involuntary muscle tension and reduces cortisol. Our acupuncturist in Thousand Oaks knows that it is always safer than many other modalities for better health and fast tension release.
Results of treating TMJ with acupuncture have turned out to be long-lasting for many patients. Feel free to contact our dentistry acupuncture expert (Thousand Oaks, CA: 805-496-5700/Brentwood, CA: 310-401-0813) to schedule an appointment or schedule an in-person at our reception desk.
TMJ Acupuncturist Thousand Oaks
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Fix: Microsoft Edge Won’t Open Or Not Working in Windows 10
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If Microsoft Edge won’t open, you may have a big problem on your hands, especially if you use Edge as your default browser.
Although this problem can be problematic, today we are going to show you how to fix it.
So, let’s get started…
Microsoft Edge Won’t Open Or Not Working in Windows 10
Microsoft Edge is Windows 10’s new browser, which is replacing Internet Explorer as the default browser. Microsoft Edge is a new alternative for doing activities on the internet.
The relatively smaller memory and CPU usage compared to other browsers is the reason many Windows users are starting to switch to Microsoft Edge.
Microsoft Edge is indeed developed based on Chromium, it’s no wonder that its appearance and features are partially similar to Google Chrome.
However, Microsoft Edge is better given the many features and extensions support that is not available in any browser. Even so, Microsoft Edge still has a lot of drawbacks.
Causes of Microsoft Edge Won’t Open, Hang, Not Responding
When using Microsoft Edge, I sometimes experience hang, freeze, not responding when opening multiple tabs.
So, what made this problem happen? For more details, consider the following causes.
• Bugs on Microsoft Edge. The problem may be due to bugs on Microsoft Edge. You could say, Microsoft Edge is still in the refinement stage. So don’t be surprised if sometimes Microsoft Edge has problems hanging, stuck, and not responding for a moment.
• The use of resources is too great. If you open too many tabs then this can also give Microsoft Edge a problem, not responding until it closes on its own.
• Extension problems. Extensions can also cause error problems. It is possible that the extension has bugs/extensions that are not from the official Microsoft website, which security and stability are not guaranteed.
• etc…
How to Fix Microsoft Edge Not Opening Problem
To solve the Microsoft Edge won’t open error problem, there are a number of things you can do from closing and removing all installed extensions.
Forcibly closing programs using the Task Manager, updating programs, restarting the computer, to cleaning the search history. here are some tips you can do.
1. Close Tabs, Extensions, And Browsers
Opening too many tabs will certainly make the use of computer resources drained, especially RAM memory.
If this happens, it is possible that Microsoft Edge will feel heavy when used, hang, crash, and not respond. To fix this, here are some things you can do.
• Close all open tabs.
• Close programs/applications that you are running.
• Pause any downloads you do.
• Remove unnecessary extensions.
After doing the things above, make sure to set the usage of the installed applications/programs that you want to use.
If you feel that your computer/laptop’s resources are limited, then don’t open too many applications/programs.
2. End Task Using Task Manager
End Task Using Task Manager
If Microsoft Edge that you are using is really stuck and not responding (can’t be clicked). Force close using Task Manager.
This feature allows Windows users to force the problematic application to close.
1. Right-click on the Windows Taskbar »Task Manager.
2. You can also ( Win + X ), then press the “T” button to open the Task Manager.
3. Select Microsoft Edge, then click End Task to force it to close.
4. Done.
3. Update Microsoft Edge
Update Microsoft Edge
To improve stability, security, and repair, you can update Microsoft Edge. To do this, you can check the About Microsoft Edge page. Make sure your computer/laptop is connected to the internet to update.
1. Open the Microsoft Edge browser that you are using.
2. Click the three dots icon in the upper right corner » select Settings.
3. Continue by selecting About Microsoft Edge.
4. Microsoft Edge will do the checking.
5. If available, update and restart the browser.
6. Done.
NOTE: You can use these tips if it’s still possible to open Microsoft Edge (without any problems).
4. Restart Your Computer
Restart Your Computer
The next thing you can do is restart your computer/laptop. It is possible that your Microsoft Edge service is not running optimally, making the program unable to open.
This method can be an alternative if Microsoft Edge really can’t be opened and there is no response at all.
5. Clean History, Cache, Cookies
Clean History, Cache, Cookies Microsoft Edge Won’t Open Or Not Working in Windows 10
Next, try clearing all browsing history and all junk files present on Microsoft Edge. You can do this by going to Microsoft Edge’s History feature. Here are the steps …
1. Open Microsoft Edge, click on the three dots icon present at the top.
2. Go to History »Manage History» select Clear browsing data.
3. Select the time range you want. Check the deletions you want.
4. Click Clear Now to delete.
5. Restart the browser.
6. Done.
Apart from going to Manage History, you can also use Third-Party Software.
Clean Microsoft Edge history using CCleaner
1. If you don’t have the CCleaner application, please go first. Click the following link to download: For Windows and Mac https://www.ccleaner.com/
2. Install and open the software.
3. Then check the Microsoft Edge (Edge Chromium) history that you want to delete.
4. If so, click Run Cleaner and wait for the removal process to complete.
5. Done.
6. Use Another Browser
use other browser
If the error problem with Microsoft Edge is difficult to solve. For the time being, try another alternative by installing Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.
Edge has the same appearance and features as Google Chrome. So, there’s nothing wrong with trying Google Chrome. In terms of extensions and Add-Ins, the two are not much different.
If interested, you can try Google Chrome by downloading it here, or you can use the other best browser for pc.
Conclusion
Even though it’s only a browser, Microsoft Edge requires a lot of computer resources. Apart from system compatibility, hardware specifications are also important to pay attention to.
If you look in the Task Manager, the RAM and CPU of any browser must always be high.
For that, make sure to always perform system updates and Microsoft Edge updates so that usage is always stable.
If necessary, you can upgrade your computer/laptop components. If there is anything you need to ask or say, please write it in the comments below. Thank you and good luck!
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What Does It Mean to Have a High Level of GGT in Your Liver, and What Are the Symptoms?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Apr 8, 2020 6:25:09 AM ET
An elevated level of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase enzymes indicates that there is liver damage, but the GGT test does not determine the cause. Some symptoms of high GGT include fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and swelling or pain in the abdomen, says Lab Tests Online.
Generally, the higher the level of GGT, the more damage has been done to the liver. This could rule out bone disease as the cause if the level of alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the liver is also high, according to Lab Tests Online. Other symptoms of elevated GGT include light-colored stools, dark-colored urine, jaundice and itching.
An elevated level of GGT could be the result of liver diseases such as scarring, necrosis, tumors, ischemia or hepatitis. Other medical conditions that could cause it include pancreatitis, diabetes or heart failure. Lung disease and the blockage of bile from the liver are other potential causes. The use of drugs that are toxic to the liver or alcohol abuse may also increase GGT levels, according to MedlinePlus.
GGT enzymes are transport molecules that help move other molecules and enzymes throughout the body. They have a vital role in metabolizing medications and other toxins, explains Healthline. GGT is mostly present in the liver, but it is also in the pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys and spleen. Testing of this enzyme is often combined with other liver enzyme tests.
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Esophageal foreign body obstruction. What causes esophageal obstruction?
Esophagus Obstructions
The esophagus is a muscular tube that propels food from the bottom of the throat to the stomach. It is ten inches in length and originates in the neck. Then it passes through the entire length of the chest until the lower end joins the stomach within the abdomen. The esophagus serves no digestive function and acts solely as a pathway for swallowed food. Diseases of the esophagus produce symptoms because they block it. Therefore the symptom they have in common is "difficulty in swallowing" or the "food gets stuck." Adults with disease in this area may also complain of upper abdominal burning and discomfort. Diagnostic problems for this organ are far less complicated than in other areas of the gut. The entire tube can be examined by direct inspection and parts of diseased tissue removed for diagnosis. Techniques of esophagus surgery, in all its segments, are well developed; some of the procedures for reconstructing the swallowing mechanism are quite ingenious.
Why do you place such importance on exactly how long I have had difficulty swallowing?
It gives me a clue to the possible cause. Recent onset is most often due to a tumor. Intermittent difficulty over several years is more likely due to an inflammation or a muscular disorder at its lower end.
What significance is there to my pointing out where I feel that the food gets stuck?
This is a rough guide to the site of obstruction. Thus, if you were to point to the neck, it would sugest a developmental pouch (diverticulum) which blocks the food.
What is the pouch (diverticulum) in the neck? How does it arise and what is the treatment?
This is a side pocket in the esophagus. One is born with it. It grows larger with time. The pouch represents the vestige of what is the gill in the fish. It causes trouble in swallowing when it grows too big, pushing aside the normal esophagus so food goes into it instead of going down the normal way. Patients frequently learn to empty it by squeezing and manipulating the bulge in the neck area. If the diverticulum causes no symptoms, it should be left strictly alone. If it causes symptoms, it should be removed. This operation is done through an incision in the neck; the outpocketing is removed and the normal straight path for food is restored.
How accurate is the X ray?
In esophageal problems the X ray is extremely reliable and helpful. It serves to indicate the exact site of obstruction and accurately suggests its most likely cause.
Can there be no obstruction even though I have difficulty swallowing?
In these instances the swallowing difficulty is not caused by a block. Less common causes of inability to swallow normally are due to impaired function, paralysis, weakness, or improper synchronization of the involved parts. These are encountered in individuals with strokes and certain brain and muscle diseases.
How do you determine the real cause?
The final diagnosis of a tumor or inflammation is made by looking directly into the esophagus with a lighted tube and removing a piece of abnormal tissue for microscopic examination. This can be done under local anesthesia, with the throat numbed, or under a light sleep. The report on the tissue is usually available in twenty four hours.
How do you evaluate the muscles of the esophagus if the swallowing trouble is not due to a block?
The contractile power of the esophagus is evaluated by determining its squeeze effect on a swallowed tube that contains three balloons spaced apart. By simultaneously recording the pattern of contraction or absence of contraction on each of these balloons, the specific site and character of esophageal function can be recorded. This diagnostic procedure is called esophageal manometry.
I have had trouble swallowing since my teens. I've been told that is was "spasms." What shall I do now?
This diagnosis can be confirmed by a rapid exposure movie film X ray of the area. We actually make a movie of how the esophagus functions. The swallowed balloon study (esophageal manometry) is also a great help in this regard. By noting how each of the three balloons is affected, it is possible to localize the site at which the contractions are faulty, absent, or ineffectual. If the esophagus already shows evidence of significant obstruction, you should be treated. In about 80 percent of such problems (called achalasia or cardiospasm) the esophagus can be stretched at its lower end by a special balloon that disrupts the poorly functioning muscle and allows for normal swallowing. The disorder of the swallowing mechanism has been ascribed to muscle spasm of the lower esophagus. This is not true in most cases. The term "cardiospasm" is incorrect, but it continues to be employed. Treatment can be done on an ambulatory basis or an overnight hospital stay without general anesthesia. The patient feels pain briefly, and then it is all finished.. Surgery is advised only when symptoms persist, recur, or have not been relieved by a trial with the method of forceful dilatation.
You say that the esophagus is inflamed, ulcerated and swollen. What causes this? What's to be done about it?
This is usually due to a hernia through the diaphragm that allows the stomach juices to irritate the delicate lining of the esophagus. The irritated area becomes congested and narrows the esophageal opening. The first treatment is like that for a stomach ulcer. If medication and diet do not relieve the symptoms, surgery may be required. The operation will correct the hernia defect and allow the stomach to maintain its normal relation to the diaphragm.
The biopsy report is cancer. What is to be done?
In general the treatment of cancer of the esophagus by any method is not satisfactory. Although there are good surgical techniques for doing this operation, the results are poor because the cancer spreads so widely into the neck, the chest and the abdomen. Yet these patients do require treatment because they cannot swallow. The swallowing difficulty may become so advanced that it even affects the saliva. You know that we swallow more than a quart of saliva a day. In these unfortunate individuals the saliva spills over into the lung and causes a variety of lung infections and pneumonias. The cancer may have already spread into the glands of the neck and into the liver when the patient is first seen.
In addition, many of these patients are elderly and have too many collateral problems in the lung and heart to consider the possibility of radical surgery. Although poor results in the treatment are a universal experience, some surgeons and institutions take very aggressive attitudes. Others take a pessimistic approach and have virtually abandoned extensive surgery as a curative method. Radiation (X-ray) treatments can be very effective.
What can you suggest as a possible curative measure?
If the cancer is in the lower half of the esophagus or upper end of the stomach, curative surgery can be attempted if the general condition allows it. Otherwise and in othei areas, radiation treatment offers the best hope.
What is the long term outlook with this type of cancer?
Very poor. Fewer than one in one hundred patients is alive five years after cancer of the esophagus is diagnosed.
Is it possible to improve the swallowing ever? if the condition cannot be cured?
It is usually possible to put a plastic tube (prosthesis) through the tumor and restore swallowing. This is definitely worth doing.
He's losing so much weight and getting worse so rapidly. Is it possible to treat him by putting a feeding tube directly into the stomach?
The procedure, called a tube gastrostomy, was frequently done thirty years ago. It doesn't solve the cancer problem or prolong survival, and it is no longer advised for this condition. However, it can be used effectively to help patients with neurologic diseases or temporary esophageal obstructions.
Could the cancer have been diagnosed earlier and wouli that have helped?
It is impossible to suspect the diagnosis until the patient has symptoms. In general, the earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the opportunity of treating it effectively. In about two thirds of these patients the disease is already far advanced when first diagnosed.
What does the curative surgery entail?
It involves removing the tumor containing area, to gether with a part of the adjacent stomach and esophagus, and then sewing together the cut ends to create a new opening through which the swallowed food can pass.
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Case report: Closed-loop bowel obstruction secondary to a double gallstone ileus
Int J Surg Case Rep. 2021 Dec;89:106612. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.106612. Epub 2021 Nov 18.
Abstract
Introduction and importance: In this paper, we report an unusual case of a closed-loop bowel obstruction secondary to a double gallstone ileus. This type of pathology constitutes an emergency, and requires prompt surgical intervention to prevent further complications.
Presentation of case: The patient was a 90-year-old female who came to our emergency room with a clinical picture compatible with an acute abdomen. Imaging tests performed included a plain radiograph and abdominal CT-scan, which confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was then transferred to the operating room, and an open double enterolithotomy was performed, extracting two cylindrical gallstones with a diameter of over 2.5 cm. No treatment was given for either the gallbladder nor the biliary-enteric fistula due to the patient's physical status.
Clinical discussion: Gallstone ileus is a rare entity, but must be taken into consideration when a patient with an abdominal obstruction arrives to the emergency department, especially when signs such as pneumobilia or visualization of the stones are detected by imaging tests. Early surgical intervention is required to avoid complications. However, addressing the biliary-enteric fistula at the same time is a sensitive procedure that may not be advisable, depending on the status of the patient. This report includes a bibliographic review of existing cases of gallstone ileus and the specifics of its diagnosis and management.
Conclusion: This pathology can lead to serious complications if not managed properly. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are essential to avoid complications such as intestinal gangrene and perforation. Inspecting the entire intestine during surgery is crucial for removing any additional gallstones that may be present to prevent the reappearance of symptoms.
Keywords: Emergency surgery; Enterolitothomy; Gallstone; Ileus; Obstruction; Rigler.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Donald McMillan
Donald McMillan or MacMillan may refer to:
* Donald McMillan (Ontario politician) (1835–1914), Senator from Ontario
* Donald McMillan (Quebec politician) (1807–1876), who represented Vaudreuil in the 1st Canadian Parliament
* Donald Baxter MacMillan (1874–1970), American explorer
* Donald MacMillan (rugby union) (born 1930), rugby union player who represented Australia
* Don MacMillan (1928-2004), Australian Olympic athlete
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WIKI
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Starbucks (SBUX) Appoints Ulta Beauty CEO Dillon to Board
Starbucks CorporationSBUX announced that Mary Dillon, chief executive officer of specialty beauty retailer ULTA Salon, Cosmetics & Fragrance, Inc. ULTA has joined the board of directors on Jan 4.
Dillon became the CEO in Jun 2013 and ever since Ulta Beauty has witnessed record sales and earnings. The company operates 875 stores in 48 states and a growing e-Commerce site.
Dillon brings with her more than 30 years of experience in leading consumer-driven brands. Previously, she has served as president and CEO of U.S. Cellular., chief marketing officer and executive vice president at McDonald's Corp. MCD and president of PepsiCo Inc.'s PEP Quaker Foods division. Dillon has also served as a board member of Target Corp.
Dillon will be replacing Olden Lee, retiring this March, and serve on the Board's Compensation and Management Development Committee
The appointment comes at a time when the world's biggest coffee chain is fast expanding its digital retailing and marketing initiatives to drive business and Dillon's experience will come in handy.
Starbucks' sales growth has been exceptional over the past three quarters driven by solid global traffic trends and higher food/beverage sales. We believe that digital efforts like Mobile Order and Pay, delivery services and third-party loyalty partnerships, food/beverage innovation, lunch and evening programs, Starbucks Reserve premium coffees and Teavana tea can fuel stronger sales trends in the Americas in fiscal 2016. Starbucks' technological innovations should further strengthen its brand as well as enhance efficiency and in-store execution while increasing profitability.
The company's latest digital initiative, Mobile Order and Pay, is showing positive early results and could prove to be a key growth driver in fiscal 2016.
Starbucks carries a Zacks Rank #4 (Sell) possibly due to broader market pressures.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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Mike Cappelletti
Armand Michael Cappelletti (April 18, 1938 – November 14, 2013) was an American lawyer most widely known as a bridge player and poker authority.
Cappelletti was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of carpenter Armand "Mondo" Cappelletti and Rose Marie (née Pugliese). Both sets of his grandparents were born in Italy.
He later lived in Alexandria, Virginia, where he practiced for the U.S. Department of Justice and later as a public defender in Washington, D.C. Among poker players he is known as the author of the books Cappelletti on Omaha, The Best of Cappelletti on Omaha, Poker at the Millennium, and How to Win at Omaha High-Low Poker, and also as columnist for the poker magazine, CardPlayer. He is well known among bridge players as the inventor of the Cappelletti convention. Cappelletti was an American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) Grand Life Master with more than 24,000 masterpoints. He won a bronze medal in the 1974 World Mixed Teams. Cappelletti also authored the book 100 Bridge Problems: Using Poker Tactics in Contract Bridge.
Cappelletti made some contributions to bridge bidding including Cappelletti over notrump, Cappelletti over one-of-a-major doubled, Cappelletti two-suited cuebids.
Wins
* North American Bridge Championships (2)
* Master Mixed Teams (1) 1967
* Silver Ribbon Pairs (1) 2013
Runners-up
* North American Bridge Championships (7)
* Reisinger (1) 1991
* Men's Board-a-Match Teams (1) 1979
* North American Swiss Teams (1) 1985
* Blue Ribbon Pairs (2) 1973, 1977
* Mixed Pairs (2) 1967, 1988
* Other notable 2nd places:
* Goldman Pairs (1) 1968
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WIKI
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User:Eriky
My name is Erik-Jan. I'm a software developer primarily interesting in (big) data, backend development and mobile development.
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WIKI
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Wickenheiser heads six-member Hockey Hall of Fame class
Former Canadian women’s star Hayley Wickenheiser headlines the six-player class chosen to the Hockey Hall of Fame on Tuesday. Former NHL players Guy Carbonneau, Sergei Zubov and Vaclav Nedomansky also were selected. Pittsburgh Penguins general manager Jim Rutherford and Boston College coach Jerry York were chosen under the builders category. The six will be inducted in Toronto on Nov. 18. Wickenheiser, a four-time Olympic gold medalist, was inducted in her first year of eligibility. She retired in 2017 and is Canada’s all-time leading women’s scorer with 168 goals, 211 assists and 379 points in 276 games. The 40-year-old Saskatchewan native is assistant director of player development for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Wickenheiser is also a medical student at the University of Calgary and was writing a mandatory exam when the announcement was made. Hours later, she tweeted a response. “Just stepped out of a med school course to the news. A huge honor and dream come true for a little girl from Shaunavon, Sask.. Congrats to Guy,Sergei,Vaclav,Jim and Jerry. Thank you for all the kind words,” she tweeted. Wickenheiser is the seventh woman to be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Carbonneau tallied 663 points (260 goals, 403 assists) in 1,318 games with the Montreal Canadiens (1980-94), St. Louis Blues (1994-95) and Dallas Stars (1995-2000). The forward won two Stanley Cup titles with the Canadiens and one with the Stars. “This is an honor you think about, but it’s never a sure thing,” Carbonneau said in a statement. “It is an incredible recognition and I thank the selection committee.” Zubov scored 771 points (152 goals, 619 assists) in 1,068 games with the New York Rangers (1992-95), Pittsburgh Penguins (1995-96) and Dallas Stars (1996-2009). The defenseman won two Stanley Cups, one with the Rangers and one with the Stars. Nedomansky played for Czechoslovakia in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and played 12 seasons in Europe before becoming the first athlete from an Eastern European communist country to defect to North American to play hockey. He eventually was a 33-year-old NHL rookie when he joined the Detroit Red Wings and ended up with 121 goals and 156 assists in six NHL seasons with Detroit (1977-82), the St. Louis Blues (1982) and New York Rangers (1983). “I appreciate my accomplishments being recognized by the Hockey Hall of Fame,” Nedomansky said in a statement. “I’m proud to be the first player from a communist country to come and play in North America.” Rutherford has won two Stanley Cups with the Penguins and also won one with the Carolina Hurricanes when he ran that organization. He has spent the past five seasons with the Penguins after being GM of the Hartford Whalers/Hurricanes from 1994-2015. Rutherford was a goaltender from 1970-83 prior to becoming an administrator. York is the winningest coach in college hockey history with 1,067 victories and has won five national titles — four at Boston College and one at Bowling Green. York, who turns 74 next month, is the fifth college coach to earn the honor. “I’m flabbergasted with this unexpected honor,” York said in a statement. “I will cherish this special recognition.” —Field Level Media
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Tagetes moorei
Tagetes moorei is a Mexican species of marigolds in the family Asteraceae.
It is endemic to the states of Hidalgo and Querétaro in central Mexico.
Description
Tagetes moorei is an perennial herb up to 30 cm (12 inches) tall. Leaves are highly divided, up to 2.5 cm (1.0 inches) long.
Flower heads are yellow, each containing about 8 ray florets and 40 or more disc florets.
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WIKI
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Talk:Pembrokeshire League
Levels 5-9
I'm sorry User:Zanoni, thank you on creating this article/page but this league according to Welsh football league system runs from level 5 to 9 as it has 5 divisions, when I reorganised Template:Football in Wales as to me it looked in a mess, I thought how do I show this on there. So I did split it, with Division 1 to 3 in levels 5 to 7 and 4 to 5 in levels 8 to 11. The only logical way in my view. Onshore (talk) 22:45, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
* amended now. Zanoni (talk) 22:58, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:De re metallica (1912).djvu/156
114 than this, because Nature bestows quantity in place of quality; such ore is mixed with all kinds of earth and stone compounds, except the various kinds of rudis silver; especially with pyrites, cadmia metallica fossilis, galena, stibium, and others.
that not only copper but also silver may be smelted from it, and indeed occasionally both copper and silver together. Sometimes, as is the case with pyrites, it is entirely devoid of metal. It is frequently found in copper mines, but more frequently still in silver mines.
And there are likewise veins of cadmia itself.… There are several species of the cadmia fossilis just as there were of cadmia fornacum. For one kind has the form of grapes and another of broken tiles, a third seems to consist of layers. But the cadmia fossilis has much stronger properties than that which is produced in the furnaces. Indeed, it often possesses such highly corrosive power that it corrodes the hands and feet of the miners. It, therefore, differs from pyrites in colour and properties. For pyrites, if it does not contain vitriol, is generally either of a gold or silver colour, rarely of any other. Cadmia is either black or brown or grey, or else reddish like copper when melted in the furnace.… For this cadmia is put in a suitable vessel, in the same way as quicksilver, so that the heat of the fire will cause it to sublimate, and from it is made a black or brown or grey body which the Alchemists call "sublimated cadmia" (cadmiam sublimatum). This possesses corrosive properties of the highest degree. Cognate with cadmia and pyrites is a compound which the Noricians and Rhetians call zincum. This contains gold and silver, and is either red or white. It is likewise found in the Sudetian mountains, and is devoid of those metals.… With this cadmia is naturally related mineral spodos, known to the Moor Serapion, but unknown to the Greeks; and also pompholyx—for both are produced by fire where the miners, breaking the hard rocks in drifts, tunnels, and shafts, burn the cadmia or pyrites or galena or other similar minerals. From cadmia is made black, brown, and grey spodos; from pyrites, white pompholyx and spodos; from galena is made yellow or grey spodos. But pompholyx produced from copper stone (lapide aeroso) after some time becomes green. The black spodos, similar to soot, is found at Altenberg in Meissen. The white pompholyx, like wool which floats in the air in summer, is found in Hildesheim in the seams in the rocks of almost all quarries except in the sandstone. But the grey and the brown and the yellow pompholyx are found in those silver mines where the miners break up the rocks by fire. All consist of very fine particles which are very light, but the lightest of all is white pompholyx."
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WIKI
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Hypothetical chemical compound
A hypothetical chemical compound is a chemical compound that has been conceived of, but is not known to have been synthesized, observed, or isolated (identified or shown to exist).
Some hypothetical compounds cannot form at all, due to steric effects (e.g. tetra-tert-butylmethane, C(C(CH3)3)4, chlorine heptafluoride, ClF7, or bromine heptafluoride, BrF7) or bond stress (e.g. tetrahedrane C4H4). Others might turn out to be highly unstable, decomposing, isomerizing, polymerizing, rearranging, or disproportionating. Some are thought to exist only briefly as reactive intermediates or in vacuum. Some have no known pathway for synthesis (e.g. hypercubane).
Some compounds of radioactive elements have never been synthesized due to their radioactive decay and short half-lives (e.g. francium hydroxide FrOH, radon hexafluoride RnF6, astatine heptafluoride AtF7, polonium(II) fluoride PoF2).
Some "parent compounds" have not been or cannot be isolated, even though stable structural analogs with substituents have been discovered or synthesized (e.g. borole C4H4BH). Hypothetical compounds are often predicted or expected from known compounds, such as a families of salts for which the "parent acid" is not a stable molecule, or in which salts form with some cations but not others. Examples of such "phantom acids" are disulfurous acid HO\sS(\dO)\sS(\dO)2\sOH and sulfurous acid O\dS(\sOH)2, whose salts are stable.
Hypothetical compounds are used in some thought experiments.
Some compounds long regarded as hypothetical have later been isolated. Ethylene dione was suggested in 1913 and observed spectroscopically in 2015. Another stable compound, potassium trichromate, has been produced in a small scale and is known to be a very powerful oxidising agent. Sodium trichromate and sodium and potassium tetrachromate have been hypothesized but are yet to be synthesized.
Other compounds were once thought to have already been produced, but are now regarded as hypothetical chemical compounds unlikely to ever be produced, such as polywater, oxygen tetrafluoride OF4, chromium hexafluoride CrF6 and osmium octafluoride OsF8.
Other examples of hypothetical compounds are xenon octafluoride XeF8, pentazole N5H (all nitrogen analog of azole), hexazine N6 (all nitrogen analog of benzene), octaazacubane N8 (all nitrogen analog of cubane), cyclotrioxidane O3, nitrogen pentafluoride NF5, tetrafluoroammonium fluoride [NF4]+F−.
Despite the fact that rhenium heptahydride ReH7 has not been isolated, its salt potassium nonahydridorhenate(VII) is stable.
Prediction
Stability and other properties can be predicted using energy calculations and computational chemistry.
"[Using] the Born–Haber cycle to estimate ... the heat of formation ... can be used to determine whether a hypothetical compound is stable." However, "a negative formation enthalpy does not automatically imply the existence of a hypothetical compound." The method predicts that NaCl is stable but NeCl is not. It predicted XePtF6 based on the stability of O2PtF6.
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WIKI
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sulfonium
Noun
* 1) the univalent H3S+ cation, derived from sulfane
* 2) any derivative of this cation in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic radicals
Translations
* Italian:
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WIKI
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Men Who Sleep Light Have Increased Risk of High Blood Pressure, Study Says
Older men who are light sleepers are
at increased risk for developing high blood pressure , according
to a study that adds to the growing body of research about the
importance of a good night’s rest. Men who spent the least amount of time in slow-wave sleep,
marked by synchronized brain waves and a deep sleep from which
it’s hard to wake up, were 83 percent more likely to develop
hypertension during the three-year study. The findings remained
consistent even after the researchers took weight, race and age
into account, according to the report in Hypertension: Journal
of the American Heart Association . Men are more likely to have high blood pressure than women,
and poor sleep quality may help explain why, according to the
researchers led by Susan Redline , a professor of sleep medicine
at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School in
Boston . The findings add to previous reports that show deep
sleep is important for learning and memory and may play a role
in diabetes , cardiovascular disease and changes in metabolism. “People should recognize that sleep, diet and physical
activity are critical to health, including heart health and
optimal blood pressure,” Redline said in a statement. “Our
study shows for the first time that poor quality sleep,
reflected by reduced slow-wave sleep, puts individuals at
significantly increased risk of developing high blood
pressure,” she said. “Although the elderly often have poor
sleep, our study shows that such a finding is not benign.” Men who had less slow-wave sleep during the study also got
fewer hours of rest, woke up more frequently and had worse sleep
quality. The study included 784 men, on average 75 years old,
who didn’t initially have high blood pressure . Additional
studies are needed to see if changes in slow-wave sleep patterns
can improve a person’s health, the researchers said. To contact the reporter on this story:
Michelle Fay Cortez in Minneapolis at
mcortez@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Reg Gale at rgale5@bloomberg.net
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User:Esalo001/Evaluate an Article
Which article are you evaluating?
Visual rhetoric
Why you have chosen this article to evaluate?
I chose this article because I am interested in and affected by visual rhetoric. It is important because it affects everyone in their everyday lives, especially in today's digital era. My preliminary impression of the article is that visual rhetorical studies are important to be understood.
Evaluate the article
The lead includes an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the articles topic. The lead does not include a brief description of the sections. The lead does not include information that is not present in the article. The lead is concise, not overly detailed.
The article's content is relevant and up to date. There is not any missing content or content that does not belong. This article does not deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps.
The article is neutral, no claims that appear biased towards a particular position. Viewpoints were neither overrepresented or underrepresented. The article does not attempt to persuade the reader.
The sources are thorough, current, and written by a diverse spectrum of authors. I would not say there are better sources available after taking a look.
The article is well written and well organized. I do not believe there were spelling or grammatical errors.
The article includes images that enhance the readers understanding of the topic. They are captioned and adhere to the copyright regulations.
There are a few conversations posted on the talk page discussing and questioning the relevance of some of the information. The article is rated a B.
The article's overall status is that it is good. The strengths are the organization of the information and pictures. The article could be improved by removing possibly irrelevant information. I would say overall the article is well developed.
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WIKI
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Peripheral role of cathepsin S in Th1 cell-dependent transition of nerve injury-induced acute pain to a chronic pain state
Xinwen Zhang, Zhou Wu, Yoshinori Hayashi, Ryo Okada, Hiroshi Nakanishi
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
50 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that CD4+ T-cell-dependent responses are associated with the maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, little is known about the precise mechanism(s) underlying the activation of CD4+ T-cells. We herein show that inhibition of cathepsin S (CatS) activity, either through genetic deletion or via a pharmacological inhibitor, Z-Phe-Leu-COCHO (Z-FL), significantly attenuated the maintenance of tactile allodynia, splenic hypertrophy, increased number of splenic CD4+ T-cells and the final cleavage step of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain following peripheral nerve injury. It was also noted that splenectomy significantly attenuated the peripheral nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia, whereas the adoptive transfer of splenic CD4+ T-cells from neuropathic wild-type mice significantly increased the pain level of splenectomized wild-type or CatS-/- mice. Furthermore, CatS deficiency or Z-FL treatment also significantly inhibited the infiltration of CD4+ T-cells that expressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the dorsal spinal cord. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, a molecule downstream of IFN-γ receptor activation, was activated exclusively in microglia 7 d after peripheral nerve injury. Moreover, CatS deficiency, Z-FL treatment, or splenectomy significantly attenuated the proliferation of microglia 14 d after peripheral nerve injury. These results show a peripheral pivotal role of CatS in the development of neuropathic pain through the antigen-specific activation of CD4+ T-cells. After activation, CD4+ T-cells infiltrate into the dorsal spinal cord and secrete IFN-γ to reactivate microglia, which contribute to the transition of acute pain to a chronic pain state.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)3013-3022
Number of pages10
JournalJournal of Neuroscience
Volume34
Issue number8
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2014
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Neuroscience(all)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. CHRIS LEE RICHARDSON
No. 14A83
(Filed 31 May 1983)
1. Robbery § 4.7— armed robbery — insufficiency of evidence
The State’s evidence was insufficient to support conviction of defendant for armed robbery where it tended to show that defendant threatened the victim and struck him with a stick; the victim threw his duffel bag at defendant in self-defense; upon returning to the scene to retrieve his duffel bag, the victim was again threatened by defendant and left without picking up his bag; when the victim came back two days later, some personal items from his duffel bag were missing, including $17.00 from his wallet; and defendant was the person who took the $17.00 from the victim’s wallet, since there was no evidence that defendant’s threats or use of violence preceded or were concomitant with the taking of the victim’s property and that defendant’s threats induced the victim to part with his property.
2. Criminal Law § 15.1— motion for change of venue — pretrial publicity — inability to receive fair trial in county
In a prosecution for second degree murder, armed robbery and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury in which various accounts of the incident in question suggested that it resulted from the perpetrator’s disapproval of a group of people he thought were homosexuals who were swimming and sunning along a river, the trial court did not err in the denial of defendant’s motion for a change of venue because of pretrial publicity where the vast majority of newspaper articles and radio and television news accounts of the incident were factual and noninflammatory. Nor did two newspaper editorials about the incident, the media’s reports on meetings held by homosexuals and their supporters to protest the incident, or a public opinion survey showing that 87% of those surveyed were aware of the incident show that defendant could not receive a fair trial in the county so as to require a change of venue.
3. Criminal Law § 22— arraignment — name not on arraignment calendar-harmless error
While the trial court erred in arraigning defendant without his consent when his name failed to appear on the arraignment calendar in violation of subsection (a) of G.S. 15A-943, such error was not prejudicial where defendant was nevertheless given a week’s interval between his arraignment and trial pursuant to subsection (b) of that statute, and where defense counsel had previously advised the trial court that they would be ready for trial on the date of the arraignment.
4. Criminal Law § 101— failure to admonish jury fully before each recess
The trial court did not err in failing to give the jury the full admonishments set forth in G.S. 15A-1236(a) prior to each recess where admonishments given to the jury prior to the recesses ranged from extensive instructions containing every caution set forth in G.S. 15A-1236(a) to a brief reminder to be aware of the instructions previously given by the court.
5. Homicide § 16— competency of statements as dying declarations
Statements made by deceased were properly admitted as dying declarations pursuant to G.S. 8-51.1 where the trial court determined upon supporting evidence that deceased did in fact make statements to the effect that he knew he was dying. It was unnecessary for the court to find further that deceased believed there was no hope of recovery since deceased obviously had such a belief if he believed he was going to die.
DEFENDANT was tried during the 28 September 1981 Session of Superior Court, DURHAM County, before the Honorable John C. Martin. A jury found defendant guilty of murder in the second degree, robbery with a dangerous weapon, and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. Defendant was sentenced to 25 years to life for the second-degree murder conviction, a concurrent term of seven years for the armed robbery conviction, and a concurrent five-year term for the assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury conviction. The Court of Appeals, in an opinion written by Judge Hill and with which Judge Webb separately concurred, found no prejudicial error in defendant’s trial. Because Judge Hedrick dissented in part to the Court of Appeals’ decision, defendant appeals to this Court as a matter of right under N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) (1981).
Rufus L. Edmisten, Attorney General, by Henry T. Rosser, Assistant Attorney General, for the State.
Samuel Roberti, Attorney for defendant-appellant.
FRYE, Justice.
The primary issue here —the same issue over which the three reviewing judges of the Court of Appeals could not agree — is whether the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon at the close of the State’s evidence. We agree with defendant, for the reasons discussed below, that the evidence was not sufficient as a matter of law to support defendant’s conviction of robbery with a dangerous weapon. In addition, we address four other issues defendant raises: 1) whether the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion for a change of venue; 2) whether the trial court erred in arraigning defendant when defendant’s name did not appear on the arraignment calendar; 3) whether the trial court erred in failing to extensively admonish the jurors at every recess not to discuss the case until they were to begin deliberating; and 4) whether the trial court erred in admitting a statement the victim made shortly before he died. We find no prejudicial error with respect to the trial court’s rulings on each of these four issues.
I.
In the early afternoon of 12 April 1981 defendant, together with his wife Wendy Richardson, Guy Charles Osbahr, and Kathy Reddish (now Kathy Osbahr), went to the Little River in Durham County for an outing. After drinking some beer and playing in the water, defendant and Osbahr went into the woods. While they were there they saw Jerry Michael Penny. Penny testified that defendant threatened him and then hit him with a stick. Defendant stated that he had not provoked the fight, that he had hit Penny only after Penny had struck him.
After the altercation with Penny, defendant and Osbahr saw Mark Demarias. Demarias testified that defendant threatened him as well and also struck him with a stick. At one point, Demarias stated that he threw his green duffel bag at defendant in self defense. Upon returning to retrieve it, defendant threatened him again, so Demarias left without picking up his bag. Demarias testified that when he came back two days later, some personal items from his duffel bag were missing, including $17 from his wallet and the duffel bag itself. The evidence tended to show that defendant had taken the $17 from Demarias’ wallet.
After this second altercation, defendant, Osbahr and several others went over to the area where Ronald Antonevitch was seated. The State’s evidence tended to show that defendant struck Antonevitch over the head and in the side with a stick while Antonevitch was sitting on a rock reading a book. Antonevitch later died from the blow to his head. Defendant testified that he struck Antonevitch in self defense because he thought Antonevitch was reaching for a gun.
The evidence also tended to show that defendant engaged in these altercations because he was upset that some of the male sunbathers at the Little River were nude and apparently thought some were homosexuals. The evidence showed, however, that all of the victims of these attacks were wearing clothing and that none were engaged in homosexual acts.
A jury found defendant guilty of the second-degree murder of Antonevitch; the armed robbery of Demarias; and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury on Penny. The Court of Appeals affirmed defendant’s convictions. Defendant now appeals to this Court as a matter of right because Judge Hedrick dissented in part to the Court of Appeals’ decision.
II.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon at the close of the State’s evidence. We agree.
Upon defendant’s motion to dismiss, the trial court is to determine whether there is substantial evidence: 1) of each essential element of the offense charged or of the lesser offense included therein, and 2) of defendant’s being the perpetrator of the offense. If each of these requirements are satisfied, the motion is properly denied. State v. Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 98, 261 S.E. 2d 114, 117 (1980).
Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” State v. Smith, 300 N.C. 71, 78-79, 265 S.E. 2d 164, 169 (1980). To withstand defendant’s motion to dismiss the armed robbery charge, the State was required to show substantial evidence of each of the essential elements of armed robbery. Under N.C.G.S. § 14-87(a), robbery with a dangerous weapon is defined as “the taking of the personal property of another in his presence or from his person without his consent by endangering or threatening his life with a firearm or other deadly weapon with the taker knowing that he is not entitled to the property and the taker intending to permanently deprive the owner of the property.” State v. Powell, 299 N.C. at 102, 261 S.E. 2d at 119. In the case at bar, the evidence at trial tended to show that after his altercation with Penny, defendant threatened Demarias and struck him with a stick. In self defense, Demarias threw his duffel bag at defendant. Upon returning to the scene to retrieve the bag, Demarias was threatened again by the defendant.
It is well settled law that the defendant must have intended to permanently deprive the owner of his property at the time the taking occurred to be guilty of the offense of robbery. State v. McWilliams, 277 N.C. 680, 687, 178 S.E. 2d 476, 480 (1971); State v. Smith, 268 N.C. 167, 169, 150 S.E. 2d 194, 198 (1966). When Demarias threw his duffel bag at defendant, the uncontroverted evidence indicates that he did so to protect himself. He stated he hoped this would slow down defendant and Osbahr so that he could escape without being harmed. At no point did defendant ask for or demand the property. On cross-examination Demarias testified as follows:
Q: In the process of hitting you, did he ask you for any money?
A: No.
Q: Did he ask you for that duffle bag?
A: Unh huh.
Q: How did that duffle bag get to him?
A: I threw it when I was protecting myself from that club.
Q: Then you weren’t throwing it at him as a result of any request for money?
A: No, just self-protection.
Q: Just self-protection and you didn’t throw it at him because you thought maybe he wanted the duffle bag?
A: No, no.
Q: That thought never crossed your mind?
A: Unh huh.
Q: So, therefore, I take it that when you parted with that duffle bag, you did not consider yourself being robbed?
Mr. EWARDS: Objection.
COURT: Overruled.
Q: Sir?
A: Repeat the question.
Q: When you parted with it, when you threw the duffle bag, you didn’t consider yourself being robbed, you were throwing that duffle bag for self-protection, weren’t you?
A: When I parted with that duffle bag, it was in protection, maybe to slow them down so I could get out of there without being harmed. They were both — they wanted to put our lights out. There was no doubt about it.
Q: You were concerned that they were going to assault you, isn’t that correct? They did assault you, and you were concerned that they were going to assault you further?
A: Correct.
Q: You were not concerned about whether or not anybody was trying to rob you?
A: Not at that point, no.
Q: When you threw the duffle bag?
A: When I threw the duffle bag.
Q: Is it safe to say you threw that duffle bag freely and voluntarily?
A: No.
Q: Except to the extent that you were protecting yourself?
A: Protecting myself. (Nods affirmatively.)
Q: Did anybody ever ask you what was in that duffle bag, sir, prior to the time you threw it, of course?
A: No.
Thus, when Demarias parted with his property, defendant had not committed armed robbery —the necessary element of intent to deprive the owner permanently of his property was not present.
The State argues that defendant committed the offense of armed robbery when he retained possession of Demarias’ property while threatening Demarias with the stick when he tried to retrieve his duffel bag. We disagree. Although many jurisdictions hold that evidence of a defendant’s retention of property through the use of force or intimidation will support an armed robbery conviction, it appears that the majority of jurisdictions hold otherwise. 67 Am. Jur. 2d Robbery § 26, at 45-46 (1973).
Indeed, this Court decided over 125 years ago that the offense of robbery has not been committed unless the essential element of force or intimidation precedes or is concomitant with the taking. State v. John, 50 N.C. 163 (1857). Under an analogous circumstance — the use of force to escape with another’s personal property after the property had been seized by stealth —the Court held that the offense of highway robbery was not committed. In John, the evidence tended to show that the defendant had his hand in the victim’s pocket on his pocketbook, that the victim immediately seized the defendant’s arm, and that a scuffle ensued in which the victim was thrown out of a wagon while the defendant escaped with the victim’s property. The court held that this was not sufficient evidence of highway robbery because there was “no violence —no circumstance of terror resorted to for the purpose of inducing the prosecutor to part with his property for the sake of his person.” Id. at 167 (emphasis added). Instead, the court viewed the struggle between the defendant and the victim as “fairly imputable to an effort on the part of the prisoner to get loose from [the victim’s] grasp and make his escape.” Id. at 169. The holding in John indicates that in this State, the defendant’s use of force or intimidation must necessarily precede or be concomitant with the taking before the defendant can properly be found guilty of armed robbery. That is, the use of force or violence must be such as to induce the victim to part with his or her property. This rule appears to be in accord with the majority of jurisdictions. 67 Am. Jur. 2d Robbery § 26, at 45-46. See Annot., 93 A.L.R. 3d 643, 643-53 (1979); See also State v. Chapman, 49 N.C. App. 103, 270 S.E. 2d 524 (1980), citing State v. John, 50 N.C. 163 (1857). Although the evidence tended to show defendant took Demarias’ money, it is not sufficient as a matter of law to support the armed robbery conviction: there is no evidence that defendant’s threats or use of violence preceded or were concomitant with the taking of the victim’s property. As noted above, defendant’s initial threats were not made to induce Demarias to part with his property. Thus, the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion to dismiss the charge of armed robbery was in error. We hold, therefore, that defendant’s conviction and sentence for robbery with a dangerous weapon must be vacated. State v. Powell, 299 N.C. at 102, 261 S.E. 2d at 119.
III.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a change of venue. Specifically, defendant argues that his constitutional right to due process was violated because of the existence of prejudicial pretrial publicity which prevented him from receiving a fair trial.
We note first that a motion for a change of venue as “addressed to the discretion of the trial judge and his ruling thereon will not be disturbed on appeal unless a manifest abuse of discretion is shown.” State v. Faircloth, 297 N.C. 100, 105, 253 S.E. 2d 890, 893, cert. denied, 444 U.S. 874, 100 S.Ct. 156, 62 L.Ed. 2d 102 (1979). The burden of showing “so great a prejudice against the defendant that he cannot obtain a fair and impartial trial” falls on the defendant. State v. Boykin, 291 N.C. 264, 269, 229 S.E. 2d 914, 917-18 (1976), quoting N.C.G.S. § 15A-957. Further, in Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, 86 S.Ct. 1507, 16 L.Ed. 2d 600 (1966), the United States Supreme Court held that “where there is a reasonable likelihood that prejudicial news prior to trial will prevent a fair trial, the judge should continue the case until the threat abates, or transfer it to another county not so permeated with publicity.” Id. at 363, 86 S.Ct. at 1522, 16 L.Ed. 2d at 620. In determining whether the defendant in Sheppard received a fair trial, the United States Supreme Court examined a number of circumstances surrounding the defendant’s trial. The Court looked not only at the nature and extent of the media coverage of the defendant’s case but also at the court’s control, or lack of it, over the trial itself.
With respect to the case at bar, we have examined the assorted newspaper clippings, televison news tapes, a public opinion poll and almost 250 pages of transcript dealing with the extensive voir dire conducted to select the members of the jury who eventually heard defendant’s case. We are convinced after having viewed all of these materials that a change of venue was not required under the circumstances of this case.
The vast majority of these newspaper articles, and radio and television news broadcasts were factual, noninflammatory news accounts of the events that transpired. This Court has consistently held that where defendant shows only that the publicity surrounding his case consists of such factual, noninflammatory news stories, a trial court’s denial of a change of venue is proper. E.g., State v. Oliver, 302 N.C. 28, 36-37, 274 S.E. 2d 183, 189-90 (1981); State v. Matthews, 295 N.C. 265, 278-79, 245 S.E. 2d 727, 735-36 (1978), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1128, 99 S.Ct. 1046-47, 59 L.Ed. 2d 90 (1979).
Defendant further argues, however, that two editorials which appeared in the Durham newspapers were extremely inflammatory. We note that the first editorial reflected on the brutality of the attack and stated that the perpetrators of the crime should receive the harshest punishment the law allows. The second editorial mentioned the Little River incident in discussing generally the prevalence of senseless violence in society. Neither editorial mentioned defendant’s name. We hold that these articles do not amount to inflammatory pretrial publicity sufficient to demand the granting of a motion for a change of venue.
Defendant also argues that he did not receive a fair trial because of the media’s reports on three meetings held by homosexuals and their supporters to protest the Little River attacks. Various accounts of the incident suggested that the perpetrators of the attacks had committed the assaults because of their disapproval of a group of people they thought were homosexuals who were swimming and sunning along the Little River. About 125 to 200 people participated in the first rally at the Durham County Judicial Building. The meeting was held two days after defendant was arrested but more than five months before he was tried. A second meeting, a march through downtown Durham, was held on 27 June 1981 in which about 260 people participated. Although a newspaper account of the march stated that references were made during the march to the Little River incident, the theme of the march was a commemoration of the 12th anniversary of the gay rights movement. The marchers chanted, “Out of the closet and into the streets,” while holding a banner which read, “Our Day Out, Durham, N.C.”. Clearly, the Little River incident was not the focus of this march. A third rally, in which about 150 people participated, was held in Chapel Hill to protest the Little River attacks. Significantly, the protest was not held in Durham. We hold, therefore, that these meetings do not demonstrate that the Durham community as a whole held a pervasive prejudice against defendant.
Defendant next urges that a public opinion survey which he submitted in support of his motion for a change of venue demonstrated that the pretrial publicity surrounding defendant’s case created such prejudice against defendant that he could not receive a fair trial. Dr. James Luginbuhl, an Associate Professor of Psychology at North Carolina State University, conducted a survey which indicated that of the 121 people included in the survey, 87 percent indicated that they remembered that a man had been attacked at the Little River and died. Various statistics were produced showing, among other things, the percentage of people who correctly remembered the cause of death and whether someone had been arrested in the case. Defendant further supports his assertion that he has demonstrated extensive prejudicial pretrial publicity because 48 percent of the survey sample responded that they thought the perpetrator of the attack was “probably guilty,” when asked: “From what you know right now do you think a person or persons who were arrested are probably guilty or probably not guilty?” We do not agree that defendant has demonstrated prejudicial pretrial publicity. We believe that the statistics that 87 percent of those surveyed were aware of the Little River incident shows only that many people were aware of the attack. The existence of publicity alone does not constitute sufficient grounds for a change of venue; the publicity must be prejudicial E.g., State v. Matthews, 295 N.C. at 279, 245 S.E. 2d at 736. Further, as the District Attorney pointed out on the cross-examination of Dr. Luginbuhl, the survey did not attempt to determine the respondents’ attitudes to the presumption of innocence until guilt is proven beyond a reasonable doubt or whether, as jurors, they could confine their determinations of guilt or innocence to the evidence presented in court. We think this is particularly significant given the fact that the survey participants were asked whether they thought the perpetrators of the attack were “probably guilty” on the basis of “what you know right now.”
Perhaps the most persuasive evidence that the pretrial publicity was not prejudicial or inflammatory are the potential jurors’ responses to questions asked at the voir dire hearing conducted to select the jury. At the voir dire hearing, in which each potential juror was questioned about his or her knowledge of the case out of the presence of the others, almost all admitted to having read about the case in the newspaper or having heard about it on television. However, their recollections of those media accounts could only be described as vague. Indeed, when pressed for more details about the incident, several potential jurors apologized for not having remembered more about the Little River stories. More importantly, however, each juror selected to hear defendant’s case unequivocally answered in the affirmative when asked if they could set aside what they had previously heard about defendant’s case and determine defendant’s guilt or innocence based solely on the evidence introduced at trial. In sum, therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for a change of venue.
IV.
Defendant also contends that the trial court erred in arraigning defendant when his name failed to appear on the arraignment calendar. We agree that this was error but hold that it was not prejudicial to defendant.
We note that defendant’s trial was calendared for the week of 21 September 1981. Defendant appeared in court on 21 September with his counsel, stated that he had not yet been arraigned, and then objected. to being arraigned on that day because his name had not appeared on the arraignment calendar. The trial court agreed that defendant’s name was not on the arraignment calendar. However, in proceeding to arraign defendant on that day the trial court further found that defendant’s case had been on previous Motion, Arraignment and Probation Calendars for hearings on various pretrial motions. The trial court further found that at the last pretrial hearing the District Attorney and defendant, through counsel, advised the trial court that they would all be ready for trial on 21 September 1981. In arraigning defendant on 21 September 1981, the.trial court, nevertheless, continued defendant’s case for one week.
N.C.G.S. § 15A-943 (1978), the statute governing arraignment procedures in Superior Court, provides as follows:
§ 15A-943. Arraignment in superior court — required calendaring.-
(a) In counties in which there are regularly scheduled 20 or more weeks of trial sessions of superior court at which criminal cases are heard, and in other counties the Chief Justice designates, the prosecutor must calendar arraignments in the superior court on at least the first day of every other week in which criminal cases are heard. No cases in which the presence of a jury is required may be calendared for the day or portion of a day during which arraignments are calendared.
(b) When a defendant pleads not guilty at an arraignment required by subsection (a), he may not be tried without his consent in the week in which he is arraigned.
(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, in any county where as many as three simultaneous sessions of superior court, whether criminal, civil, or mixed, are regularly scheduled, the prosecutor may calendar arraignments in any of the criminal or mixed sessions, at least every other week, upon any day or days of a session, and jury cases may be calendared for trial in any other court at which criminal cases may be heard, upon such days.
We note subsection (a) governs the procedures certain county prosecutors are required to follow in calendaring arraignments in Superior Court. In State v. Shook, 293 N.C. 315, 237 S.E. 2d 843 (1977), this Court held that subsection (a) places a statutory duty upon designated prosecutors to calendar every arraignment. Id. at 319, 237 S.E. 2d at 846 (emphasis in original). In Shook, the Court also interpreted subsection (b) as providing a defendant with the statutory right not to be tried without his consent in the week in which he was arraigned. Id. This Court further held that a violation of subsection (b), that is where defendant is tried without his consent in the week in which he was arraigned, is reversible error even though defendant does not show prejudice. Id., 237 S.E. 2d at 847. The Court grounded its conclusion on the determination that subsection (b) vests defendant with a right to at least a week’s interim between his arraignment and trial in order to prepare his case. The Court in Shook expressly left open the question with which we are presented here: Whether a violation of subsection (a) standing alone — that is, a failure to calendar a defendant’s arraignment — constitutes reversible error when defendant nevertheless is given a week’s interval between his arraignment and trial.
In Shook, we noted the official commentary to General Statutes, Chapter 15A, Article 51, Arraignment, which declares:
It is the purpose of this Article not only to define arraignment in any court but also to provide for a separate time of arraignment in superior court. Time for jurors and witnesses will be saved if matters not requiring their presence can be disposed of before they are brought in. The Commission feels that it is important to our system of justice that unnecessary impositions on the time of citizens be avoided. Thus, in the more populous counties here defined as those having as much as 20 weeks of criminal court (and others which the Chief Justice may designate), a separate time for arraignment will be required. In other counties it is authorized on an optional basis.
Id. at 317-18, 237 S.E. 2d at 845. In so doing, the Court wrote that: “Obviously the financial interest of the state as well as the private interests of the individual jurors and witnesses are served by requiring arraignments to be calendared on days when jurors and witnesses are not called.” Id. at 318, 237 S.E. 2d at 846. This Court then distinguished the societal interest in the efficient use of court time from the interest that is furthered under subsection (b), a defendant’s right to a week’s interval between his arraignment and trial. Id. Thus, it appears that the thrust of subsection (a), unlike subsection (b), is the promotion of the efficient use of time by the courts. Defendant has no direct interest in this underlying value. Rather, his only interest is in his vested right to a week’s interval between his arraignment and trial which is provided under subsection (b).
We agree that it was error for the trial court to arraign defendant without his consent when the prosecutor failed to carry out his statutory duty to place defendant’s name on the arraignment calendar. Indeed, to hold that it was not error would fail to recognize the prosecutor’s statutory duty to calendar all arraignments. However, we do not find that in this case the error was prejudicial to defendant. Defendant was given notice that he would be tried on 21 September 1981. His counsel even stated that they would be prepared for trial at that time. Instead of going to trial, however, defendant was arraigned on 21 September and given an additional week to prepare his case.
V.
The thrust of defendant’s next contention is that the trial court erred in failing to properly admonish the jury that, among other things, they were not to form any opinions about the case or discuss the case with anyone during court recesses, as required by N.C.G.S. § 15A-1236(a) (Cum. Supp. 1981). That statute provides:
(a) The judge at appropriate times must admonish the jurors that it is their duty:
(1) Not to talk among themselves about the case except in the jury room after their deliberations have begun;
(2) Not to talk to anyone else, or to allow anyone else to talk with them or in their presence about the case and that they must report to the judge immediately the attempt of anyone to communicate with them about the case;
(3) Not to form an opinion about the guilt or innocence of the defendant, or express any opinion about the case until they begin their deliberations;
(4) To avoid reading, watching, or listening to accounts of the trial; and
(5) Not to talk during trial to parties, witnesses, or counsel.
The judge may also admonish them with respect to other matters which he considers appropriate.
Defendant contends that the trial court erred in giving only partial instructions. Defendant is apparently contending that at each recess the trial court must recite each provision of N.C.G.S. § 15A-1236(a). We do not agree. The trial court admonished the jury about its duties many, many times throughout this trial which lasted several days. Those admonitions to the jurors ranged from an extensive enumeration of the juror’s duties to a brief reminder to be aware of the instructions the court had given them previously. For example, at one point the trial court stated:
Members of the jury, it is time, now, for the evening recess. Please be back in your seats tomorrow morning at nine o’clock. We will resume the trial at that time. I caution you not to have any contact with the witnesses, attorneys or parties in this case, not to read anything in the newspaper, hear any radio or television production about the trial. Do not talk with your family at home about the case or with anyone else. Don’t talk about it among yourselves. Don’t form any impressions or opinions until you have heard all of the evidence, the arguments and instructions of the Court and have retired to deliberate.
This particular instruction is a model of clarity. Indeed, we fail to see why defendant contends that this particular instruction was erroneous because it contains every caution set out in N.C.G.S. § 15A-1236(a). At other points throughout the trial the instructions were less extensive. For example, the trial court instructed the jury before another recess as follows:
Remember during the luncheon recess not to discuss the case with anyone or allow anyone to discuss it with you. Do not discuss it among yourselves. Don’t form any opinions or conclusions about the case until you have heard all the evidence and arguments of counsel and the charge of the Court.
In perhaps one of his briefest instructions the trial court stated before one evening recess:
Members of the jury, please observe carefully the cautions that I haven (sic) you at the other recesses. I know you don’t want me to repeat them and every one (sic), but I am required by law to remind you of them at every recess, and I would appreciate your observing them.
We hold that these instructions, when examined in the context in which they were given — that is, instructions made repeatedly not to discuss the case or form an opinion about it which were delivered to a group of adult men and women —were perfectly adequate. We are confident that the members of the jury who sat on defendant’s case were well aware of their statutory duties as jurors.
VI.
Defendant finally contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence statements that were made by the deceased, Ronald Antonevitch, a short time before Antonevitch lost consciousness and died. Specifically he contends the trial court erred in not explicitly finding as a fact that Antonevitch believed he had “no hope of recovery” when he made his dying declarations.
In State v. Hamlette, 302 N.C. 490, 276 S.E. 2d 338 (1981), this Court restated the requirements which must be met before a dying declaration will be admitted into evidence. The Court wrote:
Dying declarations by the person whose death is at issue have long been admissible in North Carolina provided: (1) at the time they were made the declarant was in actual danger of death; (2) he had full apprehension of the danger; (3) death did in fact ensue; and (4) declarant, if living, would be a competent witness to testify to the matter.
Id. at 495-96, 276 S.E. 2d at 342.
The Court then noted that the “General Assembly codified the essentials of these requirements in G.S. 8-51.1.” Id. That statute reads:
The dying declarations of a deceased person regarding the cause or circumstances of his death shall be admissible in evidence in all civil and criminal trials and other proceedings before courts, administrative agencies and other tribunals to the same extent and for the same purposes that they might have been admissible had the deceased survived and been sworn as a witness in the proceedings, subject to proof that:
(1) At the time of the making of such declaration the deceased was conscious of approaching death and believed there was no hope of recovery;
(2) Such declaration was voluntarily made.
“The admissibility of these declarations is a decision for the trial judge, and appellate review is limited to the narrow question of whether there is any evidence tending to show the prerequisites of admissibility.” State v. Hamlette, 302 N.C. at 496-97, 276 S.E. 2d at 343, citing State v. Stevens, 295 N.C. 21, 28-29, 243 S.E. 2d 771, 776 (1978).
In the case at bar, two police officers testified on voir dire that they interviewed Antonevitch at the hospital to investigate the assault made on him earlier in the day at the Little River. They testified that throughout the interview, in which Antonevitch recounted the attack made on him, he repeatedly stated to them: “Oh God, I am dying; somebody please help me.” They testified that these statements were made about 5 p.m. and 7 p.m., a short time before Antonevitch lost consciousness about 8 or 8:30 p.m. and died from the blow to his head. Although one of the doctors at the hospital testified that Antonevitch never made any such statements while he was present and that in his opinion Antonevitch was not aware of his approaching death, the trial court found as a fact that Antonevitch did make these statements to the officers which indicated he was aware he was dying. This finding was amply supported by the two officers’ testimony. Defendant contends, however, that the trial court erred in not finding explicitly that Antonevitch believed he had “no hope of recovery” when he made these statements. In State v. Hamlette, 302 N.C. at 496, 276 S.E. 2d at 343, this Court stated that, “it is not necessary that declarant personally express his belief that he has no chance of recovery. This may be shown by the circumstances.” When the trial court found that Antonevitch did in fact make statements to the effect that he knew he was dying, the finding was the same as an explicit statement that the court had found Antonevitch believed he had “no hope of recovery” when he made the statements at issue. As Chief Justice Sharp stated for the Court in State v. Stevens, 295 N.C. at 29, 243 S.E. 2d at 776: “Obviously, if one believes he is going to die he believes there is ‘no hope of recovery.’ ” We hold, therefore, that the trial court properly admitted Antonevitch’s dying declarations.
VII.
For the reasons discussed above, we must reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals affirming defendant’s conviction and sentence on the charge of robbery with a dangerous weapon and remand the case to the Court of Appeals with directions to remand to the Superior Court, Durham County, for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Case No. 81CRS10449 reversed and remanded.
We affirm the Court of Appeals’ decision to the extent it held that defendant’s convictions for murder in the second degree and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury were free from prejudicial error.
Case No. 81CRS9076 and No. 81CRS10740 affirmed.
. Although the term “defendant” appeared here in Hamlette, the correct term, “declarant,” is found in State v. Stevens, 295 N.C. 21, 28, 243 S.E. 2d 771, 776 (1978), one of the cases upon which the Court relied in Hamlette in restating the requirements a dying declaration must satisfy before it will be admitted into evidence.
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CASELAW
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Hamlet
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a revenge tragedy by William Shakespeare, and is one of his most well-known and oft-quoted plays. It is uncertain exactly when it was written, but scholars tend to place its composition between 1600 and the summer of 1602. Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother.
Scene i
* You come most carefully upon your hour.
* Francisco, line 6
* And I am sick at heart.
* Francisco
* Not a mouse stirring.
* Francisco, line 10
* And let us once again assail your ears, That are so fortified against our story, What we have two nights seen.
* Barnardo
* When yond same star that’s westward from the pole Had made his course t’ illume that part of heaven Where now it burns, Marcellus and myself, The bell then beating one—
* Barnardo
* It harrows me with fear and wonder.
* Horatio
* What art thou that usurp’st this time of night, Together with that fair and warlike form In which the majesty of buried Denmark Did sometimes march? By heaven I charge thee speak!
* Horatio
* But in the gross and scope of mine opinion This bodes some strange eruption to our state.
* Horatio
Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse. And even the like precurse of feared events As harbingers preceding still the fates And prologue to the omen coming on, Have heaven and earth together demonstrated Unto our climatures and countrymen.
* A mote it is to trouble the mind’s eye. In the most high and palmy state of Rome, A little ere the mightiest Julius fell, The graves stood tenantless and the sheeted dead Did squeak and gibber in the Roman streets. As stars with trains of fire, and dews of blood Disasters in the sun; and the moist star Upon whose influence Neptune’s empire stands
* Horatio
* Stay, illusion! If thou hast any sound or use of voice, Speak to me. If there be any good thing to be done That may to thee do ease, and grace to me, Speak to me. If thou art privy to thy country’s fate, Which happily foreknowing may avoid, O speak! Or if thou hast uphoarded in thy life Extorted treasure in the womb of earth, For which, they say, your spirits oft walk in death, Speak of it, stay and speak!
* Horatio
* And our vain blows malicious mockery.
* Marcellus
* And then it [the ghost] started like a guilty thing Upon a fearful summons. I have heard The cock, that is the trumpet to the morn, Doth with his lofty and shrill-sounding throat Awake the god of day, and at his warning, Whether in sea or fire, in earth or air, Th’ extravagant and erring spirit hies To his confine.
* Horatio
No fairy takes, nor witch hath power to charm, So hallowed, and so gracious, is that time.
* Some say that ever ’gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour’s birth is celebrated, This bird of dawning singeth all night long, And then they say no spirit dare stir abroad, The nights are wholesome, then no planets strike,
* Marcellus
* But look, the morn in russet mantle clad Walks o’er the dew of yon high eastward hill.
* Horatio
Scene ii
* Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother's death, The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe.
* Claudius
Th' imperial jointress to this warlike state, Have we, as 'twere with a defeated joy, With an auspicious and a dropping eye, With mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage, In equal scale weighing delight and dole, Taken to wife.
* Therefore our sometime sister, now our Queen.
* Claudius
* The head is not more native to the heart, The hand no more instrumental to the mouth, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. What wouldst thou have, Laertes?
* Claudius
* He hath, my lord, wrung from me my slow leave By laboursome petition, and at last Upon his will, I sealed my hard consent.
* Polonius
Hamlet: [Aside] A little more than kin, and less than kind. Claudius: How is it that the clouds still hang on you? Hamlet: Not so, my lord; I am too much i' the sun.
* Claudius: But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son,—
* lines 64 through 67
* Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not be forever with thy vailed lids Seek for thy noble father in the dust: Thou know'st tis common; all that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity.
* Gertrude
* Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not 'seems.'
* Hamlet, line 76
* 'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, Nor customary suits of solemn black, Nor windy suspiration of forced breath, No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, Nor the dejected havior of the visage, Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can denote me truly: these indeed seem, For they are actions that a man might play: But I have that within which passeth show; These but the trappings and the suits of woe.
Thaw and resolve itself into a dew;
* O! that this too too solid flesh would melt,
* Hamlet, lines 129 and 130
* Note: "Solid" is the word found in the First Folio edition of the plays (1623). Earlier versions (the First and Second Quartos), had used the word "sallied." In some later editions, the word was "sullied."
Seem to me all the uses of this world.
* How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
* Hamlet, lines 133 and 134
* Frailty, thy name is woman!
* Hamlet, line 146
* O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mourned longermarried with my uncle, My father's brother.
* Hamlet
* But break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue!
* Hamlet, line 159
* O, that this too too solid flesh would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew! Or that the Everlasting had not fix'd His canon 'gainst self-slaughter! O God! God! How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, Seem to me all the uses of this world! Fie on't! ah fie! 'tis an unweeded garden, That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature Possess it merely. That it should come to this! But two months dead: nay, not so much, not two: So excellent a king; that was, to this, Hyperion to a satyr; so loving to my mother That he might not beteem the winds of heaven Visit her face too roughly. Heaven and earth! Must I remember? why, she would hang on him, As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed on: and yet, within a month Let me not think on't Frailty, thy name is woman! A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she follow'd my poor father's body, Like Niobe, all tears:why she, even she O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mourn'd longermarried with my uncle, My father's brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules: within a month: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, She married. O, most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good: But break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue.
* Hamlet
Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables. Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven Or ever I had seen that day, Horatio!
* Thrift, thrift, Horatio! the funeral bak'd meats
* Hamlet
* In my mind's eye, Horatio.
* Hamlet
* He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again.
* Hamlet
* A countenance more in sorrow than in anger.
* Horatio, line 231
And bid me hold my peace.
* If it assume my noble father's person, I'll speak to it though Hell itself should gape
* Hamlet
* Give it an understanding, but no tongue.
* Hamlet
* My father's spirit in arms! all is not well; I doubt some foul play: would the night were come! Till then sit still, my soul: foul deeds will rise, Though all the earth o'erwhelm them, to men's eyes.
* Hamlet
Scene iii
Hold it a fashion and a toy in blood, A violet in the youth of primy nature, Forward, not permanent, sweet, not lasting, The perfume and suppliance of a minute; No more.
* For Hamlet, and the trifling of his favour,
* Laertes, lines 5 through 10
Show me the steep and thorny way to heaven, Whiles, like a puff'd and reckless libertine, Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads, And recks not his own rede.
* Do not, as some ungracious pastors do,
* Ophelia, lines 47 through 51
* Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.
* Polonius, line 61
Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.
* Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;
* Polonius, lines 68 and 69
But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy; For the apparel oft proclaims the man,
* Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
* Polonius, lines 70 through 72
For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
* Neither a borrower nor a lender be;
* Polonius, lines 75 and 76
And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man.
* This above all: to thine own self be true,
* Polonius, lines 78 through 80
Scene iv
And to the manner born, — it is a custom More honour'd in the breach than the observance.
* But to my mind, — though I am native here
* Hamlet, lines 14 through 16
I do not set my life at a pin's fee; And for my soul, what can it do to that, Being a thing immortal as itself?
* Why, what should be the fear?
* Hamlet, lines 64 through 67
* Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.
* Marcellus, line 90
Scene v
When I to sulphurous and tormenting flames Must render up myself.
* My hour is almost come,
* Ghost
Like quills upon the fretful porpentine:
* And each particular hair to stand on end,
* Ghost, lines 19 and 20
* Variant: Most modern publications modernize this phrase to "Like quills upon the fretful porcupine."
But this most foul, strange, and unnatural.
* Murder most foul, as in the best it is;
* Ghost, lines 27 and 28
Now wears his crown.
* The serpent that did sting thy father's life
* Ghost, lines 38 and 39
* Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin.
* Ghost, line 76
* O horrible, O horrible! most horrible!
* Ghost, line 80
O, villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! My tables, — meet it is I set it down, That one may smile, and smile, and be a villain.
* O most pernicious woman!
* Hamlet
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
* There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
* Hamlet
As I perchance hereafter shall think meet To put an antic disposition on.
* How strange or odd soe'er I bear myself —
* Hamlet
That ever I was born to set it right!
* The time is out of joint; O cursed spite,
* Hamlet
Scene ii
And tediousness the limbs and outward flourishes, I will be brief.
* Therefore, since brevity is the soul of wit,
* Polonius
* More matter with less art.
* Gertrude
And pity 'tis 'tis true: a foolish figure; But farewell it, for I will use no art.
* That he is mad, 'tis true; 'tis true 'tis pity;
* Polonius
Doubt that the sun doth move; Doubt truth to be a liar; But never doubt I love.''
* ''Doubt thou the stars are fire;
* Hamlet, from a letter read by Polonius
Hamlet: Excellent well; you're a fishmonger. Polonius: Not I, my lord. Hamlet Then I would you were so honest a man. Polonius: Honest, my lord! Hamlet: Ay, sir; to be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand. Polonius: That's very true, my lord. Hamlet: [Reads] For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a god kissing carrion, — Have you a daughter? Polonius: I have, my lord. Hamlet: Let her not walk i' the sun: conception is a blessing: but not as your daughter may conceive; — friend, look to 't. Polonius: [Aside] How say you by that? Still harping on my daughter: — yet he knew me not at first; he said I was a fishmonger: he is far gone, far gone: and truly in my youth I suffered much extremity for love; very near this.
* Polonius: Do you know me, my lord?
Hamlet: Words, words, words.
* Polonius: What do you read, my lord?
Hamlet: Into my grave.
* Polonius: [Aside] Though this be madness, yet there is method in 't. — Will you walk out of the air, my lord?
Hamlet: You cannot, sir, take from me anything that I will more willingly part withal — except my life — except my life — except my life.
* Polonius: My honored lord, I will most humbly take my leave of you.
Rosencrantz: As indifferent as children of the earth. Guildenstern: Happy in that we are not overhappy; on Fortune's cap we are not the very button. Hamlet: Nor the soles of her shoe? Rosencrantz: Neither, my lord. Hamlet: Then you live about her waist, or in the middle of her favours? Guildenstern: Faith, her privates we. Hamlet: In the secret parts of Fortune? O, most true! She is a strumpet. What's the news? Rosencrantz: None, my lord, but that the world's grown honest. Hamlet: Then is doomsday near.
* Hamlet: My excellent good friends! How dost thou Guildenstern? Ah, Rosencrantz! Good lads, how do you both?
* There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.
* Hamlet
* I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad dreams.
* Hamlet
* Which dreams, indeed, are ambition; for the very substance of the ambitious is merely the shadow of a dream.
* Guildenstern
* Beggar that I am, I am even poor in thanks.
* Hamlet
* I have of late, but wherefore I know not, lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises, and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory. This most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appears no other thing to me then a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours. What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form, in moving, how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god! the beauty of the world! the paragon of animals! And yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? man delights not me; no, nor woman neither, though, by your smiling, you seem to say so.
* Hamlet
* Use every man after his desert, and who should 'scape whipping?
* Hamlet
* O! what a rogue and peasant slave am I!
* Hamlet
That he should weep for her?
* What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,
* Hamlet
Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, Must like a whore unpack my heart with words, and fall a-cursing like a very drab
* That I, the son of a dear father murdered,
* Hamlet
May be the devil: and the devil hath power To assume a pleasing shape'''; yea, and perhaps Out of my weakness and my melancholy, As he is very potent with such spirits, Abuses me to damn me: I'll have grounds More relative than this: '''the play's the thing Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king.'''
* '''The spirit that I have seen
* Hamlet
* I am but mad north-north-west: when the wind is southerly I know a hawk from a handsaw.
* Hamlet, lines 378 and 379
Scene i
'Tis too much prov'd, — that with devotion's visage, And pious action, we do sugar o'er The devil himself.
* We are oft to blame in this, —
* Polonius
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? — To die, to sleep, — No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, — 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep; — To sleep, perchance to dream: — ay, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, — The undiscover'd country, from whose bourn No traveller returns, — puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know naught of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought; And enterprises of great pith and moment, With this regard, their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action.
* To be, or not to be, — that is the question: —
* Hamlet
The fair Ophelia! — Nymph, in thy orisons Be all my sins remember'd.
* Soft you now!
* Hamlet
* Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest; but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better my mother had not borne me. I am very proud, revengeful, ambitious; with more offences at my beck than I have thoughts to put them in, imagination to give them shape, or time to act them in. What should such fellows as I do crawling between earth and heaven? We are arrant knaves all; believe none of us.
* Hamlet
* Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind.
* Ophelia
* I say, we will have no more marriages: those that are married already, — all but one, — shall live; the rest shall keep as they are.
* Hamlet
* O! what a noble mind is here o'erthrown!
* Ophelia
To have seen what I have seen, see what I see!
* O, woe is me
* Ophelia
* Madness in great ones must not unwatched go.
* Claudius
Scene ii
Hamlet: No, good mother, here's metal more attractive. [Hamlet takes a place near Ophelia.]
* Gertrude: Come hither, my dear Hamlet, sit by me.
Ophelia: No, my lord. Hamlet: I mean, my head upon your lap? Ophelia: Ay, my lord. Hamlet: Do you think I meant country matters?
* Hamlet: Lady, shall I lie in your lap?
* So long? Nay, then, let the devil wear black, for I'll have a suit of sables. Oh heavens! die two months ago, and not forgotten yet? Then there's hope a great man's memory may outlive his life half a year.
* Hamlet
* The lady doth protest too much, methinks.
* Gertrude
* Claudius: What do you call the play? Hamlet: “The Mouse-trap.” Marry, how? Tropically: this play is the image of a murder done in Vienna; Gonzago is the duke’s name, his wife, Baptista. You shall see anon. ’Tis a knavish piece of work, but what of that? Your Majesty, and we that have free souls, it touches us not. Let the gall’d jade winch, our withers are unwrung.
* ’A poisons him i’ th’ garden for his estate. His name’s Gonzago, the story is extant, and written in very choice Italian. You shall see anon how the murderer gets the love of Gonzago’s wife.
* Hamlet
* Give me some light. Away!
* ' Claudius
* Why, look you now, how unworthy a thing you make of me. You would play upon me; you would seem to know my stops; you would pluck out the heart of my mystery; you would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass; and there is much music, excellent voice, in this little organ, yet cannot you make it speak. 'Sblood, do you think I am easier to be played on than a pipe? Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, you cannot play upon me.
* Hamlet
Polonius: By th' Mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed. Hamlet: Methinks it is like a weasel. Polonius: It is backed like a weasel. Hamlet: Or like a whale. Polonius: Very like a whale.
* Hamlet: Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel?
When churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out Contagion to this world: now could I drink hot blood, And do such bitter business, as the day Would quake to look on.
* Tis now the very witching time of night,
* Hamlet
I will speak daggers to her, but use none.
* Let me be cruel, not unnatural;
* Hamlet
Scene iii
* O! my offence is rank, it smells to heaven.
* Claudius
Were thicker than itself with brother's blood, — Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens To wash it white as snow?
* What if this cursed hand
* Claudius
And now I'll do 't: and so he goes to heaven; And so am I reveng'd.
* Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
* Hamlet
Words without thoughts never to heaven go.
* My words fly up, my thoughts remain below;
* Claudius
Scene iv
Polonius: Oh, I am slain!
* Hamlet: How now! a rat? Dead, for a ducat, dead!
I took thee for thy better.
* Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell!
* Hamlet
In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, Stew'd in corruption, honeying and making love Over the nasty sty.
* Nay, but to live
* Hamlet
* I must be cruel, only to be kind: Thus bad begins and worse remains behind.
* Hamlet
And breath of life, I have no life to breathe What thou hast said to me.
* Be thou assur'd, if words be made of breath,
* Gertrude
Scene i
Whose whisper o'er the world's diameter, As level as the cannon to his blank, Transports his poisoned shot — may miss our name And hit the woundless air. — O, come away! My soul is full of discord and dismay.
* So, haply, slander —
* Claudius
Scene ii
Hamlet: I am glad of it: a knavish speech sleeps in a foolish ear. Rosencrantz: My lord, you must tell us where the body is, and go with us to the king. Hamlet: The body is with the king, but the king is not with the body. The king is a thing — Guildenstern: A thing, my lord? Hamlet: Of nothing.
* Rosencrantz: I understand you not, my lord.
Scene iii
Claudius: What dost thou mean by this? Hamlet: Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar.
* Hamlet: A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm.
Hamlet: In heaven; send thither to see. If your messenger find him not there, seek him i' the other place yourself. But, indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby.
* Claudius: Where is Polonius?
Scene iv
And spur my dull revenge! What is a man, If his chief good and market of his time Be but to sleep and feed? A beast, no more. Sure he that made us with such large discourse, Looking before and after, gave us not That capability and godlike reason To fust in us unused. Now whether it be Bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple Of thinking too precisely on th' event - A thought which, quartered, hath but part wisdom And ever three parts coward - I do not know Why yet I live to say "This thing's to do," Sith I have cause, and will, and strength, and means To do't.
* How all occasions do inform against me,
* Hamlet
My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth!
* O! from this time forth,
* Hamlet
Scene v
* We know what we are, but know not what we may be.
* Ophelia
* Good-night, ladies; good-night, sweet ladies; good-night, good-night.
* Ophelia
But in battalions.
* When sorrows come, they come not single spies,
* Claudius
Scene vii
It warms the very sickness in my heart, That I shall live and tell him to his teeth, 'Thus diest thou.'
* I'm lost in it, my lord. But let him come;
* Laertes
And therefore I forbid my tears.
* Too much of water hast thou, poor Ophelia,
* Laertes
Scene i
* Alas! poor Yorick. I knew him, Horatio; a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy; he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is! my gorge rises at it. Here hung those lips that I have kissed I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen? Now get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favour she must come; make her laugh at that.
* Hamlet
And from her fair and unpolluted flesh May violets spring!
* Lay her i' the earth:
* Laertes
Hamlet the Dane!
* This is I,
* Hamlet
Could not, with all their quantity of love, Make up my sum.
* I lov'd Ophelia: forty thousand brothers
* Hamlet
What is the reason that you use me thus? I lov'd you ever: but it is no matter. Let Hercules himself do what he may, The cat will mew, and dog will have his day.
* Hear you sir;
* Hamlet
Scene ii
Rough-hew them how we will.
* There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
* Hamlet
* That's two of his weapons: but, well.
* Hamlet
* We defy augury; there's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come: the readiness is all.
* Hamlet
The potent poison quite o'er-crows my spirit: I cannot live to hear the news from England; But I do prophesy the election lights On Fortinbras: he has my dying voice; So tell him, with the occurrents, more and less, Which have solicited. The rest is silence.
* O, I die, Horatio;
* Hamlet, scene ii; variant, from the First Folio: The rest is silence. O, o, o, o. [Dies]
Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain, To tell my story.
* If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart,
* Hamlet
And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest.
* Now cracks a noble heart. Good-night, sweet prince;
* Horatio
And our affairs from England come too late: The ears are senseless that should give us hearing, To tell him his commandment is fulfill'd, That Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead: Where should we have our thanks?
* The sight is dismal;
* First Ambassador
* Bear Hamlet, like a soldier, to the stage.
* Fortinbras
* Go, bid the soldiers shoot.
* Fortinbras
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WIKI
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Talk:Jennings Handicap top three finishers
distance
This article said the race is 1-1/8 miles (= 9 furlongs). Jennings Handicap puts its (current) distance at just one mile (= 8 furlongs), while saying that it has been run at four different distances, including 9 furlongs. That article gives a ref, which to me makes it more trustworthy; so I have changed this article accordingly and added the ref. Thnidu (talk) 01:10, 25 September 2015 (UTC)
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WIKI
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User:Jija4
Can some one please tell me, how a single celled organism, planed the construction of a being as complicated as a human and other living things as diverse as the plant and animal world? To construct even the simplest object some sort of plan is needed for success. So science wants us to believe, that the world and its contents was constructed without any sort of planning. If no plan is used in a complicated construction, surely you are heading for disaster, not the perfectly designed and balanced natural system we see on this planet.
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WIKI
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Blue Light Blues: How Glasses Can Alleviate Digital Eye Strain
If you currently put on prescription glasses, you might wish to choose blue light glasses with prescription lenses to make sure correct vision modification and blue light defense. Numerous brand names supply personalized alternatives to fit various prescriptions and choices, enabling you to appreciate the advantages of blue light glasses without compromising clearness or convenience.
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Try to find blue light glasses with premium lenses that successfully strain blue light without misshaping shade assumption or triggering aesthetic artefacts. Choose respectable brand names that make use of sophisticated lens modern technology and extensive quality assurance steps to make certain ideal efficiency.
Among one of the most considerable advantages of using blue light glasses is boosted rest high quality. By minimizing direct exposure to blue light, specifically at night hours, these glasses can aid control the body’s body clock and advertise much better rest health. Numerous individuals report going to sleep much more quickly and experiencing much deeper, a lot more peaceful rest after putting on blue light glasses on a regular basis.
To conclude, blue light glasses use a https://www.bluelightglasses.ca/products/island-frameless-womens-blue-light-glasses useful remedy for reducing the adverse impacts of extended display time on eye wellness and rest top quality. By removing hazardous blue light and minimizing glow, these glasses aid minimize eye stress and pain, permitting even more comfy and pleasurable display usage. Whether you’re a constant computer system customer or merely intend to safeguard your eyes from the risks of contemporary innovation, blue light glasses might deserve thinking about as component of your day-to-day regimen.
Consider your individual choices and way of life behaviors when picking blue light glasses. Do you choose a streamlined, minimal layout, or are you trying to find a much more fashion-forward design? Are you mainly utilizing displays for job or pastime? By taking these elements right into account, you can discover a set of blue light glasses that not just offer efficient defense yet additionally match your specific design and requirements.
Blue light glasses, additionally called computer system glasses or electronic display glasses, are eyewear specifically made to remove or obstruct blue light from getting to the eyes. They normally include lenses with an unique layer that helps in reducing the quantity of blue light that gets in the eyes while still permitting various other kinds of light to travel through. By lessening blue light direct exposure, these glasses intend to relieve eye pressure and pain related to extended display time.
Blue light glasses function by straining or obstructing a part of blue light sent out by displays, therefore minimizing the quantity of blue light that gets to the eyes. Some glasses utilize specialized lenses that take in blue light, while others have layers that mirror blue light far from the eyes. By decreasing blue light direct exposure, these glasses help in reducing eye stress and pain, enabling even more comfy and efficient display time.
Along with rest disruptions, extended direct exposure to electronic displays can additionally trigger eye pressure and pain, commonly described as electronic eye stress or computer system vision disorder. Signs and symptoms might consist of completely dry eyes, migraines, obscured vision, and neck or shoulder discomfort. In time, unattended eye pressure can cause much more severe problems, such as eye exhaustion and also vision issues like nearsightedness.
Among one of the most considerable issues bordering blue light direct exposure is its result on rest top quality. Blue light, especially heaven light produced by displays, can disrupt the body’s all-natural sleep-wake cycle by reducing the manufacturing of melatonin, a hormonal agent that manages rest. This can cause problem dropping off to sleep, along with disturbances in the high quality and period of rest, eventually influencing our general health and wellness and health.
In today’s electronic age, we are regularly bordered by displays, from mobile phones and tablet computers to computer systems and tvs. While these tools have actually certainly boosted our lives in several means, they likewise include a drawback: direct exposure to blue light. Blue light, given off by digital displays, has actually been connected to a variety of health and wellness concerns, consisting of eye pressure, rest disruptions, and also lasting damages to eye wellness. To fight these issues, lots of people are transforming to blue light glasses. However just what are they, and do they measure up to the buzz?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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A newer version of Max is available. Click here to access the latest version of the documentation
jit.expr Reference
Evaluate an expression to fill a matrix
jit.expr
Description
Evaluates expressions to fill an output matrix. The expression can contain any operator available from within jit.op, any functor available from within jit.bfg, and many jitter MOPs. A variable number of inputs can be specified with an attribute argument setting the inputs attribute.
Examples
Discussion
Note: The jit.op operators >p and <p are not recognized by the jit.expr parser. The expressions gtp( x , y ) and ltp( x , y ) may be used in their place.
Expressions should be specified between double quotes, and different expressions can be evaluated per plane if multiple symbols are used for the expr attribute. There are special variables and constants which can be used within expressions listed below. All expressions are evaluated using floating point arithmetic, so they will be more precise, but often slower for computing char data. For optimal speed with char data, it is recommended to use jit.charmap where possible (perhaps filled with an evaluated expression).
Matrix Operator
matrix inputs:-1, matrix outputs:1
Name IOProc Planelink Typelink Dimlink Plane Dim Type
out n/a 1 1 1 1 1 char long float32 float64
More about Matrix Operators
The Jitter MOP
MOP Arguments
MOP Attributes
MOP Messages
Attributes
cache [int]
Toggles the cache intermediary values flag. The default is 1 (on). It may be desirable to turn off when using generator operators such as jit.noise in the expression, which should not be cached.
expr [32 symbols]
The expression to evaluate. If one expression is specified, it is evaluated for all planes. If multiple expressions are specified, they are evaluated on a plane by plane basis.
inputs [int]
Input count (default = 2). Please note, there is no inlet support for this attribute. Changing the input count via an attrui, message, or the inspector will not work. You can only change the input count by typing the attribute into the object box.
precision [symbol]
Sets the internal precision. The options are:
float32 (the default)
float64
verbose [int]
Toggles the printing of expression information to Max Console.
Common Box Attributes
Messages
int
Sets all matrix cells corresponding with input to int.
float
Sets all matrix cells corresponding with input to float.
list
Arguments
input [list]
Sets all matrix cells corresponding with input to list, on a per plane basis.
See Also
Name Description
Working with Video in Jitter Working with Video in Jitter
expr
jit.charmap
jit.op
jit.bfg
vexpr
Tutorial 39: Spatial Mapping Tutorial 39: Spatial Mapping
Tutorial 46: Manipulating Matrix Data using JavaScript Tutorial 46: Manipulating Matrix Data using JavaScript
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Sri Lanka scimitar babbler
The Sri Lanka scimitar babbler or Ceylon scimitar babbler (Pomatorhinus melanurus) is an Old World babbler. It is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka and was formerly treated as a subspecies of Indian scimitar babbler. The nominate form is found in the western part of wet hill regions of Sri Lanka, while race holdsworthi is found in the dry lowlands and eastern hills.
In culture
Most scimitar babbler species are referred as parandel kurulla by the Sinhala-speaking community. The term 'parandel' refers to dried grass and probably refers to the color of the bird. The vernacular name of the bird parandel kurulla roughly translates to English as 'dried-grass-colored bird'. This bird appears in a 4.50 rupee Sri Lankan postal stamp.
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WIKI
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If life is in danger
call 000
Psychotic illness
If you are concerned about a friend or family member who is showing signs of psychosis, it is important to seek help early.
What is psychosis?
Psychosis refers to a period of detachment from reality where a person may experience hallucinations, delusions or disorganised thoughts and behaviours. The causes of psychosis are complex and varied including genetics, early childhood development, adverse life experiences, drug use and other factors. It often develops in adolescence or early adulthood, and early intervention at this stage is important to later outcomes. Many individuals withdraw from others, making it difficult to determine what is going on.
With the right support and treatment, most people diagnosed with a psychotic illness will be able to lead a healthy and meaningful life.
Psychotic symptoms vary from person to person, and even from episode to episode. A person experiencing psychosis may experience or present with the following:
1. Disordered thinking — the person might be confused as their thoughts do not make sense or connect. Their speech and language may be unusual, and their conversation might be difficult to follow. The person may find it difficult to concentrate, remember things or make plans.
2. Delusions — the person might hold beliefs that are false or not based on fact. Persecutory delusions are the most common type of delusions a person may have when experiencing psychosis. In this case, the person believes that they will be harmed by another individual or group of people.
3. Hallucinations — the person might see, hear, feel, smell or taste something that is not actually there. Auditory hallucinations are the most common type of hallucinations associated with psychosis and related disorders. The person experiencing hallucinations hears voices distinct from their own thoughts which no one else can hear. Hallucinations can cause people to become agitated and distressed.
4. Changes in behaviour — a person experiencing a psychotic episode might behave in an unusual way. They may become angry or upset without any apparent cause, or they may be unusually excited or depressed. They may have difficulties managing their daily tasks such as personal hygiene or cleaning their home or in some rare cases become catatonic, where they are less responsive to the world around them.
If you are concerned about a friend or family member that is showing signs of psychosis, it is important to seek help early on. Here are some tips on how to help:
• If the individual is at risk of harm to themselves or others, call 000 immediately to notify emergency services. If someone is exhibiting signs of psychosis, you can offer to take them to the emergency department of your local hospital for assessment and treatment.
• Encourage other supports including meeting their GP for an initial assessment and appropriate referrals.
• Psychosis can be distressing for both the person experiencing it and those around them. Give them time and support to process what is happening to them. Demonstrating patience, compassion and non-judgment while they learn more about their condition can be important in their recovery.
It can be very difficult to know what to do and how to cope, but help is available. Below are some places to go for information and support. If life is in danger, please call 000.
• GP - speak with your regular doctor about available options.
• SANE Australia — provides counselling support, peer support services and resources. 1800 18 7263 or sane.org.au
• Mental Health Carers Australia – a national advocacy group concerned with the wellbeing and promotion of the needs of families and carers supporting someone with mental ill health Mental Health Carers Australia | Mental Health Organisation
• OnTrack Get Real is an online program for individuals aged 14 years and older who are having odd or strange experiences and are looking for help figuring out what's 'real'. It helps cope with symptoms but needs to be used in conjunction with other treatments. Chat with your GP or therapist before using this program. Get Real - OnTrack
Phone Lifeline on 13 11 14 (available 24/7) or text us on 0477 13 11 14 (12pm-6am AEDT)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Social Security Advisory Committee
The Social Security Advisory Committee (SSAC) is a statutory body that provides impartial advice to the UK government on social security issues. When the SSAC reports on government proposals for regulations the report must be presented to Parliament together with the regulations and a statement from the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions responding to any recommendations.
History
The committee was formed in November 1980 and is now covered by the Social Security Administration Act 1992. It took over the advisory functions of the former Great Britain and Northern Ireland Supplementary Benefits Commissions and the National Insurance Advisory Committee, and also assumed advisory responsibility for family income supplement and child benefit which had not previously come within the scope of any advisory committee. The Social Security and Housing Benefits Act 1982 extended the committee's responsibilities to cover advice on the new housing benefit scheme, replacing the Advisory Committee on Rent Rebates and Rent Allowances (ACRRRA) from April 1983.
Chairs
* Paul Gray (2011- )
* Deep Sagar (2011)
* Sir Richard Tilt (2004-2011)
* Sir Thomas Boyd-Carpenter KBE (1995-2004)
* Sir Michael Bett CBE (1993-1995)
* Sir Peter Barclay (1984-1993)
* Sir Arthur Armitage (1980-1984)
Members
* Jacob Meagher (2024-2029)
* Professor Olive Stevenson (1982-2002)
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WIKI
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How to disable this debug HUD?
Game mode: Online private
Type of issue: Bug
Server type: PvP
Region: US
Mods?: Yes
Edition: Steam
Bug Description:
This debug HUD randomly appeared when I logged in, I thought maybe I accidentally hit the tilde key and entered something in but my console history has nothing new in it. I have not entered anything in the console for a while either.
1. Start Conan
2. Log into server
3. Debug menu appears
4. Can’t find anything in the console to un-toggle it
Haha. Does it stay even when you are on the main menu? If so, let me dig what you needed to type to get rid of it.
1 Like
Indeed
Here, type it with admin enabled:
2 Likes
Thank you for the help
2 Likes
This topic was automatically closed 7 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Abubakar Sadiq Mohammed
Alhaji Abubakar Sadiq Mohammed (born 14 October 1961) is a Nigerian politician and officeholder. In 2008, he became Chief of Staff to the Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, Bayero Nafada. He was appointed Minister of Tourism, Culture and National Orientation on 6 April 2010, when Acting President Goodluck Jonathan announced his new cabinet.
Education
He obtained a B.Sc (Physics) in 1985 from University of Maiduguri and an M.Sc (Physics) from the University of Ibadan. He was a lecturer at the Federal University of Technology Yola (1986–1996). He was Managing Director or CEO of several companies between 1996 and 2002. He worked at the National Teachers Institute, Kaduna (2002–2008).
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WIKI
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Page:Wood 1865 - The Myriapoda of North America.djvu/72
Rh.
The form and general appearance of this genus is very different from that of the true Iulus. The great size and thickness of the body, and the peculiar way in which the head is set into it, so to speak, attract the first glance of the observer. The head is generally not proportionally very large. The antennæ in our American species (except angusticeps?) are very short, and often lie almost hidden in a groove in the side of the head, bent so as to form a right-angled "knee," with their free end directed downwards.
The eye-patches are of various shapes, and, though large, are generally not very prominent. The first scutum is broad, antero-posteriorly, with its sides more or less obliquely truncate. The second scutum has its sides much produced and bent forwards, so as in a measure to embrace the first scutum. Where it abuts against the head there is on each side a triangular surface.
In all the species which I have examined, the male appendages are formed after one very peculiar type, with marked specific differences in the minutiæ of their forms. This may prove to be generic. In the true lulus no appendages have as yet been described agreeing with this pattern.
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WIKI
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Transport Interfaces Programming Guide
Signals and Process Group ID
For SIGURG and SIGIO, each socket has a process number and a process group ID. These values are initialized to zero, but can be redefined at a later time with the F_SETOWN fcntl(), as in the previous example. A positive third argument to fcntl() sets the socket's process ID. A negative third argument to fcntl() sets the socket's process group ID. The only allowed recipient of SIGURG and SIGIO signals is the calling process. A similar fcntl(), F_GETOWN, returns the process number of a socket.
Reception of SIGURG and SIGIO can also be enabled by using ioctl() to assign the socket to the user's process group:
/* oobdata is the out-of-band data handling routine */
sigset(SIGURG, oobdata);
int pid = -getpid();
if (ioctl(client, SIOCSPGRP, (char *) &pid) < 0) {
perror("ioctl: SIOCSPGRP");
}
Another signal that is useful in server processes is SIGCHLD. This signal is delivered to a process when any child process changes state. Normally, servers use the signal to "reap" child processes that have exited without explicitly awaiting their termination or periodically polling for exit status. For example, the remote login server loop shown previously can be augmented as shown in Example 2-17.
Example 2-17 SIGCHLD Signal
int reaper();
...
sigset(SIGCHLD, reaper);
listen(f, 5);
while (1) {
int g, len = sizeof from;
g = accept(f, (struct sockaddr *) &from, &len);
if (g < 0) {
if (errno != EINTR)
syslog(LOG_ERR, "rlogind: accept: %m");
continue;
}
...
}
#include <wait.h>
reaper()
{
int options;
int error;
siginfo_t info;
options = WNOHANG | WEXITED;
bzero((char *) &info, sizeof(info));
error = waitid(P_ALL, 0, &info, options);
}
If the parent server process fails to reap its children, zombie processes result.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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March 3, 2018
/
React Crypto Stock Compare – Pt. 6: Creating Pages with React Router
React Crypto Stock Compare – Pt. 6: Creating Pages with React Router
This is to part 6 of a multi-part React tutorial that will teach you the basics of React while building a simple app to compare crypto-currency prices to stock prices. You can find the code to work along here and the starting point for this step can be found in the branch using-state-for-api-requests by running git checkout using-state-for-api-requests
The final thing I think is worth getting your head around is how to create new “pages” in a React app. I put pages in quotes because this is a Single Page App (SPA) in the sense that there is only one html file. However using client side routing with React Router you can create the same experience as a regular web page.
React Router
React Router is a separate but well maintained and supported package for managing routing in your app. React Router provides you with a few different components that let you define and control how routing works in your app.
This is easiest expressed by just by showing you so have a look at this updated version of the App.js
import React, { Component } from "react";
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Link } from "react-router-dom";
import "./App.css";
import { PriceTables } from "./price-tables";
import { ComparisonGraph } from "./comparison-graph";
class App extends Component {
render() {
return (
<Router>
<div className="crypto-stock-compare">
<header>
<h1>Crypto Stock Compare</h1>
<Link to="/">Table Comparison</Link>
<Link to="/comparison-graph">Graph</Link>
</header>
<Route exact path="/" component={PriceTables} />
<Route path="/comparison-graph" component={ComparisonGraph} />
</div>
</Router>
);
}
}
export default App;
What I’ve done here is imported the BrowserRouter, Route and Link component from the react-router-dom package. This lets us setup a root router and then within that just I have my route definitions as Route components:
<Route exact path="/" component={PriceTables} />
<Route path="/comparison-graph" component={ComparisonGraph} />
You specify the url that you want to match with the path prop and you specify which component you would like to render if that route is matched with the component prop. The only other thing to explain here is exact which makes sure that the “/” doesn’t match unless its exactly that otherwise other paths would be matched by that since all other routes will contain “/”.
You also might notice in the <header> we have this:
<Link to="/">Table Comparison</Link>
<Link to="/comparison-graph">Graph</Link>
This is how we link to the routes and under the hood when this renders they become anchor tags.
Coding Along
If you haven’t been following along and would like to you can clone the repository and get the starting code for this step by running:
git clone https://github.com/sethreidnz/crypto-stock-compare
git checkout splitting-components
Building out the routes
In order to get the above to work we have to create a few new components and also I’m going to show you a little bit about how I think it’s useful to structure your project while I’m at it.
First create a new folder “src/prices-tables” and new file src/prices-tables/index.js containing:
import React, { Component } from "react";
import { getEthereumDataFromApi, getMicrosoftDataFromApi } from '../api/index';
import { Loader } from "../components/Loader";
import { PriceTable } from "./components/PriceTable";
export class PriceTables extends Component {
state = {
ethereumData: null,
microsoftData: null,
hasLoaded: false
}
async componentDidMount() {
const ethereumData = await getEthereumDataFromApi();
const microsoftData = await getMicrosoftDataFromApi();
this.setState({
ethereumData,
microsoftData,
hasLoaded: true
})
}
render() {
const { ethereumData, microsoftData, hasLoaded } = this.state;
debugger;
if (!hasLoaded) return <Loader />;
return (
<div>
<section className="value-table">
<h2>Ethereum</h2>
<PriceTable priceData={ethereumData} />
</section>
<section className="value-table">
<h2>Microsoft</h2>
<PriceTable priceData={microsoftData} />
</section>
</div>
);
}
}
This is the comparison tables that we had from App.js moved into it’s own component.
Also while you are at it create a new folder src/price-tables/components and move the components PriceRow and PriceTable into that folder. What I’m getting you to do here is structure your application with Fractal Project Structure.
To explain what this means I’ll contrast two ways of structuring your components and files. You could structure them by their types, for example components, routes, utilities etc. Or you could structure it by their position in the application, for example what route they belong to. The latter is what is the Fractal Project Structure. This means that you create a folder per top level route, and then you place any components that relate to that route inside a components folder within it. Shared components live in the components folder at src/components. I find this really helps to reduce the amount of jumping round you have to do and helps new people coming to the project understand where things are, and where they should go.
Now we have that explained and the files re-organised we need to create our second route. Create a new file src/comparison-graph/index.js:
import React, { Component } from "react";
import { Line } from "react-chartjs";
import { getEthereumDataFromApi, getMicrosoftDataFromApi } from '../api/index';
import { Loader } from "../components/Loader";
import { transformIntoSeriesData } from "../utility";
export class ComparisonGraph extends Component {
state = {
ethereumData: null,
microsoftData: null,
hasLoaded: false
}
async componentDidMount() {
const ethereumData = await getEthereumDataFromApi();
const microsoftData = await getMicrosoftDataFromApi();
const openPriceDataSeries = transformIntoSeriesData(ethereumData, microsoftData);
this.setState({
openPriceDataSeries,
hasLoaded: true
})
}
render() {
const { hasLoaded, openPriceDataSeries } = this.state;
if (!hasLoaded) return <Loader />;
return (
<div>
<Line data={openPriceDataSeries} width="600" height="250"/>
</div>
);
}
}
What this component does is use a package “react-chartjs” which uses Chart.js to show a line graph based on the Ethereum and Microsoft data. Normally you would need to install this package but it was already in the package.json from the start so you don’t have to worry about it.
The last thing we need to do is update App.js:
import React, { Component } from "react";
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Link } from "react-router-dom";
import "./App.css";
import { PriceTables } from "./price-tables";
import { ComparisonGraph } from "./comparison-graph";
class App extends Component {
render() {
return (
<Router>
<div className="crypto-stock-compare">
<header>
<h1>Crypto Stock Compare</h1>
<Link to="/">Table Comparison</Link>
<Link to="/comparison-graph">Graph</Link>
</header>
<Route exact path="/" component={PriceTables} />
<Route path="/comparison-graph" component={ComparisonGraph} />
</div>
</Router>
);
}
}
export default App;
Again you would normally have to install “react-router-dom” but I’ve already done that for you in the package.json. Try running the app up in the browser with npm start and have a look at what we’ve made.
You should see initially the original screen that we made in the previous steps except it has a couple of navigation links. If you click on “Graph” you will see the Chart.js graph and the URL will change to ‘/comparison-graph’. This is the basis for how you create different pages in React.
There is a lot more to React Router and far too much to get into in this simple tutorial but if you want to learn more their documentation is great.
If you got lost or want to make sure you did it right you can have a look in the branch in Github or run:
git checkout react-router
Finishing up
To double check that you have everything correct you can just checkout the master branch in the repo. By no means is this a comprehensive tutorial covering all the things you might want to do. But I wanted to keep the tutorial simple and short but cover many of the initial tasks that one need to do.
I’ll be creating a similar tutorial series on some more complex things you need to do such as:
• Pulling state up to share data between components
• Using Redux for global state
• User interaction and creating forms
I hope you enjoyed the tutorial!
Tags:
Seth Reid
/
React Crypto Stock Compare – Pt. 6: Creating Pages with React Router
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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BRIEF-Amazon.com reports Q3 earnings $0.52/shr
Oct 26 (Reuters) - Amazon.Com Inc * Amazon.com announces third quarter sales up 34% to $43.7 billion * Q3 earnings per share $0.52 * Q3 sales $43.7 billion versus I/B/E/S view $42.14 billion * Q3 earnings per share view $0.03 — Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S * Sees Q4 sales $56 billion to $60.5 billion * Amazon.com Inc qtrly net product sales $28,768 million versus $22,339 million * Amazon.com Inc - Q4 2017 operating income is expected to be between $300 million and $1.65 billion * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly north america net sales $25,446 million versus $18,874 million * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly international net sales $13,714 million versus $10,609 million * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly Amazon web services net sales $4,584 million versus $3,231 million last year * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly net sales includes $1.3 billion from whole foods market * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly subscription services revenue $2,441 million versus $1,532 million in q3 2016 * Amazon.com - Q4 2017 net sales guidance includes approximately 1,000 basis points of impact to co’s year-over-year growth rate from whole foods market * Amazon.com - Q4 2017 net sales guidance also anticipates a favorable impact of approximately $1.2 billion or 270 basis points from foreign exchange rates * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly amazon web services operating income $1,171 million versus $861 million last year * Amazon.com Inc - qtrly advertising and other revenue $1,123 million versus $709 million in Q3 2016 * Amazon.com - excluding whole foods market, $124 million favorable impact from y-o-y changes in foreign exchange rates throughout quarter, net sales increased 29% * Q4 revenue view $58.94 billion — Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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loading...
Cover image for How to Analyse & Clean Text Data in Python
How to Analyse & Clean Text Data in Python
nicfoxds profile image Nic Fox ・7 min read
This is a beginner's tutorial (by example) on how to analyse text data in python, using a small and simple data set of dummy tweets and well-commented code. It will show you how to write code that will:
• import a csv file of tweets
• find tweets that contain certain things such as hashtags and URLs
• create a wordcloud
• clean the text data using regular expressions ("RegEx")
• show you what tokenisation is and how to do it
• explain what stopwords are and how to remove them
• create a chart showing the most frequent words in the tweets, and their frequencies
The Jupyter Notebook is available on GitHub here.
The code uses pandas dataframes so if you're unfamiliar with those then this tutorial may help.
First, import the libraries and set the relevant configurations:
import numpy as np # an essential python module
import pandas as pd # for importing & transforming data
import re # for regular expressions
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # for wordclouds & charts
import seaborn as sns # for charts
sns.set_style("whitegrid"); # chart background style
plt.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 360 # for high res chart output
from wordcloud import WordCloud # for the wordcloud :)
import spacy # for tokenising text
from spacy.lang.en import English # for tokenising text
nlp = English() # for tokenising text
from collections import Counter # for getting freq of words
Then, let's import a csv file containing 2 columns (tweet_id and tweet) and 10 rows. I created this csv by just copy-pasting a few tweets from Twitter into an Excel file and saved it as a csv file.
# import the csv file into a Pandas dataframe
tweet_df = pd.read_csv("tweet_sample.csv")
# view the shape of the data (the number of rows and columns)
print(f"The shape of the data is: {tweet_df.shape}")
# view the data with the "tweet" column widened to 800px
# so that the full tweet is displayed,
# and hide the index column
tweet_df\
.style.set_properties(subset=['tweet'], **{'width': '800px'})\
.hide_index()
My output looks like this:
Alt Text
(Note: If you're new to f strings, i.e. the print(f"...{}") bit in the code above, then this tutorial may help)
Now let's find all the tweets that contain a hashtag.
# let's find out how many tweets contain a hashtag
tweets_with_hashtags = tweet_df.loc[tweet_df["tweet"].str.contains("#")]
# view the number of tweets that contain a hashtag
print(f"Number of tweets containing hashtags: {len(tweets_with_hashtags)}")
# view the tweets that contain a hashtag
tweets_with_hashtags\
.style.set_properties(subset=['tweet'], **{'width': '800px'}).hide_index()
My output:
Alt Text
How many contain a URL?
# how many tweets contain a URL i.e. "http"?
tweets_with_URLs = tweet_df.loc[tweet_df["tweet"].str.contains("http")]
# view the number of tweets that contain a URL
print(f"Number of tweets containing URLs: {len(tweets_with_URLs)}")
# view the tweets that contain a URL
tweets_with_URLs\
.style.set_properties(subset=['tweet'], **{'width': '800px'}).hide_index()
My output:
Alt Text
Let's create a wordcloud. Before we can do that, we need to create one long string containing all the tweets.
# create a single string containing all the tweets,
# as this will be needed to be able to create a wordcloud
tweet_string = " ".join(tweet for tweet in tweet_df["tweet"])
# view the first 200 elements of the string to check
# this worked as expected
tweet_string[0:200]
My output:
Alt Text
Now we can create the wordcloud using this long string, and then view it. We'll only view the top 100 words so max_words will be set to 100.
# create the wordcloud
tweet_wordcloud = WordCloud(background_color="white",
max_words=100,
).generate(tweet_string)
# view the wordcloud
plt.imshow(tweet_wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
My output:
Alt Text
Let's clean up the data using the re python library to use regular expressions ("RegEx"). There is a useful guide on RegEx in Python here.
First, let's replace mentions (e.g. @Dilbert_Daily) with '@USER'.
# replace all the mentions (e.g. @Dilbert_Daily)
# from the tweets with '@USER'
tweet_string = re.sub(r'@\w+','@USER ', tweet_string)
# view the first 200 elements of the string to check
# this worked as expected
tweet_string[0:200]
My output:
Alt Text
...then replace all URLS with '_URL'
# replace all the URLs with '_URL_'
tweet_string = re.sub(r'http\S+','_URL_ ', tweet_string)
# view the first 200 elements of the string to check
# this worked as expected
tweet_string[0:200]
My output:
Alt Text
...then convert the text to lower case so, for example, instead of having "Be" and "be" included as 2 separate words, we only have "be":
# convert the text to lower case so, for example, instead
# of having "Be" and "be" included
# as 2 separate words, we'd only have "be"
tweet_string = tweet_string.lower()
# view the first 200 elements of the string to check
# this worked as expected
tweet_string[0:200]
My output:
Alt Text
Let's remove the extra spaces so there's only one space between words:
# remove extra white spaces so there is only one
# space between words
tweet_string = re.sub(r'\s+',' ', tweet_string)
# view the first 200 elements of the string to
# check this worked as expected
tweet_string[0:200]
My output:
Alt Text
Let's view the wordcloud for this cleaned-up string:
# create the wordcloud
tweet_wordcloud = WordCloud(background_color="white",
max_words=100,
).generate(tweet_string)
# view the wordcloud
plt.imshow(tweet_wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
Alt Text
Let's change it so that the wordcloud only shows the top 25 words:
# create the wordcloud
tweet_wordcloud = WordCloud(background_color="white",
max_words=25,
).generate(tweet_string)
# view the wordcloud
plt.imshow(tweet_wordcloud, interpolation='bilinear')
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
Alt Text
Next, let's tokenise the string i.e. split the string into separate tokens (i.e. separate elements in a collection) using spacy. In this example, each token will be a word. This isn't the only option used in NLP. We could choose tokens to be individual characters, parts of words, 2 words (known as 2-grams/bi-grams), 3 words (3-grams/tri-grams), 4 words (4-grams), sentences... But for this example each token will be a word.
# create a spacy document by pointing spacy to the
# tweet string
tweet_doc = nlp(tweet_string)
# get all tokens that aren't punctuation
tweet_words = [token.text for token in tweet_doc if token.is_punct != True]
# get the frequency of each word (token) in the tweet string
tweet_word_freq = Counter(tweet_words)
# get the 5 most frequent words
five_most_common_words = tweet_word_freq.most_common(5)
# view the 5 most common words
five_most_common_words
My output:
Alt Text
Now let's create a Pandas dataframe containing all the tokens (words) and the frequency of each word, so that we can use this to create a chart.
# create a Pandas dataframe containing the tokens
# (words) and their frequencies
freq_df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(tweet_word_freq, orient='index').reset_index()
# rename the columns to "word" and "freq"
freq_df.columns=["word", "freq"]
# sort the dataframe so that the most frequent word is
# at the top and view the first 3 rows
freq_df.sort_values(by="freq", ascending=False).head(3)
My output:
Alt Text
Display a bar chart (using seaborn - which we aliased as sns) of the top 25 most frequent words, and their frequencies:
# display a bar chart showing the top 25 words
# and their frequencies
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=freq_df.sort_values(by="freq", ascending=False).head(25),
y="word",
x="freq",
color='#7bbcd5')
plt.ylabel("Word")
plt.xlabel("Frequency")
plt.title("Top 25 Most Frequent Words")
sns.despine();
My output:
Alt Text
(Note: if you're new to creating charts in Python using seaborn then you may find this post useful)
Next, let's remove words that are really common but not very useful for understanding the topics being discussed, such as 'and'. In the NLP world these are called 'stopwords'. They can be removed easily using the spacy tokeniser's is_stop attribute:
# get all tokens that aren't punctuation
# and aren't stopwords
tweet_words = [token.text for token in tweet_doc if token.is_punct != True and \
token.is_stop != True]
# get the frequency of each word (token) in the tweet string
tweet_word_freq = Counter(tweet_words)
# re-create the Pandas dataframe containing the
# tokens (words) and their frequencies
freq_df = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(tweet_word_freq, orient='index').reset_index()
# rename the columns to "word" and "freq"
freq_df.columns=["word", "freq"]
# display a bar chart showing the top 25 words and their
# frequencies (which will exclude the stopwords this time)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,6))
sns.barplot(data=freq_df.sort_values(by="freq", ascending=False).head(25),
y="word",
x="freq",
color='#7bbcd5')
plt.ylabel("Word")
plt.xlabel("Frequency")
plt.title("Top 25 Most Frequent Words (Excluding Stopwords)")
plt.xticks([0,1,2,3])
sns.despine();
My output:
Alt Text
The chart now gives us a much better indication of the topics being discussed in the tweet text.
There's lots more you can do of course, for example:
• how many tokens (words) are in the longest tweet?
• how many are in the shortest?
• what's the mean average number of tokens? (Answers to these length questions are useful later on if you're going to use machine learning models)
• are there any empty documents (tweets)? Our dataset is so small that we can see that there aren't any empty tweets but in real data sets that are larger you'd need to find out programmatically
...but that's probably enough for now. Data cleaning and analysis is a big part of working with text data, and deciding what to change, and how, will depend on the problem being solved and is part of the art of data science. For example, should mentions (e.g. @Dilbert_Daily) be removed/replaced or are they a useful predictor? Will removing punctuation improve or reduce a machine learning model's performance or make no difference at all? Should the text be converted to lower case? There's no right answer, so its useful to be able to easily play around with the text data and experiment.
I recommend playing around with your own dummy data, trying different regular expressions with the re module, and playing around with the wordcloud, spacy and seaborn modules. There's a great tutorial for spacy on their website.
Discussion
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Orlando shooter is example of homegrown extremism: Obama
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Barack Obama said on Monday there was no clear evidence that the shooter in Sunday’s massacre in Orlando, Florida, was directed by a larger terrorist network. “It appears that the shooter was inspired by various extremist information that was disseminated over the internet,” the president told reporters in the Oval Office after a briefing by senior officials including Federal Bureau of Investigation Director James Comey. “As far as we can tell right now, this is certainly an example of the kind of homegrown extremism that all of us have been so concerned about for a very long time,” Obama said. The shooter, Omar Mateen, expressed allegiance to the radical group Islamic State, also known as ISIL and ISIS, in a call to the city’s 911 emergency telephone line during a standoff with police while holding hostages in a gay nightclub called Pulse. Obama said there was no evidence that Mateen, who killed 49 people at the club before he was shot dead by police, was part of a wider plot. Administration officials were examining various internet sites that had been visited by the shooter, Obama said. He said the United States had to think about the risks of firearms laws that allow easy access to guns. Police have said the gunman was armed with an assault-rifle-type weapon and a handgun that were purchased legally. The president said he was concerned that the response to the massacre would turn into a debate over whether to toughen gun laws or pursue extremist groups like Islamic State. “We have to go after these terrorist organizations and hit them hard,” Obama said. “But we also have to make sure that it is not easy for somebody who decides they want to harm people in this country to be able to obtain weapons.” Reporting by Timothy Gardner and Alana Wise; Editing by Toni Reinhold
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Suicide (wrestling)
Suicide is a professional wrestling persona, used by multiple wrestlers in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Suicide first appeared as a character in the 2008 video game TNA Impact!. In December 2008, the Suicide character was introduced on television as a real-life wrestler. Originally portrayed by Frankie Kazarian, Christopher Daniels held the role for a time in early 2009 and went on to win the X Division Championship. In June 2010, Kiyoshi became the third man to use the gimmick.
By October 2010, the gimmick was dropped, but made a brief return in January 2011, once again being portrayed by Christopher Daniels, before being dropped once again in April 2011. Suicide returned to television in May 2013 portrayed by T. J. Perkins. Austin Aries wrestled under the Suicide gimmick on the episode of Impact Wrestling which aired on June 27, 2013 and won the TNA X Division Championship. Suicide was "revealed" to be Perkins, who claimed Aries stole his ring gear, on the June 30, 2013, episode of Impact Wrestling. His ring name was changed to Manik, using a slightly altered version of the Suicide gear, with new music. Perkins remains the only man to have wrestled under the Manik persona.
The Suicide persona returned in July 2016 for TNA One Night Only X-Travaganza 2016, portrayed by Jonathan Gresham. In March 2017, Caleb Konley became the man behind the mask.
Introduction as a video game character
Suicide was originally created by Midway Games as an original character for the 2008 TNA Impact! video game. The character is voiced by Low Ki, who also did motion capture for the game and appears as himself.
In the game's storyline he is a professional wrestler moving up the ranks, when prior to his match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, he is approached by The Latin American Xchange, who tell him to throw the match. When he instead goes on to win the title, he is beaten beyond recognition by LAX and left for dead in Mexico. Doctors find him alive, but suffering from amnesia, and aid in his recovery while offering free plastic surgery as well. This allows the player to create their own look for Suicide, establishing his new identity in the process. Finding he has a knack for wrestling, he is recruited for the TNA roster as Suicide, and forms a tag team with Eric Young called the Salty Biscuits. LAX kidnaps Young and orders Suicide to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship then drop the title to Jeff Jarrett. After winning the title Suicide remembers his past, saves Young with the help of other wrestlers, and gets revenge on Jarrett by defeating him in the match for the World Heavyweight Championship.
Wrestling Debut and X Division Champion (2008–2011)
During every episode of TNA's primary television program, Impact!, after August 14, 2008, the words "whoissuicide.com" flashed on the screen for less than a second. On the website, it showed that Suicide was being taken from the game to real life television. At Final Resolution, Suicide made his debut by attacking Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley, the Motor City Machine Guns. At Destination X, Christopher Daniels won the X Division Championship in an Ultimate X match, while using the Suicide gimmick, having replaced the injured Frankie Kazarian. On the May 14, 2009, episode of TNA, after weeks of accusing Daniels of being Suicide, the Motor City Machine Guns and Lethal Consequences (Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed) looked to remove the mask of Suicide. This prompted Daniels to come out and save Suicide from being exposed. Suicide wrestled Daniels at the Sacrifice pay-per-view event, in which Suicide retained via time limit draw after Daniels refused a victory assisted by the Motor City Machine Guns.
At Slammiversary, Suicide retained the X Division Championship against Shelley, Sabin, Lethal, and Creed in a King of the Mountain match. On July 16, Suicide lost his championship to Homicide after he cashed in his "Feast or Fired" briefcase. After not being seen for a few weeks, Suicide made his return at Hard Justice to compete in the Steel Asylum match, which he lost because of D'Angelo Dinero. On the August 20 edition of Impact! Suicide attacked Dinero after his match with Consequences Creed. On the September 17 edition of Impact! Dinero defeated Suicide in a grudge match. At No Surrender Dinero defeated Suicide again, this time in a Falls Count Anywhere match. The following week on Impact! Suicide finally defeated Dinero, by doing the Suicide Solution on a trash can in a street fight. On the October 15 edition of Impact! Homicide stole Suicide's costume and claims to now know his true identity. On the December 3 edition Impact! Suicide made peace with Dinero and joined him, Matt Morgan and Hernandez in their war with Rhino, Team 3D and Jesse Neal. At Final Resolution Morgan, Hernandez, Dinero and Suicide defeated Neal, Team 3D and Rhino in an eight-man elimination tag team match.
On the February 18, 2010, edition of Impact! Kazarian returned to TNA, and would no longer use the Suicide gimmick. The character made its return four months later on June 14, losing to Magnus in a match taped for Xplosion. This time it was portrayed by Japanese wrestler Akira Kawabata, known in TNA as Kiyoshi. At the July 12 tapings of Xplosion, Kawabata picked up his first victory as Suicide, defeating Eric Young. The gimmick was temporarily retired after a house show in Windsor, Ontario on September 12, 2010, where he was defeated by Kazarian, which was followed by Kawabata returning to television as Kiyoshi on October 8 and the removal of Suicide's profile from TNA's official website on October 13. Suicide returned at the January 31, 2011, tapings of Xplosion, with Christopher Daniels once again using the gimmick. On the April 7 edition of Impact!, Suicide teamed with Brian Kendrick and Chris Sabin against Robbie E. and Generation Me (better known as The Young Bucks). For this night only, Suicide was portrayed by Kazuchika Okada, who would depart the company later that year. Suicide wrestled his final match on the May 12 edition of Impact!, where he was defeated by Sangriento. Suicide's final appearance was at TNA Destination X 2011, where he was featured in a backstage segment with Eric Young.
Name change and The Revolution (2013–2016)
After nearly two years of inactivity, vignettes began airing for Suicide's return to TNA on May 9, 2013. Suicide made his official return defeating Joey Ryan and Petey Williams on the May 23 episode of Impact Wrestling earning an X Division Title shot at Slammiversary. For this return, Suicide was portrayed by T. J. Perkins. Suicide received his title shot on June 2 at Slammiversary XI, but was defeated by Chris Sabin in an Ultimate X match, also involving Kenny King. On the June 27 episode of Impact Wrestling, Perkins was revealed as the man behind the mask of Suicide as part of a storyline where he had been attacked and the Suicide costume and mask stolen and utilized by Austin Aries to win the X Division Championship.
On June 29, at the tapings of the July 4 episode of Impact Wrestling, Perkins began using the ring name Manik, while retaining a modified version of the Suicide costume and mask. He participated in a three-way match for the X Division Championship against Sabin and Aries, which Sabin won to regain the championship; Manik was removed from the match after being attacked by the Aces & Eights. After Sabin vacated the championship, Manik entered the tournament to determine the new champion, and advanced to the final by defeating Chavo Guerrero Jr. and Kenny King. On July 18, at the tapings of the July 25 episode of Impact Wrestling, Manik won the vacant X Division Championship by defeating Greg Marasciuolo and Sonjay Dutt in a three-way Ultimate X match. Including a successful defense against Chris Sabin on the September 26 episode of Impact Wrestling, Manik held the championship until Bound for Glory on October 20, when he lost it to Sabin in a five-way Ultimate X match. Following a hiatus lasting several months, Manik returned to the promotion at Lockdown losing to Tigre Uno in a steel cage match.
On September 3, Manik was kidnapped by James Storm and Sanada; the following week, Storm was shown initiating Manik into a new faction, later called The Revolution, and the trio later attacked Samoa Joe and Homicide. On a September 23, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling Manik quit The Revolution and took his mask off revealing his face on TNA for the first time since debuting as Manik. On January 12, 2016, T. J. Perkins was released from TNA, removing the character from TV.
In July 2016, the Suicide character was brought back for a TNA One Night Only X-Travaganza 2016 taping, this time being portrayed by independent wrestler Jonathan Gresham.
Return (2017–2021)
In March 2017, Impact announced that Suicide would be returning on March 16 episode of Impact Wrestling. Suicide returned on March 16 Impact Wrestling, now being portrayed by Caleb Konley, in a four-way match for the X Division Championship, in which he was unsuccessful. The character went on a hiatus, due to the departure of Caleb Konley on March 1, 2019.
The Suicide character made its return to Impact Wrestling on March 24, 2020, attacking Moose after his match against Chase Stevens, with Caleb Konley using the gimmick once again. On March 31, 2020, at the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Special! event, T. J. Perkins returned as Manik teaming with Suicide defeating the tag team of TNA Originals Johnny Swinger and Kid Kash. On May 19, 2020, Suicide unsuccessfully challenged Moose for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.
On the August 12, 2021, episode of Impact!, Suicide made his final appearance competing in a number one contenders battle royal for the Impact World Championship which was won by Brian Myers. After Konley announced his departure from Impact Wrestling on April 14, 2022, the Suicide gimmick was once again dropped and it is officially unknown if the character will return again anytime soon.
Wrestlers who have portrayed Suicide
Low Ki provided the voice and motion-capture for the character in the TNA Impact! video game.
On the June 27, 2013, edition of Impact Wrestling, Austin Aries stole the costume in order to win the X Division Championship in order to use "Option C" at that year's Destination X.
On the November 24, 2020, episode of Impact!, Crazzy Steve disguised himself as Suicide and defeated Rohit Raju to get a shot at his X Division Championship, but lost the following week.
Championships and accomplishments
* Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
* TNA X Division Championship (2 times)
* TNA X Division Championship Tournament (2013)
* X Division King of the Mountain (2009)
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WIKI
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Tectonic structure, evolution, and the nature of oceanic core complexes and their detachment fault zones (13°20?N and 13°30?N, Mid Atlantic Ridge) Academic Article uri icon
abstract
• Microbathymetry data, in situ observations, and sampling along the 13 degrees 20 ‘ N and 13 degrees 20 ‘ N oceanic core complexes OCCs) reveal mechanisms of detachment fault denudation at the seafloor, links between tectonic extension and mass wasting, and expose the nature of corrugations, ubiquitous at OCCs. In the initial stages of detachment faulting and high-angle fault, scarps show extensive mass wasting that reduces their slope. Flexural rotation further lowers scarp slope, hinders mass wasting, resulting in morphologically complex chaotic terrain between the breakaway and the denuded corrugated surface. Extension and drag along the fault plane uplifts a wedge of hangingwall material (apron). The detachment surface emerges along a continuous moat that sheds rocks and covers it with unconsolidated rubble, while local slumping emplaces rubble ridges overlying corrugations. The detachment fault zone is a set of anostomosed slip planes, elongated in the along-extension direction. Slip planes bind fault rock bodies defining the corrugations observed in microbathymetry and sonar. Fault planes with extension-parallel stria are exposed along corrugation flanks, where the rubble cover is shed. Detachment fault rocks are primarily basalt fault breccia at 13 degrees 20’N OCC, and gabbro and peridotite at 13 degrees 30’N, demonstrating that brittle strain localization in shallow lithosphere form corrugations, regardless of lithologies in the detachment zone. Finally, faulting and volcanism dismember the 13 degrees 30’N OCC, with widespread present and past hydrothermal activity (Semenov fields), while the Irinovskoe hydrothermal field at the 13 degrees 20’N core complex suggests a magmatic source within the footwall. These results confirm the ubiquitous relationship between hydrothermal activity and oceanic detachment formation and evolution. Plain Language Summary Oceanic detachments are long-lived faults that are exposed at the seafloor, often showing prominent corrugations. Detailed mapping and inset observations and sampling, using remotely operated and autonomous robots, demonstrate as these fault surfaces are exposed at the seafloor, erosion and deposition of debris cover these faults systematically with a thin layer of rubble, demonstrating that their evolutions intimately linked to surface processes. Locally, the fault itself is exposed, displaying striated fault planes on the flanks of corrugations. A complex, three-dimensional network of fault planes within the detachment zone defines elongated bodies of rock (corrugations). These detachments also confirm that there is a direct link between detachment formation and hydrothermal activity, as they host both active and inactive hydrothermal fields.
publication date
• April 2017
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Jpblo
Memoirs Of A Couch Potato
Born on the 8th of August, 1983, JPBlo was destined to be the greatest man on Earth through a highly experimental treatment given to infants saturating their minds through an extensive television viewing schedule unachieved by any living human at the time. The idea was to see what effects would occur to the child by rasing the test subject on every single program made from the fifties until the mid-nineties and report what type of citizen he'll become. The results of this treatments came back in early March of 2005 basically stating that the test subject had become an unmotivated, depressed, irritable, hateful and unattrative. The good news was that the subject always said no to drugs and is still a virgin. The years of torment and mental disabling had been proven a success and JPBlo now lives on an island watching television, yelling out insanely how society is going to hell in a handbasket and he's never looked back since.
My Favourite Films
* 2001: A Space Odyssey
* The Public Enemy
* Midnight Cowboy
* Contempt
* The Bicycle Thief
* Frenzy
* The Thin Blue Line
* Electric Dreams
* Do The Right Thing
* Natural Born Killers
Television: The Greatest Thing Ever
Having been asorbed with television I find the following things the example of why you shouldn't commit suicide... The Crime Show: The A-Team, Dragnet, The Naked City and T.J. Hooker... The Eerie Show: Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Are You Afraid Of The Dark?, Eerie, Indiana, The Outer Limits, Tales From The Crypt, The Twilight Zone, Twin Peaks and The X-Files... The Sitcom: ALF, The Adventures of Pete & Pete, All In The Family, Amen, Barney Miller, Bewitched, Blossom, The Bob Newhart Show, Bottom, The Brady Bunch, California Dreams, Cheers, Chico And The Man, Clarissa Explains It All, The Cosby Show, The Critic, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Dave's World, The Dick Van Dyke Show, Diff'rent Strokes, Dinosaurs, Doogie Howser, M.D., Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist, Duckman, Empty Nest, Family Matters, Family Guy, Family Ties, Father Ted, The Flintstones, Full House, Get Smart, The Golden Girls, Good Times, Growing Pains, Happy Days, Head Of The Class, Herman's Head, Home Improvement, I Love Lucy, It's Garry Shandling's Show, The Jeffersons, The Jetsons, Just Shoot Me, Laverne & Shirley, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Mr. Bean, Mork & Mindy, Newhart, Newsradio, Night Court, The Odd Couple, Parker Lewis Can't Lose, The Partridge Family, Police Squad!, Punky Brewster, Red Dwarf, Roseanne, Saved By The Bell, Seinfeld, The Simpsons, The Single Guy, Sledge Hammer!, Soap, Sports Night, Step By Step, Taxi, That's My Bush!, Three's Company, Top Cat, Webster, Welcome Back, Kotter, Who's The Boss?, The Wonder Years and The Young Ones... The Sketch Comedy Show: The Ben Stiller Show, Fast Forward, Full Frontal, In Living Color, Monty Python's Flying Circus, The Muppet Show, Roundhouse, Spitting Image, Square One Television, and You Can't Do That On Television... Other Cool Stuff: Degrassi Junior High, Degrassi High, Ghostwriter, Lost In Space, My So-Called Life, Sliders and Walker, Texas Ranger... More to come...
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WIKI
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Talk:List of ministers plenipotentiary of the Austrian Netherlands
[Untitled]
What does this mean? What were plenipotentiaries? john k (talk) 02:32, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
Okay, looking at the French list, I see Metternich's father was the last one, and my vague memory from Metternich's memoirs is that his father was kind of effectively the prime minister of the Austrian Netherlands. If some one has a good sense of this, though, it would be really useful to explain it in the article. john k (talk) 19:54, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Cecilia Vicuña
Cecilia Vicuña (born 1948) is a Chilean poet and artist based in New York and Santiago, Chile.
Quotes
* Plant your will!
* fragment from the poem "Jungle Kill, translated from the Spanish by Suzanne Jill Levine
* words are the loom of the stars life's breath
* From "Instan"
* words are the inner star.
* From "Instan"
* From the start, my work has been an interaction between art and poetry.
* Interview (2019)
* I began to define my work as “about to happen” in the 1970s. This is my view of how art exists: art is not what you think it is, but art is what is about to happen. It’s consciousness and awareness.
* Interview (2019)
* Some of the greatest Latin American poets have been women. Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, María Sabina, and Violeta Parra are among them, but their true place in the history of poetry has yet to be fully acknowledged.
* in The Oxford Book of Latin American Poetry (2009)
Interview (2020)
* We have scholarship and scientific proof that climate change exists, so what is it going to take for people to understand and participate?
* (What did ecofeminism mean to you in the 1970s and what does it mean for you, today in 2020?) CV: First of all, I never heard of the term ecofeminism in the ’70s, no one was using that term. [Laughter] I don’t know if anyone used the term to classify their art. I was thinking about it–I was doing it in the ’60s–I was working through what I was seeing and feeling while living in Chile, you know and being near the South Pacific Ocean. I was doing and making what people now call land art long before that language existed as a name or concept, and I’m not the only one either who was shaping the movement without using any terminology to define it.
* If you think about human beings, [laughter] people have been people for almost a million years, and what we understand as art and art history is only a fleeting moment in that story.
* For me, I think my inspiration is the attitude and the feeling that you are here to sense, feel, shift, relate, and dance with art.
Interview (2019)
* My own indigenous history was erased—my mother and grandmothers were made to feel shame about their DNA. With my poems and performances, the quipu and the spirit of those ancient cultures are activated again.
* Our understanding of time is so limited. We have very basic markers of time. We live and we die, but what else? In my opinion, a poem is created outside of time entirely. A quipu, on the other hand, is like traveling through time. We all experience this ability to travel back and forth in time in our souls, in our imaginations, and in our hearts. Mathematicians and physicists attempt to create these fantastic theories and equations, but I have been making art about this all along. I think that poetry has given me this gift of knowing. Not every poet has this. I think it is reserved to certain cultures, perhaps. One must open themselves to these other forms of knowing, but Western cultures have suppressed this. I call it a colonization of the mind.
* (Would you say that your practice seeks to confront that ancestral trauma?) CV: I don’t think my work confronts it as much as faces it. In other words, it is my point of departure. I don’t think it’s something that can even be confronted because it has already happened. You have to allow for your being, your soul, your spirit, and your body to feel that and become fully aware of its importance. We now live in a culture that denies pain and denies trauma, and therefore if you deny that, not only are you bound to repeat it, but you’re bound to live in a world of lies. I think it’s very dangerous not to acknowledge such things. I think it is probably our first task. Otherwise I don’t think there’s going to be any more humanity.
Interview (2017)
* Every living thing is nature. I mean, why are we on this suicidal move, and why is it that people refuse to see what we are doing to the environment even though we all feel it? That is the real question for our times. Why are we indifferent to our own death?
* The position of poetry in oral cultures is of tremendous power and reach. In fact, the oral poets say this plainly: the reach of an oral poem is infinite because it can be sensed, it can be heard, it can be told, it’s alive and moving and changing.
* Western education is about teaching that knowledge belongs to an elite. Therefore, you either join through a difficult long struggle or you are devoid of any value. So that is the teaching of this culture, there’s something ingrained in the system and worldview, which we know not to be true. I have done many educational projects with Indigenous peoples and that is one of my principles: that you don’t teach what people ‘ought to know’. On the contrary, you let them discover their own wisdom, they’re own insight, they’re own realisations – those which are infinite once they relax into seeing their own self, their own being. It’s a human thing, everybody has this power and this gift. It’s not something special.
* If you think that you don’t know, you don’t know. But if you think that you may know, if you think that it’s perfectly possible that you have a knowing, then you can find it. So it’s a matter of opening. It’s a matter of releasing the structures that have been imposed upon you, realising that every form of education is an imposition that’s coming from outside your being. I think the liberating force of art and poetry is that it releases you from that, and it puts you in the place of discovering, of exploring, of acknowledging that you have senses, that you have awareness, that you perceive and are paying attention to the precise form of those perceptions. That’s the joy of the poet, the joy of the artist, to focus completely, zero in on those perceptions and see the universe expanding out of ‘a grain of sand’, as William Blake said. Everything has infinite possibilities of knowledge and that’s what it means to be human. We have been brought up to believe that the machine knows better than we do. Everybody believes that now. That’s preposterous! Machines only know how to do operations, they can’t imagine, they can’t imagine the unimagined, they can’t travel like we can to the end of the galaxies just by thinking about it. So, why are we so willing to renounce our agency as creators? That is what is troubling.
* Only by becoming collectively aware of the pain we inflict on each other is there a chance for change, for a new moral code to prevent it. We need to archive not just art and literary works – often the record of the unacknowledged behaviour we have witnessed, or felt within – but also its effects on others. The social context makes change possible.
* Even in the ’60s, the ecological disasters had begun, and I think by focusing on dissolution and regeneration of the lifeforce, I was instinctively responding to that pain, the pain of the ocean, the pain of the sand. I walked on this beach as a kid and the sole of my feet would get black from oil, everything was already blackened. That was 50 years ago. We have lived with this denial and destruction for 50 years, and when you think of the damage that those 50 years have done, if there’s a future for humanity, those 50 years are going to be known as one of the most criminal.
Quotes about
* Chilean Cecilia Vicuña is obsessed with constructing a new way of writing poetry, of uniting fragments and objects through conjunctions and through the elaboration of well-arranged, pre-fabricated words. Her poetry, which reflects a gaze filled with beauty and seduction, implies a new configuration, as well as the constant knowledge that language is the legacy of women.
* Marjorie Agosín Introduction to These Are Not Sweet Girls: Poetry by Latin American Women (2000)
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Comparative analysis of the genome organization of human adenovirus 11, a member of the human adenovirus species B, and the commonly used human adenovirus 5 vector, a member of species C
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology.
2003 (English)In: Journal of General Virology, ISSN 0022-1317, E-ISSN 1465-2099, Vol. 84, no 8, 2061-2071 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]
Adenovirus type 11 (Ad11), a member of the human adenovirus species B (HAdV-B), has a tropism for the urinary tract. The genome of Ad11 was found to comprise 34 794 bp and is 1141 bp shorter than the Ad5 genome of species HAdV-C. The G+C content of the Ad11 genome is 48.9 %, whereas that of Ad5 is 55.2 %. Ad11 and Ad5 share 57 % nucleotide identity and possess the same four early regions, but the E3 region of Ad11 could not be divided into E3A and E3B. The late genes of Ad11 and Ad5 are organized into six and five regions, respectively. Thirty-eight putative ORFs were identified in the Ad11 genome. The ORFs in the late regions, the E2B region and IVa2 show high amino acid identity between Ad11 and Ad5, whereas the ORFs in E1, E2A, E3 and E4, protein IX and the fibre protein show low amino acid identity. The highest and lowest identities were noted in the pre-terminal protein and fibre proteins: 85 % and 24.6 %, respectively. The E3 20.3K and 20.6K ORFs and the L6 agnoprotein were present in the Ad11 genome only, whereas the E3 11.6K cell death protein was identified only in Ad5. All ORFs but the E3 10.3K and L4 pVIII protein vary not only in composition but also in size. Ad11 may have a higher vector capacity than Ad5, since it has a shorter genome and a shorter fibre. Furthermore, in the E3 region, two additional ORFs can be deleted to give extra capacity for foreign DNA.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2003. Vol. 84, no 8, 2061-2071 p.
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-4784DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19178-0PubMedID: 12867636OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-4784DiVA: diva2:144023
Available from: 2005-11-04 Created: 2005-11-04 Last updated: 2011-04-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The quest for new improved adenovirus gene therapy vectors against glioma tumours
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The quest for new improved adenovirus gene therapy vectors against glioma tumours
2005 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]
Gene therapy has received much attention the last decade as a method to correct a number of disorders arising from a defective gene. Gene therapy can be defined as the introduction of a functional genetic element into a cell for a therapeutic purpose. This is a very broad term and gene therapy can be applied to a wide range of diseases from genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis to infectious diseases or even acquired genetic diseases such as cancers.
Adenoviruses (Ad) are the second most common vector for gene therapy in clinical trials today, and these vectors are mostly based on serotype 2 or 5 (Ad2 and Ad5). It has been shown that Ad2 and Ad5 use a receptor that is often downregulated in malignant cells and they also suffer from shortcomings because of the high levels of pre-existing immunity against these serotypes in the society. Hence, new and improved vectors serving as alternatives to these serotypes need to be developed to make gene therapy a successful treatment option.
The work presented herein is devoted to analyse what alternative adenovirus vectors could be used for treatment of glioma brain tumours. A number of different adenovirus serotypes were screened for their ability to infect human glioma tumour cells in vitro. Established cell lines as well as low-passage glioma cells from different donors were used. Adenovirus serotype 11p (Ad11p) proved to be a promising vector candidate because of its capacity to efficiently infect the glioma cells and its low prevalence in the society. The complete genome of this serotype was sequenced to further develop this as an alternative adenovirus vector. Furthermore, a number of cell lines were produced to generate E1 deleted Ad11p vectors. Other promising vector candidates were Ad16 and a chimpanzee adenovirus called CV23. Ad16 was the most efficient human serotype to infect human low-passage glioma cells and the prevalence for this serotype is also very low. The overall most efficient virus was surprisingly the non-human CV23 virus. This adenovirus has no prevalence in humans, but efficiently infects human cells in vitro. The first analysis was made on established glioma cell lines and was followed up by using low passage glioma cells from a number of different patients. The glioma cells were analysed when subjected to <20 passages (low passage) and then again at >40 passages (high passage). The cells at a higher passage number were significantly more permissive to Ad5 than the cells analysed at a low passage number. This could in part explain why some of the promising in vitro data for Ad5 have shown a limited success in vivo. In contrast, CV23 infected the low and high passage gliomas equally. This indicates that CV23 uses an internalisation mechanism subjected to less variation than the mechanism used by Ad5.
We further characterised the receptor interaction of CV23 and found that none of the previously known primary receptors for adenoviruses were of importance for binding. We found that bovine serum albumin present in the growth medium was responsible for the high binding capacity to cells. Binding is a criterion for the first step of the infection, but not necessarily a good correlate to the infection capacity. CV23 infected human cells efficiently also in the absence of bovine serum albumin.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Klinisk mikrobiologi, 2005. 80 p.
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 994
Keyword
Gene therapy, virology, adenovirus, glioma, glioblastoma, Genterapi, virologi, adenovirus, gliom, glioblastom
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-624 (URN)91-7305-973-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2005-11-25, 09:00 (English)
Supervisors
Available from: 2005-11-04 Created: 2005-11-04 Last updated: 2009-11-27Bibliographically approved
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Mei, Ya-FangSkog, JohanLindman, KristinaWadell, Göran
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Journal of General Virology
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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After saying he would have made the save on the winning goal in Game 5 — a 1-0 Bruins loss — Canucks goalie Roberto Luongo was pulled after allowing three goals in Game 6.
Canucks Goalie Goes Flat
It’s hard to put Vancouver goalie Roberto Luongo in the same villain category as LeBron James. He did not embarrass franchises when he left — the Islanders and the Panthers did that all on their own, thank you — or predict that multiple championships would flock to him. He has no self-reverential tattoos and his entourage consists of equipment guys who hang up his goalie pads. And it’s hard to gin up much dislike for a hockey player in the United States, where Luongo’s name recognition hovers somewhere around the Dodgers’ backup shortstop.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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The Symptoms of a Faulty Fuel Filter
The Symptoms of a Faulty Fuel Filter. Fuel is extracted from the ground, transported to refineries, and then to petrol stations, where it is stored in large underground holding tanks. It then flows into your petrol tank via the pump. Fuel, particularly diesel fuel, can pick up various particulates such as dirt and grime along the way. These particulates can harm your engine and fueling system. This article goes over fuel filter issues, clogging, replacement, and more.
The Symptoms of a Faulty Fuel Filter
What Exactly is a Fuel Filter?
A fuel filter prevents dirt, rust, grime, and other potentially harmful particulates from entering your engine via the fuel system.
Your car’s fueling system consists of a petrol tank, fuel lines, a fuel pump, and injectors. The fuel pump transports gasoline from the tank to the injectors via the fuel lines. Filters are typically installed directly between the fuel lines and the injectors.
Fuel filters, like air filters and oil filters, are usually cylindrical cartridges with filter paper on the inside. The fuel is filtered before being sent to the injectors to prevent harmful debris from entering the injectors or engine.
When Should I Change My Filter?
Fuel filter replacement intervals vary depending on engine type, but are typically in the 20,000-50,000 mile range for older gasoline engines and 60,000-90,000 mile range for newer engines. For gasoline engines, we recommend changing fuel filters every 30,000-60,000 miles, depending on your recommended service intervals. Toyota, among others, claims that the filter never needs to be replaced. The best bet is to stick to your vehicle’s recommended service intervals.
Whether or not your manufacturer states that the filter never needs to be replaced, it is still a good maintenance item once your vehicle reaches high mileage levels.
Replacement of a Diesel Fuel Filter
Diesel engines, on the other hand, necessitate more frequent filter changes. Because gasoline is more refined than diesel fuel, diesel tends to be dirtier by nature. Furthermore, diesel fuel is more prone to absorbing dirt, rust, and debris than regular gasoline.
Diesel fuel filters should be replaced every 10,000-20,000 miles.
Symptoms of a Faulty Fuel Filter
Among the symptoms of a clogged fuel filter are:
• Beginnings are difficult.
• Idling in a rough manner
• The engine is stalling.
• Misfires in the cylinders
• Poor acceleration and performance
• Fuel pressure has been reduced.
• Low air-to-fuel ratios
Fuel filters do not fail overnight. They gradually become clogged over time. Having said that, these symptoms usually begin mildly and gradually worsen over time.
When a fuel filter becomes clogged, fuel flow to the cylinders is reduced. Running “lean” is a term used to describe this. Running lean can deprive the cylinders of fuel, increasing friction among the internals and causing serious internal engine damage.
The most common initial symptoms are rough idling and misfires. From there, it will progressively deteriorate, resulting in hard starts, stalling, and significant performance drops.
What Causes a Defective Fuel Filter?
Fuel filters deteriorate as a result of clogging. That being said, the most common cause of clogged fuel filters is contaminated gasoline. The longer gasoline sits in holding tanks, your petrol tank, and so on, the more dirt and grime it accumulates. Furthermore, on older engines, the fuel tank and other parts of the fuel system can corrode on the inside, resulting in a buildup of debris in the petrol tank.
The best step to preventing fuel filter problems is to always use high quality fuel. Try to go to the busiest and most popular petrol stations because the fuel in their tanks is likely to be newer and fresher. Avoid run-down gas stations where the underground tanks and pumps have most likely never been cleaned and the fuel is most likely old.
Another effective “prevention” strategy is to change your filter at the recommended intervals. It is not uncommon to see people driving past the 100,000 mile mark because they are unaware that they should be changed. No matter how hard you try to keep a filter clean, it will eventually become clogged. Even if you don’t notice any symptoms, replacing the fuel filter is a good preventative measure that will likely wake up your engine if it’s old.
What Happens If a Filter Breaks?
In addition to the symptoms listed above, a clogged fuel filter can cause your fuel pump and injectors to fail.
When a filter clogs, less fuel is delivered to the injectors and cylinders. When this occurs, the fuel pump attempts to resolve the problem by increasing fuel flow. This causes the fuel pump to overwork, which can result in pump failure.
Furthermore, decreased fuel flow results in lower fuel pressure as the fuel exits the injectors. As a result, the fuel injectors become overworked, which can lead to their failure. If your filter has been clogged for a long time, it may deteriorate to the point where debris passes through. When this happens, it will make its way directly to the injectors, most likely causing them to fail. This debris can also enter the cylinder chamber and cause engine damage.
Related : The Engine Fault Code P0300 : Symptoms – Causes and Solutions
Costs of Fuel Filter Replacement
The cost of a fuel filter is typically between $20 and $50. The most variable component is labour, which is highly dependent on the location of your fuel filter. Some are in easily accessible parts of the engine bay, while others are beneath the vehicle or in more difficult to reach areas of the engine bay.
The Symptoms of a Faulty Fuel Filter
Fuel filter replacement typically costs between $100 and $200 in parts and labour. The only exception is for vehicles with an integrated fuel filter. The fuel filter is integrated into the fuel pump in some engines. If this is the case, replacing the filter also necessitates replacing the pump, which can push the job closer to $500.
Diesel fuel filter replacement typically costs between $50 and $150 in parts and labour. Because diesel filters are frequently replaced, they tend to be located in easier-to-access areas and are thus relatively simple DIY replacements.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How to Nap
Tip “Duration is very important,” says Damien Léger, a doctor who runs the sleep-research center at the Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Paris. Aim to sleep for 20 minutes. Anything longer, and you risk drifting into what scientists call slow-wave sleep, a state of languid brain-wave activity considered important for consolidating memories. Set an alarm clock. A slow-wave encounter is likely to leave you with what Léger calls “sleep drunkenness” instead of a feeling of rejuvenation. Think of napping as a basic right, not a petty luxury. For a French think tank, Léger wrote a recent report arguing that all workers should be permitted naptime, an especially important respite for those working night shifts or anyone who routinely sleeps six or fewer hours daily. Such chronic sleep deprivation is associated with hypertension, diabetes, depression, obesity, cancer and even an increased risk of death. Research shows that short periods of sleep increase cognitive performance, reaction time and mood. In one study, subjects who took an afternoon nap were nearly twice as likely to solve a video-game problem as those who didn’t. Establish a few basic preconditions. Find a safe space, like an unoccupied office or a dedicated rest area, where you’re unlikely to be bothered. Block out light with an eye mask. Absolute quiet is not a requirement for sleep, but if you are in a particularly noisy place, like a factory, use earplugs. You don’t need to lie down. Napping can be achieved sitting upright, cheek on the desk. “Bring along a small pillow for your head,” Léger says. The ideal snooze time will depend on your sleep schedule, but most daytime workers experience peak drowsiness in the afternoon. Léger hopes that someday, a quick slumber will replace the post-lunch coffee. “Napping is much more powerful than caffeine,” he says, “and there are no negative side effects.” Patients often tell Léger how they sneak into the bathroom or into their parked cars to nod off during the workday. Their fatigue embarrasses them. Do your part to destigmatize naps by talking openly about how pooped you feel. Tell your co-workers you intend to sleep for 20 minutes. “There is nothing shameful about a nap,” Léger says.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Skip to content
If you are using Pachyderm version 1.9.7 or earlier, go to the documentation archive.
Install pachctl Autocompletion
Pachyderm autocompletion allows you to automatically finish partially typed commands by pressing TAB. Autocompletion needs to be installed separately when pachctl is already available on your client machine.
Pachyderm autocompletion is supported for bash and zsh shells. You must have either of them preinstalled before installing Pachyderm autocompletion.
Tip
Type pachctl completion --help to display help information about the command.
Install pachctl Autocompletion for bash
If you are using bash as your preferred shell, follow the steps in this section to install pachctl completion for bash.
To install pachctl autocompletion for bash, perform the following steps:
1. Verify that bash-completion is installed on your machine. For example, if you have installed bash completion by using Homebrew, type:
brew info bash-completion
This command returns information about the directory in which bash-completion and bash completion scripts are installed. For example, /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/. You need to specify the path to bash_completion.d as the path to which install pachctl autocompletion. Also, the output of the info command might have a suggestion to include the path to bash-completion into your ~/.bash_profile file.
2. Install pachctl autocompletion:
pachctl completion bash --install --path <path/to/bash-completion>
For example, if you specify the path to bash-completion as /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/pachctl, your system response looks like this:
System response:
Bash completions installed in /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/pachctl, you must restart bash to enable completions.
3. Restart your terminal.
pachctl autocomplete should now be enabled in your system.
Install pachctl Autocompletion for zsh
Recently, zsh became the default shell on macOS, therefore, many users might prefer using zsh. Before you install pachctl completion for zsh, you must have zsh-completions installed.
To install pachctl completion for zsh, complete the following steps:
1. Verify that zsh-completions are installed on your machine. For example, if you have installed zsh completion by using Homebrew, type:
brew info zsh-completions
You should see the directory in which zsh-completions are installed and instructions to add the correct path in the ~/.zshrc file. Make sure you add the required path. If you do not have the ~/.zshrc file on your computer, create one. For more information about setting up zsh completions, see zsh-completions.
2. Install pachctl autocompletion for zsh:
pachctl completion zsh --install --path <path/to/zfs-completions>
Example:
pachctl completion zsh --install --path /usr/local/share/zsh-completions/_pachctl
System response:
Completions installed in "_pachctl", you must restart your terminal to enable them.
3. Restart your terminal.
pachctl autocomplete should now be enabled in your system.
See Also:
Pachyderm Shell
Last updated: March 16, 2020
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Calories In-Calories Out= ?
Food Balance
Weight loss in the public eye has been boiled down to one simple equation: calories in - calories out=caloric balance. If your balance is positive, you gain weight, if you have a negative caloric balance you lose weight. Seems very simple and cut and dry that if you decrease your intake of calories through diet and the types of food you eat and increase the amount of exercise you do that the weight should just fall off. Simple right?
No, not so much. Take into consideration that one pound of fat equals approximately 3500 calories. Attempting to burn this amount of calories through exercise is extremely difficult and often times impossible. See the list below of how many calories you burn during one hour of each of these exercises:
• Aerobics: 791 cals
• Basketball (game): 745 cals
• Cross Country Skiing (uphill): 1536 cals
• Cyclying (vigorous): 931 cals
• Kickboxing: 931 cals
• Soccer: 651 cals
• Tennis: 745 cals
• Weight lifting: 558 cals
• Marathon: 2600 cals
You can run a full marathon and literally only burn 2/3 the amount of calories in a pound of fat and then regain those calories if you have a substantial post race/workout meal. Other factors of your body need to be taken into consideration. The type of calories you consume play a substantial role in how your body deals with weight gain. A high intake of carbohydrates elicits a different type of hormonal response than protein. When a high intake of carbohydrates (pasta, white bread, candy) causing an increase in blood sugar that occurs rapidly causing your body to release insulin and drive that sugar into any cells it can (typically fat cells). The ingestion of protein does not illicit this type of response. There is no spike in insulin and as a result no hurry to store the nutrients in fat cells. Studies have found that with high ingestion of protein that a stimulation of human growth hormone (HGH and not the illegal kind) occurs and can help increase muscle growth.
If you simple can't reduce all carbs out of your diet there is also the pace at which you eat your meals. The faster you consume your meals the faster your blood sugar increases. Try breaking you food into thirds and pausing for five minutes between sections of your sections. If that does not work for you try to expand your meal to a minimum of thirty minutes. Both of these options will help you control the spike in blood sugar and subsequent weight gain.
Another part of the equation is thermodynamics. It is reported that Olympic Swimmer Michael Phelps consumes 12,000 calories a day. For any normal human being this would lead to immediate weight gain of significant proportions. But take into account that he spends up to 6-8 hours a day in a cooled lap pool. Water is 24 times more thermally conductive than air. When Michael Phelps swims the water literally pulls the heat out of him and his body must work overtime in order to keep his body temperature normal and therefore burns calories at an extreme rate with no fat gain what so ever.
Fat loss can be made more simple but don't go overkill on the exercise, the evidence doesn't support it being effective alone. Take into consideration some of these other factors and apply them to your life for more effective dieting and weight loss.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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