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Tuning the AFS client for Macintosh
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Below are optional configuration and tuning steps for the OpenAFS Macintosh client.
Tuning the AFS Client
Configuring the AFS client settings may be performed by downloading and running afssetup. Unpack the .zip file if your browser doesn't do this automatically, then double-click the resulting afssetup.command script to execute it, and enter your password when prompted. This script will update the configuration with the recommended Dartmouth settings and start the AFS client, and also create Desktop shortcuts to your AFS volume(s). The shortcuts may be recreated at any time by running the afslink.command script.
You should now have an AFS icon on your desktop. Double-click the icon to browse AFS space. Alternatively, you can start up a Terminal window. AFS space appears under /afs. After a reboot, the AFS client should start automatically.
Alternatively, you can hand edit the configuration files in /var/db/openafs/etc. The afssetup script does the following, as root.
1. Creates a file called ThisCell that contains the single line northstar.dartmouth.edu.
2. Creates a file called config/afs.conf that contains the recommended client options.
3. Turns on crypt mode, so that filesystem traffic to AFS is encrypted in transit. The authentication steps are always encrypted.
4. Truncates CellServDB to a zero-length file. Most users do not need it; it can cause problems if it contains invalid data (but the file must exist).
You may also want to edit /var/db/openafs/etc/cacheinfo and change the 30000 to something larger. This is the size, in KB, of the local cache used to store AFS files and reduce the amount of network I/O needed.
The cell server address information, for cells not using DNS, lives in /var/db/openafs/etc/CellServDB. If you need access to other (off-campus) cells in the world-wide AFS community, contact Research Computing for assistance.
You can also manually start and stop the AFS client, as long as no processes have open files in AFS. Clickable start and stop tools are also in the afssetup zip file.
Changing the Macintosh Username and UID to Match AFS
Most users will not need to perform the following steps, but it may be useful to synchronize your user account details on the Macintosh with those in AFS, or even to configure the Macintosh to use your AFS directory as your home directory. Obtaining AFS credentials at login time is outside the scope of this document. The following steps are intended as a guide for experienced users only.
1. If your user name on the Macintosh is not the same as your AFS user name, you will need to create a new user account on your Macintosh that has the same name as your AFS name. You will then need to add that user to the groups you currently belong to on your Macintosh. (If your Macintosh user name is the same as your AFS user name, you can skip this step.)
1. Open the Users Account manager by selecting System Preferences, Accounts, then New User (+). Create a new user with the same name as your AFS name.
2. Open a Terminal window.
3. Enter /usr/bin/id. It will print a list of the groups you currently belong to.
4. Open up the NetInfo utility's group pane by selecting Finder, Applications, Utilities, NetInfo Manager, then Groups. Click the Lock icon in the lower left-hand corner and enter your admin passwd so that you can make changes. Add your AFS user name to all of your current Macintosh groups.
5. From a Terminal window, copy over all the files from your old Macintosh user name directory to the account you just created: % sudo cp -pR /Users/old-mac-username/* /Users/afs-username.
6. Log out and log back in under your AFS user name.
2. Change the uid of the AFS user name on the Macintosh to match your AFS uid. To do this, open the NetInfo utility user's pane by selecting Finder, Applications, Utilities, NetInfo Manager, then Users.
1. Click the Lock icon in the lower left-hand corner and enter your admin passwd so you can make changes.
2. Double-click on your AFS user name.
3. Change the value for the uid to be the same as your AFS uid. (Your AFS uid can be found from the Terminal window with the command /usr/bin/pts examine afs-username.
In the id: number field, number is your AFS uid. Be sure to write down your current Macintosh uid, since you will need to provide it in the next step.)
3. Change ownership of all your files on the Macintosh to your AFS uid. To do this, open a Terminal window and enter % sudo find / -xdev -user old-mac-uid -print -exec chown new-afs-uid {} \;.
This could take a few minutes to complete, depending on how big your system is. Be patient! When find has finished, issue a klog command to be sure you have a token. Make sure you can access your AFS file space through the GUI (the AFS icon on your desktop).
Note: When you log in for the first time after a reboot, you will not have a token. You will need to klog to get a token. Tokens are preserved when you log out and back in, however.
4. Clean-up: If you created a new Macintosh user account in step 1 above, you may want to delete the old one at some point. It is best to keep it around until you are sure everything is working correctly. At that point, you can delete the old account as follows:
1. Open up the Users System Preferences by clicking System Preferences, then Users.
2. Click the lock icon in the lower left-hand corner and enter your admin passwd so you can make changes.
3. Click on your old Macintosh user name.
4. Click the Delete button
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2 tanker contains 750 liters and 450 liters of petrol respectively.Find the maximum capacity of a container which can measure the petrol of either of the tankers in exact number of times. | WIKI |
2 Things You Need To Know About Consuming Immunity-boosting Supplements
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Everyone wants to be strong and healthy, but with hectic lifestyles, it can be hard to maintain the proper nutrition needed to support a healthy immune system. This is where immunity-boosting supplements come in. Immunity-boosting supplements are designed to provide the necessary vitamins like C, and D, minerals like zinc and iron, and other nutrients like Quercetin Phytosome to support a person’s overall well-being. This article will discuss what these supplements are, their benefits, and how they can help you stay healthy during challenging times.
What are immunity-boosting supplements?
There are several different immunity-boosting supplements available on the market today. Some of the most popular and well-known supplements include vitamin C, echinacea, and garlic.
Vitamin C is among the important vitamins for maintaining a robust immune system. It helps to protect the body against infection by increasing white blood cell production. It also helps to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Echinacea is another popular supplement for boosting immunity. It works by stimulating the immune system and helping fight infections. Echinacea is available in many forms, including tablets, capsules, teas, and tinctures.
Garlic is another excellent supplement for boosting immunity. It has antibiotic, antiviral, and antifungal properties, making it an effective weapon against infection. Garlic is also a powerful antioxidant that can help to protect cells from damage.
Zinc is another nutrient that is essential for immunity. It helps the body to produce antibodies and fight off infection.
Probiotics are live bacteria that improve gut health. They can help improve the body’s ability to absorb nutrients and fight infection.
Many herbs, such as echinacea, garlic, and ginger, can boost immunity. These herbs can be taken in supplement form or added to food and beverages.
The benefits of taking immunity-boosting supplements
There are many benefits to taking immunity-boosting supplements, including:
-Reduced risk of infection
-Faster recovery from illness
-Improved overall health and well-being
A strong immune system can better fight off infection and illness. Immunity-boosting supplements can help maintain a robust immune system by providing the nutrients our bodies need to function optimally.
For example, vitamin C is an essential nutrient for immunity. It helps white blood cells function correctly and acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage. Vitamin D is another essential nutrient for immunity. It helps regulate the immune system and has been shown to reduce the risk of respiratory infections like the flu.
In addition to reducing any risk of infection and helping people recover from illness faster, taking immunity-boosting supplements can also improve your overall health and well-being.
This is because these supplements provide essential nutrients your bodies need to function optimally. For example, omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain health.
QuercetinPhytosome is most commonly used for heart and blood vessel conditions and to prevent cancer.
The best way to take immunity-boosting supplements is to spread them throughout the day. For example, if you’re taking a vitamin C supplement, you might take one in the morning and one in the evening. This helps your body absorb nutrients more effectively.
In conclusion, immunity-boosting supplements can benefit anyone who wants to improve their overall health and well-being. The benefits of these supplements are numerous, from improved digestion and absorption of essential nutrients to increased energy levels. They’re easy to find, affordable, and often taste great! If you’re interested in reaping the rewards that immunity-boosting supplements offer, it’s worth researching and finding out what works best for you. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wuwei Bronze Cannon
The Wuwei Bronze Cannon (武威銅火炮 — Wǔwēi tóng huǒpào) or Xi Xia Bronze cannon (西夏铜火炮 — Xīxià tóng huǒpào) was discovered in 1980 and is probably the oldest and largest cannon dated to the 13th century. This 100 cm long, 108 kg bronze cannon was discovered in a cellar in Wuwei, Gansu Province. It bears no inscription, but has been dated by historians to the late Western Xia period between 1214 and 1227 through contextual evidence. The gun contained an iron ball about nine centimeters in diameter, which is smaller than the muzzle diameter at twelve centimeters, and 0.1 kg of gunpowder in it when discovered, meaning that the projectile might have been another co-viative. Ben Sinvany and Dang Shoushan believe that the ball used to be much larger prior to its highly corroded state at the time of discovery. While large in size, the weapon is noticeably more primitive than later Yuan dynasty guns such as the Xanadu Gun and Heilongjiang hand cannon, and is unevenly cast. A similar weapon was discovered not far from the discovery site in 1997, but is much smaller in size at only 1.5 kg.
Chen Bingying disputes the impact of these discoveries, and argues there were no guns before 1259, while Dang Shoushan believes the Western Xia guns point to the appearance of guns by 1220, and Stephen Haw goes even further by stating that guns were developed as early as 1200. Sinologist Joseph Needham and renaissance siege expert Thomas Arnold provide a more conservative estimate of around 1280 for the appearance of the "true" cannon. Whether or not any of these are correct, it seems likely that the gun was born sometime during the 13th century. | WIKI |
Kitchener (federal electoral district)
Kitchener was a federal electoral district represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1968 to 1997. It was located in the province of Ontario. This riding was created in 1966 from parts of Waterloo North and Waterloo South ridings.
It initially consisted of the City of Kitchener, Ontario.
In 1976, it was redefined to exclude the northeastern part of the city.
The electoral district was abolished in 1996 when it was redistributed between Kitchener Centre and Waterloo—Wellington ridings.
Election results
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Draft:Charles Ghiller
Charles "Torta" Ghiller (born 31 October 1946) is a Maltese former professional darts player who has played in the World Darts Federation (WDF) events.
Darts career
Ghiller represented team Malta of the Winmau World Masters darts Championship in 1983 until 1997.
Ghiller making his WDF World Cup debut in 1987 who defeating by Belgium's Bob Renard and before losing to Stefan Lord of Sweden.
Ghiller quit the WDF in 2015. | WIKI |
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Jihong Park, W. Matt Denning, Jordan D. Pitt, Devin Francom, J. Ty Hopkins and Matthew K. Seeley
Context:
Although knee pain is common, some facets of this pain are unclear. The independent effects (ie, independent from other knee injury or pathology) of knee pain on neural activation of lower-extremity muscles during landing and jumping have not been observed.
Objective:
To investigate the independent effects of knee pain on lower-extremity muscle (gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, medial hamstrings, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus) activation amplitude during landing and jumping, performed at 2 different intensities.
Design:
Laboratory-based, pretest, posttest, repeated-measures design, where all subjects performed both data-collection sessions.
Methods:
Thirteen able-bodied subjects performed 2 different land and jump tasks (forward and lateral) under 2 different conditions (control and pain), at 2 different intensities (high and low). For the pain condition, experimental knee pain was induced via a hypertonic saline injection into the right infrapatellar fat pad. Functional linear models were used to evaluate the influence of experimental knee pain on muscle-activation amplitude throughout the 2 land and jump tasks.
Results:
Experimental knee pain independently altered activation for all of the observed muscles during various parts of the 2 different land and jump tasks. These activation alterations were not consistently influenced by task intensity.
Conclusion:
Experimental knee pain alters activation amplitude of various lower-extremity muscles during landing and jumping. The nature of the alteration varies between muscles, intensities, and phases of the movement (ie, landing and jumping). Generally, experimental knee pain inhibits the gastrocnemius, medial hamstring, and gluteus medius during landing while independently increasing activation of the same muscles during jumping.
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Michael D. Ferrell, Robert L. Beach, Nikolaus M. Szeverenyi, Marlyn Krch and Bo Fernhall
Performance at one's highest personal level is often accompanied by a palpable, yet enigmatic sensation that many athletes refer to as the zone. Competitive athletes regularly acknowledge that their top performances are dependent on achieving a zone state of performance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technologies were used in observing differing patterns of neural activation that occur among athletes during a hypnotically recalled zone-state performance of eight accomplished, competitive right-handed archers. These data were compared to each participant's respective fMRI data of a hypnotically assisted recall of a normal performance. Analysis of composite group data revealed significant (p = 0.05) neural activation of zone performance (ZP) over normal performance (NP), suggesting that performance in a zone state involves identifiable characteristics of neural processing. Perhaps this investigation might stimulate additional, more creative research in identifying a psychophysiological indicator of the zone phenomenon that would provide adequate justification for a training regimen providing a more reliable and sustained zone performance.
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Semyon Slobounov, Tao Wu and Mark Hallett
Human upright posture is a product of a complex dynamic system that relies on integration of input from multimodal sensory sources. Extensive research has explored the role of visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems in the control of upright posture. However, the role of higher cognitive function in a participant’s assessment of postural stability has been less studied. In previous research, we showed specific neural activation patterns in EEG associated with recognition of unstable postures in young healthy participants. Similar EEG patterns have been recently observed in regulation of posture equilibrium in dynamic stances. This article evaluates participants’ postural stability in dynamic stances and neural activation patterns underlying visual recognition of unstable postures using event-related functional MRI (fMRI). Our results show that the “stable” participants were successful in recognition of unstable postures of a computer-animated body model and experienced egocentric motion. Successful recognition of unstable postures in these participants induces activation of distinct areas of the brain including bilateral parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral cerebellum. In addition, significant activation is observed in basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen) but only during perception of animated postures. Our findings suggest the existence of modality-specific distributed activation of brain areas responsible for detection of postural instability.
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Robert U. Newton, William J. Kraemer, Keijo Häkkinen, Brendan J. Humphries and Aron J. Murphy
The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics, kinetics, and neural activation of the traditional bench press movement performed explosively and the explosive bench throw in which the barbell was projected from the hands. Seventeen male subjects completed three trials with a bar weight of 45% of the subject's previously determined 1RM. Performance was significantly higher during the throw movement compared to the press for average velocity, peak velocity, average force, average power, and peak power. Average muscle activity during the concentric phase for pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, and biceps brachii was higher for the throw condition. It was concluded that performing traditional press movements rapidly with light loads does not create ideal loading conditions for the neuromuscular system with regard to explosive strength production, especially in the final stages of the movement, because ballistic weight loading conditions where the resistance was accelerated throughout the movement resulted in a greater velocity of movement, force output, and EMG activity.
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Kari L. Keskinen and Paavo V. Komi
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the relationships among the stroking characteristics between different phases of swimming exercises, and to determine whether these relationships would change in relation to enhanced swimming intensity. The experimental design consisted of the measurement of mean velocity (V), stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and duration of different phases of a stroke cycle for each pool length in five to six 400-m swims and two 100-m swims. The results showed that the basic relationships among the stroke parameters during the test exercises were almost similar to those observed in competition. However, the relationships changed with enhanced swimming intensity. It is suggested that the degree of anaerobic lactacid metabolism may determine the characteristics of stroking while swimming. The reduction of SL above the lactate threshold would be connected to the accumulation of blood lactate, whereas SR would primarily be determined by the ability to maintain adequate neural activation.
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Akinori Nagano, Taku Komura and Senshi Fukashiro
The two goals of this study were (a) to evaluate the effects of the series elasticity of the muscle tendon complex on an explosive performance that allows a counter movement, and (b) to determine whether or not a counter movement is automatically generated in the optimal explosive activity, using computer simulation. A computer simulation model of the Hill-type muscle tendon complex, which is composed of a contractile element (CE) and a series elastic element (SEE), was constructed. The proximal end of the CE was affixed to a point in the gravitational field, and a massless supporting object was affixed to the distal end of the SEE. An inertia was held on the supporting object. The goal of the explosive activity was to maximize the height reached by the inertia. A variation of the SEE elasticity was examined within the natural range. The optimal pattern of neural activation input was sought through numerical optimization for each value of the SEE elasticity. Two major findings were obtained: (a) As the SEE elasticity increased, the maximal height reached by the inertia increased. This was primarily due to the enhanced force development of the CE. (b) A counter movement was automatically generated for all values of the SEE elasticity through the numerical optimization. It is suggested that it is beneficial to make a counter movement in order to reach a greater jump height, and the effect of making a counter movement increases as the elasticity of the muscle tendon complex increases.
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Keitaro Kubo, Toshihiro Ikebukuro, Hideaki Yata, Naoya Tsunoda and Hiroaki Kanehisa
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training on muscle and tendon properties between knee extensors and plantar flexors in vivo. Twenty healthy young men voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into two training groups: knee extension group (n = 10) and plantar flexion group (n = 10). They performed five sets of exercises with a 1-min rest between sets, which consisted of unilateral knee extension for the knee extension group and plantar flexion for the plantar flexion group at 80% of 1 repetition maximum with 10 repetitions per set (4 days/wk, 12 wk). Before and after training, muscle strength, neural activation level (by interpolated twitch), muscle volume (by magnetic resonance imaging), and tendon stiffness (by ultrasonography) were measured. There were no differences in the training-induced increases in muscle strength, activation level, muscle volume, and tendon stiffness between knee extensors and plantar flexors. These results suggested that if the used protocol of training (i.e., intensity, repetition, etc.) were the same, there were no differences in the training-induced changes in muscle and tendon properties between knee extensors and plantar flexors.
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Akinori Nagano, Senshi Fukashiro and Taku Komura
Contribution of series elasticity of the human mm. triceps surae in cyclic heel-raise exercise (similar to hopping but the feet do not leave the floor) was examined via computer modeling and simulation. A two-dimensional skeletal model of the human body was constructed. Upright posture was maintained throughout the simulation to prevent the model from falling. A mathematical representation of the mm. triceps surae was implemented in the skeletal model. The muscle was activated by the neural activation input signal with a time resolution of 0.050 sec. Cyclic heel-raise exercises of cycle duration ranging from 0.300 sec to 0.900 sec, corresponding to the motion frequency of 200 to 66.7 cycles/min, were generated using an optimization approach. The goal of the numerical optimization was to generate cyclic motions with as much range of motion as possible. As a result, realistic heel-raise motions were generated with the range of motion between 0.0023 m (cycle duration = 0.300 sec) and 0.0414 m (cycle duration = 0.900 sec). It was found that contribution of the series elasticity in positive mechanical work output of the muscle-tendon complex during the pushoff phase (from the lowest position to the termination of a cycle) increased as motion frequency increased (3% at 66.7 cycles/min to 47% at 200 cycles/min). Relatively higher muscle activation was found during the downward moving phase when the motion frequency was higher. These tendencies are consistent with the findings reported in preceding studies involving experimental animals as well as human participants. It is suggested that series elasticity plays an integral role in the generation of cyclic human motions.
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Jorg Teichmann, Edin K. Suwarganda, C. Martyn Beaven, Kim Hébert-Losier, Jin Wei Lee, Florencio Tenllado Vallejo, Philip Chun Foong Lew, Ramlan Abdul Aziz, Yeo Wee Kian and Dietmar Schmidtbleicher
Gollhoffer 6 were also able to demonstrate significant increases in RFD and enhanced neural activation after only 8 sensorimotor training sessions, supporting the contention that improved performance measures can be actualized with relatively few sessions of an UDP. Clear increases in countermovement jump
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Joerg Teichmann, Rachel Tan, Kim Hébert-Losier, Yeo Wee Kian, Shabana Jalal Din, Ananthi Subramaniam, Dietmar Schmidtbleicher and C. Martyn Beaven
: 0.71) and traditional rehabilitation groups (ES: 0.61) compared with the control group. These data coincide with Liu-Ambrose et al 17 who showed that proprioceptive training can have a significant impact on neural activation in the early stages of strength gain following ACL reconstruction. Phase 3 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Theses and Dissertations
Issuing Body
Mississippi State University
Advisor
Srinivasan, K. Kalyn
Committee Member
Chamra, M. Louay
Committee Member
Mago, Pedro
Date of Degree
12-13-2008
Document Type
Graduate Thesis - Open Access
Major
Mechanical Engineering
Degree Name
Master of Science
College
James Worth Bagley College of Engineering
Department
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Abstract
A zero dimensional single zone model was developed to determine the crank resoled heat release rate at various injection timings (15°-60° BTDC) and the associated uncertainties from a pilot ignited natural gas engine. The uncertainty analysis examines the percentage contribution from various sources of error, including cylinder pressure measurements, intake manifold pressure measurements, and the impact of assumptions such as constant versus temperature dependent specific heat ratios. In particular, uncertainty percentage contributions and uncertainty magnification factors were used to quantify and compare the uncertainties in heat release rates using temperature dependent specific heat ratio correlations to constant specific heat ratio assumption. It is demonstrated that the error associated with the constant specific heat ratio assumption contributes to about 40 percent error (full scale value) in the net heat release estimates in comparison to using temperature dependent specific heat ratio correlations.
URI
https://hdl.handle.net/11668/15651
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The Different Types of Acne Scars and Ways to Get Rid of Them
Acne scarring affects 80% of people between the ages of 11 to 30 and 5% of adults above the age of 30 years in the United States. It can be difficult to treat, and you may need professional help if you’re to see any significant improvements.
The sad thing is that over-the-counter medication isn’t powerful enough to improve the condition other than causing discoloration. However, some procedures can help improve the texture and look of your skin.
Your options will largely depend on the type of scarring you have. Some people have different types of acne scars on their skin. This may need different treatment methods for better results.
Acne scars come in several different forms, but they can all affect your life. Learn the different types of acne scars and how to get rid of them.
1. Icepick Scars
Icepick scars are itty bitty depressions on the skin, which appear as if someone took a needle and punctured your skin. They form when the skin loses collagen, which makes the overlying skin collapse leaving a “hole.”
They are deep yet narrow and are as a result of cystic acne. They are painful, deep acne you get on your cheeks, chin, and jawline due to hormones.
The best treatment for such scars is laser resurfacing. Although traditional, it’s considered an anti-aging procedure used to treat wrinkles and fill fine lines. During the process, specialists use high-frequency laser lights to target the scars.
This promotes collagen production, which is perfect for anyone looking to improve wrinkles and skin tone.
2. Boxcar Scars
Boxcar scars are oval or round craters or depressions in your skin. They’re wider than icepick scars and feature sharp vertical edges. Shallow ones respond to treatment, but it’s hard to get rid of deeper scars.
Treatment will depend on your skin type, the location of scarring, how deep they are, and how red the scars are. Fillers can be injected under the skin, which then raises the depressions. Side effects include pain, swelling, lumps, and redness.
When temporary fillers are used, they can last a few months. They increase collagen production, which helps to improve scar appearance. Semi-permanent ones can last up to two years.
3. Hypertrophic Scars
Hypertrophic scars are thick, wide, raised, and appear where the skin is injured. They’re common during the wound healing process, but this is mostly as a result of abnormal response to injury or trauma.
Some people’s body cells (myofibroblasts) produce a lot of collagen during healing. This may be due to a person’s healing tendencies and skin type. In most cases, the overproduction of collagen is as a result of an inflamed or infected wound under intense motion or tension.
Silicone sheets are a perfect home remedy for this type of scar but should be applied to your skin once it heals from the injury. However, the sheet should be worn 12 to 24 hours a day, and gel applied multiple times a day.
Corticosteroid treatment is an effective remedy for hypertrophic scars but should be injected every six weeks to help soften and flatten the scar. Laser therapy is an excellent option for newly formed compared to older scars.
4. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
The discoloration on the skin after a pimple has healed isn’t acne but post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. This is common for people with acne. It is a flat area on the skin that ranges from black, brown, purple, red, and pink depending on your skin type.
It comes about when pimple, rash, wound, or other skin trauma causes skin inflammation. As the skin heals, it produces too much melanin leaving a dark spot. In most cases, you don’t have to do anything as the discoloration fades over time.
If there’s no change or you want to speed up the fading, over-the-counter products containing alpha-hydroxy acid can help. Creams containing hydroquinone are also a great alternative.
5. Rolling Scars
Rolling scars (depressed acne scars) feature smooth edges and look like tiny valleys and hills, which give your skin a wavy texture. They’re shallower — so if you’re to stretch your skin, it can be difficult to tell if they’re there.
These scars are as a result of long-term inflammatory acne and can become more severe as you get older when your skin loses its natural elasticity and tightness. The best treatment method for this scar is microfat injections, followed by micro-needling with platelet-rich plasma (PRP).
Micro-needling is an excellent acne treatment option since it opens channels to give PRP access to deeper layers of the skin where they’re needed most. Studies have shown that fat plus PRP can significantly reduce depressed scars in combination with laser skin resurfacing.
6. Keloid Scars
Keloids are a more severe form of raised scars (Hypertrophic scars) and differ from hypertrophic since they grow larger than the original wound. They send lateral, raised shoots that expand faster long after the wound has healed.
It’s like the skin doesn’t know that the wound has already healed, so it continues to produce collagen. There are different treatment methods for Keloid scars, but the best will depend on your situation.
A few options you can try include:
• Pulsed dye laser treatment
• Cryotherapy (freezing the scars with liquid nitrogen),
• Silicone gels
• Injections to flatten and shrink the scar.
Care should be taken when treating such scars to avoid aggravating the skin which can worsen the keloid.
What’s The Best Remedy For Persistent Types of Acne Scars?
While you may want to forget your pimpled past, your face recalls — in the form of scars. Even with careful and consistent treatment, you may develop different types of acne scars.
If you already have acne, try to get the breakouts under control. Also, choose an acne removal method that won’t hurt your skin type.
Acne treatment options may improve the appearance of your skin, but won’t completely restore it. Be realistic with your expectations but explore your options with a skincare specialist.
Are you having self-esteem issues due to persistent acne scarring? Contact us today, and we will help you get that smooth, flawless skin you’ve been yearning for.
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AJAX - PHP framework
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-A PHP Ajax framework is able to deal with database, search data, and build pages or parts of
• page and publish the page or return data to the XMLHttpRequest object.
• Quicknet is an Ajax framework that provides secure data transmission, uses PHP on the server side.It is designed to develop web applications or websites that use passwords to identify correct users.
• Using this framework, no cleartext password would be sent over the network or stored in the server.
• Quicknet supports multi-language, AJAX call, session and password management,modular structure, XML content and Javascript animation where PHP is used on the server side. AjaxAC :
• It is an open source framework written in PHP, used to develop/create/generate AJAX applications.
• The fundamental idea behind AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript and XML) is to use the XMLHttpRequest object to change a web page state using background HTTP subrequests without reloading the entire page.
Features:
1. All application code is self contained in a single class (also additional Javascript libraries)
2. Calling PHP file/HTML page is veryclean. All that is required is creating the application classes, then referencing the application Javascript and attaching any required elements to the application.
3. Built in functionality for easy handling Javascript events.
4. Easy to hook in to existing PHP Classes or MySQL database for returning data from subrequests.
Please log in to add an answer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Question: How To Measure Waist Bicycle Chain Line?
What is a 50mm chain line?
as you can see, the front ring is 50mm from the middle of the bike (aka, a 50mm chainline). a standard rear end is 135mm between the droputs, meaning that each drop out is 135/2 = 67.5mm from the center of the bicycle.
What is the chainline on a bike?
There are two related aspects to the term “chainline.” First, chainline can be defined as the position of the cogs or chainrings relative to the center line of the bike. The bike center line is an imaginary plane running front to rear through the middle of the bike.
How do you measure chainring offset?
The chainline is measured from the center of the seat tube to the chainring (1X), or between the chainrings (2X, 4X), or the middle chainring (3x). Offset moves the chainring further away from the crank and closer to the seat tube.
How do you align chainrings?
For double chainring set – the middle between the two front chainrings should be aligned with the middle of the sprocket set. For triples – middle chainring is aligned with the middle of the sprocket set.
You might be interested: FAQ: How To Measure A Bicycle Chain?
How do you check chain lines?
Chainline is measured from the centerline of the frame to the center of the chain. You can measure the front chainline directly with a simple ruler. Simply hold the ruler against the seat tube or down tube and measure the distance from the middle of the seat tube to the middle of the chainring teeth.
What do you mean by chain line?
Chainline is the angle of a bicycle chain relative to the centerline of the bicycle frame. A bicycle is said to have perfect chainline if the chain is parallel to the centerline of the frame, which means that the rear sprocket is directly behind the front chainring.
How is Q factor calculated?
Q factor is the overall width of an installed crankset, measured parallel to the bottom bracket shell from the outside of one pedal insertion point to the other. You can think of it like this: the larger the Q factor, the farther apart your feet will be.
Why is chain line important?
The chainline is very important for several reasons: more efficient transmission; the less you bend the chain, the smaller the power loss; better function and less chance of the chain falling off the rings; less wear due to less friction; better function of the front derailleur; and quieter operation.
What is 52mm Chainline?
What is chainline? Chainline is the distance between the centerline of your frame and the average centerline of your chainring (s). Unfortunately, if you were to remove these rings and install a standard narrow-wide ring the resulting 1X chainline would be about 52mm.
You might be interested: How Do You Remove Rust From Bicycle?
What is the difference between 3mm and 6mm offset?
a 6mm wider hub moved the cassette outward by 3mm. So the boost ring was moved outward 3mm to put it back “inline” with its relation to a 142 spaced hub. a boost ring has less “dish” than regular.
How do I know if I need a boost chainring?
3 Reasons that you MUST use boost:
• If you are running 12 speed, the clearances are so small between chain and cassette that you MUST run a boost spaced chainring with a boost spaced bike.
• Most plus sized tire bikes do need a 3mm outward chainring shift to maintain the “standard” 6mm distance between tire and chain.
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Page:Scott - Tales of my Landlord - 3rd series, vol. 2 - 1819.djvu/97
Rh The same front now glanced with many lights, some throwing far forward into the night a fixed and stationary blaze, and others hurrying from one window to another, intimating the bustle and busy preparation preceding their arrival, which had been intimated by an avant-courier. The contrast pressed so strongly upon the Master's heart, as to awaken some of the sterner feelings with which he had been accustomed to regard the new lord of his paternal domain, and to impress his countenance with an air of severe gravity, when, alighted from his horse, he stood in the hall no longer his own, surrounded by the numerous menials of its present owner.
The Lord Keeper, when about to welcome him with the cordiality which their late intercourse seemed to render proper, became aware of the change, refrained from his purpose, and only intimated the ceremony of reception by a deep reverence to his guest, seeming thus delicately to share the feelings which predominated on his brow. | WIKI |
Lync Server 2010 Meeting Content Viewer
The Meeting Content Viewer tool is an administrative tool you can use to convert Lync Server 2010 web conferencing (meeting) content, such as whiteboard and poll files saved in the file store by Lync Server 2010, from its binary format into a viewable format.
To install the Lync Server 2010 Meeting Content Viewer tool, download DMViewer.msi to the target machine. To install the tool using default settings, run DMViewer.msi. The MSI installs the tool binaries in \Program Files\Microsoft Lync Server 2010\Data MCU Viewer
Anyone who has the rights and permissions required to read the file store used by Lync Server 2010 can run this tool to convert data.
Syntax
DMViewer.exe log=[true|false] cmdir=[folder_name] ccdir=[folder_name] cid=[conference_id] outdir=[output_folder]
Where,
· log = True for turning on tracing and False for turning off tracing for the tool
· cmdir = Folder where conference metadata is stored by Lync Server for a specific user, such as \\share\CollabMetadata\user1
· ccdir = Folder where conference content is stored by Lync Server for a specific user, such as \\share\CollabContent\user1
· cid = Unique conference ID for the conference
· outdir = Folder where converted output is to be stored
Example
DMViewer.exe log=[true] cmdir=[\\co-meetings-1\share\CollabMetadata\User1Hash] ccdir=[\\co-meetings-1\share\CollabContent\User1Hash] cid=[YVF2JPYC] outdir=[c:\conferences\converted]
Lync Server uses the hash of the meeting organizer (in the path of the folder used to store the meeting content). If you would like to find the user hash for a specific meeting organizer, you can use the following syntax.
DMViewer.exe org=[organizer_uri]
Where,
• org = the URI for the user who organized the meeting
Output
The tool generates the output in the following format:
[output_folder]/[conference_id]/polls.xml[output_folder]/[conference_id]/whiteboards.xml[output_folder]/[conference_id]/whitebaords.zip
Polls.xml file contains the polls created during the meeting. The file is in XML format.Whiteboards.xml contains the whiteboards created during the meeting. The file is in XML format.Whiteboards.zip contains the whiteboards created during the meeting. The file is in HTML/CSS/JS format.
For each whiteboard in the meeting, the tool generates a whiteboards.zip file that contains a folder for each whiteboard.
- [extracted_folder]/[whiteboard_name]/Images
- [extracted_folder]/[whiteboard_name]/Scripts
- [extracted_folder]/[whiteboard_name]/Styles
- [extracted_folder]/[whiteboard_name]/WebPages
You can download the tool and the usage explaination here:
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30136
Written by: Thomas Poett
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Family Guy season 12
The twelfth season of Family Guy aired on Fox from September 29, 2013, to May 18, 2014.
The series follows the Griffin family, a dysfunctional family consisting of father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie, and the family dog Brian, who reside in their hometown of Quahog.
During this season, Peter gets a vestigial twin ("Vestigial Peter"); the Griffins travel to Italy ("Boopa-dee Bappa-dee"); Quagmire and Peter form a folk band ("Into Harmony's Way"); and, as confirmed by series creator Seth MacFarlane, Cleveland moves back to Quahog along with his family, since The Cleveland Show was cancelled ("He's Bla-ack!"). Also, as mentioned by Steve Callaghan in the 2013 Comic-con Panel, a member of the Griffin family was killed off in a special episode. After much speculation, that member was Brian, after being hit by a motorist in the episode "Life of Brian". This elicited strongly negative reactions from fans of the show, and a petition demanding Brian to be resurrected garnered over 100,000 signatures. His death turned out to be only temporary as in the episode "Christmas Guy", Stewie goes back in time and saves him, effectively changing the future so that he never dies.
The show was initially airing in its usual timeslot of 9:00 PM Eastern. Beginning on March 9 and continuing for the rest of the season, Family Guy moved to 8:30 PM Eastern; the move came as a result of the addition of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey to the network's lineup.
Guest stars for the season include Conan O'Brien, Lea Thompson, Jeff Daniels, Michelle Dockery, Tony Sirico, Yvette Nicole Brown, Gary Cole, Lauren Bacall, Liam Neeson, Bryan Cranston, Adam Levine, and Ariana Grande.
This is the last season to be secondarily composed by Ron Jones, leaving Walter Murphy in charge of the musical score for the rest of the series.
Marketing
At San Diego Comic Con 2013, It was revealed by showrunner Steve Callaghan that one member of the Griffin Family would be killed off. Though many assumed to be Meg Griffin, the cast remained silent. This would later be revealed, with Brian Griffin being killed off. In addition, a preview was released. It was also revealed that a crossover episode with The Simpsons was in the works, which released in September 2014, titled The Simpsons Guy. | WIKI |
Can a Vegan Diet Supercharge Your Immune System?
There’s no cure for COVID-19. But eating healthy certainly won’t hurt.
I have heard the question on social media: does anyone know someone eating a clean whole food vegan diet that had a complicated or fatal case of COVID19? I have personally not seen or heard of such a case. But it would be bold and brash to claim that a diet of all plants is truly protective. It is an interesting question to be addressed as more data becomes available. There is already quite a bit of data on the topic of diet and immune health. But what about plant-based vegan diets specifically?
Plant Diets and Immune Function
There are few studies to answer the questions about immune function and plant diets. It would seem intuitive that any diet that reduces or eliminates processed foods, excess salt and sugar, industrial seed oils, antibiotic and hormone residues, and excess saturated fats would offer an advantage in terms of immune health. Here are a few scientific tidbits.
Researchers in Italy studied fecal samples of 155 healthy volunteers divided by diet into omnivore, vegetarian, and vegan diet categories. The stool samples were analyzed for their anti-inflammatory capacity in a model of mouse cells. No significant differences were reported.
An international team of scientists studied the impact of three months on a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for immune health. The volunteers were all omnivores at the onset of the study. The diet change did result in changes in the diversity of the bacteria in stool samples. This included the appearance of bacteria producing IgA, an immunoglobulin felt to protect the GI system. The balance of pro vs anti-inflammatory factors measured favored the plant-strong diet.
Australian researchers performed a review of literature regarding vegetarian diets and inflammatory and immune health. They reported that inflammation markers like CRP were lower in vegetarian-based dietary patterns. So were white blood counts and fibrinogen levels (an inflammatory and clotting marker). They called for more studies to further evaluate these findings.
healthy food
Photo by Gabby K from Pexels
Micronutrients and Immune Function
Beyond food patterns, science also exists about the role of specific micronutrients and well-functioning immune systems.
A new review article on the topic detailed the role of some of these nutrients and the specific pathways of immune defense — particularly in regard to defending against viral illnesses.
The nutrients highlighted are vitamins A, B6, B12, C, D E, as well as folate, along with trace elements zinc, iron, selenium magnesium, and copper. Finally, omega -3 fatty acids like EPA and DHA were analyzed.
Inadequate intakes of these nutrients is widespread among all types of diets. They can lead to a decrease in resistance to infections. The authors concluded that supplementation with these nutrients was safe, effective, and a low-cost strategy to support optimal immune function. Recommendations for specific doses and types of supplements were included in the article.
What Do I Do?
I have eaten a whole food plant diet for over 40 years.
Although my plate is covered with fresh (often organic) rainbow-colored plants, some cooked and some raw, I have upped my game even further. Recently I have begun sprouting at home and eat fresh sprouts every day.
I have added more colors with purple cabbage, red bell peppers, and daily servings of garlic and onions. Mushrooms of every type are part of the menu.
In addition, I take a multivitamin developed for vegans. It contains algae omega-3, zinc, iodine, B12, vitamin D3, selenium, and magnesium. I add to this supplemental vitamin C. I also re-mineralize my home water filter by reverse osmosis. This helps to return to the water a broad range of trace minerals.
A healthy diet can boost immunity, give us more energy, help us sleep better, and enjoy life more fully. Will that prevent me from a severe reaction to COVID-19 or any other illness? There’s never any guarantee. But eating healthy keeps me better equipped to fight illness. And that’s reason enough to keep with it.
Joel Kahn, MD, FACC of Detroit, Michigan, is a practicing cardiologist, and a Clinical Professor of Medicine at Wayne State University School of Medicine. He graduated Summa Cum Laude from the University of Michigan Medical School. Known as “America’s Healthy Heart Doc”, Dr. Kahn has triple board certification in Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Interventional Cardiology. He owns GreenSpace & Go, a health restaurant in suburban Detroit. Dr. Kahn can be found at www.drjoelkahn.com.
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{ Array Iteration. }
Objectives
By the end of this chapter you should be able to:
• Understand what iteration is and why it is useful
• Compare and contrast for, while and do...while loops
• Use break and continue to write more efficient loops
Very often, you'll want to access each element of an array in order and do something with each element. For example, maybe you have an array of tweets, and you want to show each one on the page. Or maybe you have a list of numbers that you want to apply some mathematical operation to.
For instance, suppose you have an array of numbers that you want to round to the nearest whole number:
let decimals = [1.1, 1.6, 2.8, 0.4, 3.5, 1.6];
One way to do this is to round each element individually using the built-in Math.round function:
decimals[0] = Math.round(decimals[0]);
decimals[1] = Math.round(decimals[1]);
decimals[2] = Math.round(decimals[2]);
decimals[3] = Math.round(decimals[3]);
decimals[4] = Math.round(decimals[4]);
decimals[5] = Math.round(decimals[5]);
Now if you look at decimals, you should see that it is equal to [1, 2, 3, 0, 4, 2]. Great! We've rounded all of our numbers.
But this approach isn't great. What if we have 100 numbers we want to round? Or 1,000? And what if we want to do something more complicated than simply round each one? The approach we've used here doesn't scale very well.
Thankfully, there's a better way to make your way through an array and do something with each element, through a process called iteration, or looping. Let's talk about iteration in general, and then see how we can apply it to arrays.
Iteration: For loops
One of the most common ways to loop is with a for loop. A for loop consists of three parts followed by a block of code inside of curly braces {}:
for (initializer; condition; counter) {}
initializer - this is where we can declare variables to be used in the loop. We usually declare a variable called i which will serve as a counter variable for the number of times that we should loop.
condition - this MUST be an expression that returns true or false. You can read this condition as "Keep looping as long as this condition is true."
counter - this is how we change the variables initialized (typically, either by increasing or decreasing them). We commonly increment variables by 1 using the ++ operator and decrement by 1 using --.
As long as the condition is true, the code inside the curly braces will run. After running, the counter expression will run, and then the condition will be checked again.
// start with a variable called i and set it to 0
// keep looping as long as i is less than 5
// at the end of each for loop, increase the value of i
for (let i=0; i<5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
// prints out:
// 0
// 1
// 2
// 3
// 4
What gets logged if you change i<5 to i<10? If you change i++ to i+=3? Experimenting with the initializer, condition, and counter is a great way to develop your intuition for for loops!
You can use a loop to iterate through an array in a similar fashion. In this case, typically i refers to the current index in the array, the condition tells the loop to continue until i equals the length of the array, and the counter increments i. Let's see how we could refactor our earlier rounding example to use a for loop:
let decimals = [1.1, 1.6, 2.8, 0.4, 3.5, 1.6];
for (let i = 0; i < decimals.length; i++) {
decimals[i] = Math.round(decimals[i]);
}
Iteration: While loops
Along with for loops, we can also use a while loop. Unlike for loops, while loops only take a condition. This means that you need to handle initialization before the loop, and incrementing/decrementing yourself inside of the loop. If you forget to increment/decrement inside the loop, the loop will never terminate! Instead, you'll be stuck in what's called an infinite loop!
Here's an example of a working while loop:
let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
Here's how we could rewrite our rounding example to use a while loop:
let decimals = [1.1, 1.6, 2.8, 0.4, 3.5, 1.6];
let i = 0;
while (i < decimals.length) {
decimals[i] = Math.round(decimals[i]);
i++;
}
Iteration: Do While Loops
Similar to while loops, we can also write do...while loops, which specify our condition at the end. Here is an example:
let i = 0;
do {
console.log(i);
i++;
} while(i < 5)
The main difference between a while loop and a do...while loop is that the code inside of a do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least once. For example:
let i = 0;
while(i < 0) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
// nothing is logged, since 0 < 0 is false
let j = 0;
do {
console.log(j);
j++;
} while(j < 0)
// 0 gets logged, since the code inside the block runs once
// before the while condition is checked
Here's how we could rewrite our rounding example to use a do...while loop:
let decimals = [1.1, 1.6, 2.8, 0.4, 3.5, 1.6];
let i = 0;
do {
decimals[i] = Math.round(decimals[i]);
i++;
} while(i < decimals.length)
Exiting out of loops
Sometimes we want to exit a loop before it has finished. To do that, we use the word break
for(let i = 0; i<5; i++){
if(Math.random() > 0.5){
console.log("Breaking out of the loop when i is " + i);
break;
}
else {
console.log(i);
}
}
We can also skip the current iteration and continue the loop at the next step in the itration by using the word continue
for(let i = 0; i<5; i++){
if(Math.random() > 0.5){
console.log("Skipping the console.log when i is " + i);
continue;
}
console.log(i);
}
For...of, a more modern loop
In 2015, JavaScript introduced a simpler kind of loop that allows you to iterate with less code. It's called for...of loop, and it looks like this:
let names = ["Elie", "Matt", "Tim"];
for (let name of names) {
console.log(name);
}
This will output:
// Elie
// Matt
// Tim
With a for...of loop, we iterate over an array and assign a variable to each element in the array. You can all this variable whatever you like (in our example we called it name), just be sure to declare it using let.
Let's see another example:
let numbers = [2,4,6,8];
for (let num of numbers) {
console.log(num);
}
Here we will log 2, 4, 6, and 8.
If you need to access the index of the array, you can do this using a for...of loop, but it's a bit complex. For now, if you need each index, use a regular for or while loop.
Strings Revisited
Now that we've learned about arrays, let's briefly return to strings and compare and contrast these two data types. They do have some similarities, but it's important to understand their differences as well.
Looping over strings
Just like we can iterate over arrays (and objects), we can also iterate over strings! Since strings have a length property, we always know at what point to stop looping, just like with arrays. Let's see an example of looping over a string:
let name = "Elie";
for(let i=0; i < name.length; i++){
console.log(name[i]);
}
// E
// l
// i
// e
You can also use a for...of to loop over characters in a string!
let name = "Kayla";
for (let character of name) {
console.log(character);
}
// K
// a
// y
// l
// a
Using split to turn a string into an array
Many times you will need to manipulate a string and turn it into an array. To split a string into an array you can use the split method and pass in a delimiter value.
let string = "hello world";
string.split(""); // ["h", "e", "l", "l", "o", " ", "w", "o", "r", "l", "d"]
string.split(" "); // ["hello", "world"]
If you pass a delimiter into the split method, the delimiting values will be removed from the array:
let dashedString = "lots-of-dashes-here";
let removedDashes = dashedString.split("-");
removedDashes; // ["lots", "of", "dashes", "here"]
We can then join the array using the join method to bring it back to a string. You can think of the split as doing the opposite of what join does.
let dashedString = "lots-of-dashes-here";
let removedDashes = dashedString.split("-").join(" ");
removedDashes; // "lots of dashes here"
Mutability
We've seen how you can update array values by simply accessing an array element and assigning it a new value:
let arr = ["hi", "bye"];
arr[0] = "hello";
arr; // ["hello", "bye"]
You can also access characters in strings using bracket notation:
let name = "Matt";
name[0]; // "M"
However, unlike with arrays, you can't reassign the value of a character in a string. If you try, JavaScript will simply ignore you:
let name = "Matt";
name[0] = "m";
name; // "Matt", not "matt"!
This distinction between arrays and strings highlights a concept called mutability. We say that arrays in JavaScript are mutable, since you can change any element inside of them via a simple reassignment. However, strings are immutable, as you cannot change the characters within them in the same way that you do with arrays. In fact, any operation which changes characters in a string actually produces a new string, rather than mutating the original string.
For more on mutability in JavaScript, you may want to check out this article. Note: the article makes use of functions in JavaScript, so it may be best to read it after finishing the functions unit in this course.
Exercises
The next chapter has plenty of array exercises for you to tackle!
When you're ready, move on to Array Exercises
Continue
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Task Evaluation of Oxygen Concentrators at Altitude (Completed)
Last Published: 07/30/21 01:05:34 PM (Central)
Short Title: Oxygen
Responsible HRP Element: Exploration Medical Capability
Collaborating Org(s):
Funding Status: Completed - Task completed and produced a deliverable
Procurement Mechanism(s):
Directed
Aims:
1. Deliver oxygen to manage major illness and/or trauma in space at 3-4 liters per minute.
2. Mitigate the elevation of ambient oxygen concentration and increased risk of fire by utilizing an oxygen concentrator.
3. Utilize existing electric power and ambient air to produce enriched oxygen.
4. Recirculate the waste gas from a concentrator, which is primarily nitrogen, resulting in a net ambient atmosphere change of 0.
5. Evaluate the oxygen concentrator(s) in an altitude chamber up to 30,000 feet.
Resources (None Listed)
Mappings | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Beware of this trap when comparing strings in T-SQL with trailing spaces
Ran across one of those odd-syntax behavior anomalies that tend to send programmers on a one way trip down Wild Goose Chase Lane.
The Trap
All three of the following commands will give the counter-intuitive result of ‘equal’
if '' = ' ' print 'equal' else print 'not equal'
if ' ' = ' ' print 'equal' else print 'not equal'
if 'abc' = 'abc ' print 'equal' else print 'not equal'
I have confirmed through experimentation that this odd behavior only applies to trailing spaces. The following example gives the expected result of ‘not equal’
if 'abc' = ' abc' print 'equal' else print 'not equal'
Yikes! Scary isn’t it? Makes you wonder if you have code floating out there that depends on the premise that strings with different lengths are never equal.
What is happening here?
According to Microsoft KB Article 316626, this quirky behavior is prescribed by the ANSI-SQL 92 specification.
SQL Server follows the ANSI/ISO SQL-92 specification (Section 8.2, <Comparison Predicate>, General rules #3) on how to compare strings with spaces. The ANSI standard requires padding for the character strings used in comparisons so that their lengths match before comparing them. The padding directly affects the semantics of WHERE and HAVING clause predicates and other Transact-SQL string comparisons. For example, Transact-SQL considers the strings ‘abc‘ and ‘abc ‘ to be equivalent for most comparison operations.
What to do about it
Although it is a mess when it comes to writing readable code, appending a character on both sides of the comparison seems to be the approach with the least potential for nasty side effects, especially when used with Unicode data.
if @stringA + 'x' = @stringB + 'x' ...
If you are going to do this, for God’s sake please comment the reason why, or better yet wrap it in a string comparison user defined function.
Some other ideas are presented in this blog article by Anthony Bloesch, including:
1. Convert the strings to varbinary values and then test for equality. (Has issues with Unicode combining marks)
2. Replace all the space characters with an unlikely character. (Difficult to pick character that won’t occur naturally)
3. Use the like operator to do the equality check. (May cause strings to test equal if they match because of wildcards in the second string)
4. Use XQuery’s string comparison. (Has issues with Unicode combining marks)
Doing my part
I was shocked to find nary a mention of this quirky, albeit standards-compliant, behavior in the SQL Server BOL article on the = operator despite the fact that every developer I demonstrated this behavior to received it with the same befuddled surprise.
I’ve added a community entry to the SQL BOL article on this operator in the hopes of saving someone a lot of headache tracking down an obscure logic bug someday.
More Information
Stack Overflow: SQL Server Empty String vs Space
Microsoft KB: How SQL Server Compares Strings with Trailing Spaces (316626)
SQL Server Books Online: = (Equals) (Transact-SQL)
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8 Responses
1. I’m intimately familiar with this scenario. I’ve been building a .NET front end for older FoxPro tables, and FoxPro always pads any varchar with spaces until it fills all available space of the field. I prefer to pad each value to the max length when doing comparison, as stated in the KB article. I think it’s more readable and intuitive.
2. I’ve run into this before, but have forgotten about it. Thanks for the reminder.
In situations that might present padded spaces, I tend to use RTRIM(), as they are typically of no use.
3. […] A fellow blogger provides more information about this. […]
4. The reason no one mentions it is because it is the way the human mind works. Strings of different lengths are always unequal? How is that useful? This rule is a victory of common sense and usability over geeky, computer-science-academic nonsense.
• Maybe common sense needs an upgrade, because I don’t think it is geeky nonsense that x + y > x when y>0.
5. OMG!
Why not just try:
if LTRIM(RTRIM(‘abc’)) = LTRIM(RTRIM(‘abc ‘)) print ‘equal’ else print ‘not equal’
• The point is not to ignore trailing spaces, that’s already happening by default. The point is to treat differently padded strings as being different. There are some use cases where you want to know if two strings are literally different, spaces included.
6. Use DataLength
Please see: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1399844/sql-server-2008-empty-string-vs-space
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How Does an Asian Nose Job Work?
Asian rhinoplasty
An Asian nose job is unique from other rhinoplasty procedures.
This procedure focuses on augmenting the bridge, nasal canal and tip of the nose to compliment the rest of the face. Asian rhinoplasty can improve the quality of life for those who have a deviated septum – correcting functional issues to enhance their breathing.
Asian rhinoplasty works for those with different needs. For those who have a flat nose, a nasal implant can be placed to accentuate the face while giving the nose more definition. For those who have a bulbous nose, this can be corrected by shaping the nose to compliment facial features. This may require removing cartilage to narrow the width of the original nostril size. For those who have a hooked nose, rhinoplasty augmentation may be beneficial for reshaping the nose and give it a straightened look. Dorsal deformity correction is a procedure that includes cartilage or silicone implants. The procedure will straighten the nasal bone and may include the removal of excess cartilage depending on the patient’s desires and needs.
Non-Surgical Rhinoplasty – Liquid Rhinoplasty
A non-invasive option for an Asian nose job is liquid rhinoplasty. Non-surgical nose jobs have become a popular option for those who prefer non-invasive cosmetic procedures. The liquid nose job caters to those seeking a temporary solution for a shapely nose, as well as to improve breathing for those seeking relief.
Liquid nose jobs will not decrease the size of one’s nose, but rather, the treatment will create a nose that will help accentuate the features of the face.
Liquid rhinoplasty can last between six to twelve months. The benefit of having a nose job without surgery is that it is temporary! Fillers eventually dissipate over time and the nose will revert to its previous form. If one truly does not like the outcome, the filler can be removed, allowing the nose to return back to normal.
Why would a patient receive a revision Asian rhinoplasty?
There are many reasons why a patient would receive a revision Asian rhinoplasty. One of the main reasons is that the nose is short. The typical sign of a short nose are the nostrils. In short noses, the nostrils are exposed and the tip of the nose is turned up – creating an appearance similar to a pig’s nose.
The other reason to have a revision Asian rhinoplasty is that the nose is crooked. The disbalance may be at the bridge, the dorsum, or at the nasal tip. Patients may undergo revision surgery because the disbalance was not fully corrected.
Many complications in Asian rhinoplasty or Asian nose surgery arise from the use of silicone implant. The silicone implant can cause capsular contracture and can shorten or distort the nose. The other material available for revision Asian rhinoplasty includes dermal-fat grafts. Dr. Kenneth Kim will evaluate the cause of the misshapen nose. He will then discuss the potential options for the revision Asian rhinoplasty surgery including the use of rib cartilage and ear cartilage grafts. By carefully examining the nose, Dr. Kenneth Kim can offer the most ideal option for the revision Asian rhinoplasty.
The Complication of Your Own Tissue in Asian Rhinoplasty
Although using your own tissue is ideal in Asian rhinoplasty, there are potential complications that can arise.
One of the main complications is that of resorption of the graft material. Resorption means that your body absorbs or gets rid of the grafted material in your nose. Even though the tissue is your own, when the graft is inserted into the bridge of the nose or along the columella to increase the nasal tip, the graft can partially or fully decrease in size. This resorption happens in Asian rhinoplasty because the grafted material does not have its own blood supply. Therefore, when the graft is inserted, the blood vessels need to grow in with an adequate amount of time.
There are three main graft materials that can be inserted into the nose in Asian rhinoplasty.
One is Cartilage. Cartilage is often removed from the ear or the rib. The other material is Dermis – or your skin. By removing the epidermis (the outermost skin layer), the dermis can be inserted into the nose to augment the nose in Asian rhinoplasty. The third material is Fat. Fat can be harvested from a syringe and injected back into the nose with a syringe or it can be taken with the dermis as a dermal fat graft.
Fat is the most likely to be resorbed in Asian rhinoplasty and a cartilage graft is least likely to be resorbed in Asian rhinoplasty.
Dr. Kenneth Kim, will go over the benefits and complications of various autologous grafts in Asian rhinoplasty. By carefully determining which material to use in the Asian rhinoplasty, a safe, long-lasting, and natural nose can be created.
What is the Ideal Dorsal Material in Asian Rhinoplasty / Asian Nose Surgery?
There are three fundamentally different dorsal implant materials that a plastic surgeon can use in Asian rhinoplasty to increase the height of the dorsum or the bridge of the nose.
One is an implant. The other is tissue from a cadaver of another human being. The third is your own tissue.
An implant has been used in the past because of the ease of use. An implant is typically made of silicone. Another type of implant is Gortex, but Gortex is not as commonly used in Asian rhinoplasty because it is difficult to remove once it has been placed.
As mentioned, a silicone implant is by far the most commonly used implant material. The ease of use and relatively cheap cost is what makes silicone implants so popular. Silicone comes in various shapes and it can be simply placed on the dorsum with some minor adjustments to fit the patient’s dorsal profile. In Asia, including South Korea, an overwhelming majority of the plastic surgeons use the silicone implant to augment the nose.
The other material is cadaver tissue. The tissue is irradiated to get rid of transmissible viruses and bacteria. Irradiation refers to the process of shooting the tissue with X-ray beams.
The material of a cadaver tissue can be cartilage or dermis (skin). These materials can be placed in the dorsum or the bridge of the nose or the nasal tip to increase height in Asian rhinoplasty or Asian nose surgery. The ideal tissue is your own cartilage.
The last material a plastic surgeon can use to augment the dorsal profile or the bridge of the nose is your own tissue. However, you can also use a dermal fat graft as well. There are many advantages of using your tissue to perform Asian rhinoplasty or Asian nose surgery. As one can see, there are many options when it comes to which materials to use in Asian rhinoplasty. Dr. Kim will go over the advantages and disadvantages of these materials and which material would be the most ideal for the patient during the consultation.
The Problem of Using Cadaver Tissue in Asian Nose Surgery/ Asian Rhinoplasty
Cadaver tissue is sometimes used in Asian rhinoplasty as a material to augment or increase the size of the nose in Asian nose surgery. The cadaver tissue is either cartilage or a dermal graft.
Cadaver tissues are used for two main reasons in Asian rhinoplasty:
The primary reason is whether there has been past problems with a silicone implant. In revision rhinoplasty, where the prior silicone implant has created a complication such as an infection or shortening of the nose, a cadaver tissue can be used.
Another reason for using a cadaver tissue, such as dermis, is to add padding to the silicone at the tip of the nose. Sometimes in Asian nose surgery, the tip can be subjected to a significant amount of pressure during augmentation.
A plastic surgeon may put cadaver skin to augment the nasal tip or to give some padding to the nose tip.
However, the main problem of these cadaver tissues is that they are unpredictable when it comes to resorption. During Asian rhinoplasty, if this cadaver cartilage (irradiated cartilage) or dermis (Alloderm) is used, then a few years after surgery, there will be a change in shape. In Korean rhinoplasty, many Korean plastic surgeons use cadaver dermis (Alloderm) on the nasal tip.
It is quite common for Korean plastic surgeons to apply cadaver skin on the nasal tip. But once your body absorbs them, the tip will thin out and you can feel the silicone implant on the nasal tip.
When the cadaver cartilage is used to increase the nasal tip projection in Asian nose surgery or Korean nose surgery, the nasal tip projection decreases over time.
Nasal tip projection decreases because one’s own body will try to get rid of irradiated cartilage from a cadaver. Cadaver tissue’s durability is low.
During the consultation, Dr. Kenneth Kim will go over whether one has received cadaver tissue and how stable the cadaver cartilage or skin is. Dr. Kim does not use cadaver dermis (Alloderm) in Asian rhinoplasty or Asian nose surgery. Dr. Kenneth Kim will remove them and use your own tissue to perform revision Asian rhinoplasty / revision Asian nose surgery.
The Problem of Silicone Implants in Asian Rhinoplasty / Asian Nose Surgery
Asian rhinoplasty or Asian nose surgery is one of the most commonly performed procedures in Asia. And silicone is the most commonly used material.
Rather than only discussing the benefits of silicone implants in Asian nose surgery, it is important to discuss the problems or complications that can arise.
One of the problems is migration or movement of the silicone implant in the nose. The silicone implant can shift from side to side when one touches the implant on the bridge of the nose. This happens because the silicone implant does not firmly adhere or does not firmly attach to the bridge of the nose.
Another issue that can arise in Asian rhinoplasty is the silicone implant can be positioned to the side. Therefore, rather than being in the midline, the silicone implant slides to one side, resulting in the implant becoming mal-positioned.
Eventually, the silicone can even extrude or come through the skin of the Asian nose. Another issue of using silicone in Asian nose surgery is that the silicone implant can migrate down and put pressure on the tip of the nose.
The resulting symptom may be intermittent redness on the tip. However, as the pressure on the nasal tip progresses, the silicone implant can thin the skin of the nasal tip.
Lastly, the silicone implant can develop capsular contracture and cause shortening of the nose in Asians. This shortening is due to significant scar tissue that forms around the silicone implant in the nose of Asians.
If the capsular contracture of the silicone implant on the nose is significant, then the nose will become a short nose.
Dr. Kenneth Kim, a board-certified plastic surgeon in Los Angeles, California will discuss with the patient the use of silicone in Asian noses and discuss the pros and cons of the silicone in Asian rhinoplasty during the pre-surgical consultation. You will get a chance to see the beautiful results he achieves with silicone implants, thanks to his years of experience.
If you are interested in learning more about Asian nose surgery, you are invited to schedule a private consultation with Dr. Kim to learn what rhinoplasty method will be right for you.
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Page:Dictionary of National Biography. Sup. Vol I (1901).djvu/68
common at the polls. In 1862 he entered as solicitor-general east the (Sandfield) Macdonald-Sicotte government, a liberal administration which adopted as its principle a somewhat peculiar phase of parliamentary development known as 'the double majority.' This meant that, inasmuch as the Union Act of 1841 gave equal representation to Upper and Lower Canada, and the equality itself was founded on practical as well as on historical and racial grounds, no ministry should be satisfied with the confidence merely of the whole house; it must command a majority from each section of the province. The device was found to be unworkable, and the ministry was defeated in 1863, within a year of its formation. The house was thereupon dissolved, the cabinet reformed, and the programme recast. In the recasting the 'double majority' was abandoned, and hopes were held out that the representation problem would be solved on the basis of population merely. This change brought about the retirement both of Sicotte, the French-Canadian leader, and of Abbott, who was the ministerial representative for the English of Lower Canada. From this time forth he leaned to the conservatives. When the issue of confederation arose in 1865 he joined them openly.
Short as was his term of office, it was by no means unfruitful. He introduced the use of stamps in the payment of judicial and registration fees in Lower Canada, a reform much needed at the time; he consolidated and remodelled the jury law, which obtains in Quebec to-day almost as he left it; he drafted and carried through the house an act respecting insolvency, which is the foundation of Canadian jurisprudence on that subject. His object was to fuse into a consistent whole the leading principles of English, French, and Scottish law on the question, and his attempt is generally regarded as a success. The year following he published 'The Insolvent Act of 1864,' with notes to show the general framework of the statute, the sources of its provisions, their juridical harmony and bearing.
In 1873 Abbott's name figured largely in what is called the 'Pacific Scandal.' A year earlier he had become fellow-director with Sir Hugh Allan in the first project to build the Canada Pacific Railway. As the elections were at hand Sir Hugh undertook to advance certain sums to the conservative leaders, and disbursed the money through Abbott, then his confidential adviser. The total amount acknowledged to have been thus received and spent exceeded 25,000l. After the elections, which were favourable to the conservatives, copies of correspondence and vouchers regarding the moneys came into the hands of the opposition through a clerk in Abbott's office, who absconded shortly afterwards. The house declined to accept the explanation that these sums were used in a strictly honourable if not legal way, and forced the government to resign. On appeal to the constituencies in 1874, the conservatives were utterly routed. Abbott was returned for his old constituency, but was afterwards unseated on the petition of Dr. Christie. Four years later, in 1878, he was again a candidate, and, though defeated, managed to upset the election. In the next appeal, 1880, he had a majority, but the return was set aside once more. A new election was held in 1881. This time he received an overwhelming vote. He was then left in undisturbed possession of Argenteuil till 1887, when he was summoned to the senate.
His chief legislative work during these years had reference to banking; his principal public employment was as delegate to England in connection with the dismissal of Mr. Letellier de St.-Just from the position of lieutenant-governor of Quebec. The lieutenant-governor's action in dismissing his local advisers had been pronounced unconstitutional by both branches of the Canadian legislature, and the Dominion cabinet thereupon recommended his removal. At the instance of the Marquis of Lorne, the governor-general, the question was referred to England. Abbott succeeded in his mission of securing the home government's assent to the dismissal, and the advice of the Dominion cabinet was accepted by the governor-general. From 1887 to 1889 Abbott was mayor of Montreal.
He sat in the senate for the division of Inkerman in Quebec, his summons bearing date 13 May 1887. At the same time he was sworn of the Canadian privy council, and became a member of the cabinet of Sir John Alexander Macdonald [q. v.], without portfolio. Until the death of Macdonald in 1891 he acted as the exponent of the government's policy in the upper house. As Sir John Sparrow David Thompson [q. v.] declined to accept the premiership on Macdonald's death, Abbott was prevailed on to take it with the post of president of the council, the other cabinet members retaining their portfolios (June 1891). He was then in his seventy-first year and in declining health; on the other hand, the troubles of the ministry were deepening day by day, particularly in connection with the Manitoba school question. He found the burden more than he could bear, and resigned office. | WIKI |
John 1:1
John 1:1 is the first verse in the opening chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The traditional and majority translation of this verse reads: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."
"The Word," a translation of the Greek λόγος (logos), is widely interpreted as referring to Jesus, as indicated in other verses later in the same chapter. For example, "the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us" (John 1:14; cf. 1:15, 17).
John 1:1 in English versions
The traditional rendering in English is:
"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God."
Other variations of rendering, both in translation or paraphrase, John 1:1c also exist:
* 14th century: "and God was the word" – Wycliffe's Bible (translated from the 4th-century Latin Vulgate)
* 1808: "and the Word was a god" – Thomas Belsham The New Testament, in an Improved Version, Upon the Basis of Archbishop Newcome's New Translation: With a Corrected Text, London.
* 1822: "and the Word was a god" – The New Testament in Greek and English (A. Kneeland, 1822.)
* 1829: "and the Word was a god" – The Monotessaron; or, The Gospel History According to the Four Evangelists (J. S. Thompson, 1829)
* 1863: "and the Word was a god" – A Literal Translation of the New Testament (Herman Heinfetter [Pseudonym of Frederick Parker], 1863)
* 1864: "the LOGOS was God" – A New Emphatic Version (right hand column)
* 1864: "and a god was the Word" – The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson, New York and London (left hand column interlinear reading)
* 1867: "and the Son was of God" – The Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible
* 1879: "and the Word was a god" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes (J. Becker, 1979)
* 1885: "and the Word was a god" – Concise Commentary on The Holy Bible (R. Young, 1885)
* 1911: "and [a] God was the word" – The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the Southern Dialect, by George William Horner.
* 1924: "the Logos was divine" – The Bible: James Moffatt Translation, by James Moffatt.
* 1935: "and the Word was divine" – The Bible: An American Translation, by John M. P. Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed, Chicago.
* 1955: "so the Word was divine" – The Authentic New Testament, by Hugh J. Schonfield, Aberdeen.
* 1956: "And the Word was as to His essence absolute deity" – The Wuest Expanded Translation
* 1958: "and the Word was a god" – The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Anointed (J. L. Tomanec, 1958);
* 1962, 1979: "'the word was God.' Or, more literally, 'God was the word.'" – The Four Gospels and the Revelation (R. Lattimore, 1979)
* 1966, 2001: "and he was the same as God" – The Good News Bible.
* 1970, 1989: "and what God was, the Word was" – The New English Bible and The Revised English Bible.
* 1975 "and a god (or, of a divine kind) was the Word" – Das Evangelium nach Johnnes, by Siegfried Schulz, Göttingen, Germany
* 1975: "and the Word was a god" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes (S. Schulz, 1975);
* 1978: "and godlike sort was the Logos" – Das Evangelium nach Johannes, by Johannes Schneider, Berlin
* 1985: "So the Word was divine" - The Original New Testament, by Hugh J. Schonfield.
* 1993: "The Word was God, in readiness for God from day one." — The Message, by Eugene H. Peterson.
* 1998: "and what God was the Word also was" – This translation follows Professor Francis J. Moloney, The Gospel of John, ed. Daniel J. Harrington.
* 2017: "and the Logos was god" - The New Testament: A Translation, by David Bentley Hart.
Difficulties
"The text of John 1:1 has a sordid past and a myriad of interpretations. With the Greek alone, we can create empathic, orthodox, creed-like statements, or we can commit pure and unadulterated heresy. From the point of view of early church history, heresy develops when a misunderstanding arises concerning Greek articles, the predicate nominative, and grammatical word order. The early church heresy of Sabellianism understood John 1:1c to read, 'and the Word was the God.' The early church heresy of Arianism understood it to read, 'and the word was a God.'"
There are two issues affecting the translating of the verse, 1) theology and 2) proper application of grammatical rules. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads one to believe that the proper way to render the verse is the one which is most popular. The opposing theology that Jesus is subordinate to God as his Chief agent leads to the conclusion that "... a god" or "... divine" is the proper rendering.
The Greek Article
The Greek article is often translated the, which is the English definite article, but it can have a range of meanings that can be quite different from those found in English, and require context to interpret. Ancient Greek does not have an indefinite article like the English word a, and nominatives without articles also have a range of meanings that require context to interpret.
Colwell's Rule
In interpreting this verse, Colwell's rule should be taken into consideration, which says that a definite predicate which is before the verb "to be" usually does not have the definite article. Ernest Cadman Colwell writes:
"The opening verse of John's Gospel contains one of the many passages where this rule suggests the translation of a predicate as a definite noun. Καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος [] looks much more like 'And the Word was God' than 'And the Word was divine' when viewed with reference to this rule. The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it. The context makes no such demand in the Gospel of John, for this statement cannot be regarded as strange in the prologue of the gospel which reaches its climax in the confession of Thomas [Footnote: John 20,28].'"
Jason David BeDuhn (Professor of Religious Studies at Northern Arizona University) criticizes Colwell's Rule as methodologically unsound and "not a valid rule of Greek grammar."
The Word was divine
The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c ("the Word was God"). One minority translation is "the Word was divine." The following support this type of translation:
Tertullian
Tertullian in the early third century wrote:"Now if this one [the Word] is God according to John ('the Word was God'), then you have two: one who speaks that it may be, and another who carries it out. However, how you should accept this as 'another' I have explained: as concerning person, not substance, and as distinction, not division. (Against Praxeus 12)"
In other words, the Persons are distinct but the substance is undivided. As Tertullian states in Against Praxeus 9 and 26, He is "so far God as He is of the same substance as God Himself ... and as a portion of the Whole ... as He Himself acknowledges: "My Father is greater than I."
At the beginning of chapter 13 of against Praxeus, Tertullian uses various Scriptures to argue for "two Gods," including: "One God spoke and another created" (cf. John 1:3).
"God, even Thy God, hath anointed Thee or made Thee His Christ" (cf. Psm 45).
"'In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.' There was One 'who was,' and there was another 'with whom'".
Origen
In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Literally, "god was the word". Origen of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, discusses the presence or absence of the article in Commentary on John, Book II, chap, 2. He states: He (John) uses the article, when the name of God refers to the uncreated cause of all things, and omits it when the Logos is named God. [...]
God on the one hand is Very God (Autotheos, God of Himself); and so the Saviour says in His prayer to the Father, "That they may know Thee the only true God;" (cf. John 17:3) but that all beyond the Very God is made God by participation in His divinity, and is not to be called simply God (with the article), but rather God (without article). Origen then continues to explain that the Son - the first-born of all creation – was the first to be "with God" (cf. John 1:1), attracted to Himself divinity from God, and gave that divinity to the other "gods:""And thus the first-born of all creation, who is the first to be with God, and to attract to Himself divinity, is a being of more exalted rank than the other gods beside Him, of whom God is the God [...] It was by the offices of the first-born that they became gods, for He drew from God in generous measure that they should be made gods, and He communicated it to them according to His own bounty."As R.P.C. Hanson stated in discussing the Apologists, "There were many different types and grades of deity in popular thought and religion and even in philosophical thought." Origen concludes that "the Word of God" is not "God ... of Himself" but because of "His being with the Father" (cf. John 1:1):"The true God, then, is 'The God,' and those who are formed after Him are gods, images, as it were, of Him the prototype. But the archetypal image, again, of all these images is the Word of God, who was in the beginning, and who by being with God is at all times God, not possessing that of Himself, but by His being with the Father, and not continuing to be God, if we should think of this, except by remaining always in uninterrupted contemplation of the depths of the Father."
Translations
Translations by James Moffatt, Edgar J. Goodspeed and Hugh J. Schonfield render part of the verse as "...the Word [Logos] was divine".
Murray J. Harris writes,"[It] is clear that in the translation 'the Word was God', the term God is being used to denote his nature or essence, and not his person. But in normal English usage 'God' is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead. Moreover, 'the Word was God' suggests that 'the Word' and 'God' are convertible terms, that the proposition is reciprocating. But the Word is neither the Father nor the Trinity ... The rendering cannot stand without explanation.'"
An Eastern/Greek Orthodox Bible commentary notes:
"This second theos could also be translated 'divine' as the construction indicates 'a qualitative sense for theos'. The Word is not God in the sense that he is the same person as the theos mentioned in 1:1a; he is not God the Father (God absolutely as in common NT usage) or the Trinity. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same uncreated nature or essence as God the Father, with whom he eternally exists. This verse is echoed in the Nicene Creed: 'God (qualitative or derivative) from God (personal, the Father), Light from Light, True God from True God... homoousion with the Father.'"Daniel B. Wallace (Professor of New Testament at Dallas Theological Seminary) argues that:"The use of the anarthrous theos (the lack of the definite article before the second theos) is due to its use as a qualitative noun, describing the nature or essence of the Word, sharing the essence of the Father, though they differed in person: he stresses: 'The construction the evangelist chose to express this idea was the most precise way he could have stated that the Word was God and yet was distinct from the Father'. He questions whether Colwell's rule helps in interpreting John 1:1. It has been said that Colwell's rule has been misapplied as its converse, as though it implied definiteness."Murray J. Harris (Emeritus Professor of NT Exegesis and Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School) discusses "grammatical, theological, historical, literary and other issues that affect the interpretation of θεὸς" and conclude that, among other uses, "is a christological title that is primarily ontological in nature" and adds that "the application of θεὸς to Jesus Christ asserts that Jesus is ... God-by-nature.
John L. McKenzie (Catholic Biblical scholar) wrote that ho Theos is God the Father, and adds that John 1:1 should be translated "the word was with the God [=the Father], and the word was a divine being."
In a 1973 Journal of Biblical Literature article, Philip B. Harner, Professor Emeritus of Religion at Heidelberg College, claimed that the traditional translation of John 1:1c ("and the Word was God") is incorrect. He endorses the New English Bible translation of John 1:1c, "and what God was, the Word was." However, Harner's claim has been criticized. Harner says:"Perhaps the clause could be translated, 'the Word had the same nature as God.' This would be one way of representing John's thought, which is, as I understand it, that ho logos, no less than ho theos, had the nature of theos."B. F. Westcott is quoted by C. F. D. Moule (Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge):"The predicate (God) stands emphatically first, as in 4:24. 'It is necessarily without the article (theós not ho theós) inasmuch as it describes the nature of the Word and does not identify His Person. It would be pure Sabellianism to say 'the Word was ho theós'. No idea of inferiority of nature is suggested by the form of expression, which simply affirms the true deity of the Word. Compare the converse statement of the true humanity of Christ five 27 (hóti huiòs anthrópou estín . . . ).'"James D. G. Dunn (Emeritus Lightfoot Professor at University of Durham) states:"Philo demonstrates that a distinction between ho theos and theos such as we find in John 1.1b-c, would be deliberate by the author and significant for the Greek reader. Not only so, Philo shows that he could happily call the Logos 'God/god' without infringing his monotheism (or even 'the second God' – Qu.Gen. II.62). Bearing in mind our findings with regard to the Logos in Philo, this cannot but be significant: the Logos for Philo is 'God' not as a being independent of 'the God' but as 'the God' in his knowability – the Logos standing for that limited apprehension of the one God which is all that the rational man, even the mystic may attain to.'"In summary, scholars and grammarians indicate that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same nature or essence as God the Father. In that case, "the Word was God" may be misleading because, in normal English, "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead.
The Word as a god
Some scholars oppose the translation ...a god, while other scholars believe it is possible or even preferable.
The rendering as "a god" is justified by some non-Trinitarians by comparing it with Acts 28:6 which has a similar grammatical construction' "The people expected him to swell up or suddenly fall dead; but after waiting a long time and seeing nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god.".
"Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god (theón)." (KJV)
"But they were expecting that he was going to swell up or suddenly drop dead. So after they had waited a long time and had seen nothing unusual happen to him, they changed their minds and said he was a god (theón)." (NET) However, it was noted that the Hebrew words El, HaElohim and Yahweh (all referring to God) were rendered as anarthrous theos in the Septuagint at, , , and among many other locations. Moreover, in the New Testament anarthrous theos was used to refer to God in locations including, , , and (although the last two references do have an adjective aspect to them). Therefore, anarthrous or arthrous constructions by themselves, without context, cannot determine how to render it into a target language. In the septuagint text, "supported by all MSS... reads πρὸς τὸν θεόν for the Hebrew עִם־ יְהֹוָ֔ה", but the oldest Greek text in Papyrus Fouad 266 has written πρὸς יהוה τὸν θεόν.
In the October 2011 Journal of Theological Studies, Brian J. Wright and Tim Ricchuiti reason that the indefinite article in the Coptic translation, of John 1:1, has a qualitative meaning. Many such occurrences for qualitative nouns are identified in the Coptic New Testament, including and. Moreover, the indefinite article is used to refer to God in and.
In the Beginning
"In the beginning (archē) was the Word (logos)" may be compared with: "'The reference to the opening words of the Old Testament is obvious, and is the more striking when we remember that a Jew would constantly speak of and quote from the book of Genesis as 'Berēshîth' ('in the beginning'). It is quite in harmony with the Hebrew tone of this Gospel to do so, and it can hardly be that St. John wrote his Berēshîth without having that of Moses present to his mind, and without being guided by its meaning."
* Genesis 1:1: "In the beginning God created heaven, and earth." The opening words of the Old Testament are also "In the beginning". Theologian Charles Ellicott wrote:
* Mark 1:1: "The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God."
* Luke 1:2: "According as they have delivered them unto us, who from the beginning (archē) were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word (logos).
* 1 John 1:1: "That which was from the beginning (archē), which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, of the word (logos) of life".
Debate on Article
The verse has been a source of much debate among Bible scholars and translators.
This verse and other concepts in the Johannine literature set the stage for the Logos-Christology in which the Apologists of the second and third centuries connected the divine Word of John 1:1-5 to the Hebrew Wisdom literature and to the divine Logos of contemporary Greek philosophy.
On the basis of John 1:1, Tertullian, early in the third century, argued for two Persons that are distinct but the substance is undivided, of the same substance.
In John 1:1c, logos has the article but theos does not. Origen of Alexandria, a teacher in Greek grammar of the third century, argued that John uses the article when theos refers to "the uncreated cause of all things." But the Logos is named theos without the article because He participates in the divinity of the Father because of "His being with the Father." Robert J. Wilkinson informs that Origen also "mentions the name Ιαω in his commentary on John 1:1, where in discussing divine names, he glosses ieremias as meteorismos Ιαω (exultation of Ιαω). This appears to be an entry from a list giving the meaning of Hebrew names in LXX".
The main dispute with respect to this verse relates to John 1:1c ("the Word was God"). One minority translation is "the Word was divine." This is based on the argument that the grammatical structure of the Greek does not identify the Word as the Person of God but indicates a qualitative sense. The point being made is that the Logos is of the same uncreated nature or essence as God the Father. In that case, "the Word was God" may be misleading because, in normal English, "God" is a proper noun, referring to the person of the Father or corporately to the three persons of the Godhead.
With respect to John 1:1, Ernest Cadman Colwell writes:"The absence of the article does not make the predicate indefinite or qualitative when it precedes the verb, it is indefinite in this position only when the context demands it."So, whether the predicate (theos) is definite, indefinite or qualitative depends on the context. Consequently, this article raises the concern that uncertainty with respect to the grammar may result in translations based on the theology of the translator. The commonly held theology that Jesus is God naturally leads to a corresponding translation. But a theology in which Jesus is subordinate to God leads to the conclusion that "... a god" or "... divine" is the proper rendering.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
* Chrysostom: "While all the other Evangelists begin with the Incarnation, John, passing over the Conception, Nativity, education, and growth, speaks immediately of the Eternal Generation, saying, In the beginning was the Word."
* Augustine: "The Greek word "logos" signifies both Word and Reason. But in this passage it is better to interpret it [as] Word; as referring not only to the Father, but to the creation of things by the operative power of the Word; whereas Reason, though it produce nothing, is still rightly called Reason."
* Augustine: "Words by their daily use, sound, and passage out of us, have become common things. But there is a word which remaineth inward, in the very man himself; distinct from the sound which proceedeth out of the mouth. There is a word, which is truly and spiritually that, which you understand by the sound, not being the actual sound. Now whoever can conceive the notion of word, as existing not only before its sound, but even before the idea of its sound is formed, may see enigmatically, and as it were in a glass, some similitude of that Word of Which it is said, In the beginning was the Word. For when we give expression to something which we know, the word used is necessarily derived from the knowledge thus retained in the memory, and must be of the same quality with that knowledge. For a word is a thought formed from a thing which we know; which word is spoken in the heart, being neither Greek nor Latin, nor of any language, though, when we want to communicate it to others, some sign is assumed by which to express it. [...] Wherefore the word which sounds externally, is a sign of the word which lies hid within, to which the name of word more truly appertains. For that which is uttered by the mouth of our flesh, is the voice of the word; and is in fact called word, with reference to that from which it is taken, when it is developed externally."
* Basil of Caesarea: "This Word is not a human word. For how was there a human word in the beginning, when man received his being last of all? There was not then any word of man in the beginning, nor yet of Angels; for every creature is within the limits of time, having its beginning of existence from the Creator. But what says the Gospel? It calls the Only-Begotten Himself the Word."
* Chrysostom: "But why omitting the Father, does he proceed at once to speak of the Son? Because the Father was known to all; though not as the Father, yet as God; whereas the Only-Begotten was not known. As was meet then, he endeavours first of all to inculcate the knowledge of the Son on those who knew Him not; though neither in discoursing on Him, is he altogether silent on the Father. And inasmuch as he was about to teach that the Word was the Only-Begotten Son of God, that no one might think this a passible (παθητὴν) generation, he makes mention of the Word in the first place, in order to destroy the dangerous suspicion, and show that the Son was from God impassibly. And a second reason is, that He was to declare unto us the things of the Father. (John. 15:15) But he does not speak of the Word simply, but with the addition of the article, in order to distinguish It from other words. For Scripture calls God's laws and commandments words; but this Word is a certain Substance, or Person, an Essence, coming forth impassibly from the Father Himself."
* Basil of Caesarea: "Wherefore then Word? Because born impassibly, the Image of Him that begat, manifesting all the Father in Himself; abstracting from Him nothing, but existing perfect in Himself."
* Basil of Caesarea: "Yet has our outward word some similarity to the Divine Word. For our word declares the whole conception of the mind; since what we conceive in the mind we bring out in word. Indeed our heart is as it were the source, and the uttered word the stream which flows therefrom."
* Chrysostom: "Observe the spiritual wisdom of the Evangelist. He knew that men honoured most what was most ancient, and that honouring what is before everything else, they conceived of it as God. On this account he mentions first the beginning, saying, In the beginning was the Word."
* Augustine: "Or, In the beginning, as if it were said, before all things."
* Basil of Caesarea: "The Holy Ghost foresaw that men would arise, who should envy the glory of the Only-Begotten, subverting their hearers by sophistry; as if because He were begotten, He was not; and before He was begotten, He was not. That none might presume then to babble such things, the Holy Ghost saith, In the beginning was the Word."
* Hilary of Poitiers: "Years, centuries, ages, are passed over, place what beginning thou wilt in thy imagining, thou graspest it not in time, for He, from Whom it is derived, still was."
* Chrysostom: "As then when our ship is near shore, cities and port pass in survey before us, which on the open sea vanish, and leave nothing whereon to fix the eye; so the Evangelist here, taking us with him in his flight above the created world, leaves the eye to gaze in vacancy on an illimitable expanse. For the words, was in the beginning, are significative of eternal and infinite essence."
* Council of Ephesus: "Wherefore in one place divine Scripture calls Him the Son, in another the Word, in another the Brightness of the Father; names severally meant to guard against blasphemy. For, forasmuch as thy son is of the same nature with thyself, the Scripture wishing to show that the Substance of the Father and the Son is one, sets forth the Son of the Father, born of the Father, the Only-Begotten. Next, since the terms birth and son, convey the idea of passibleness, therefore it calls the Son the Word, declaring by that name the impassibility of His Nativity. But inasmuch as a father with us is necessarily older than his son, lest thou shouldest think that this applied to the Divine nature as well, it calls the Only-Begotten the Brightness of the Father; for brightness, though arising from the sun, is not posterior to it. Understand then that Brightness, as revealing the coeternity of the Son with the Father; Word as proving the impassibility of His birth, and Son as conveying His consubstantiality."
* Chrysostom: "But they say that In the beginning does not absolutely express eternity: for that the same is said of the heaven and the earth: In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. (Gen. 1:1) But are not made and was, altogether different? For in like manner as the word is, when spoken of man, signifies the present only, but when applied to God, that which always and eternally is; so too was, predicated of our nature, signifies the past, but predicated of God, eternity."
* Origen: "The verb to be, has a double signification, sometimes expressing the motions which take place in time, as other verbs do; sometimes the substance of that one thing of which it is predicated, without reference to time. Hence it is also called a substantive verb."
* Hilary of Poitiers: "Consider then the world, understand what is written of it. In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth. Whatever therefore is created is made in the beginning, and thou wouldest contain in time, what, as being to be made, is contained in the beginning. But, lo, for me, an illiterate unlearned fisherman is independent of time, unconfined by ages, advanceth beyond all beginnings. For the Word was, what it is, and is not bounded by any time, nor commenced therein, seeing It was not made in the beginning, but was."
* Alcuin: " To refute those who inferred from Christ's Birth in time, that He had not been from everlasting, the Evangelist begins with the eternity of the Word, saying, In the beginning was the Word."
* Chrysostom: "Because it is an especial attribute of God, to be eternal and without a beginning, he laid this down first: then, lest any one on hearing in the beginning was the Word, should suppose the Word Unbegotten, he instantly guarded against this; saying, And the Word was with God."
* Hilary of Poitiers: "From the beginning, He is with God: and though independent of time, is not independent of an Author."
* Basil of Caesarea: "Again he repeats this, was, because of men blasphemously saying, that there was a time when He was not. Where then was the Word? Illimitable things are not contained in space. Where was He then? With God. For neither is the Father bounded by place, nor the Son by aught circumscribing."
* Origen: "It is worth while noting, that, whereas the Word is said to come [be made] to some, as to Hosea, Isaiah, Jeremiah, with God it is not made, as though it were not with Him before. But, the Word having been always with Him, it is said, and the Word was with God: for from the beginning it was not separate from the Father."
* Chrysostom: "He has not said, was in God, but was with God: exhibiting to us that eternity which He had in accordance with His Person."
* Theophylact of Ohrid: "Sabellius is overthrown by this text. For he asserts that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are one Person, Who sometimes appeared as the Father, sometimes as the Son, sometimes as the Holy Ghost. But he is manifestly confounded by this text, and the Word was with God; for here the Evangelist declares that the Son is one Person, God the Father another."
* Hilary of Poitiers: "But the title is absolute, and free from the offence of an extraneous subject. To Moses it is said, I have given thee for a god to Pharaoh: (Exod. 7:1) but is not the reason for the name added, when it is said, to Pharaoh? Moses is given for a god to Pharaoh, when he is feared, when he is entreated, when he punishes, when he heals. And it is one thing to be given for a God, another thing to be God. I remember too another application of the name in the Psalms, I have said, ye are gods. But there too it is implied that the title was but bestowed; and the introduction of, I said, makes it rather the phrase of the Speaker, than the name of the thing. But when I hear the Word was God, I not only hear the Word said to be, but perceive It proved to be, God."
* Basil of Caesarea: "Thus cutting off the cavils of blasphemers, and those who ask what the Word is, he replies, and the Word was God."
* Theophylact of Ohrid: " Or combine it thus. From the Word being with God, it follows plainly that there are two Persons. But these two are of one Nature; and therefore it proceeds, In the Word was God: to show that Father and Son are of One Nature, being of One Godhead."
* Origen: "We must add too, that the Word illuminates the Prophets with Divine wisdom, in that He cometh to them; but that with God He ever is, because He is God. For which reason he placed and the Word was with God, before and the Word was God."
* Chrysostom: "Not asserting, as Plato does, one to be intelligence, the other soul; for the Divine Nature is very different from this. [...] But you say, the Father is called God with the addition of the article, the Son without it. What say you then, when the Apostle. writes, The great God and our Saviour Jesus Christ; (Tit. 2:13) and again, Who is over all, God; (Rom. 9:5) and Grace be unto you and peace from God our Father; (Rom. 1:7) without the article? Besides, too, it were superfluous here, to affix what had been affixed just before. So that it does not follow, though the article is not affixed to the Son, that He is therefore an inferior God. | WIKI |
User:Loudfan/Jeffrey Cohen (author)
Jeffrey Cohen (author) is an award-winning American mystery writer who specializes in humorous cozy mysteries. He also writes the Haunted Guesthouse series of supernatural mysteries under the pseudonym E.J. Copperman.
Biography
Jeffrey Cohen is a graduate of Rutgers University. After spending over 20 years as a freelance writer for publications including The New York Times, TV Guide, USA Weekend and Writer’s Digest, Cohen published his first novel, For Whom the Minivan Rolls, in 2002. The book, an amateur sleuth mystery featuring stay-at-home dad and freelance writer Aaron Tucker, was followed by two sequels, A Farewell To Legs and As Dog Is My Witness. | WIKI |
North-West Telecom
North West Telecom (ОАО «Северо-западный телеком») is part of Rostelecom, providing telecommunications service to northwest Russia.
North-West Telecom became part of Rostelecom on April 1, 2011, together with the seven other Svyazinvest regional telecommunications operators and OJSC Dagsvyazinform.
Operations
The company operates the following branches:
* Arkhangelsk branch, Arkhangelsk
* Kaliningrad branch, Kaliningrad
* Karelia branch, Petrozavodsk
* Komi branch, Syktyvkar
* Leningrad region branch, St. Petersburg
* Murmansk branch, Murmansk
* Novgorod branch, Veliky Novgorod
* Pskov branch, Pskov
* St-Petersburg branch, St. Petersburg
* Vologda branch, Vologda
Note: there are separate branches for St-Petersburg and for the Leningrad Area. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Scouting in Cumbria
The result was Keep (closed by non-admin) as per consensus. RMHED 16:05, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
Scouting in Cumbria
* – (View AfD) (View log)
I seem to recall that there was a policy against local chapters of larger organisations having their own pages. In any case, the article says that there is scouting in Cumbria, then provides us with links to outside websites for the various chapters, which I know is against Wikipedia policy. Nothing on the page suggests anything at all notable. Fee Fi Foe Fum 08:22, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* This AfD nomination was incomplete. It is listed now. DumbBOT 12:39, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keep We avoid articles for individual units, but an article for the regional umbrella boddy is OK Mayalld 17:35, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keep per Mayalld --Tagishsimon (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 18:15, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. The consensus developed over a couple of years is that there can be articles on the Scouting unit below the national level. In the US and Australia this means States and in the UK it means Counties. Local chapters (although the term Chapter is never used, at least in UK Scouting) are the individual Scout Groups or Troops and articles on these have been deleted or merged into articles on States or Counties. This has also happened for Scout Districts, individual Gang Shows and so on. The Scouting Project keeps a close eye on these matters. --Bduke 21:09, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keepper all the above. — Rlevse • Talk • 21:12, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* speedy keep-there is an article on every Scout county in England, that's not a local chapter, that's a regional org. Chris 22:30, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keep The guideline in question is Notability (organizations and companies), specifically:
* The Scouting Project guideline at WikiProject Scouting/MOS is derived from the WP guideline. --— Gadget850 (Ed) talk - 00:38, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keep per Mayalld -Phips 14:05, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
* Keep --evrik (talk) 22:20, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Page:Antony and Cleopatra (1921) Yale.djvu/138
126
You with your children will he send before.
Make your best use of this; I have perform'd
Your pleasure and my promise.
Cleo. Dolabella,
I shall remain your debtor.
Dol. I your servant.
Adieu, good queen; I must attend on Cæsar.
Cleo. Farewell, and thanks.
Now, Iras, what think'st thou?
Thou, an Egyptian puppet, shalt be shown
In Rome, as well as I; mechanic slaves
With greasy aprons, rules and hammers, shall
Uplift us to the view; in their thick breaths,
Rank of gross diet, shall we be enclouded,
And forc'd to drink their vapour.
Iras. The gods forbid!
Cleo. Nay, 'tis most certain, Iras. Saucy lictors
Will catch at us, like strumpets, and scald rimers
Ballad us out o' tune; the quick comedians
Extemporally will stage us, and present
Our Alexandrian revels. Antony
Shall be brought drunken forth, and I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness
I' the posture of a whore.
Iras. O, the good gods!
Cleo. Nay, that's certain.
Iras. I'll never see it; for, I am sure my nails
Are stronger than mine eyes.
Cleo. Why, that's the way
To fool their preparation, and to conquer
Their most absurd intents.
213 lictors: officials attendant on Roman magistrates
214 scald: mean
218, 219 and I shall see greatness; cf. n.
220 posture: behavior
| WIKI |
User:Pgmshen/sandbox
Shen Chi Do (or Shenchido), formally referred to as Shen Chi Do Association, is a martial arts association founded by Shener Dervish in 1979, currently a 10th Dan Professor Grand Master of the art, who has studied and researched several martial arts and weapon techniques including sword, fan, staff etc.
After a decade and a half of training in various martial arts, including a number of other disciplines, Professor Grand Master Shen decided that the best way forward for him was to put all his cumulative knowledge of the martial arts together to build Shen Chi Do.
Shen Chi Do is structured and taught in a manner that will greatly enhance the physical, mental and spiritual aspirations of students who are sincere and thorough in its study. | WIKI |
China's Ant Financial, Vanguard form Shanghai-based venture: government records
SHANGHAI (Reuters) - Chinese fintech company Ant Financial Services has formed a joint venture with a Shanghai unit of U.S.-based asset management firm The Vanguard Group, government records showed. The venture marks a high-profile partnership of Jack Ma-controlled Ant Financial with an overseas asset management company. The online national registry for businesses listed an entity under the Vanguard name, with registered capital of 20 million yuan ($2.88 million) and Huang Hao as its legal representative. Huang is one of Ant Financial’s top leaders. While details are scarce, the equity joint venture will likely entail Ant Financial offering some of Vanguard’s services to Chinese consumers, said Peter Alexander, managing director, Z-Ben Advisors. “Even though no one knows specifically what they’re going to do, I think it stands to reason that Vanguard will bring their expertise in running passive portfolios and Ant will bring their expertise in placement and distribution,” he added. Spokespersons for Ant Financial and Vanguard Group declined to comment on the joint venture. Vanguard had launched a wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE) in China in May 2017; and has about $5.2 trillion in assets as of Jan. 31, 2019. Ant Financial, an affiliate of Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba Group Holding Ltd, currently operates Yu’ebao - the world’s largest money market fund. The company, which holds 1.13 trillion yuan ($168.2 billion) in net assets as of 2018-end, was launched as a third-party online payment provider. It has since branched out into consumer finance, and offers loans for small businesses, consumer credit, and other services. In September 2018, Fidelilty Guaranty & Life Holdings Inc said it has formed a “research partnership” with Ant Financial. Reporting by Josh Horwitz and Samuel Shen in Shanghai, Editing by Sherry Jacob-Phillips | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 03.djvu/474
LEFT DOVEB 412 BOWDEN built up chiefly with brick. Among its noteworthy buildings are a handsome State house, large court house, and new United States Government building. Con- nected with the State house is a State library with upward of 80,000 volumes. There are several churches, a National and a State bank, fruit evaporating and packing- establishments, steam flour mill, foundry, machine shop, and sash, fruit crate, glass, and carriage factories. DOVER, a city and county-seat of Strafford co., N. H.; at the head of navi- gation on Cocheco river, and on the Bos- ton and Maine railroad; 168 miles N. N. E. of Boston. It is situated on hilly ground, is regularly laid out, and has many handsome buildings and residences. The river at this point has a depth of 11 feet, affording good shipping accommo- dations. The falls of Cocheco, within the city limits, are the source of abundant water power. Dover's industries include several large cotton and woolen mills, an extensive print works, manufactories of boots and shoes, oil cloth, hats and caps, and several tanneries, brass and iron foundries, and machine shops. There are several churches, high school, St. Jo- seph's Hill School, Franklin Academy, National banks, several savings banks, daily and weekly newspapers. There are monuments to persons distinguished in Revolutionary history. It is the oldest city in the State; settled in 1623; nearly destroyed by the Indians in 1689; and chartered as a city in 1855. Pop. (1910) 13,247; (1920) 13,029. DOVER, a city in Morris co., N. J.; on the Rockaway river, the Lackawanna and the New Jersey Central railroads, and the Morris and Essex canal; 28 miles W. of Newark. It has extensive iron interests, railroad shops, machine shops, furnace and stove factories, and silk and hosiery mills. Five miles dis- tant is a government powder magazine. Nearby are Lake Hopatcong, Mt. Ar- lington, Budd's Lake, and Schooley's Mountain, all noted summer resorts. The city has a high school, several churches, business college, daily and weekly news- papers, electric lights, and National bank. Pop. (1910) 7,468; (1920) 9,803. DOVER, a city of Ohio, in Tuscarawas CO. It was formerly known as Canal Dover. The city is on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Pennsylvania, and other rail- roads. It is an important industrial cen- ter and has a large plant of the United States Steel Corporation and several im- portant coke and coal companies. It has also important plants for manufacturing electrical devices. Pop. (1910) 6.621; (1920) 8,101. DOVER, STRAITS OF, the narrow channel between Dover and Calais which separates Great Britain from the French coast. At the narrowest part it is only 21 miles wide. DOVER'S POWDER, a powder com- pounded of 10 parts each of ipecacuanha and powdered opium, and 80 parts of sul- phate of potash. It is employed as a sudorific and sedative. DOW, ABTHUR WESLEY, an Amer- ican artist; born at Ipswich, Mass. He was educated in Boston and Paris. He exhibited in the Paris Salon in 1886- 1887. He was for some time curator of Japanese art in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and from 1895 to 1304 he was instructor in art at the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, and instructor in composition at the Art Students' League from 1897 to 1903. From 1904 h? was professor of fine arts in the Teachers' College, Columbia University. He wrote "Compositions" (1898), and published several books of color prints of especially high merit. DOW, or DOUW (properly Dou), OERARD, a Dutch painter, the son of a glazier; bom in Leyden, April 7, 1613. He studied under Rembrandt, and united his master's manner in chiaroscuro with the most minute finish and delicacy. His pictures are generally of small size and mostly scenes of family life. Dow died in Leyden in 1675. DOW, NEAL, an American temper- ance reformer; born in Portland, Me., March 20, 1804. He was the author of the bill which prohibited the manufac- ture and sale of intoxicating liquors in the State of Maine, widelv known as the "Maine Law." During the Civil War he was colonel of a Maine regiment and a Brigadier-General of volunteers. He died Oct. 2, 1897. DOWAGIAC, a city of Michigan, in Cass CO. It is on the Michigan Central railroad. It is the center of an impor- tant farming region, and its industries include flour and lumber mills, a can- ning factory, and a gas factory. It has a public library and manufactures of stoves, gloves, furnaces, etc. Pop. (1910) 5,088; (1920) 5,440. DOWDEN, EDWARD, an Irish poet and historian; born in Cork, May 3, 1843. He was Professor of English Literature in Trinity College, Dublin. He published a volume of "Poems' (1876); his other writing are biological and critical, e. g., "Shakespeare, his Mind and Art" (1872), a work of high arthority, which reached a fifth edition (1887) and has been translat/^d into | WIKI |
Introduction to MLDesigner Domains
In MLDesigner, an executable model is made up of primitive- and module instances connected via transitions. Each model instance may be modeled in a different domain to that of the parent model. In mixing domains, the key objective is to ensure that at the interface, the child module obeys the semantic of the parent domain. This method of interfacing is called a 'wormhole'.
Simulation Domains
Code Generation Domains
A specialized interpreter runs the specification to generate simulation results. In particular, those domains are differentiated between timed and untimed.
Models of this domain tanslate the specification into another model (usually a programming language such as ANSI C, C++, VHDL) and then optionally manage the execution of that generated code
Timed and Untimed Domains
Simulation domains can be either timed or untimed. Untimed domains carry no notion of time in their semantic model. Instead of chronology, they deal only with the order of particles or actions. Timed domains have a notion of simulated time, where each particle or action is modeled as occurring at some particular point in this simulated time. Particles and actions are processed chronologically. Timed and untimed domains can be mixed. From the perspective of a timed domain, actions in an untimed domain will appear to be instantaneous. Timed domains can exist at several levels in the hierarchy, or in parallel at a given level of the hierarchy, separated by untimed domains, and their chronologies will be synchronized.
That is, the notion of simulated time in MLDesigner is a global notion. When particles and actions are processed chronologically in each timed domain present, they will be processed chronologically globally. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
JavaScript Tutorial Center
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Welcome to JavaScript tutorial. We present our tutorial in a straight forward manner to help you master JavaScript programming effortlessly. Our tutor, Dr.Liew, has also authored a JavaScript book for enhanced learning. The digital version is available for your mobile devices and Kindle. You might also want to learn HTML as it works hand in hand with JavaScript to build an interactive webpage.
What is JavaScript?
It is a scripting language that works with HTML to enhance web pages and make them more interactive. A script is made up of a sequence of statements that give instructions for the computer to perform certain tasks, for examples, like providing a response to the users, to play a song, to start a slide show, to display certain advertisements and so on. JavaScript can turn a web page into a lively interactive platform for the world wide web users!
Why use JavaScript?
Why use JavaScript? You may have this question in mind. Well, let me get to the point. HTML or HyperText Markup Language was the only language that was used to present text and graphics as well as links to the world wide web users in the 90’s of the last century . Although it was a vast improvement from the earlier text-only browsers like Gopher, it was relatively passive and static, it cannot interact much with the user. That is why we need JavaScript to make browsing the web a more interesting and useful experience for the Internet user
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Marcus Thuram
Marcus Lilian Thuram-Ulien (born 6 August 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Inter Milan and the France national team.
Thuram began his professional career at Sochaux in 2015, where he played in three Ligue 2 seasons, before moving to Guingamp in 2017, spending two years in Ligue 1. He then joined Borussia Mönchengladbach spending four seasons in Germany, before he signed for Inter Milan as a free agent in 2023, winning Serie A in his first season.
Thuram made his senior international debut for France in 2020 and was part of their squads at the UEFA European Championship in 2020 and 2024, and the 2022 FIFA World Cup, finishing as runner-up at the latter.
Sochaux
Thuram started his professional career at Sochaux, where he also played for the club's youth team. He made his Ligue 2 debut on 20 March 2015 against Châteauroux, replacing Edouard Butin on 83 minutes. He played 43 total matches for Sochaux and scored one goal, in a 3–1 loss at Tours on 14 April 2017.
Guingamp
On 5 July 2017, Thuram joined Ligue 1 club Guingamp for an undisclosed fee. In August 2018, he gained attention for playing against Paris Saint-Germain goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon, a long-term teammate of his father at Parma and Juventus.
Thuram scored an added-time penalty on 9 January 2019 to eliminate holders PSG from the quarter-finals of the Coupe de la Ligue, having earlier missed from the spot in the 2–1 win at the Parc des Princes. Twenty days later he scored the equaliser in a 2–2 home draw with Monaco in the semi-final, and his attempt in the subsequent penalty shootout was saved by Danijel Subašić though Guingamp nonetheless advanced.
2019–20: Debut season
On 22 July 2019, Borussia Mönchengladbach announced they had signed Thuram on a four-year deal. The transfer fee paid to Guingamp was reported as €12 million. He was given the number 10 shirt, vacated by Thorgan Hazard after his move to Borussia Dortmund. He made his debut for Gladbach on 9 August in the first round of the DFB-Pokal away to 2. Bundesliga club SV Sandhausen, and scored the only goal. He got his first Bundesliga goals on his fifth appearance on 22 September, scoring both of a 2–1 home win over Fortuna Düsseldorf.
On 31 May 2020, Thuram scored twice in a 4–1 win over Union Berlin. He took a knee after his first goal of the match and dedicated the strike in honour of ongoing protests in the United States following the murder of George Floyd.
2021–2023: Later seasons and Champions League qualification
On 27 October 2020, Thuram scored twice in a 2–2 draw with Real Madrid in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League. On 19 December, Thuram was sent off for spitting in the face of opponent Stefan Posch as Gladbach fell to a 2–1 defeat to Hoffenheim, and was given a six-match ban and a €40,000 fine.
Thuram failed to score in his first 15 Bundesliga matches of the 2021–22 Bundesliga season. He later scored only three goals, one each against Wolfsburg, Stuttgart and Greuther Fürth.
As of November 2022, Thuram managed to score 10 goals in 15 Bundesliga matches, in which he equaled his personal best since the debut season.
In April 2023, Gladbach's sporting director Roland Virkus confirmed that Thuram would depart the club at the end of the 2022–23 campaign, having chosen not to renew his contract.
Inter Milan
On 1 July 2023, Thuram was officially signed as a free agent by the Serie A team, Inter Milan. His contract with the club is set to last until June 2028. On 3 September, he scored his first goal in a 4–0 win over Fiorentina. On 3 October, he scored his first Champions League goal for the club in a 1–0 victory over Benfica in the group stage, becoming the third Frenchman to score in this competition for Inter after Youri Djorkaeff (1998 vs Sturm Graz) and Patrick Vieira (2006 vs Bayern Munich). He scored 13 goals and added an equal number of assists as Inter won the league in his first season.
International career
Thuram was a member of France U19 which won the 2016 UEFA European Championship. In November 2020, he was called up for the first time to the senior team, ahead of games against Finland, Portugal and Sweden. He debuted on 11 November in a friendly against the Finns, a 2–0 loss at the Stade de France. He was called up for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 in May 2021.
On 14 November 2022, Thuram received a late call-up for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, raising the squad to 26 players. In the final against Argentina, he and Randal Kolo Muani were brought on in place of Ousmane Dembélé and Olivier Giroud with France losing 2–0 in the 41st minute. He assisted Kylian Mbappé's equalizer to make it 2–2 at the end of regulation time, and was also booked for diving in the penalty area; France lost in a penalty shootout after a 3–3 draw. On 7 September, he scored his first international goal in a 2–0 win over Ireland during the Euro 2024 qualifying.
Personal life
Thuram is the son of the former French international footballer Lilian Thuram, and the older brother of the professional footballer Khéphren Thuram. He was born in the Italian city of Parma while his father played for the club, and was named after Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey. Despite his father playing for Juventus and Barcelona, he as a child supported Milan and Real Madrid. Thuram is of Guadeloupean descent through his father.
International
* France score listed first, score column indicates score after each Thuram goal.
Honours
Guingamp
* Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2018–19
Inter Milan
* Serie A: 2023–24
* Supercoppa Italiana: 2023
France U19
* UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2016
France
* FIFA World Cup: runner-up: 2022
Individual
* Bundesliga Rookie of the Month: September 2019, October 2019, November 2019
* Serie A Goal of the Month: September 2023 | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2010 March 25
Category:Companies based in Columbus, Ohio
* The result of the discussion was:, see Categories for discussion/Log/2010 April 7. -- Black Falcon (talk) 07:51, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Companies based in Columbus, Ohio to Category:Companies based in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area
* Nominator's rationale: Rename. Based on the introduction the category covers the city and the surrounding area so the proposed name would be more accurate. The question is, is it better to rename as proposed and allow recreation of the city category if needed? Or if we need both, is it better to create the metro area category and cleanup the current category? Vegaswikian (talk) 23:05, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Question -- If the metropolitan area is larger than the legal extent of the city, how do you intend to provide a definite limit to the scope of the category? Peterkingiron (talk) 09:31, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* Metro areas are usually defined by the counties they encompass, so the OMB/Census Bureau-defined Metropolitan Statistical Area is usually reliable.- choster (talk) 04:52, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
* Keep and cleanup. In the long run I expect most of these companies to get upmerged into city and county categories, and Columbus being a major city should be able to populate its own category. While metro areas are an easy way to comprehend a city and its vicinity, they do not necessarily help fix the subject in space; one "San Francisco Bay Area company" could be a three-hour drive from another, and county borders change less often than metropolitan area definitions.- choster (talk) 04:52, 30 March 2010 (UTC)`
Category:Country record labels
* The result of the discussion was: Rename all. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 07:28, 6 April 2010 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Country record labels to Category:Country music record labels
* Category:American country record labels -> Category:American country music record labels
* Category:Australian country record labels -> Category:Australian country music record labels
* Category:British country record labels -> Category:British country music record labels
* Category:Canadian country record labels -> Category:Canadian country music record labels
* Category:German country record labels -> Category:German country music record labels
* Category:Irish country record labels -> Category:Irish country music record labels
* Nominator's rationale:
To disambiguate to Country music, of course, and match parent category Category:Country music. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 16:49, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Neutral. On the one hand, I agree with the nominator - "country" => "country music" seems to be a clarification, but on the other hand, the result can be still read as "American country" + "music record labels" (as if there could be any other "record labels", besides "music"). --GreyCat (talk) 17:39, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Support renames to better clarify content of categories. Alansohn (talk) 22:12, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. "Record label" is a term only used in the music industry so the addition of music in the titles is unnecessary. As mentioned above, it comes out looking as though it is referring to "music record labels" as opposed to some other type of record label. Cjc13 (talk) 13:32, 29 March 2010 (UTC)
* Rename to match parent category and article. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:41, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
Category:Radical Faeries
* The result of the discussion was: keep, noting that at this time most of the biographies include a sourced claim of membership. The two exceptions are: Fausto Fernós (has "Further reading" sources, but lacks inline citation) and Michael Warner. -- Black Falcon (talk) 07:46, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
* radical faeries
* Nominator's rationale: Delete - membership in this minor yet important social group is not a defining characteristic of the vast majority of its members. Most of the individuals included in the category have no mention of the Radical Faeries in their articles, suggesting that inclusion is being based on original research. Otto4711 (talk) 07:52, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks for your comments on the Radical Faerie category. I'm somewhat new to Wikipedia, but was hoping you could help. Since it would be easy to document with independent sources the participation of each of the individuals in the category who do not currently list Radical Faerie membership in their article, would your concern regarding the category be answered if such additions were made to the articles that don't currently include them? I took a quick look at the articles that lack Radical Faerie mention, and it would be easy to document this. Thoughts? Harveymilk (talk) 04:29, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
* Yes, that would indeed help. Categories should be supported by content, ideally well-sourced, within the article. -- Banj e b oi 11:29, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
* Being a part of the Radical Faeries has strongly influenced the careers of many of the members of this category - Justin Bond, Jake Shears, and John Cameron Mitchell come to mind. A couple of the others are founders of the organization - John Burnside (inventor), Harry Hay, and Mitch Walker, for example. Another member of the category has written extensively on Radical Faeries - Will Roscoe. That's 10 out of the current 15 members of the cat where it *is* a major or defining characteristic. If citations are needed, that's fine - they'll be provided. But keep the category. -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 04:49, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
* Keep. Per above. -- Banj e b oi 11:29, 28 March 2010 (UTC)
* Keep as a defining characteristic of the individuals included here. Alansohn (talk) 02:36, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
* Delete. Looks like a sort-of "club"-type membership--judging by the (lack of) mention of this in the articles in this category that I looked at, I have a hard time believing membership in this is defining. The category creator has admitted that he was unsure of how to proceed, and it's clear that cited information about membership in this group has yet to be to be added to articles. This needs to happen before the articles are placed in the category. So delete until this happens, and then it could be re-assessed. Good Ol’factory (talk) 06:56, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
* ?? I've been through all the articles in the category and added referenced material to indicate people's membership in it. -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 21:51, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
* ?? You mean like Tom Spanbauer, where the category is applied even though it says nothing about the topic in the article itself? Good Ol’factory (talk) 22:26, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
* Thank you for catching that. I had worked my way down to "S" and missed his. I'll do that now. -- SatyrTN (talk / contribs) 05:23, 7 April 2010 (UTC)
Category:Frank Black albums
* The result of the discussion was: rename to Category:Black Francis albums. It may be possible to reduce the possibility of confusion by leaving a category redirect from to and adding a category description indicating that they are the same person. -- Black Falcon (talk) 05:07, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Frank Black albums to Category:Black Francis albums
* Nominator's rationale: per main article, Black Francis —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 06:37, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Rename per nom. –CapitalLetterBeginning (talk) 08:27, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Comment – Frank Black (album) is evidently a Frank Black album (see its cover). How about making Category:Frank Black albums a subcat of Category:Black Francis albums? Occuli (talk) 10:09, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Comment They're really just arbitrary pseudonyms of the same person. As best as I can tell, "Frank Black" and "Black Francis" aren't separate personas like Chris Gaines to Garth Brooks. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 16:20, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* My point is that the article Frank Black (album) doesn't mention Black Francis and it is therefore far from evident (from the article) that it is a 'Black Francis album'. We could put 'Frank Black aka Black Francis' in the respective articles. (What do we do with Prince?) Occuli (talk) 20:10, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* They're all at . Though I certainly did try to promote 06+> as an alternative to "The Artist formerly known as Prince" during that era. Bearcat (talk) 23:56, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
* Rename per Capital. Also, as nom points out, the alternate name was not a separate musical persona in the line of Chris Gaines vs. Garth Brooks, so a subcategory is not needed. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Many otters • One bat • One hammer) 19:48, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. He primarily used “Black Francis” as a member of the Pixies and primarily used “Frank Black” during his solo career. Moving the article would be more appropriate. ―AoV² 13:41, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
* Actually, he's switched back to using "Black Francis" now, even for solo stuff. So the article is at the name that he's currently using, which is what makes this a tricky one. Bearcat (talk) 23:51, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
* Support Rename to match title of parent article. Alansohn (talk) 22:13, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
* This might be one of those cases where we have to include both names, in the style or something of that ilk. They aren't really separate personas, so having separate categories isn't really appropriate, but I understand the concerns of people who think it may get a bit confusing and arbitrary to just choose one name over the other. No opinion, just two cents for the pot. Bearcat (talk) 23:56, 27 March 2010 (UTC)
Category:Swingin Utters albums
* The result of the discussion was: rename to Category:Swingin' Utters albums. -- Black Falcon (talk) 05:01, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
* Propose renaming Category:Swingin Utters albums to Category:Swingin' Utters albums
* Nominator's rationale: Per main, Swingin' Utters. Possibly speedy as a misspelling. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 06:55, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 05:08, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so consensus may be reached.
* Rename per nom. Occuli (talk) 09:48, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
Category:French people of British people
* The result of the discussion was: Speedy deleted per WP:CSD. A category created in error and never used can be deleted just by tagging it with db-author. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:40, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* french people of british people
* Nominator's rationale: 'mental typo' - tried to list this speedy but couldnt Mayumashu (talk) 01:29, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
Category:Muslim Students' Association
* The result of the discussion was: Delete. Consensus in the survey and comments favor not keeping this category. I looked at a few articles and it is not clear how defining this membership is for the individuals. A navbox template might better address the interrelationship of the various organizations that are related by showing how they relate. This could be done with categories but then we would have a series of very small categories. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:35, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
* muslim students' association
* Nominator's rationale: Delete. Single article-category, and the one article (Ramzi Yousef) doesn't even mention the Muslim Students' Association. -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:21, 25 March 2010 (UTC) Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:21, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Keep. I believe I've addressed both issues, the first by doing a quick search of the MSA on wp articles, and adding a good number of articles to the cat, and second by adding a WSJ article ref and text to the Yousef article about his co-founding the MSA at Rutgers.--Epeefleche (talk) 01:51, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. It looks like any article that mentions Muslim Students' Association in any context has been added to the category. I'm having a hard time seeing how this is a helpful categorization at this stage. It maybe could be if it were cleaned up, but it looks like we've gone from casting the net too narrowly to it being cast much too widely. Good Ol’factory (talk) 04:55, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* That's not the case. There are more I could point to or add if you like.--Epeefleche (talk) 06:02, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* For example, I don't think Islam in Delaware should be in the category, nor should Isna convention. Good Ol’factory (talk) 09:23, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Feel free to take them out, though -- without my checking -- isn't the ISNA convention a joint one w/MSA, and that the big event of the year for both?--Epeefleche (talk) 10:44, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* I was just going by what was written in the article on it. According to it, the only connection is the MSA holds a "parallel" convention at the same time. The article could be wrong, of course, but it seems to me the article should be fixed with sourcing if it's going to be so categorized. Good Ol’factory (talk) 20:49, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Delete per nom. -- RP459 Talk/Contributions 21:41, 3 April 2010 (UTC)
Category:Racing wheel templates
* The result of the discussion was: merge to Category:Video game hardware templates. -- Black Falcon (talk) 04:59, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
* Propose merging Category:Racing wheel templates to Category:Video game hardware templates
* Nominator's rationale: Single-article category, no apparent likelihood of expansion. Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:04, 25 March 2010 (UTC)
* Merge Even if one or two more such templates could be created, that would be the end of it; there's just not enough of the things out there. Bradjamesbrown (talk) 15:29, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Macy's stock takes a dive after S&P cuts credit to 'junk'
Shares of Macy's Inc. took an midday dive Tuesday, after S&P Global Ratings downgraded the department store chain's credit to "junk" status, citing a weaker profitability outlook after the company unveiled its three-year strategic plan. The stock was down 3.9%, after being down about 1.4% prior to the downgrade. S&P cut its rating one notch to BB+, which is the highest speculative grade rating, from BBB-. The rating's outlook is stable. S&P said Macy's three-year "Polaris" plan, which includes a significant reduction of the store network, focus on growth in private label brands and off-price stores and cost cutting, has "considerable" execution risks. "While we believe management's strategic plan is a necessary step toward rightsizing the enterprise, it demonstrates to us that the company's competitive advantage has diminished more than we expected, and to a point that we no longer believe is consistent with an investment-grade rating," S&P wrote in a research note. "We now project operating performance will deteriorate over the next several quarters, with declines in comparable same-store sales." Fellow rating agencies Moody's Investors Service rates Macy's at Baa3, the lowest investment-grade rating, and said last week that the strategic plan was "credit positive." Macy's stock has lost 5.1% over the past three months, while the SPDR S&P Retail ETF has eased 0.1% and the S&P 500 has gained 7.8%. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Cayo Coco
Cayo Coco is an island in the Jardines del Rey (engl. King's Gardens) chain off the north coast of Ciego de Avila province in Central Cuba.
Cayo Coco is very relaxing and is the perfect place to go to if you want to do close to nothing for your vacation. You will find a few resorts, a spa, an international clinic (hospital), a night club (the Bat Cave) and an airport. In other words, there is not much to do or to visit there but sometimes all you need for your vacation is a little calm and quiet, and you will find that in Cayo Coco.
Understand
While beautiful in terms of nature, Cayo Coco is hardly part of typical Cuba. These islands are isolated from the mainland, connected only by a man-made causeway 27 kilometers long. Access is controlled by a security checkpoint.
A visit to Morón is a good way to see more of what Cuba really is like. Taxi drivers can organize inexpensive tours for groups of 4-5 people which may include visiting a country farmhouse.
Talk
The language spoken in Cayo Coco is Spanish. Cubans have free education and you will often find a Cuban able to speak many languages but sometimes not fluently. Most employees of all-inclusive hotels understand and speak some basic English. Outside of resorts, you may have some difficulties to communicate if you don`t understand or speak a little bit of Spanish.
Get in
Many airlines and charters fly to Cayo Coco airport (CCC). From Canada, you have Air Canada, Sunwing, Westjet, Air Transat and Cubana that provide service from many Canadian cities. European centres of London, Glasgow, Manchester, Milan, Moscow, Paris and Warsaw are all connected to Cayo Coco by European carriers.
Get around
From the airport to resorts, your transportation is already organised in big comfortable buses. It takes about 15 minutes to get to the hotels which are all located around the same area on the north shore of Cayo Coco island.
Your resort sometimes may organise disco to other resorts (so all the tourists of different resorts can party together) or go to the only night club located on Cayo Coco island, the bat cave. They provide the transportation in vans or buses for a minimum fee.
See
Playa Pilar is one of the most beautiful beaches of the world. It is possible to take the local bus (hop on, hop off style). It costs 5CUC, but it takes an hour because it stops at every resort and it's located in Cayo Guillermo Island. There's chairs in the beach but you have to pay 5CUC to use them. It is also possible to reach the beach by catamaran but it depends it itinerary.
It is also possible to visit the nearest town Morón. We can also visit the capital city Ciego de Avila and a crocodile farm. Theres some tours organise from most of the resorts
Do
Most of the people come to Cayo Coco to enjoy the beautiful white sand beach and enjoy some hot weather while escaping the freezing Canadian winter. There's also many activities provided in most resort such as aquaform, dancing lessons or night shows.
* The usual sort of all-inclusive stuff. Fry in the sun, drink too much, prove that white men can't dance.
Eat
Someone who decides to go to anywhere in Cuba needs to keep an open mind when mealtime arrives. They are very limited in resources and they don't import anything from the USA. Importation being very expensive since goods come from Europe. They use well what they have and you will rarely eat something that tastes bad unless you are picky, but you will sometime find the food a little bland. Cuban food is not spicy at all. They serve a lot of chicken, pork and fish. Plenty of vegetables. Some fruits. Here is a hint, bring steak spice and tabasco on your trip and you will always have seasoning.
Usually all the meals are included in most all inclusive resorts. They also have snackbars and à la carte restaurants.
Sleep
Several hotels - all "all-inclusive", most operated by foreign companies:
* Melia Cayo Coco
* Sol Club Cayo Coco
* Iberostar Cayo Coco
* Iberostar Mojito
* Tryp Cayo Coco
* Blau Colonial
* Hotel Playa Coco
* Memories Caribe
* Iberostar Daiquiri
* Memories Flamenco
* Pestana Cayo Coco
* Melia Jardines del Rey
* Pullman Cayo Coco
Go next
The nearest town is Morón. There's also a cavern converted into a disco place. It's a nice place to have a good. There's transportation form most resort to this cave. | WIKI |
User:CU Airbnb
Hello! I'm Charlie and I work for Airbnb. I've registered this account so I can propose updates to the Airbnb Wikipedia article and others related to the company. I will be sure to share possible edits on article Talk pages for editors to review, instead of editing pages directly. Please message me if you have any concerns.
A bit more about me - I currently live in San Francisco and love to travel, read, and make pasta in my spare time. | WIKI |
Evercore’s G5 Advisors Aims to Raise $1 Billion for Brazilian Equity Funds
Evercore Partners Inc. (EVR) ’s joint
venture in Brazil, G5 Advisors , is aiming to raise more than $1
billion to start three private-equity funds and a commercial
real-estate fund in Sao Paulo . “We see investors’ continuing appetite for Brazilian
assets,” Corrado Varoli, G5’s co-founder, said yesterday in an
interview. “Evercore will invest with us in the funds and will
help us to raise money.” Takeovers of Brazilian companies this year are keeping pace
with 2010’s record volume, with 326 deals totaling $64.4
billion, data compiled by Bloomberg show. Last year’s total for
the same period was $65.3 billion. G5 wants to raise about $400 million for an oil and gas
fund, $300 million for investing in power and utility assets and
$200 million for luxury brands, Varoli said. The Sao Paulo-based
mergers and acquisitions advisory boutique is also seeking 400
million reais ($252 million) for a commercial real-estate fund
focusing on shopping centers in Brazil , he said. Varoli, 50, a former partner at Goldman Sachs Group Inc.,
founded G5 in 2007. Evercore, the New York-based investment bank
founded by Roger Altman , a former deputy secretary of the U.S.
Treasury, bought 50 percent of G5 in 2010 for $20 million in
cash and securities, with the potential of earn-out payments
based on performance through 2013. Brazil’s Bovespa Index has plunged about 26 percent this
year, lagging behind global shares. Standard & Poor’s
unprecedented downgrade of the U.S. credit rating on Aug. 5,
coupled with Europe ’s debt woes, rattled markets worldwide on
concern a global economic slowdown will deepen. Brazil Opportunities “It’s always hard to raise funds and is particularly
harder in this environment, but opportunities in Brazil are
still significant,” Varoli said. After expanding 7.5 percent last year, Brazil’s gross
domestic product is projected to grow 3.96 percent this year,
according to economists polled by Brazil’s Central Bank . G5 operates a 300 million-reais hedge fund. It manages 4
billion reais for private-wealth clients and a 30 million-reais
fund for residential real estate. Kenny Juarez, an Evercore spokesman, declined to comment on
the fundraising plan. To contact the reporters on this story:
Serena Saitto in New York at
ssaitto@bloomberg.net ;
Cristiane Lucchesi in Sao Paulo at
clucchesi5@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Jennifer Sondag at
jsondag@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Town commissioners
Town commissioners were elected local government bodies that existed in urban areas in Ireland from the 19th century until 2002. Larger towns with commissioners were converted to urban districts by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, with the smaller commissions continuing to exist beyond partition in 1922. The idea was a standardisation of the improvement commissioners established in an ad-hoc manner for particular towns in Britain and Ireland in the eighteenth century. The last town commissioners in Northern Ireland were abolished in 1962. In the Republic of Ireland, the remaining commissions became town councils in 2002, and abolished in 2014.
Lighting of Towns Act 1828
The first town commissioners were established by the Lighting of Towns (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 82).
This was "adoptive" legislation, which ratepayers in a borough or market town could choose to enact in their community. As the existing borough corporations were ineffective as local authorities the act came into force in sixty-five towns. William Neilson Hancock explained the act in 1877 thus:
"The first clause repealed a number of Acts of Parliament, those of 1765, 1773, 1785, and 1796. Those were all temporary Acts of the Irish Parliament, and the British Parliament in 1807 renewed all of them for 21 years, and that renewal came to expire in the year 1828. It was then renewed for one year for that Session of Parliament to allow legislation to take place. Those Acts are all founded upon the vestry system of management of towns. Some of the large towns had by local Acts got lighting and other matters under vestries in the parishes, and all those Acts were founded upon the idea of extending the vestry system to the management of towns; but the vestries never made the way in Ireland which they did in England, because there was no poor law. The basis of vestries being so popular in England, being on account of the poor law administration. There was no poor law in Ireland until 1838, and the vestries had no real basis to rest on; and in 1828 they were in a most unpopular position, because the agitation which overthrew them in 1833 by the extinction of what is called parish cess, the same as the church rates in England, was just at its height. 1828 was within five years of the total extinction of Irish church rates, so that they had become quite unpopular and unmanageable bodies."
Whereas local acts appointing commissioners for particular places specified a boundary or distance inside which the commissioners' powers would be confined, no such limit was specified in the 1828 act. Thomas Larcom of the Irish Ordnance Survey wrote of the commissioners in 1846:
"The boundaries of their assessments are very vaguely defined. Sometimes a mile, or half a mile around the town, or from its centre; sometimes the whole or part of the parish. An attempt was made to survey them for the Ordnance Maps, but they could not be ascertained with sufficient precision."
Municipal reform 1840
In 1840 the majority of Irish boroughs were abolished by the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840, and the commissioners established by the 1828 act became the only local council. The town commissioners were recognised as successor to the borough, retaining corporate property and the municipal coat of arms. Any town with property of more than £100 that lost its borough corporation, but had not adopted the 1828 Act, was to establish "municipal commissioners". There was, in fact, only one town to which this applied: Carrickfergus in County Antrim.
Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854
The Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854 (17 & 18 Vict. c. 103) allowed electors of populous places to choose to establish town commissioners. This enabled many newer communities that had never had municipal status to gain local government bodies. Many of the towns governed by the 1828 act replaced this with the new legislation as it provided the commissioners with greater powers.
Townships established by local acts
A number of towns took a different route to establish local authorities in their areas, by having private acts passed in parliament. These acts established "townships" with defined boundaries, defined the powers of the commissioners, gave them powers to make rates, named the first members and provided a procedure for subsequent elections. The majority of townships were formed in the rapidly growing suburbs of Dublin. To gain further powers or adjust their boundaries the township commissioners had to apply for a further act of parliament.
Changes in the 1870s
In 1872 the Local Government Board of Ireland was formed. One of its duties was to consider applications for the formation of commissioners under the 1854 act, and for alteration of the areas of existing local government towns. The board issued annual reports on its activities, detailing the finances and condition of the various municipalities under its control.
In 1878 Ireland was divided into sanitary districts, with all commissioners in towns with a population of more than 6000 becoming urban sanitary authorities. The Local Government Board had the power to designate additional towns with commissioners as sanitary districts.
Towns governed under the 1854 Act
There were 76 such towns in 1881:
* Arklow, County Wicklow
* Athy, County Kildare
* Ardee, County Louth
* Athlone, County Roscommon and County Westmeath
* Antrim, County Antrim
* Aughnacloy, County Tyrone
* Bagenalstown, County Carlow
* Balbriggan, County Dublin
* Ballymena, County Antrim
* Ballymoney, County Antrim
* Belturbet, County Cavan
* Ballyshannon, County Donegal
* Banbridge, County Down
* Bangor, County Down
* Ballybay, County Monaghan
* Ballinasloe, County Galway and County Roscommon
* Ballina, County Mayo
* Boyle, County Roscommon
* Carlow, County Carlow
* Callan, County Kilkenny
* Clonakilty, County Cork
* Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary
* Cashel, County Tipperary
* Cavan, County Cavan
* Cootehill, County Cavan
* Coleraine, County Londonderry
* Carrickmacross, County Monaghan
* Castleblayney, County Monaghan
* Clones, County Monaghan
* Cookstown, County Tyrone
* Castlebar, County Mayo
* Dundalk, County Louth
* Dromore, County Down
* Enniscorthy, County Wexford
* Ennis, County Clare
* Fermoy, County Cork
* Gorey, County Wexford
* Gilford, County Down
* Holywood, County Down
* Killiney and Ballybrack, County Dublin
* Kells, County Meath
* Kinsale, County Cork
* Keady, County Antrim
* Killarney, County Kerry
* Longford, County Longford
* Lismore, County Waterford
* Larne, County Antrim
* Lisburn, County Antrim and County Down
* Lurgan, County Armagh
* Letterkenny, County Donegal
* Limavady, County Londonderry
* Loughrea, County Galway
* Maryborough, Queen's County
* Mountmellick, Queen's County
* Mullingar, County Westmeath
* Midleton, County Cork
* Naas, County Kildare
* Newbridge, County Kildare
* Navan, County Meath
* New Ross, County Wexford
* Nenagh, County Tipperary
* Newtownards, County Down
* Parsontown, King's County
* Portadown, County Armagh
* Rathkeale, County Limerick
* Roscommon, County Roscommon
* Skibbereen, County Cork
* Strabane, County Tyrone
* Tullamore, King's County
* Trim, County Meath
* Templemore, County Tipperary
* Thurles, County Tipperary
* Tipperary, County Tipperary
* Tandragee, County Antrim
* Tuam, County Galway
* Westport, County Mayo
According to the 1878 report of The Local Government Board, the 1854 Act was adopted in Strandtown, County Antrim on 25 February 1878. However the town is not listed in later reports, and was subsequently incorporated into the borough of Belfast.
Towns governed under the 1828 Act
Only 11 towns were still governed by the act:
* Armagh, County Armagh
* Bandon, County Cork
* Downpatrick, County Down
* Dungannon, County Tyrone
* Fethard, County Tipperary
* Mallow, County Cork
* Monaghan, County Monaghan
* Omagh, County Tyrone
* Tralee, County Kerry
* Wicklow, County Wicklow
* Youghal, County Cork
Towns and Townships under Special Acts
There were 14 towns with commissioners formed under such legislation:
* Blackrock, County Dublin
* Bray, County Wicklow
* Clontarf, County Dublin
* Dalkey, County Dublin
* Drumcondra, Clonliffe and Glasnevin, County Dublin
* Enniskillen, County Fermanagh
* Galway, County Galway
* Kingstown, County Dublin
* New Kilmainham, County Dublin
* Newry, County Armagh and County Down
* Pembroke, County Dublin
* Queenstown, County Cork
* Rathmines and Rathgar, County Dublin
Towns governed under the Municipal Corporations Act
Only one town had established Municipal Commissioners following the 1840 Act:
* Carrickfergus, County Antrim
In addition to these 102 towns there were 11 boroughs, making 113 towns and cities with some form of local government on Ireland. For completeness, the boroughs were
* Belfast
* Clonmel
* Cork
* Drogheda
* Dublin
* Kilkenny
* Limerick
* Derry
* Sligo
* Waterford
* Wexford (restored 1846)
Changes in 1899–1901
The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 created a new type of local council, the urban district governed by an urban district council. All town commissioners that were sanitary authorities became urban district councils. In addition, the Local Government Board was given the power to constitute any other local government town with a population of more than 1500 as an urban district, although the ratepayers could petition to prevent the application of this section of the act.
The effect of this was that the number of towns with commissioners was greatly reduced. Two towns still operating under the 1828 Act, Monaghan and Wicklow, were promoted to the 1854 Act by section 41 of the 1898 Act. By 1902, 74 urban districts had been formed, leaving only 30 towns still governed under the 1854 Act. These towns formed part of the surrounding rural district also created by the Local Government Act for nearly all local government purposes, compared with the urban district councils, who enjoyed considerable powers. Over the next few years the number varied as some towns became urban districts and other communities adopted the act of 1854.
Town Commissioners in Northern Ireland
Following partition in 1922, four towns with commissioners situated in the six counties of Northern Ireland. The number was reduced to three in 1925 when Downpatrick became an urban district. The remaining town commissioners were dissolved in 1959 and 1962, their functions being transferred to the rural district council:
* Antrim, County Antrim, dissolved 1962
* Aughnacloy, County Tyrone, dissolved 1959
* Gilford, County Down, dissolved 1959
Town Commissioners in independent Ireland
In the Irish Free State (Ireland from 1937), town commissioners continued to exist until 2002. The 1854 Act was still occasionally used to create new local government towns. The Local Government Act 1925 enabled existing town commissioners to dissolve themselves and for urban district councils to downgrade themselves to commissioners.
Where commissioners ceased to exist, in the towns of Callan, Fethard, Newcastle West, Rathkeale, Roscommon and Tullow, their duties were taken over by the county council. However, the town still had a legal existence and separate rates were levied in its area, and the county council had to prepare accounts as commissioners for the town. For example, Newcastle West in County Limerick, whose commissioners were dissolved in 1941, received a grant of a coat of arms by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1980 – the grant being to "Limerick County Council for the Town of Newcastle West". In 1994, these towns were abolished as distinct entities.
The Local Government Act 2001 redesignated both town commissioners and urban district councils as town councils from 1 January 2002. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 abolished town councils. Municipal districts of the county council perform the functions previously performed by the separate town councils.
List of Town Commissioners in Ireland 1922–2002
* Ardee, County Louth
* Balbriggan, County Dublin
* Ballinasloe, County Galway
* Ballybay, County Monaghan
* Ballyshannon, County Donegal
* Bandon, County Cork
* Bantry, County Cork
* Belturbet, County Cavan, downgraded from Urban District 1950
* Boyle, County Roscommon
* Callan, County Kilkenny, dissolved 1940
* Cootehill, County Cavan, downgraded from Urban District 1950
* Droichead Nua or Newbridge, County Kildare
* Edenderry, County Offaly
* Gorey, County Wexford
* Granard, County Longford, downgraded from Urban District 1944
* Greystones, County Wicklow, created 1984
* Fethard, County Tipperary, dissolved 1936
* Kilkee, County Clare
* Leixlip, County Kildare, created 1988
* Lismore, County Waterford
* Loughrea, County Galway
* Mountmellick, County Laois
* Muine Bheag or Bagenalstown, County Carlow
* Mullingar, County Westmeath
* Newcastle West, County Limerick, dissolved 1941
* Passage West, County Cork, downgraded from Urban District 1942
* Portlaoise, County Laois
* Rathkeale, County Limerick, dissolved 1926
* Roscommon, County Roscommon, dissolved 1927
* Shannon, County Clare, created 1982
* Tramore, County Waterford, created 1948
* Tuam, County Galway | WIKI |
Talk:Church of St Dubricius, Porlock
Oops
"a 1th century of John Harrington" must mean some other century, not the "1th", but which one? Also, a word is missing after "century" (a nth century what of John Harrington?). And John Harrington links to a disambiguation page, and none of those John Harringtons were alive in 1417. Art LaPella (talk) 04:03, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
* Thanks for spotting this it should be a "15th century tomb" according to the Images of England ref - I've changed it now.— Rod talk 07:05, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Church of St Dubricius, Porlock. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 10:42, 7 August 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Cartilage regeneration
General information about cartilage damage
Articular cartliage has a limited regeneration capacity, due to the absence of blood vessels and the low mitogenic potency of the chondrocytes. Self-healing of the defect is not possible.
When untreated, depending on its location and size, this defect will progress and ultimately result in osteoarthritis. To prevent this destructive process, articular cartilage surgery aims to restore the structure and function of hyaline cartilage.
Geistlich treatment approach
Geistlich focuses on regenerative minimally invasive methods and the development of products that support self-healing processes in the body. The aim is to repair articular cartilage, provide pain relief to the patient and slow down the progression of damage. Depending on a person's age and activity level, the approach preserves or extends the patient's usual lifestyle before alternative treatments like joint replacement have to be considered.
"AMIC® combines microfracture with the application of the bilayer Chondro-Gide® matrix."
Dr. Marie-Rose Eloy, Root, Switzerland
With Chondro-Gide® Geistlich has developed a collagen scaffold designed for guided regeneration. This matrix can be used in combination with different established approaches to cartilage repair. The application of Chondro-Gide® with marrow stimulation techniques led to a successful co-development of a matrix and technique, today known as AMIC® (Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis). AMIC® combines microfracture with the application of the bilayer matrix. Following microfracture, cells migrate into the defect. The matrix, Chondro-Gide® which is used to cover the defect provides the cells with a colonization scaffold, thus stabilising and protecting the resulting super clot. In this 'biological chamber' the cells are stimulated to differentiate and form repair tissue. The smooth and cell occlusive surface side of the matrix, prevents cells from diffusing into the joint space and protects them from mechanical stress.
Whether cells are sourced on-site via microfracture, harvested from another site in the body and applied to the matrix or even cultured on the matrix - the goal is a mobilisation of the body's repair mechanism and the generation of cartilage tissue within the defect.
Dr. Sanja Saftic
International Product Manager | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Malcolm X took a different approach to civil rights when he was imprisoned for a string of burglaries in Boston. Historical Background Civil rights activist Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little, but Malcolm changed his name because he felt that his last name had been imposed on his family by a slave holder.
Malcolm as a boy attended meetings of the local UNIA chapter with his father who was a prominent member. Malcolm never stopped criticizing Christianity and calling it a "master of suspicion" for not practicing what it thought and preached. Over the course of three lessons the students will compare and contrast the different philosophies and methods espoused by the civil right leaders Dr.
Malcolm in New York in When Malcolm was young, his family suffered greatly at the hands of white supremacists. Thus Malcolm and King each became a focus of one of the opposing wings of the movement for equality that swept Black America, and the country, in the middle of the last century.
He consistently empowered the Black church and influenced many to participate in nonviolent protest. The students should discover the meaning of text as they read.
After his speech, Malcolm had said to Coretta: Comparisons will be drawn between two of the speeches that were delivered by these men in which they considered the issue of violent protest vs.
Malcolm, who had always suffered because of his red hair, was one of the few who married a woman who had a darker complexion than he had, because he regarded blackness as and adorable and beautiful feature.
However, they differed greatly in their strategy and tactics.
Over the course of three lessons the students will compare and contrast the different philosophies and methods espoused by the civil right leaders Dr. Distribute the excerpts from Dr.
Towards the end of their life, both found themselves deserted by many followers - Malcolm, because he became too moderate and not active enough, Martin, because he became too radical. The Only Road to Freedom": Both became opposed to the capitalist system of the US and therefore were put under close surveillance by the FBI.
As Malcolm X put it, "Dr. When asked what should be done to guarantee equal rights for African Americans, Malcolm X replied, "Our objective is complete freedom, justice and equality by any means necessary.
She had gone to college and was giving lectures to the women of the organization. Martin has often been called "the Dreamer" and Ossie Davis named Malcolm "our shining black prince".
Martin Luther King Jr. Both of them saw a need for immediate action in order to secure those rights. This is done by having the students follow along silently while you begin to read aloud, modeling prosody, inflection, and punctuation.
Both travelled through Europe and Africa, establishing important links between the African people and the African-Americans, because they knew that "all men are interdependent" 65 and that "our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice.
Malcolm met his wife Betty, whom he married inin the Nation of Islam. Malcolm spoke to students in Selma in the February ofbut Martin had just been arrested in the Selma campaign. He married Coretta Scott King in On the other hand, Malcolm X was someone who early on experienced anger over witnessing his house being burned followed by his father being murdered.
Read the speech aloud to the students. However, they differed greatly in their strategy and tactics. And we shall see what will become of his dreams. Read the speech aloud to the students.
He demanded justice and that African-Americans should be respected as human-beings. For Malcolm, this happened in his prison cell, and Martin had his vision in a night of total despair in his kitchen shortly after the beginning of the Montgomery bus boycott.
He demanded justice and that African-Americans should be respected as human-beings. Martin Luther King, Sr. King to know that I didn't come to Selma to make his job difficult. It is important for the students to experience the language and nuances of the text as the author meant them to be heard.
Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are two figures in our nation's history that left a profound impact on the matter of civil rights, not only for African Americans, but all minorities alike.4/4(1).
Martin Luther King & Malcolm X on Violence and Integration artin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are probably the two best known African-American leaders of the last century.
Since their deaths in the 's no one has replaced them. Both men were On the Role of Whites in the Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King Malcolm X. Malcolm X was a Human Rights Activists, a speaker/author and a African American Muslim Minister.
To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. Martin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X both fought for the same goal, but had different ways of achieving this goal.
They both fought against civil rights and were leaders in the civil rights movement. A difference between Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X was that the former believed in.
The actions of four African American college students at a lunch counter in started a. Start studying Organizing to Demand Rights. Learn vocabulary, terms, and. A Comparison of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X in the Black and Mainstream Press, represented by Martin Luther King, Jr.
King provided a safer image than the radical one offered by Malcolm X. By channelling King and the civil rights movement, Obama turned his racial identity.A comparison of martin luther king jr and malcolm x in their fight for african american civil rights | FINEWEB-EDU |
Beware! Poison Ivy
Leaves of three — let them be!
You’ve probably heard that little rhyme about Poison Ivy, the plant that can cause an itchy rash. Poison ivy as well as poison oak, and poison sumac all contain the same rash-causing substance called urushiol (say: yoo-ROO-shee-ol), a colorless, odorless oil in the plants.
You can identify Poison Ivy by its three leaflets (this is called a compound leaf). They can have teeth, lobes, or just a smooth edge. Poison Ivy grows as both a shrub and a vine, and it can grow almost anywhere. You can get the rash anytime of the year, so it is important to know what the plant looks like in any season.
In early spring, Poison Ivy leaves are delicate and shiny.
Poison-Ivy-Spring
By summer, the leaves are more sturdy and solid green. Look carefully, you can see the older branches have little hairs that help the vine attach to the tree. “If hairy, be wary!”
Poison-Ivy-Summer
In fall, Poison Ivy is one of the first plants to change color. The leaves range from golden yellow to scarlet.
Poison-Ivy-Fall
In the winter, only the vines and few remaining berries (whitish yellow) identify the plant.
Poison-Ivy-WInter
Only humans are allergic to Poison Ivy. Its leaves and berries provide an important food source for animals like deer, raccoons, muskrats, and wild turkeys.
How can you prevent rashes from Poison Ivy? The best way is to avoid this plant in the first place.
• Know what it looks like in each of the seasons and keep on the look out.
• Wear long sleeves and long pants when you’re in areas that could contain poison plants.
• If you come into contact with urushiol oil, try to wash it off your skin right away. But don’t take a bath! If you do, the oil can get in the bath water and spread to other areas of your body. Take a shower instead, and be sure to use soap. And if your dog has been out exploring the woods, you might want to give your pet a shower, too!
• And, never, ever try to get rid of Poison Ivy plants by burning! The urushiol can be vaporized into the smoke and get into your mouth, throat, lungs and eyes! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Do you deal with Chronic Pain?
January 5, 2018
Common Chronic Pain Triggers and How to Avoid Them
Living with a condition that causes pain around the clock is no easy feat. And people often don’t understand the toll it takes on a person’s mind, body, and soul. There are a few ways, however, to fight this invisible invader and take control of at least some of your pain. The following common triggers can worsen physical discomfort if not addressed.
Emotional trauma
Stress and prior trauma do more than just hurt your emotional balance. Studies have shown that there is a connection between your emotions and your body. And it’s stronger than you might think. Susanne Babbel, Ph.D., M.F.T. illustrates the connection by pointing out that up to 30 percent of chronic pain sufferers have also been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. While there is nothing you can do about past emotional trauma, you can take steps to reduce the impact on your daily life. Consider speaking with a counselor or simply get things off your chest by opening up to close friends or family.
Poor sleep patterns
Sleep is vital to our overall health and well-being, both physical and mental. And it’s a key indicator of health in adults and children alike. While awake, your body doesn’t have a chance to “shut down” and go to work repairing tissue. During sleep, your brain releases the hormones the body needs for proper growth and development. Additionally, when you enter deep sleep, your muscles have an opportunity to relax completely. Strive for seven to eight hours of sleep each night so that your body reaps the benefits of this vital resting period.
Clothing and accessories
Believe it or not, the clothes, shoes, and accessories that you wear and carry don’t just affect your appearance. Carrying a heavy shoulder bag, for instance, can cause or exaggerate back pain. Likewise, wearing a poorly fitted shoes can irritate plantar fasciitis, increase knee and joint pain, and potentially cause hip displacement. Avoid accessories that put an unbalanced amount of pressure on one side of the body, and invest in well-fitted shoes that accommodate your particular foot structure.
Painkillers
Painkillers are a useful medical tool to help people manage severe, acute pain, such as after an accident or injury. Unfortunately, opioids, including oxycodone and morphine, can actually trigger hyperalgesia, a condition that renders medications less effective and causes the body to sense pain in heightened degrees. Over time, using painkillers can lead to dependency, which opens up a whole new world of physical and emotional concerns. Withdrawal from opioid dependency can cause everything from insomnia to headaches and anxiety, each of which makes chronic pain that much worse. If you must take medications to manage your condition, speak with your doctor about prescribing the lowest dose possible and consider implementing lifestyle changes that reduce chronic inflammation and pain.
Magnesium deficiency
A little-known mineral, magnesium plays an important role in all of the body’s major systems. Low levels of magnesium are found in most people with clinical conditions such as fibromyalgia, migraines, angina, atherosclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and PMS. Consider adding a magnesium supplement to ensure you receive the daily 310 mg to 420 mg recommended for adults.
Diet and exercise
Physical activity and what you put in your body also play an important role in the way your body and mind handle pain. Certain processed foods (vegetable oil, refined flour, and artificial sweeteners) can trigger systemic inflammation, which can actually cause other conditions that initiate pain. Also, physical stagnancy, like being a couch potato, may do more damage to the body than the perceived benefits of rest. Make sure to eat whole, healthy foods and participate in at least 30 minutes of physical activity each day.
Chronic pain is one of the nation’s leading causes of disability, according to the Council for Disability Awareness, and can significantly impact your day-to-day life. Pain can interfere with your personal relationships and career and put you at risk of addiction and depression. And while you may not always be able to control your pain, you can manage many of the risk factors that make it worse. By avoiding these triggers, you work toward reclaiming your life, health, and happiness.
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@Article{hmt.20.25, AUTHOR = {Le Anh Du , Phm Vn Kien, Nguyen Thnh Tn, Don Thnh Son, Nhnh Vn Nguyen, Ngo Xun Nguyen}, TITLE = {HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN DRYING OF CARROT BY RADIO FREQUENCY ASSISTED HEAT PUMP DRYING}, JOURNAL = {Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer}, VOLUME = {20}, YEAR = {2023}, NUMBER = {1}, PAGES = {1--6}, URL = {http://www.techscience.com/fhmt/v20n1/52387}, ISSN = {2151-8629}, ABSTRACT = {This study focused on the heat and mass transfer in radio (RF) assisted heat pump (HP) drying of carrots. The experimental drying of carrot by RF assisted HP drying method was conducted to evaluate the effect of RF power on drying efficiency including drying rate and heating rate. The input drying parameters were drying air temperature of 45oC, drying air velocity of 2.5 m/s and RF power of 0, 0.5 and 1.5 kW, in which, RF power of 0 was corresponding to HP drying method. The experimental drying results showed that in RF assisted HP drying method, the drying rate and heating rate were improved as compared to HP drying. The drying time was 480, 375 and 335 minutes corresponding to RF power of 0, 0.5 and 1.5 kW. The temperature of drying material reached the drying air temperature in about 25 and 30 minutes corresponding to RF power of 1.5 and 0.5 kW. While in HP drying, the temperature of drying material reached nearly the drying air temperature value in about 310 minutes. Besides, the comparison between the heat and mass equations solving results and experimental drying data was also carried out with the analysis results confirmed that the predicted data by numerically solving the heat and mass transfer equations could be used to predict the experimental data accurately.}, DOI = {10.5098/hmt.20.25} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Characters/Caractacus Burke
Overview
Caractacus Burke is one of the owners of Borgin and Burkes, the Dark magic supplies store in Knockturn Alley. The other owner is Borgin.
Half-Blood Prince
In Albus Dumbledore's Pensieve, Harry sees Burke gloating over the marvelous deal he had made, buying the Locket of Slytherin for about ten Galleons from some poor little witch, almost certainly Merope Gaunt, who didn't know what she had. He evidently later sold it for thousands of Galleons to Hepzibah Smith.
Analysis
Due to the fact that Borgin & Burke's seems to be exclusively ran by Borgin during Harry Potter's time, it's possible that Burke died sometime within the next fifty-some years of when we see him in the Pensieve. To add to this theory Dumbledore claims that Caractacus was one of the original founders of the shop in 1863, and so must have been born before 1846. Evidence in the stories suggests that Tom Riddle was born about 1930, and would have started working for Caractacus when he was about 18, in or about 1948. So Caractacus would have already been at least 100 by the time Tom Riddle began working for him. | WIKI |
[Tutor] Running an exe from Python
Alan Gauld alan.gauld at btinternet.com
Mon Feb 26 19:31:36 CET 2007
"Nagendra Singh" <singh01 at gmail.com> wrote
> Thanks a lot for all the suggestions. I used the function
> subprocess.call ( 'c:\abc.exe c:\data\file1'), but as before
> the command window opens and closes very fast
> a value of 1 is displayed. How do I see the results??
The result is 1 which indicates an error. You don't want
the result you want the outpur, which is a different thing
entirely! :-)
To get the output you need to access the output stream
of the process which is usually stdout. The old way to do
that was with os.popen, but the subprocess module
provides a new way. The m,odule docs describe how
to replace popen using subprocess' Popen class.
My tutorial shows an example of the same thing based
on the odule documentation.
Basically it looks like:
import subprocess
psout = subprocess.Popen(r'c:\abc.exe c:\data\file1',
shell=True, stdout=PIPE).stdout
results = psout.read().split('\n')
Notice I enclosed the command with a raw string.Otherwise your
backslashes get treated as escape characters. This might be why you
are getting error codes back?Another way to avoid that is to use
forward slashes which Python understands on DOS psout =
subprocess.Popen('c:/abc.exe c:/data/file1',
shell=True, stdout=PIPE).stdout
> I am sorry if I sound dumb.
Nope, just looking for the wrong thing. But you only
know that after you find out :-)
--
Alan Gauld
Author of the Learn to Program web site
http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld
More information about the Tutor mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
poltto
Noun
* 1) burn, burning act of burning something intentionally
* 2) burn physical sensation in the muscles following strenuous exercise
* 3) burn operation or result of burning or baking
* 4) incineration act of destroying by burning
* 5) pain, smarting, especially the labor pains | WIKI |
Categories
Asia HK Invertebrates Species Profiles
Lychee Stink Bug – Hong Kong Wildlife | 荔枝椿象 – 香港野生動物
Lychee giant stink bug (Tessaratoma papillosa) is beautiful bug growing to 24 mm. Nymphs are especially colorful. But it is considered a pest by farmers as it feeds on lychee and longan trees by sucking the saps from its flowers, young fruits, and twigs.
They are called stink bugs because when threatened their defense mechanism is a foul-smelling, long-lasting excretion. Local people believe it is poisonous and can cause blindness when rubbing eyes after touching it.
Fun fact: Females always lay 14 eggs. Not 13 or 15.
Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury, 1770)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Family: Tessaratomidae
Genus: Tessaratoma
Species: papillosa
See more of my encounters with Hong Kong Wildlife.
荔枝椿象, 荔蝽, 臭屁蟲, 十四粒 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Gabrielle Miller
Frasier
In which episode of Frasier did Gabrielle Miller play in? Loghead1 21:33, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
* It was called Coots and Ladders http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0588364/Puppy_6754 15:54, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
Marital Status
Is she married?--<IP_ADDRESS> 21:13, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* No.http://www.myspace.com/lilypadpro--Puppy_6754 15:56, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
What is her actual DOB? IMDB has a different year listed. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0588364/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:17, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
* it is 1973 http://www.myspace.com/lilypadpro --User:Puppy_6754 12:57, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
Elijah
The link for Elijah (in her filmography) goes to the page about the Hebrew prophet. The film isn't listed on the disambiguation page, and, as far as I can tell, doesn't have it's own page. Should the link be removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:33, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 03:59, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
Trivago
According to some sources the actress Gabrielle Miller is an Australian. http://www.gabriellekmiller.com/about It appears there are two of these actresses with the same name.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:31, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
* The one in the Trivago ads certainly has a mild Australian accent. --Ef80 (talk) 23:03, 29 August 2017 (UTC)
* The Trivago actress is certainly not the one featured here. She is probably WP:NOTABLE enough to have her own article, if only because of the Trivago ads - there are plenty of refs if you google 'gabrielle miller trivago'. --Ef80 (talk) 20:24, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090209123632/http://leoawards.com/winners_2007.html to http://www.leoawards.com/winners_2007.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071210081727/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/show/CTVShows/20071206/miller_africa_071206/20071206/ to http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/show/CTVShows/20071206/miller_africa_071206/20071206/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 00:24, 10 October 2017 (UTC)
Requested move 1 November 2017
The result of the move request was: not moved (non-admin closure). f eminist 11:01, 16 November 2017 (UTC)
Gabrielle Miller → Gabrielle Miller (Canadian actress) – Addition of parenthetical qualifier will enable the creation of the Gabrielle Miller disambiguation page with Gabrielle Miller (Canadian actress) and Gabrielle Miller (Australian actress) who has been receiving heavy traffic. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 01:54, 1 November 2017 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 10:16, 9 November 2017 (UTC)
* Oppose. The Canadian certainly appears to be easily the primary topic. The other one is really only "known" (and not really even that, since most people wouldn't know her name) for an advert. -- Necrothesp (talk) 11:59, 2 November 2017 (UTC)
* Comment. It may be noted that, as of this writing, the 90-day total of page views for Gabrielle Miller (Canadian actress) was 28,895 --- daily average 318, the 20-day total was 4,573 --- daily average 218 and the 10-day total was 2,880 --- daily average 262, while for Gabrielle Miller (Australian actress) the 90-day total was 26,906 --- daily average 296, the 20-day total was 6,437 --- daily average 307 and the 10-day total was 3,523 --- daily average 320. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 19:42, 7 November 2017 (UTC)
* Leaning oppose - page views show them running neck-and-neck in terms of page views,|Gabrielle_Miller_(Australian_actress)|Gabriella_Miller_Kids_First_Research_Act both with around 300 per day, but I suspect there may be a strong dose of WP:RECENTISM going on there. On the long-term significance front, the Canadian actress seems much more notable and I suspect in 5-10 years time will be the better known of the two. — Amakuru (talk) 10:52, 8 November 2017 (UTC)
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Gwen Shamblin: Starving for Salvation.
Miller was in the movie, Gwen Shamblin: Starving for Salvation. she portrayed Emily, Gwen’s friend. Paige Matheson (talk) 19:10, 19 December 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
New York City to cut Wells Fargo from future business - May. 31, 2017
Follow us: Mayor Bill de Blasio and Comptroller Scott Stringer announced plans on Wednesday to vote in favor of punishing Wells Fargo by blocking the bank from getting new contracts for the city's deposits. The sanctions, set to be voted on at 4 p.m. ET by the city's banking commission, would also suspend Wells Fargo's lucrative role in running the city's bond sales for one year. If approved, the penalties could hurt Wells Fargo's future business with the nation's largest city. Wells Fargo (WFC) currently holds a contract that allows it to hold taxes and fees collected by New York City, which has about $227 million from the city at the bank. The bank is also a trustee to the New York City Retiree Health Benefits Trust, which has about $2.6 billion in assets. I encourage Wells Fargo to quickly clean up its act and do right by the millions of customers who trust the bank with their savings, de Blasio said in a statement. Stringer, the city's comptroller, had harsher words for the scandal which led to the firing of 5,300 Wells Fargo workers for creating some two million fake accounts. What happened at Wells Fargo was a fraud -- and there should be consequences. We need to send a message to this bank and the broader industry that ethics matter, Stringer said. Related: Venezuelans are outrages at Goldman Sachs Wells Fargo said in a statement that it appreciates the continuing dialogue with New York City and deeply values its relationship with the city. The bank has also previously pointed to many steps taken in recent months, including eliminating its controversial sales goals, installing new leadership and refunding hundreds of thousands of customers who were wronged. We have an unwavering commitment to fix everything that went wrong, Wells Fargo CEO Tim Sloan said during a presentation earlier this month. There's no question that 2016 was among the toughest in our 165-year history. If New York City votes to back away from Wells Fargo, it would join other cities taking action against the bank. In February, Seattle decided to cut ties with the bank and avoid any new investments in its stocks and bonds. Seattle's decision was mostly driven by Wells Fargo's role as one of more than a dozen lenders in the controversial Dakota Access Pipeline. Earlier this month, Philadelphia accused Wells Fargo in a lawsuit of discriminating against minorities by pushing them into higher-cost mortgages. NMLS #1136 Start your day right with the latest news driving global markets, from major stock movers and key economic headlines to important events on the calendar. Daily newsletter, Sunday through Friday. By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to the new Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. Most stock quote data provided by BATS. Market indices are shown in real time, except for the DJIA, which is delayed by two minutes. All times are ET. Disclaimer. Morningstar: 2018 Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factset: FactSet Research Systems Inc.2018. All rights reserved. Chicago Mercantile Association: Certain market data is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors. All rights reserved. Dow Jones: The Dow Jones branded indices are proprietary to and are calculated, distributed and marketed by DJI Opco, a subsidiary of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and have been licensed for use to S&P Opco, LLC and CNN. Standard & Poor's and S&P are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC and Dow Jones is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings LLC. All content of the Dow Jones branded indices S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC 2018 and/or its affiliates. 2018 Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved.Terms under which this service is provided to you. Privacy Policy. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Spring
Douglas Campos edited this page Jun 7, 2011 · 4 revisions
Clone this wiki locally
There isn't much documentation about accessing JRuby from within Java, everyone seems to do things the other way around. However let's say you've a nice java web app or something similar and you're looking enviously at all those Rubyists wondering if these folks are getting the jump on you. Wouldn't it be great if we were able to simply replace little chunks of our java application with Ruby. Wouldn't it be a wonderful thing if we were able to delegate bits of our statically typed, rigid web application to a scripting language. You probably already do some of this with Velocity or Freemarker but those are typically just cosmetics, what you want is to be able to dynamically edit business logic on the fly. There are a few business rules engines out there, there's Droolz (now JBoss Java Rules) and various open and closed source BPM types of solutions. Nothing really has the buzz that Ruby has.
The spring docs actually miss the point of integration between Java and JRuby (I'm sure someone will sort that out), but in the meantime here's a neat way to integrate both technologies without creating dependencies on either side. It's cool!
First you'll need this in your context xml. Mine is simply applicationContext-ruby.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang-2.0.xsd">
<lang:jruby id="messageService"
script-interfaces="spike.Messenger"
script-source="classpath:RubyMessenger.rb">
<lang:property name="message" value="Hello World!"/>
</lang:jruby>
</beans>
What I'm asking Spring to do here is to wire up something found in the RubyMessenger.rb file, to my interface spike.Messenger and return me an instance of a Messenger. That instance will have a property set on it, by Spring. Take a look at my Messenger specification.
package spike;
public interface Messenger {
public String getMessage();
}
The main thing to note here is that spring is setting the property in my bean, however from the Java side of things, there is no setter, nor constructor available; the values are injected via JRuby. Java has no idea that the implementation of Messenger is coming from Ruby. Let's look at that implementation:
class RubyMessenger
def setMessage(m)
@@message = m
end
def getMessage
@@message
end
end
RubyMessenger.new
The last line just avoids a bit of stress on the part of Spring by giving it an object to inspect and work with.
The most special thing about RubyMessenger.rb is that it is not special at all. It doesn't know that it's actually being injected into a Java framework. There's no require 'java' in there, it's pure, straight, unencumbered Ruby. Ruby that could run in a normal Ruby shell.
Now isn't that just so cool? If you're integrating into an existing Java app, you can continue running all your unit tests and refactor classes into a completely different language. You can steal huge chunks of already written ruby libraries and applications and using a simple facade pattern, have those chunks of system working for you with no changes, no knowledge of the behind the scenes Java.
Here's a snippet of code that executes the sample app above. To run it you'll need the spring.jar (v2.0.7), JRuby.jar (v1.0.1) and cglib-nodep.jar (v2.1_3):
package spike;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class RubyRunner {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
new String[]{"applicationContext-ruby.xml"});
BeanFactory factory = (BeanFactory) context;
Messenger m = (Messenger) factory.getBean("messageService");
System.out.println(m.getMessage());
}
}
I'm actually delegating the functionality from my Java app where we load and manipulate a lot of huge text files. This is perfect because with a dynamic language behind the scenes we can patch up the production systems to deal with anomalies without re-deploying an entire website.
Now what would be nice is for Spring to automatically map ruby accessors to Javabeans. Using the above example, Spring would bind setMessage to message=() and getMessage to the Ruby method message. In fact I think that would be so useful, I'm going to head over and ask the nice people as springframework.org to do just that. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Aerobic Endurance Walk and Run Tests
Cardiovascular endurance, or aerobic fitness, is the ability to exercise continuously for extended periods without tiring, and is an important component of many sporting activities.
Walking or running tests are popular for determining aerobic fitness, as they can be performed by people of all ages and fitness levels, large groups can be done at once, and the tests are easy to conduct.
One of the greatest problems and sources of error with these tests is that good pacing is important to maximize results, and to get a true reflection of actual aerobic fitness. The instructors can assist by emphasizing the importance of maximal effort, encourage the participants during the test, by conducting a trial test in the week before the actual test so that they can get a feel for the required effort, or have them run at the mile pace for short distances during warm-up time.
As these tests have been performed for many years, and there is a lot of research using these tests, there are consequently a large range of variations and a large number of normative tables. When you compare the results from these tests to norms, it is important to check that the test procedures were the same, and that the target population is also similar.
walking or running testsAs these tests are usually performed outdoors, the environmental conditions can greatly affect results. You should try and control for any conditions that may affect the results, such as extreme heat or cold, or strong winds or poor condition of the running surface. For running courses that involve running laps around a field or track, the effect of wind can be balanced our as they progress around the track. Record any conditions if possible so that these may be taken into consideration when analyzing the results.
There are both tests conducted over a set time, and the distance covered recorded, and vice versa, test of a fixed distance where the finishing time is recorded. The later type of test is generally easier to administer. For example, Cooper first described a 12 minute run test, but later gave an alternative 1.5 mile (2.4km) run test.
Depending on the target population, there are several different tests you can use. For those that are unfit or elderly, the Rockport Walking Test or the 6 minute walk test may be suitable. For relatively fit adults, the test should be at least 10 minutes to ensure the energy demands are primarily supplied by the aerobic system. Shorter runs are more suitable for children.
Related Pages
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pocket PC 5.0 Autovox 6700. Global address book on PDA
We have a bout 15 Autovox VX6700's in my operation. All pocket PC 5.0. They all completely sync with out exchange servers on the fly, email, contact... etc...
I have searched and searched on Google with no luck as to how to get our global address book down to there devices. I have tried the MS client (which seems like its designed for PPC versions before 5.0.
They connect through our firewall to our OWA address example vanowa.pbsenv.com
But I just cant get them connected!
tleavitAsked:
Who is Participating?
Mikal613Commented:
Its a rom upgrade to the phone. You have to contact verizon (it may be out for all i know)
0
Mikal613Commented:
You will have to wait for the Message and Security Update from Microsoft (really your Provider (Verizon))
http://www.microsoft.com/exchange/evaluation/bettertogether/bt_mobile.mspx
0
tleavitAuthor Commented:
From what I’m reading, MS talks like its a feature of Exchange SP 2 (Which we have installed). Theres no info as to how to acquire the messaging and security features. Is this a purchase? Those docs are dated in late 2005. The features aren’t out yet?
0
tleavitAuthor Commented:
Ok! I'll check that path then!
0
tleavitAuthor Commented:
Verizon’s answer was that its being tested and may roll out in late June. I’m not sure about that, they told me 4 months ago that it would tether to a laptop several months ago and I think it was a false sales promise to get us into them.
0
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From novice to tech pro — start learning today. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
TTI V3 Connector Azure Storage Queues
The first Proof of Concept(PoC) for my updated The Things Industries(TTI) V3 Webhooks Integration was to explore the use of Azure Functions to securely ingest webhook calls. The aim was to have uplink and downlink message progress message payloads written to Azure Storage Queues with output bindings ready for processing.
namespace devMobile.IoT.TheThingsIndustries.HttpInputStorageQueueOutput
{
using System.Net;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker;
using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker.Http;
using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
[StorageAccount("AzureWebJobsStorage")]
public static class Webhooks
{
[Function("Uplink")]
public static async Task<HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType> Uplink([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
{
var logger = context.GetLogger("UplinkMessage");
logger.LogInformation("Uplink processed");
var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);
return new HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType()
{
Name = await req.ReadAsStringAsync(),
HttpReponse = response
};
}
public class HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType
{
[QueueOutput("uplink")]
public string Name { get; set; }
public HttpResponseData HttpReponse { get; set; }
}
...
[Function("Failed")]
public static async Task<HttpTriggerFailedOutputBindingType> Failed([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
{
var logger = context.GetLogger("Failed");
logger.LogInformation("Failed procssed");
var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);
return new HttpTriggerFailedOutputBindingType()
{
Name = await req.ReadAsStringAsync(),
HttpReponse = response
};
}
public class HttpTriggerFailedOutputBindingType
{
[QueueOutput("failed")]
public string Name { get; set; }
public HttpResponseData HttpReponse { get; set; }
}
}
}
After some initial problems with the use of Azure Storage Queue output bindings to insert messages into the ack, nak, failed, queued, and uplink Azure Storage Queues I found it didn’t take much code and worked reliably on my desktop.
Azure Functions Desktop Development environment running my functions
I used Telerik Fiddler with some sample payloads to test my application.
Telerik Fiddler Request Composer “posting” sample message to desktop endpoint
Once the functions were running reliably on my desktop, I created an Azure Service Plan, deployed the code, then generated an API Key for securing my HTTPTrigger endpoints.
Azure Functions Host Key configuration dialog
I then added a TTI Webhook Integration to my TTI SeeduinoLoRaWAN application, manually configured the endpoint, enabled the different messages I wanted to process and set the x-functions-key header.
TTI Application Webhook configuration
After a short delay I could see messages in the message uplink queue with Azure Storage Explorer
Azure Storage Explorer displaying content of my uplink queue
Building a new version of my TTIV3 Azure IoT connector is a useful learning exercise but I’m still deciding whether is it worth the effort as TTI has one now?
Azure Functions with VB.Net 4.X
As part of my “day job” I spend a lot of time working with C# and VB.Net 4.X “legacy” projects doing upgrades, bugs fixes and moving applications to Azure. For the last couple of months I have been working on a project replacing Microsoft message queue(MSMQ) queues with Azure Storage Queues so the solution is easier to deploy in Azure.
The next phase of the project is to replace a number of Windows Services with Azure Queue Trigger and Timer Trigger functions. The aim is a series of small steps which we can test before deployment rather than major changes, hence the use of V1 Azure functions for the first release.
Silver Fox systems sells a Visual Studio extension which generates an HTTP Trigger VB.Net project. I needed Timer and Queue Trigger functions so I created C# examples and then used them to figure out how to build VB.Net equivalents
Visual Studio Solution Explorer
After quite a few failed attempts I found this sequence worked for me
Add a new VB.Net class library
Provide a name for new class library
Select target framework
Even though the target platform is not .NET 5.0 ignore this and continue.
Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Functions
Added Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Functions (make sure version 1.0.38)
Visual Studio project with Azure Function Icon.
Then unload the project and open the file.
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
<PropertyGroup>
<RootNamespace>TimerClass</RootNamespace>
<TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Functions" Version="1.0.38" />
</ItemGroup>
</Project>
Add the TargetFramework and AzureFunctionsVersion lines
<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
<PropertyGroup>
<RootNamespace>TimerClass</RootNamespace>
<TargetFramework>net48</TargetFramework>
<AzureFunctionsVersion>v1</AzureFunctionsVersion>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Functions" Version="1.0.38" />
</ItemGroup>
</Project>
At this point the project should compile but won’t do much, so update the class to look like the code below.
Imports System.Threading
Imports Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs
Imports Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
Public Class TimerTrigger
Shared executionCount As Int32
<FunctionName("Timer")>
Public Shared Sub Run(<TimerTrigger("0 */1 * * * *")> myTimer As TimerInfo, log As ILogger)
Interlocked.Increment(executionCount)
log.LogInformation("VB.Net TimerTrigger next trigger:{0} Execution count:{1}", myTimer.ScheduleStatus.Next, executionCount)
End Sub
End Class
Then add an empty hosts.json file (make sure “copy if newer” is configured in properties) to the project directory, then depending on deployment model configure the AzureWebJobsStorage and AzureWebJobsDashboard connection strings via environment variables or a local.settings.json file.
Visual Studio Environment variables for AzureWebJobsStorage and AzureWebJobsDashboard connection strings
Blob Trigger Sample code
Imports System.IO
Imports System.Threading
Imports Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs
Imports Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
Public Class BlobTrigger
Shared executionCount As Int32
' This function will get triggered/executed when a new message is written on an Azure Queue called events.
<FunctionName("Notifications")>
Public Shared Async Sub Run(<BlobTrigger("notifications/{name}", Connection:="BlobEndPoint")> payload As Stream, name As String, log As ILogger)
Interlocked.Increment(executionCount)
log.LogInformation("VB.Net BlobTrigger processed blob name:{0} Size:{1} bytes Execution count:{2}", name, payload.Length, executionCount)
End Sub
End Class
HTTP Trigger Sample code
Imports System.Net
Imports System.Net.Http
Imports System.Threading
Imports Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs
Imports Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs.Extensions.Http
Imports Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
Public Class HttpTrigger
Shared executionCount As Int32
<FunctionName("Notifications")>
Public Shared Async Function Run(<HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Anonymous, "get", "post", Route:=Nothing)> req As HttpRequestMessage, log As ILogger) As Task(Of HttpResponseMessage)
Interlocked.Increment(executionCount)
log.LogInformation($"VB.Net HTTP trigger Execution count:{0} Method:{1}", executionCount, req.Method)
Return New HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK)
End Function
End Class
Queue Trigger Sample Code
Imports System.Threading
Imports Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs
Imports Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
Public Class QueueTrigger
Shared ConcurrencyCount As Long
Shared ExecutionCount As Long
<FunctionName("Alerts")>
Public Shared Sub ProcessQueueMessage(<QueueTrigger("notifications", Connection:="QueueEndpoint")> message As String, log As ILogger)
Interlocked.Increment(ConcurrencyCount)
Interlocked.Increment(ExecutionCount)
log.LogInformation("VB.Net Concurrency:{0} Message:{1} Execution count:{2}", ConcurrencyCount, message, ExecutionCount)
' Wait for a bit to force some consurrency
Thread.Sleep(5000)
Interlocked.Decrement(ConcurrencyCount)
End Sub
End Class
As well as counting the number of executions I also wanted to check that >1 instances were started to process messages when the queues had many messages. I added a “queues” section to the hosts.json file so I could tinker with the options.
{
"queues": {
"maxPollingInterval": 100,
"visibilityTimeout": "00:00:05",
"batchSize": 16,
"maxDequeueCount": 5,
"newBatchThreshold": 8
}
}
The QueueMessageGenerator application inserts many messages into a queue for processing.
When I started the QueueTrigger function I could see the concurrency count was > 0
Timer Trigger Sample Code
Imports System.Threading
Imports Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs
Imports Microsoft.Extensions.Logging
Public Class TimerTrigger
Shared executionCount As Int32
<FunctionName("Timer")>
Public Shared Sub Run(<TimerTrigger("0 */1 * * * *")> myTimer As TimerInfo, log As ILogger)
Interlocked.Increment(executionCount)
log.LogInformation("VB.Net TimerTrigger next trigger:{0} Execution count:{1}", myTimer.ScheduleStatus.Next, executionCount)
End Sub
End Class
The source code for the C# and VB.Net functions is available on GitHub | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Vol 60.djvu/138
Rh chronological, b u t in descending order of the voltages observed at station A. In all the tables the humidity of saturation is taken as 100.
§ 21. I have divided the results in each of the previous eight tables into two groups, according to the order of voltages at station A. The two groups are equal in number of constituents, except as regards Table XV, where, following a marked line separating the voltages, I have included six in the first group, and seven in the second; and Table X, where I have included four in the first group, and three in the second. In the last-mentioned case, the best line of demarcation is doubtful, and, on account of this, and the small number of constituents, little weight can be attached to the results.
It may seem arbitrary to determine the groups by reference to station A exclusively. It is, however, the station least influenced by buildings, and best fitted for accurate readings, while B is the worst. Also it will be seen that if one had adopted either C, D, or E as the standard station, or had taken a mean from all the stations, whilst the order of the constituents would in some tables have been considerably affected, the groups themselves would have suffered little or no change.
Table XVII gives the mean potentials at station A for each group in the several series of observations, with the corresponding mean values of the meteorological elements. | WIKI |
Case No. 2,485.
CARVER v. BRAINTREE MANUF’G CO.
[2 Story, 432 ; 2 Robb. Pat. Cas. 141; 10 Hunt, Mer. Mag. 470.]
Circuit Court, D. Massachusetts.
Oct. Term, 1843.
Patents — Reissue — “Cotton Gin” — Coxstruc- ‘ TIOX — IXTEKFRETATIOX — QUESTION TOR JURT— Massachusetts Manufacturing Corporation Act — “Debts Contracted.”
' 1. The patent act of 1S3G. c. 357. § 13 [5 Stat. 122], and the act of 1S37, c. 45, § S [5 Stat. 103], authorizing the re-issue of a patent, because of a defective or redundant specification or description, without fraud or for the purpose of adding thereto an improvement, do not require the patentee to claim, in his renewed patent, all things which were claimed in his original patent, but gives him the privilege of retaining whatever he deems proper.
[Cited in Wilson v. Rousseau, Case No. 17,-¿32; Crompton v. Belknap Mills, Id. 3.400; Chicago Fruit-House Co. v. Busch. Id. 2,-000; Parham v. American Button-Hole, O. & S. M. Co., Id. 10,713; Dorsey Harvester Rake Co. v. Marsh. Id. 4.014: Albright v. Celluloid Harness-Trimming Co.. Id. 147; Gould v. Ballard. Id. 5,035; McWilliams Manuf’g Co. v. Blundell, 11 Fed. 420.]
2. Where the plaintiff, in a patent for “a new and useful improvement in the ribs of the cotton-gin,” claimed, as a part of his invention, the increasing the space between the upper and losver surface of the rib, either by making the ribs thicker at that part, or by a fork, or by any other variation of the particular form; it was held, that the claim was sufficiently accurate as a matter of law, and that it was not necessary that he should describe all possible modes by which the rib might be varied, but only the most important, and that mere formal variations therefrom would be violations of the patent.
3. Objections, that a patented invention is old; or that the specification in a patent does not clearly describe tlie mode of making the machine; or that the original and the renewed patent are not for the same invention; or that either were obtained with a fraudulent intent: all involve matters of fact, and are for the jury, upon the evidence, to decide.
[Cited in Wilson v. Rousseau, Case No. 17,-832; Blanchard v. Putnam, S Wall. (75 U. S.) 420. Distinguished in Poppenhusen v. Falke, Case No. 11.279.]
4. Where the original patent was for “a new and useful improvement in the ribs of saw gins for ginning cotton,” and the renewed patent was for “a new and useful invention in the manner of forming the ribs of saw gins for ginning cotton,” and in the renewed patent was claimed, in addition to the thickness of the rib, the sloping up of it so as to leave no shoulder; it was held, that the claim in the renewed patent, was not for two distinct improvements, but for additional parts of the same improvement, and that the same thing was patented in both patents.
[Cited in Ex parte Ball, Case No. S10.]
5. Patents are to be interpreted by a consideration of the whole instrument, and it is to be thereby determined what thing is intended to be patented.
0. The statute of Massachusetts of 1S21, c. 2S. relating to the individual liabilities of members of manufacturing corporations, is to be construed as a remedial statute, and tlie phrase “debts contracted,” as employed therein, means not only debts in the strict sense of the term, but any liabilities incurred by tlie corporation. If the liability be for unliquidated damages arising from contract or tort, it relates to the time of its origin, and not of its liquidation; and, therefore, it was held, that the testimony of Edson, who was a member of the corporation at the time when the liability asserted in the present suit arose, must be rejected, although he had since sold out all his interest.
[Cited in Re Sutherland, Case No. 13.039; Cuykendall v. Miles. 10 Fed. 345; Re Boston & Fairhaven Iron-Works, 29 Fed. 7S6. Applied in Chase v, Curtis. 113 U. S. 403, 5 Sup. Ct. 559. Distinguished in Powell v. Oregonian Ry. Co., 30 Fed. 72S.]
Case [by Eleazer Carver against the Brain-tree Manufacturing Company] for infringement of a patent, dated the 10th of November, 1S39 [and numbered 17], for “a new and useful improvement in the ribs of tbe cotton gin.” Tbe present patent vas a renewed patent, granted upon tbe surrender of tbe original patent [No. 777], dated tbe 12tb of June, 1S3S, wbicb was cancelled on account of a defective specification. Tbe specification annexed to tbe original patent was as follows: “To all whom it may concern: Be it know that I, Eleazer Carver, of Bridge-water, in tbe county of Plymouth, and state of Massachusetts, have invented a certain improvement in tbe manner of forming tbe ribs of saw gins, for tbe ginning of cotton, and I do hereby declare, that tbe following is a full and exact description thereof: In tbe cotton gin, as heretofore known and used, tbe. fibers of tbe cotton are drawn by tbe teeth of circular saws through a grating formed of a number of parallel bars or ribs, having spaces between them sufficient to allow tbe saws to pass, carrying tbe fibres of tbe cotton with them (wbicb are then brushed off by a revolving brush), but not wide enough to let tbe seeds and other foreign substances pass through. Above tbe saws, tbe ribs come in close contact, thus forming a shoulder at tbe top of the' space between them. Various forms have been given to tbe bars or ribs, with a view to procure a free passage for tbe cotton, but tbe cotton-gin, as heretofore made, has been always subject to tbe inconvenience of tbe grate becoming choked by bard masses of cotton, and motes, or false seeds, collecting in tbe upper part of tbe spaces between tbe ribs, and impeding tbe action of tbe saws, and also preven Ling tbe mass of cotton, wbicb is drawn by tbe saws up to tbe top of tbe spaces, but not drawn through them, from rolling back freely, so as to pass again over tbe saws, as it should do. My improvement, wbicb I am about to describe, is intended to obviate these difficulties, and it consists in giving a new form to tbe ribs composing tbe grate. Instead of making tbe ribs of a bar of iron of equal thickness throughout, so that tbe upper and under surfaces shall ue parallel, I so form tbe rib that at tbe part where tbe saws pass through, carrying tbe cotton with them, tbe space or depth between tbe upper or outer surface, and the lower or inner surface, shall be greater than tbe thickness of tbe rib in other parts has heretofore been, or needs to be, and so great as to be equal to tbe length of tbe fibre of tbe cotton to be ginned, so that the fibre shall be kept extended between tbe ribs for about its full length, while u is drawn through them by tbe saws. This will, of course, require either that tbe rib should be as thick at that part as tbe length of tbe fibre, or that tbe rib should be forked or divided about that part, so that tbe upper or outer surface and tbe under or inner surface shall diverge to that distance from each other, instead of being parallel, as formerly, when tbe rib was made of one bar of uniform thickness. This under or inner surface then takes a new direction upwards, and slopes toward the upper or outward surface. until tbe two surfaces meet above the periphery of tbe saw. This last described part of tbe under surface is fastened against tbe frame-work of tbe gin. Tbe operation of this improvement is, that those fibres of tbe cotton, wbicb are so firmly caught by the teeth of the saws as to be disengaged from tbe mass of tbe cotton to be ginned, are drawn out to their full length, and pass clear through tbe grate, and are then brushed off by tbe revolving brush, while tbe fibres that are drawn into tbe grate, but are not caught by tbe teeth of tbe saws firmly enough to be carried quite through, are disengaged, and pass up to tbe point, where tbe under surface meets tbe upper surface above tbe saws, and finding no obstruction there, pass back out of tbe grate without choking it. and roll down again with tbe mass of the unginned cotton, and are then caught below by tbe saws and carried up again, and so on. until all tbe fibres are drawn through. Having thus described my improved rib. and its advantages, I now claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, tbe increasing tbe depth or space between tbe upper or outer surface of tbe rib and tbe lower or inner surface of it, at tbe part where tbe collod is drawn through tbe grate, so that it shall be equal to tbe length of tbe fibre of tbe cotton to be ginned (whether this be done by making tbe ribs thicker at that part, or by a fork or division of the rib, or by any other variation of tbe particular form), and I also claim, as part of tbe same improvement, tbe sloping up of tbe lower or inner surface of tbe rib, so as to meet tbe upper or outer surface above tbe saws, leaving, when tbe rib is inserted into tbe frame, no break or shoulder between tbe two surfaces, but a smooth and uninterrupted passage upwards between the ribs as above described.” Tbe defendant pleaded tbe general issue, and also filed special matters of defence.
Willard Phillips and Fletcher, for tbe defendants.
at tbe trial made several points of defence, wbicb, however, are sufficiently referred to in tbe opinion of tbe court.
Franklin Dexter, for tbe plaintiff,
denied tbe validity of all tbe objections. As tbe matters of objection were afterwards fully considered in tbe arguments for a new trial, they are here also admitted.
At tbe trial, one Edson, who was a member of the corporation (tbe defendants) at tbe time of tbe supposed infringement, but bad since sold out bis interest, was offered as a witness for tbe corporation. But upon an objection by tbe plaintiff, bis testimony was rejected, as being inadmissible, as be still bad an interest in the event of tbe suit. THE COURT, however, ruled out tbe testimony, hesitantcr, expressing a desire to re-examine it, if tbe verdict should be for tbe plaintiff.
A great deal of evidence was introdiiced on each side; but tbe questions on wbicb tbe cause seemed principally to rest, were questions of law, and were accordingly argued by tbe counsel in the course of the trial.
STORY, Circuit Justice,
upon the close of the arguments, said: So far as the questions of fact are concerned, I shall leave them for the consideration of the jury, if upon the whole evidence the counsel desire it. But the questions of law are those upon which I am ready to express my present opinion, subject to re-examination, if the counsel shall wish any of them to be more deliberately considered. The first objection is. that the specification has not sufficiently described the mode of making the improvement, or in such full, clear, and exact terms as to enable a skilful mechanic, skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make or construct it. This is certainly a matter mainly of fact. It is true, that the plaintiff, in his specification, in describing the thickness of the rib in his machine, declares, that it should be so thick, that the distance or depth between the upper and the lower surface should be “so great as to be equal to the length of the fibre to be ginned,” which, it is said, is too ambiguous and indefinite a description to enable a mechanic to make it, because it is notorious, that not only the fibres of different kinds of cotton are of different lengths, long staple, and short staple; but that the different fibres in the same kind of cotton are of unequal lengths. And it is asked, what then is to be the distance or depth or thickness of the rib? Whether a skilful mechanic could from this description make a proper rib for any particular kind of cotton, is a matter of fact, which those only, who are acquainted with the structure of cotton gins, can property answer. If they could, then the description is sufficient, although it may require some niceties in adjusting the different thicknesses to the different kinds of cotton. If they could not, then the specification is obviously defective. But I should suppose, that the inequalities of the different fibres of the same kind of cotton would not necessarily present an insurmountable difficulty. It may be, that the adjustment should be made, according to the average length of the fibres, or varied in some other way. But this is for a practical mechanic to say, and not for the court. What I mean, therefore, to say on this point is, that, as a matter of law, I cannot say, that this description is so ambiguous, that the patent is upon its face void. It may be less perfect and complete, than would be desirable; but still it may be sufficient to enable a skilful mechanic to attain the end. In point of fact, is it not actually attained by the mechanics employed by Carver, without the application of any new inventive power, or experiments? If so, then the objection could be answered as a matter of fact or a practical result.
The next objection is, that the patentee has omitted some things in his renewed patent, which he claimed in his original patent as a part of his invention, viz., the knob, the ridge, and the flaring of the lateral surface of the rib above the saw, and that he claims in his renewed patent the combination of the thickness and the slope of the front and back surfaces of the rib. Now, by the thirteenth section of the patent act of 1S3C, c. 337, it is provided, that whenever any patent, which is granted “shall be inoperative or invalid by reason of a defective or insufficient description, or specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming in his specification as his own invention more than he had or shall have a right to claim as new, if the error has or shall have arisen by inadvertency, mistake, or accident, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, it shall be lawful for the commissioner, upon the surrender to him of such patent, and the payment of the further sum of fifteen dollars, to cause a new patent to be issued to the inventor for the same invention, for the residue of the period then unexpired for which the original patent was granted in accordance with the pat-entee's corrected description and specification.” And it is afterwards added, that “whenever the original patentee shall be de sirous of adding the description of any new improvement of the original invention or discovery, which shall have been invented or discovered by him subsequent to the date of his patent, he may, like proceedings being had in all respects as in the case of original applications, and on the payment of fifteen dollars, as hereinbefore provided, have the same annexed to the original description and specification.” The act of 1837^, c. 45, § 8, further provides, “that whenever any application shall be made to the commissioner for any addition, or a newly discovered improvement, to be made to an existing patent, or whenever a patent shall be returned for correction and reissue, the specification annexed to every such patent shall be subject to revision and restriction, in the same manner as original applications for patents; the commissioner shall not add any such improvement to the patent in the one case, nor grant the reissue in the other case, until the applicant shall have entered a disclaimer, or altered his specification of claim, in accordance with the decision of the commissioner.” See Act 1836, e. 357, § 7.
Now, I see nothing in these provisions-which upon a reissue of a patent requires the patentee to claim all things in the renewed patent, which were claimed as his-original invention, or part of his invention in his original patent. On the contrary, if his original patent claimed too much, or if the commissioner deemed it right to restrict the'specification, and the patentee acquiesced therein, it seems to be, that, in each case, the renewed patent, if it' claimed less than the original, would be equally valid. A specification may be defective and unmaintainable under tbe patent act. as well by an excess of el..._n, as by a defect in tbe mode of stating it. How can tbe court in this case judicially know, whether tbe patentee left out tbe knob, and ridge, and flaring of the lateral surface of tbe rib, in tbe renewed patent, because be thought, that they might have a tendency to mislead tbe public by introducing what, upon further reflection, be deemed immaterial or unessential, and that tbe patent would thus contain more than was necessary to produce tbe described effect, and be open to an objection, which might be fatal to bis right, if it was done to deceive tbe public? Act 1S30, c. 357, § 15. Or, bow can tbe couii; judicially know, that tbe commissioner did not positively require this very omission? It is certain, that be might have given it bis sanction. But I incline very strongly to bold a much broader opinion; and that is, that an inventor is always at liberty in a renewed patent to omit a part of bis original invention, if be deems it expedient, and to retain that part only of bis original invention, which be deems it fit to retain. No harm is done to tbe public by giving up a part of what be lias actually invented; for tbe public may then use it; and there is nothing in tbe policy or terms of the patent act, which prohibits such a restriction. Tbe other part of tbe objection seems to me equally untenable. If tbe description of tbe combination of tbe thickness and tbe slope of tbe front and back surfaces of tbe fib, were a part of tbe plaintiff’s original invention, (as «the objection itself supposes.) and were not fully stated in tbe original specification, that is exactly sucli a defect as the patent acts allow to be remedied. A specification may be defective, not only in omitting to give a full description of the mode of constructing a machine, but also in omitting to describe fullj' in the claim tbe nature, and extent, and character of the invention itself. Indeed, this latter is tbe common defect, for which most renewed patents are granted.
Another objection is, that tbe plaintiff, in bis claim, lias stated that the desired distance or space between the upper and tbe lower surfaces of tbe rib, whether it “be done by making tbe ribs thicker at that part, or by a fork or division of tbe rib. or by ansother variation of tbe particular form,” is a part of his invention. It is said that thq modes of forking and dividing are not specified, nor tbe variations of tbe particular form given. This is true; but then the patent act requires the patentee to specify the several modes, “in which he has contemplated the application of the distinguishing principle or character of his invention.” Act 1830, c. 357, § 0. Now, we all know that a mere difference of form will not entitle a party to a patent. What the patentee here says in effect is: One important part of my invention consists in the space or distance between tbe upper and lower surfaces of the ribs, and whether this is obtained by making the rib solid, or by a fork, or division of tbe rib, or by any other variation of tbe form of tbe rib, I equally claim it as my invention. The end to be obtained is tbe space or distance equal to the fibre of the cotton to be ginned; and you may make the rib solid, or fork it, or divide it, or vary its form in any other manner, so as that the purpose is obtained. The patentee, therefore, guards himself against the suggestion, that his invention consists solely in a particular form, solid, or forked, or divided; and claims the invention to be his, whether the exact form is preserved, or not, if its proportions are kept so as to be adapted to the fibre of the cotton which is to be ginned. In all this I can perceive no want of accuracy or sufficiency of description, at least so far as it is a matter of law, nor any claim, broader than the invention, which is either so vague or so comprehensive, as, in point of law, not to be patentable. It was not incumbent upon the patentee to suggest all the possible modes by which the rib might be varied, and yet the effect be produced. It is sufficient for him to state the modes which he contemplates to be best, and to add, that other mere formal variations from these modes he does not deem to be unprotected by his patent
Another objection is, that the patentee has not sufficiently described the slopes between his ribs, so as to make the description intelligible, or to enable a skilful mechanic to construct them. Whether this be so, or not, is not a matter of law upon the face of the patent, but a matter of fact for the jury, if there be any serious doubt about it.
Some other objections have been taken, such as. that the invention is not new, that the original patent and the renewed patent are not identical for the same invention, and that the patent was obtained with a fraudulent intent, for the purpose of covering the invention of Copeland, which has been patented and sustained in this court against the claim of the plaintiff. But these all involve matters of fact, which belong to the province of the jury, upon the evidence, with which I do not intermeddle, and upon which the parties are at liberty to take the opinion of the jury.
I have thus stated summarily, according to the suggestions of the counsel for the defendants, my own views of the patent, and of the objections taken thereto. I have stated them in my own language, and with a view to make my own meaning clear. I cannot admit that I am bound to respond to the very terms in which the objections are taken, or to give instruction to the jury, affirming or denying them, without qualification or explanation. If the counsel for the defendants wish for a more deliberate examination of the points of law, after the trial is over, they can be brought again before this court, upon a motion for a new trial; •or, if a verdict is given to the plaintiff to an amount which will justify an appeal, the opinion of the supreme court may he taken upon the matters of law.
Phillips and Fletcher, for defendant, now moved for a new trial.
Franklin Dexter, for plaintiff.
Upon these statements of the court, the defendants’ counsel elected not to go to the jury, and a verdict was hy consent taken for the plaintiff, for §960.50. subject to the opinion of the court upon the matter’s of law; and also to the ruling of the court as to the inadmissibility of one Edson, who was at the • time of the supposed infringement, a member of the corporation, and had since sold out his interest; and whom the court rejected as a witness for the corporation.
In the trial of this case the following rulings were excepted to by the defendants: The defendants understand the following points to have been ruled by the court, viz., “That the describing and claiming the increasing of the distance from where the cotton goes in. to where it comes out from between the grates, to be equal to the length of the fibres of cotton to be ginned, is a sufficiently accurate, specific, and definite description and claim. That the patentee had a right to drop the things patented in his original patent, viz. the knob, the ridge, and the flaring of the lateral surface of the rib above the sa w, and patent in his renewal, the combination of the thickness and the slope of the front and back surfaces of the rib. That the claiming of the increasing of the distance from where the cotton enters to where it comes out from between the ribs, by forking, division, or any variation of the particular form, is not claiming too much. That the patentee had a right to claim, and patent, the knob or projection P, in his renewal, of the same width as the rib, notwithstanding he had described and patented the same in his original as narrower than the rib. That the patentee was not bound to specify the modes of forking and division, and variations of the particular form claimed and patented by him. That the original was invalid and inoperative, within the provisions of the patent law for a renewal. That the patentee, by specifying the distance, which the cotton is carried between the ribs, and not claiming the same, as an element of his patent, did not thereby abandon the same. That the patentee, by distance, which the cotton was so carried to be equal to the ‘full’ length of the fibre in the original, was not thereby precluded from claiming and patenting that distance, caused by thickness of the rib or otherwise, equal to the average length of the fibres on one seed, in his renewal. That the patent describes, and claims with sufficient clearness, and exactness, a slope between the ribs. That the specification states sufficient elements for a patent for a combination, and adequately specifies, points out, and claims a combination. That John Edson was interested in the event of the suit, and by reason of such interest was incompetent as a witness. It was, as the counsel for the defendants understood the ease, established by the testimony and not disputed, that the thickness of the grate, or distance that the cotton passed between the grates, and the obliquity or slope of the shoulder, as specified by the plaintiff, were neither of them new.”
STORY, Circuit Justice. To many of the objections stated in the motion for a new trial, to the supposed rulings of the court, a very brief answer may be given. In the first place, I cannot admit that they are in terms the actual rulings of the court, upon the points in controversy at the trial; and since they have been furnished to me, I have drawn out at large the views, which I then suggested upon the points in controversy at the trial; so that my actual meaning should be accurately understood. Upon further reflection, I do not feel it necessary to add to the views there suggested. They were as follows: (Here the judge recapitulated the remarks already cited as made at the trial.) I see no reason to be dissatisfied with what was then said; and if the observations then made were correct, it seems to me that they dispose of the principal objections, at least, so far as my own' judgment is concerned. They might be elaborated, but they contain the substance of all that I desire to say on these points.
One point is, however, now brought out upon the argument for a new trial, which was not so fully suggested at the trial, and, indeed, which arose so incidentally, that it was scarcely a matter calling for any very positive expression of the opinion of the court. It is now said, that the plaintiff’s claim is, in fact, for a new combination of a rib of a particular thickness, with the particular sloping up of his rib, as described in the specification; and that it is not the thing which is patented. It appears to me. that there is more of refinement in the form of this objection, than there is of difficulty in resolving it. The renewed patent is, in terms, a patent for “a new and useful improvement in the ribs of saw gins for ginning cotton.” The original patent is substantially like it in the descriptive words. It is for “a new and useful improvement in the manner of forming the ribs of saw gins for ginning cotton.” The language of the specification annexed to the renewed patent is, for “an improvement in tne manner of forming the ribs of saw gins for ginning cotton.” So that in substance we may clearly see, that the same improvement is designed to be included in the descriptive words. In the summing up of his claim in this last specification the patentee says: “I now claim-as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, the increasing the depth or space between the upper or outer surface of the rib, and the lower or inner surface of it, at the part where the cotton is drawn through the grate, so that it shall be equal to the length of the fibre of the cotton to be ginned (whether this is done by malting the ribs thicker in that part, or by a fork, or division, or by any other variation of the particular form); and I also claim as a part of'the same improvement the sloping up of the lower or inner surface of the rib, so as to meet the ' upper or outer surface above the saws, leaving, when the rib is inserted into the frame, no break, or shoulder between the two surfaces, but a smooth and uninterrupted passage upwards between the ribs, as above described.” The drawings annexed to the specification are designed to make the description more palpable and clear. And it is not without significance in the case to remark that, as the patent is for an improvement upon the common cotton-gins, it presupposes, on the part of those interested in the matter, a full knowledge of the machinery and ■structure of the common gins. Now, to me it is perfectly clear, that the present patent is founded upon a claim for one entire thing, that is, for an improved rib, or a specified improvement upon the common rib of cotton-gins. It is not a claim for two distinct and independent improvements, each susceptible of a distinct operation, or each claimed as a distinct invention; but both are claimed as parts and parcels of the same improvement, and necessary thereto. I do not say, whether each of the specified things, going to make up the entire improvement, might not have been separately claimed as several inventions. That is not a necessary point in the present case. What I mean to say is. that they are not so summed up in the claim; but they are summed up as making an entirety. They go to make up the improved rib. which is patented. That rib is the thing claimed, and not the thickness or depth or space of the rib alone, or the sloping up of the surfaces thereof alone. Both are claimed as parts of the same improvement, but neither alone as constituting it. I see no objection to its being called a combination of particular forms and arrangements of structure to complete the improved rib. In a just sense, that is a combination which requires different things or different contrivances or different arrangements to be brought together, to accomplish the given end. But it is far from following from this, that the combination is not and may not be treated as an entirety.
There is no magic in words; and above all, in patents, the court looks through the whole patent and specification, in order to ascertain what the thing claimed and patented is; whether it is for an entirety, or for various distinct improvements, capable of a distinct operation, and independent use in the same machine, or for both; or whether it is for a combination of two or more things in a particular machine, to produce a given result, or for a simple or single improvement in a particular machine; or whether it is for any one or more of them. There is no artificial or universal rule of interpretation of such instrument beyond that which common sense furnishes, which is to construe the instrument as a whole, and to extract from the descriptive words and the claim, what the invention is, which is intended to be patented, and how far it is capable of exact ascertainment, and how far it is maintainable in point of law, supposing it clear from all ambiguity. Now, looking at the present patent, it seems to me impossible to entertain any real doubt as to its true interpretation. It is. as the words of the claim state it to be, for a single thing— “an improved rib.” The improvement is upon the existing rib in the cotton gin, and consists in two things, neither of which (as has been already suggested) is claimed separately, but both together, as constituting one conjoint improvement. It appeal’s to me. that the claim sufficiently expresses the real nature, extent, and character of the improvement, and is in perfect compliance with the sixth section of the patent act of 1S30. c. 357. I should not have thought it necessary to consider this objection so far, if it had not been for the zeal and ingenuity, with which it has been pressed upon the court. Call the improvement an entirety, or a combination, as we may please, it is still a patent for “an improved rib,” and nothing more.
The remaining objection is to the rejection of the testimony of Edson. And here it is, that I have entertained some doubt, upon which I was desirous of hearing the further argument, which has now been had. The defendants were created a corporation by the statute of Massachusetts of the 14th of June, 1823, and were, of course, made subject to all the liabilities and requirements of the general statute of 1S21, c. 2S [Laws Mass. C>00]. respecting the liabilities of manufacturing corporations. That statute provides "that every person, who shall become a member of any manufacturing corporation which may be hereafter established in this commonwealth, shall be liable in his individual capacity for all debts contracted during the time of his continuing a member of such corporation.” The question turns, therefore,upon the meaning of the words “debts contracted,” in the statute. Do they mean literally and strictly such debts as are due and payable in money, ex contractu, by the positive or implied engagements of the corporation, and resolve themselves into liquidated or determinate sums of money, due as debts (see 2 Bl. Comm. 401; 3 Bl. Comm. 154), or do they extend to all legal liabilities incurred by the corporation, and which, when fixed by a judgment, or award, or otherwise, are debts of the corporation? And if the latter be the true meaning, then, does the statute liability exist only from the time when it becomes an ascertained debt of the corporation, or does it relate back to the origin of the liability, and bind the corporators from that time?
If the words “debts contracted,” in the statute, are to receive the limited construction, that they are applicable only to debts in the strict sense of the term, that is, contracts of the party for the payment of money, and nothing else, it is obvious, that the purposes of the statute, which although, in some sense, it may be deemed penal, is also in another sense remedial, would be comparatively of little value. Suppose the case of a contract by the corporation to do work, or to manufacture goods of a particular Quality or character, or to furnish materials, or to buy cotton or wool undelivered, or to build houses, or to employ workmen; and the contract should be entirely unperformed, and broken, and refused to be performed, so that the right of the other party would be, not to money, but to unliquidated damages for the non-performance or refusal to perform; if these, which are by no means uncommon contracts, should be without the purview of the statute, it would have a very narrow and inadequate range and operation. Xet such cases sound merely in damages. Suppose a manufacturing corporation to obstruct its neighbor’s mill-privilege, or stop his mill works, by back flowage, if such acts be not within the protection of the statute, we see. at once, that an insolvent corporation might do irreparable mischief without any just redress to the other party. Suppose such an insolvent corporation should unlawfully. under an unfounded claim of right, convert 100 or 1000 bales of cotton belonging to a third person, we see, that the mischief could be redressed only by an action of trover for unliquidated damages; and if the individual corporators were not liable therefor, after an unsatisfied judgment, the statute would be little more than a delusion. If, on the other hand, we should construe the statute lyoadly as a remedial statute, and give to the word “debts,” a meaning, not unusual, as equivalent to “dues,” and to the word “contracted,” a meaning, which, though more remote, is still legitimate, as equivalent to “incurred,” so that the phrase, “debts contracted,” in this sense would be equivalent to “dues owing,” or “liabilities incurred,” the statute would attain all the objects for which it seems designed. The supreme court of Massachusetts, in Mill Dam Foundery v. Hovey, 21 Pick. 455, held, under the statute of 1829, c. 53, § 6 [3 Metc. Daws Mass. 297], which makes the stockholders liable for the debts of the corporation, that the term “debts” included a claim for unliquidated damages. That was a case arising ex contractu; but the language certainly extends the term “debts” beyond its close and literal meaning. And if it covers cases of unliquidated damages, ex contractu, it is difficult to say, why it should stop there, and not go further and cover cases of un-liquidated damages arising from lorts to property. In each ease there is no debt until the damages are ascertained and liquidated; and then the debt seems to relate back to its origin. Blaekstone says, “A debt of- record is a sum which appears to be due by the evidence of a court of record; thus, when any specific sum is adjudged to be due from the defendant to the plaintiff in an action or suit at law, this is a contract of the highest nature, being established by ihe sentence of a court of judicature.” 2 Bl. Comm. 46-1; 3 Bl. Comm. 100. Here Blaekstone manifestly included all sorts of actions or suits, where the judgment is for a sum certain, whatever may be its nature or origin. 2 Bl. Comm. 464; 3 Bl. Comm. 160, 161; Com. Dig. “Debt,” A. 2.
I agree that it is no part of the duty or functions of courts of justice, to supply the deficiencies of legislation, or to correct mis-chiefs which they have left unprovided for. That is not the question here. But the question is, whether, if the words of a statute admit of two interpretations, one of which makes the legislation incomplete for its apparent object, and the other of which will cover and redress all the mischiefs, that should be adopted, in a statute eoniessedly remedial, which is the most narrow, rather than that which is the most comprehensive, for the reason only, that the latter will create an obligation or duty, beyond what is imposed by the common law? It seems clear, that in common parlance, as well as in law, the term is in an enlarged sense sometimes used to denote any kind of a just demand. See Com. v. Keeper of Philadelphia Jail, 4 Serg. & R. 506; Gray v. Bennett, 3 Metc. [Mass.] 522, 526. And in the Koman law it had sometimes the like enlarged signification. “Sed utrum ex delicto an ex contractu debitor sit, nihil refert,” says the Digest. Dig. lib. 5, tit 3, 1. 14; Pothier, Pand. lib. 50, tit. 16, note 69. Upon this subject I confess that with all the lights which have been thrown upon the question by the able arguments at the bar, I am. not without some lurking doubts. But having reflected much upon the subject, and being in the same predicament, which Lord Eldon is said to have suggested as having sometimes occurred to himself, that he felt doubts, but was unable to solve them to his own entire satisfaction. I have at length come to the conclusion that the rejection of the witness as an interested witness was right. I follow out the doctrine of the case of Mill Dam Foundery v. Hovey, 21 Pick. 455. which, as far as it goes, disclaims the interpretation of the word, “debt” as limited to contracts for the payment of determinate sums of money. Passing that line, it does not seem to me easy to say, that if cases of unliquidated damages may be treated as debts, because they end in the ascertainment of a fixed sum of money, that we are at liberty to say, that the doctrine is not equally applicable to all cases of unliquidat-ed damages, whether arising ex contractu or ex delicto. If ultimately it ends in a debt, as a .judgment for damages does, that ease asserts, that its character as a debt relates back to its origin. Besides, it seems to me upon principle to *be reasonable, if not absolutely justified by authority, to hold, that if the transaction occurs while a person is a member of the corporation, and he would, if he remained a member, be liable for the ultimate debt adjudged, it may well be treated as an inchoate debt consummated by the judgment. Since the argument was had, my attention has been called to the case of Gray v. Bennett, 3 Metc. [Mass.] 522, 530, 531, which, in several respects, confirms the reasoning, which I had previously adopted, in relation to the meaning of the word “debt,” and the construction which it ought to receive in a remedial statute. If I had seen that case at an earlier period, it would have somewhat abridged my own researches on the same subject. The result is, that the motion for a new trial is over-ruled, and judgment must pass for the plaintiff.
[NOTE. For another case involving this patent, see Carver v. Hyde, 1G Pet. (41 U. S.) 513.] | CASELAW |
-- Obama Vows to Solve Bombings as Investigators Comb Videos
President Barack Obama committed the full resources of the federal government to the investigation of the deadly twin bombings at the Boston Marathon and pledged to hold the perpetrators accountable. “We still do not know who did this or why,” Obama said in a televised statement from the White House just over three hours after the explosions that killed three people and injured more than 100. “But make no mistake: we will get to the bottom of this. And we will find out who did this.” Whoever is responsible “will feel the full weight of justice.” U.S. spy agencies had no advance warning of an impending attack, said Senate Intelligence Chairwoman Dianne Feinstein and two other intelligence officials, who asked for anonymity to discuss the investigation. Obama received updates on the investigation overnight from his top adviser for homeland security and counterterrorism, Lisa Monaco , according to a White House aide. He will meet this morning with Monaco and Robert Mueller , director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, said the aide, who requested anonymity to discuss the president’s schedule. The blasts were the first mass-casualty bombing in the U.S. since the Sept. 11 attacks. Federal investigators were immediately dispatched to the scene to begin combing through video of the scene from multiple cameras and examine debris from the explosion for forensic clues. Police were examining other potential devices found in the area. They were not believed to be explosives, according to two federal law enforcement officials. Terrorist Act Several people were being questioned, including a foreign national in the country on an expired student visa who is not classified as a suspect at this point, according to a federal law enforcement official. Boston police have no suspect in custody, Commissioner Ed Davis said at a news briefing. The attack is being treated as a terrorist act because it involved multiple explosive devices, though investigators have not yet found any link to an organized terror group, foreign or domestic, said a White House official who asked for anonymity. Obama did not use the term terrorism in his televised remarks. Federal law defines terrorism as violence to “intimidate or coerce” either the government or members of the public, according to the FBI website. The site chosen for the explosions, near the finish line of the race, provided maximum opportunity for television exposure. Local police confiscated mobile phones from people in the area of the explosion, said Representative Michael McCaul, a Texas Republican who is chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security . Insurgents in Iraq sometimes use mobile phone signals to detonate bombs. Intelligence Agencies In his remarks, Obama cautioned that people “shouldn’t jump to conclusions before we have all the facts.” U.S. intelligence agencies had no prior indications that any foreign group was planning an attack in the U.S. today, said two U.S. officials with access to classified reports of international communications, satellite imagery and other material that sometimes provides warnings of possible foreign terrorist acts. A third official, who wasn’t authorized to speak publicly, said among the considerations is the timing of the attack. It came on the day when federal income taxes customarily are due and Patriots’ Day in Massachusetts , celebrating the opening shots of the American Revolution against the British Crown, which might point to a domestic extremist group. ‘Abundance of Caution’ Obama said security across the country would be stepped up “as necessary” in response to the attack. The Secret Service restricted pedestrian access in front of the White House “out of an abundance of caution,” said Edwin Donovan, a spokesman for the Secret Service. The blasts at the race, which attracts about 25,000 runners and 500,000 spectators each year, follow several bombing attempts since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks in 2001. Quazi Mohammad Rezwanul Ahsan Nafis, a 21-year-old man from Bangladesh , pleaded guilty in February to planning to bomb the New York Federal Reserve last year. In 2010, Faisal Shahzad was sentenced to life in prison for driving a car containing an explosive into New York’s Times Square, and Najibullah Zazi pleaded guilty to supporting al- Qaeda and plotting in 2009 to attack New York subways. Nor was yesterday’s attack the first bombing of a major U.S. sporting event. A blast at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia , on July 26, 1996, killed one and injured more than 100 people. Eric Robert Rudolph, an anti-abortion activist, admitted detonating the 40-pound pipe bomb. Task Force Investigations into bombings like the pair of explosions near the finish line of the Boston Marathon are typically run by a Joint Terrorism Task Force, a partnership of law enforcement and investigative agencies ranging from state and local police departments to the FBI to the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, according to former government officials involved in such probes. The oldest task forces, commonly referred to by the initials JTTF, date back to the 1980s and currently number more than 100 nationwide, including one in the Boston area, according to Shawn Henry, a former executive assistant director of the FBI. “It’ll be all hands on deck. Everybody working their areas of responsibility,” said Henry, referring to the initial effort to collect evidence and interview witnesses in the bombings. ‘Something Unusual’ “Investigators will be checking with their sources, looking at video feeds that might be available, talking to people who set up the course, seeing if they might have noticed something unusual,” said Henry, president of CrowdStrike Services, an Irvine , California-based security consultant. Authorities can’t automatically assume the bombings are the work of Islamist terrorists, who have been linked to several bomb plots since the Sept. 11 attacks, he said. “It could be somebody who’s got a grievance,” Henry said, adding that yesterday was the day federal taxes are due. “It could be someone who doesn’t like paying taxes.” Philip Mudd, former deputy director of the CIA’s Counterterrorist Center and a former senior intelligence adviser to the FBI, said investigators will be studying the style of the bombings, which based on what currently is publicly known, do not bear the classic marks of al Qaeda-inspired attack plots. Those efforts have sought to inflict maximum casualties in crowded iconic locations, like New York’s Times Square, or its subway system , said Mudd, the director of global risk at SouthernSun Asset Management in Memphis , Tennessee . “Here you have what appears to be a relatively small bomb in a public place that’s not iconic,” he said. To contact the reporters on this story: Mike Dorning in Washington at mdorning@bloomberg.net ; Phil Mattingly in Washington at pmattingly@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Steven Komarow at skomarow1@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Intelligence/Assessment
Welcome to the WikiProject Intelligence - assessment department. This department is responsible for assessing articles on the topic of intelligence or espionage. Most of the activities that the assessment department take part in are in conjunction with the WP:1.0 program.
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Measurement of the neutron decay electron-antineutrino angular correlation by the aCORN experiment
Alexander Komives, DePauw University
et al.
Abstract
The aCORN experiment measures the neutron-decay electron-antineutrino correlation (a coefficient) using a novel method based on an asymmetry in proton time-of-flight for events where the beta electron and recoil proton are detected in delayed coincidence. We report the data analysis and result from the second run at the NIST Center for Neutron Research, using the high-flux cold neutron beam on the new NG-C neutron guide end position: a=−0.10758±0.00136(stat)±0.00148(sys). This is consistent within uncertainties with the result from the first aCORN run on the NG-6 cold neutron beam. Combining the two aCORN runs, we obtain a=−0.10782±0.00124(stat)±0.00133(sys), which has an overall relative standard uncertainty of 1.7%. The corresponding result for the ratio of weak coupling constants λ=GA/GV is λ=−1.2796±0.0062.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cajun Sushi Hamsters
The result was delete. Sandstein 07:02, 8 July 2012 (UTC)
Cajun Sushi Hamsters
* – ( View AfD View log • Stats )
Appears to be a non-notable organization; barring forums and blogs (of the "I'm a participant" type) there are hardly any refs, try this search. Has been around unreffed and orphaned since 2007. Chiswick Chap (talk) 13:26, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* Delete. While I absolutely love the name, there aren't any sources out there to show that this group has enough notability to warrant having an article. There's a ton of unusable sources, but nothing that would be considered to be a reliable source per Wikipedia's criteria.Tokyogirl79 (talk) 13:31, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Science fiction-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:24, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 15:24, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* Well, the one-sentence article barely makes it into "stub" category. I could dig up a half dozen references or so-- the workshop has been written about in various newspaper and magazine articles-- but I'm not sure how many people are going to look up the workshop in Wikipedia. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 16:11, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* OK, I added a handful of citations I could find lying around. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 16:47, 30 June 2012 (UTC)
* While I'm happy to accept your sources in good faith, the article remains skeletal even for a stub. Would you be able either to provide the text of some of the cited articles, or to work the material into the article in the usual way, e.g. with a "Reception" section? Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:18, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
* Keep as new sources appear to cross the verifiability and notability thresholds. It's too bad that Northern Ohio Live is defunct but this news article strongly indicates that it was a reliable source for our purposes. (Article needs expansion, but that's a matter for cleanup, not AfD.) - Dravecky (talk) 03:32, 1 July 2012 (UTC)
* Delete This is not an article that says very much. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 19:55, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
* Delete This is a sentence, not an article. Given that the references offered start in 1993 and go only through 2009, I'm not even sure the verb "is" in the article is still relevant. Perhaps it should be "was". If this workshop still exists, citations should be more readily available if it's notable. If it no longer operates, then it doesn't appear notable based on what's been provided thus far. If "The Cajun Sushi Hampsters keep winning awards and launching careers." (as was noted in the 2006 link), then there should be references to those awards or careers launched. The Cleveland Plain Dealer article only says that some members of the workshop are going to do a reading at a bookstore (not notable), so all in all, I recommend a deletion. Vertium (talk to me) 03:00, 5 July 2012 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Talk:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)/Archive 2
Delete Entire Article, Civil war in Iraq
There is not a civil war in Iraq. Some members of the mass media used the term civil war for Iraq. The term civil war did not work because there is not and has not been a civil war in Iraq the past few years. The news corporations quickly and quietly stopped using the words civil war to describe Iraq. I remember NBC started calling it a civil war a while back but only used the term for several days before it was not mentioned again. If there is no civil war in Iraq the civil war should not be in an Encyclopedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:42, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
* civil war
* –noun
* a war between political factions or regions within the same country.
* That my friend is exactly what this war is. It is an armed conflict between multiple political factions belonging to the same country of Iraq. Regardless of weather or not the biased American media refers to it as that exactly what this is. (ForeverDEAD 19:52, 14 September 2007 (UTC))
* Michael Yon used the term in his latest article. He is probably the most unbiased reporter there is for Iraq. He agrees with the Petraeus report, but he's still using the term "civil war". Isaac Pankonin 01:33, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
Michael Yon has stated several times on his blog that he is not a journalist and has no formal journalism training or experience. There is no civil war in Iraq.The American media is not biased. Although there is violence between political factions the cause of this violence comes from foreign nations getting involved in Iraq. Iran sends weapons to Iraq that cause the violence that biased liberals call a civil war. The War in Iraq is actually a war for Iraq against foreign nations that don't want the Iraqi people to be free. Iraq was doing fine until neighboring nations got involved. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:22, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
* I'm not here to debate whether Michael Yon is a journalist, but he's been published in many newspapers, and his pictures have been nominated for Pulitzers. He's also been on Fox News. He's not what you would call a "biased liberal" either. He agreed with the Petraeus report and has said some very positive things about Iraq recently.
* Anyway, foreign assistance is entirely beside the point. The Spanish civil war featured German war planes with Spanish insignia painted on them, and the Abraham Lincoln Brigade fought there as well. I think the underground nature of the insurgency is only because of American technical advantage and air dominance. Militants have held ground in Fallujah and recently in Baqubah, and they've set up their own governments. Are they winning? No. Are the forces equal? Not a chance. Has there been a civil war in Iraq in the past 4 years? I won't assert it, but I think it's possible. Anybody who says a straight "Yes" or "No" to this is trying to push an agenda. Is there a civil war right now? I don't think so. Isaac Pankonin 01:41, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
Actually the American media is quite biased, as an American myself i take the media as far as i can throw it which isnt very far. Yes there are foreign fighters but wait you forget about the bath loyalists who are still fighting and probaly the 1000's of iraqi youth that have turned to an extremist form of islam. There are many iraqis fighting eachother, sunni V shiia The iraqi police and military V the 100'd of local fighters. Also the statment about iran is quite not needed anyone can go out and get 1000's of weapons in that part of the world easiy. I promise you that one of those fighters could eaisly make its way to an arms dealer in africa of somewhere else and get just the saem amount of weapons iran is suppling. Ive already stated what a civil war is and it clearly falls under this catagory. You can put a AFD on this artical if you feel it really doesnt exsist but some people feel this is aivil war. And also just becuase the mass media doesnt refear to it as a civil war doesnt mean its not.(ForeverDEAD 15:55, 15 September 2007 (UTC))
There is clear evidence that some of the weapons and bombs in Iraq come from Iran. The Iranians aid the extremists which cause violence in Iraq. There is also Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is trying to cause a civil war in Iraq so Iraq will fall into chaos and the United States will fail and leave. If Al-Qaeda and neighboring nations stop causing violence in Iraq the Iraqis will be able to get along. As long as they stay involved there will be violence in Iraq. There is no civil war in Iraq. What you call a civil war is actually a war by foreign nations that want Iraq to fail. Weapons in Iraq don't come from Africa. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:07, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
And there's the country which came from half way around the world to invade Iraq, brought Al-Qaeda in to the country, and which recently lost over 100,000 AK-47 rifles in the country.. There's actually clear evidence that some of the weapons in Iraq came from this same country. --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:18, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
The United States didn't "bring Al Qaeda into the country". Unless you've been booking flights for Saudi, Egyptian and Yemeni terrorists without telling us again.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:33, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
* Al Qaeda went into Iraq after the United States invaded the country. Even the dumbest Neocons can acknowledge that. Ericster08 (talk) 03:13, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
The United States wants Iraq to be free and peaceful. Iran and other countries want Iraq to fail so they can have it for themselves.They intentionally gave weapons to extremist militants to kill Iraqis. The weapons from the United States were misplaced not lost and were to help the Iraqis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:23, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
Exscuse me if i wasnt clear before but id didnt mean the weapons came from africa just that it would be extremly easy for one to get them and fund hypotheticly. Yes Iran and other Arab countrys want iraq to fall and yes they have been. And because there are foegner fighters that automaticly makes this not a civil war? there are 1000's of homegrown iraqi terrorists. Theres large enough people in the war who think that this is a civil war that NPOV to not have an artical on the civil war ForeverDEAD 13:48, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
* If you're talking about the Iraqis that think they're in a civil war, what was the number that's cited in the article, 30%? If you're using that criteria alone, I don't think it would be neutral to call it a civil war in the article's title. Isaac Pankonin 23:44, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
There is no civil war in Iraq. The United States is fighting a proxy war in Iraq with Iran that is causing Iraqis to fight each other. Other neighboring nations are also involved. If the United States is able to stop all of the weapons and assistance from Iran and other neighboring nations most of the violence in Iraq will stop and Iraqis will be able to take control of all security in Iraq. When this is done almost all of the United States' troops will be able to leave Iraq. The war in Iraq is not a war on Iraq but a proxy war with Iran. If the United States leaves before the Iraqis are ready Iraq will fall into chaos as the Middle East fights for Iraq. Right now the war is a proxy war between the United States and Iran. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:45, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
* To maintain NPOV i think we need this artical because alot of people do belive this is a civil war(ForeverDEAD 20:10, 17 September 2007 (UTC))
* Let me ask you this: What separates this article from the Iraqi insurgency article? Isaac Pankonin 05:43, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
This article is not NPOV. The article is a one sided argument that Iraq is in a civil war. It should not be in an encyclopedia. If it is NPOV it should state that there is skepticism about whether there is a civil war in Iraq. When it is proven that there was not and is not a civil war in Iraq the article will be deleted. There is no civil war in Iraq. The so called civil war is actually a proxy war with neighboring countries. Time will show that that there was not and is not a civil war in Iraq. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:27, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
* If you want to tell yourself lies that's one thing, but don't spread your written feces all over this talk board. Look, whether you believe it's a civil war over there or not, is immaterial. You aren't credible because your words do not correspond to reality. Michael Ware, the most seasoned journalist on the ground in Iraq, KNOWS it's a Civil War. The soldiers over there have told him that repeatedly and he can see it with his own eyes. Iraqi Sunnis and Iraqi Shiia are killing each other, plain and simple. What part of that do you not understand? Simply refusing to refer to a civil war as a civil war, doesn't make it something else. It seems the period has arrived when you should allow some intelligence to creep into a mind that has plainly been warped. There's Civil War in Iraq - DEAL WITH IT. Ericster08 (talk) 20:56, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
* When you wrote this, the "civil war" or Al Qaeda invasion, or whatever you prefer to call it, had already been over for nearly a year.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:57, 27 February 2010 (UTC)
You no what? ive been thinking about it and i agree now. I was before most likely letting my agendas speak but you have a point. If you throw up a AFD tag ill vote for delete ForeverDEAD 21:32, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
Requested move
no consensus. -- tariq abjotu 18:38, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
Civil war in Iraq → Sectarian violence in Iraq — This is the proper name since by the article's own admission the violence "has the elements" of Civil War but it still cannot yet be classified as such. We can all agree there is "Sectarian violence" and this is what the article is about —Southern Texas 19:43, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
Survey
* Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with or , then sign your comment with . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.
* Oppose per array of sources above. We pretty much had this conversation in a move request and delete request about a month or two ago.. --<IP_ADDRESS> 00:43, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose "Sectarian violence" is what you had in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. As of now, warfare is much more intense in Iraq than in the Afghan Civil War. I dare anybody try renaming that article to "Sectarian violence in Afghanistan"--victor falk 15:20, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose as per Victor Birthday sig-leave some love 15:24, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Support The Conflict in Iraq fails to meet any legal definition of a civil war, and saying that it is such is in of itself a biased and POV assessment of the conflict. A section that some people (mostly Americans) believe there is a civil war would be reasonable in the article Sectarian violence in Iraq which is what this article should become. From Wikipedia Naming Conventions: "If there is no common name for the event and no generally accepted descriptive word, use a descriptive name that does not carry POV implications." TheWinkel 03:10, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Alternate support move to Mission Accomplished. Ewlyahoocom 05:13, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* We are trying to find a serious solution to an important wikiissue, Please remove your unconstructive comment.--Southern Texas 19:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* Support per nom. this is the most accurate name. Yahel Guhan 02:54, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
* Support I think the article needs to be renamed to Sectarian violence in Iraq. I personally don't think that the name Civil war in Iraq is appropriate. since it is called in Iraq a Sectarian violence and Iraqi people do not call it a civil war. The name in Arabic wikipedia is (الأزمة الطائفية العراقية في ظل الاحتلال الأمريكي) which means literaly the Sectarian conflict in Iraq under after/under the American occupation. The Arabic name is not the best but at least can give us a clue.--Aziz1005 22:50, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose Changing the title to "Sectarian Violence...2007" further mucks up the issues. The title should (and eventually will) be changed to "Proxy warfare in Iraq, 2003-2007," and identify the various foreign and domestic armies battling for control.<IP_ADDRESS> 21:21, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
EastOfWest 10:27am, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose While violence in Iraq has certain dropped far below levels seen in 2001-2007 there are still hundreds being killed every month. Though sectarian violence is a large part of the ongoing violence, the attacks are generally intended to fuel bloodshed and instability, resulting in the toppling of the Iraqi government. Armed groups fighting to overthrow their government, that's the type of conflict that's been seen in El Salvador, Russia and many other countries and it's the definition of "civil war".
Discussion
* Any additional comments:
* Comment the only significant source that I saw was that most Iraqis believe it is not a civil war. They actually live in the nation so shouldn't their account of the events weigh more than any foreign observer?--Southern Texas 03:12, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - You were only looking for the sources that you wanted to see then. The article is supposed to have a common English names and English polls (along with an array of verifiable sources) very easily make the case for the title. --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:09, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - This forum is for the wikipedia community. Those signing from anonymous IP addresses have little legitimacy in our community / this dialoague. Dogru144 14:49, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment Thanks for the welcome. I didn't see that mentioned anywhere in Wikipedia policy though.. --<IP_ADDRESS> 15:09, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - I actually am concurring with User:Southern Texas his points above. Dogru144 14:53, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment- A reason they should not be given more weight is the fact that the iraqis may be reluctent to admit its a civil war becuase that leaves the impreesion that iraq is a failed state. Also if your from outside the country you would have alot more resources and be able to look at the situation as whole. Not dissinng iraq but there really in no posistion to decided weather its a civil war, the historical defintion should decide Birthday sig-leave some love 15:03, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* I remember the TV news a few days after the first shots were fired in Sarajevo during the Yugoslavian civil war, a Bosnian was interviewed and said "Bosnia can still be cantonized and become a Balkan Switzerland"--victor falk 22:03, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment In response to Victor above, the difference between the Iraqi and Afghani conflicts is that the historical Afghan conflicts have met the legal definition of a civil war. However, notice that the period beginning in 2001 (post-US invasion) is called "War in Afghanistan" because it no longer meets the qualifications of a Civil War. TheWinkel 03:20, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment You'll notice that the "War in Afghanistan" is a part of the ongoing Afghan Civil War. Who determines whether Iraq has met the 'legal definition' of a civil war? Since you bring it up, the Wikipedia article Civil War uses an academic paper about the Civil war in Iraq to define civil war.. and it also meets a standard definition used by academics described here. Most importantly, Wikipedia naming conventions state that we should use the common name for the conflict. Discussion of the label definitely belongs in the 'Use of "civil war" label' section in the article though. --<IP_ADDRESS> 04:09, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Comment If that was so, why are all the other sub-articles called civil wars in and of themselves? If this is true, you'll need to change the name "War in Afghanistan" to "Afghan Civil War (2001-Present)" to be standardized. Moreover, your article is an opinion piece in the NY Times. I feel no need to go further on this subject. As for the common name of the conflict. How many news agencies call the conflict a Civil War? How many people use the term "Iraqi Civil War" in describing the conflict? If anyone ever did, it was 2 years ago, and not today.TheWinkel 19:34, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Because of Summary style. Afghan Civil War (1978-present) would be a really really really long article.--victor falk 15:21, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* You've missed my point. There already exists Afghan Civil War 1989-1992, 1992-1996, 1996-2001. If what you're saying is true, you need to change War in Afghanistan (2001–present) to Afghan Civil War (2001-Present).
* I'm not Victor, but I'll answer anyways. Regardless of the common naming of the "War in Afghanistan" article, you might notice it is still a subset of Afghan Civil War. I'd then reiterate my posting above about the academic definition of a civil war, and point out that our job is to document what has been said, not judge for ourselves. Finally, I would reiterate common naming dictates "Civil war in Iraq" because of a myriad of sources, Google tests across languages, ... --<IP_ADDRESS> 02:51, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
/.
Arbitrary section break
* From Civil_war:
* • The party in revolt must be in possession of a part of the national territory.
* That would be the Red Zone.
* • The insurgent civil authority must exercise de facto authority over the population within the determinate portion of the national territory.
* Like the Mahdi army controls Sadr City for instance.
* • The insurgents must have some amount of recognition as a belligerent.
* Everybody calling them "illegal enemy combatants", "insurgents", "guerrillas", "jihadis", "holy martyrs of the resistance". At the very least, if Iran provides support to some of them, one could assume that must imply it recognise them as belligerents.
* • The legal Government is “obliged to have recourse to the regular military forces against insurgents organized as military.”
* Casualties_of_the_Iraq_War
* --victor falk 09:03, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* While your points are very debateable, you ignored the last part of that section.
* • “generally refer to conflicts with armed forces on either side which are in many respects similar to an international war, but take place within the confines of a single country.”
* We can easily agree that the conflict within Iraq is not analogous to an international war. Moreover, there isn't a governing body against the current government desiring international recognition (like there exists in Afghanistan, yet no one calls the current conflict there a Civil War either).TheWinkel 19:34, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry? Either I'm daft or you're talking nonsense. Or did the Afghan Civil War end yesterday without my noticing it? What you say about bodies desiring recognition is even murkier, unless you're making a lewd suggestion, in which case I can only reply this is not the proper forum to do so.--victor falk 19:53, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Yes there is a body desiring international recognition. Actually, there have been several. First it was the Baathists. Then it was the Mahdi Army (which, if you'll remember, started their attacks against the provisional US government). Then it was AQ in Iraq ... - Che Nuevara 20:20, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* Re the ICRC clarification of the Fourth Geneva Convention, the convention regulates the military hows war is waged, not the political whys. The emphasis is on armed forces: it is about the scope of the military operations needed to be considered warfare. Translated into commonspeak: "If you use big guns, it's war, but not if you use pea shooters". That's why the conflicy in Northern Ireland isn't generally considered civil war, because though the British army could have used force protection rules of engagement, gunships, artillery, aerial bombardment and naval shore shelling, it restricted itself to a paramilitary/constabulary role. Similarly, the IRA restricted itself to terrorism and assassination and did not try to instigate massive insurgency operations.--victor falk 21:27, 29 October 2007 (UTC)
* "it is about the scope of the military operations needed to be considered warfare." This is an incorrect assessment. Warfare is far more political than it is armed conflict. I reiterate, lacking a government fighting the current government in power (much less one seeking international recognition) it is not a civil war by any stretch of the imagination. TheWinkel 05:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* "A war is a war only if there is only a government seeking international government recognition"? That's a rather quaint definition of war. Especially for civil war, which by definition means there are parties other than internationally recognised governments participating. --victor falk 10:38, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* A war is a civil war only if there is a second government seeking recognition, yes. TheWinkel 18:59, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* What is a government? Must they have a protocol of cabinet meetings to be considered one?--victor falk 21:46, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* It isn't even our job to determine whether or not it is a civil war. A wide array of verifiable sources and the common name both lead to the current naming. --<IP_ADDRESS> 17:07, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* It is our job to determine if a) people even call it a civil war (in colloquial discussion they don't) b) if that label is appropriate (it's inaccurate). Do a google search for 'Iraq Civil War' and you'll find a number of old articles questioning whether or not there was a civil war in the first place and if you try a news search, it's barren. As a matter of fact, I'm now convinced the evidence is clear that this article should be renamed. TheWinkel 18:59, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
Arbitrary section break 2
* Calling this article "sectarian violence" is a case of WP:BIAS. There is a debate in the English-speaking world whether it should be called that or "civil war" because there've been attempts to influence the historiography of the conflict from many anglophone quarters, naturally enough as the US and the UK are major belligerents in that conflict. To do a Hated Google Test, "civil war" gets 2M ghits vs 1M for "sectarian violence". In the major languages in which I'm able to do a meaningful search:
* "guerre civile" irak665,000 ghits vs "violence sectaire" irak 733 ghits
* bürgerkrieg irak 411,000 ghits vs "sektiererischen gewalt" irak 60 ghits
* "guerra civile" iraq 280,000 ghits vs "Violenza settaria" iraq 710 ghits
* "guerra civil" iraq 1,140,000 ghits vs "Violencia sectaria" iraq 28,900 ghits
* I'd be very interested in the results of a search in Arabic.
* Please note that WP:N states that foreign language sources are as valid as English ones. We try to include only English ones for the convenience of our readers.--victor falk 21:46, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
This is English wikipedia so your searches are moot. Plus if the title is misleading regardless of common usage it must not be used. There is still much controversy over whether what is happenning in Iraq is a Civil War and we must wait until it concludes to more accurately make that assessment. Otherwise it would be biased for the article to remain with the same title because it is putting forth an opinion. Read the article on Sectarian violence, Iraq is included here.--Southern Texas 22:01, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* Please read WP:V. Anybody can tell you that foreign-language sources are as valid, but preferably should not be included in articles.--victor falk 22:17, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* This is English wikipedia so your searches are moot.
* Um, what??? Where does it say that we ignore other languages on Wikipedia? Foreign-language sources are acceptable (although English-language ones are preferred for purely practical purposes). And considerations of other, non-English-speaking cultures are essential for Wikipedia to have any legitimacy whatsoever. That's why we have Translation. The vast majority of people in the world are not English-speakers, and there are vast troves of media out there which are not in English. To ignore them would be to take a narrow position which supports illusory specificity and promotes, in the very truest sense of the word, ignorance. Wikipedia cannot, should not, and does not take the position that sources, searches, and other useful information in languages other than English "are moot".
* To quote your own statement from above, Southern Texas,
* Comment the only significant source that I saw was that most Iraqis believe it is not a civil war. They actually live in the nation so shouldn't their account of the events weigh more than any foreign observer?
* Do you think those Iraqis were polled in English? - Che Nuevara 22:22, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* I did not dispute that the term "Civil war" was in more common usage nor that other languages cannot be used as realiable sources but just that this is "English" wikipedia and that English "google searches" outweigh other languages. Typing other lanugages into a google search really doesn't help your case nor prove of any bias. Plus no Arabic searches were done and the report of the poll was in English, so don't bring up the Iraqi issue. Address the issues that I put forth. Any search is moot if the common usage misrepresents its subject. More importantly read Sectarian violence and then Civil war and tell me which one mentions Iraq.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 22:33, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* "الحرب الاهليه" في العراقa 660,000 ghits vs لعنف الطائفيa 261,000 ghits. Quite interesting result. In non-involved parts of the world, people talk about exclusively of "civil war" in Iraq; in both the English and Arabic world, "civil war" outnumbers "sectarian violence" 2 to 1. People talk more about civil war in iraq than sectarian violence, globally by an order of magnitude. Reaction of outsiders: "Those protestants/catholics/shias/sunnis/jews/arabs are at it killing each other in a civil war again", and then they go about their business. People involved in the war, though, will talk a lot about how to stop it and have a discourse that includes expressions as "sectarian violence". Don't forget, sectarian violence is by definition an element of any civil war.--victor falk 23:52, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you for those results that is very interesting. However the definition of a civil war from the wikipedia article says that it can only be a true civil war if there is no foreign intervention among the factions. In Iraq the Shiite rebels are being helping out by Iran in their fights with the Sunnis. Americans are trying to cool tensions while al-Qaeda is trying to further the sectarian violence. The conflict is full of foreign intervention so this is not the best term to use. However the fighting is between two religious sects which everybody agrees is sectarian violence. For now this the best label.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 01:32, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
* You know, if we got to rename all articles called "civil war" where there's been foreign intervention to Sectarian violence in >>insert country<<, then we've got a bunch of work to do... Afghan Civil War, Cambodian Civil War, Finnish Civil War, Lebanese Civil War, Russian Civil War, Wars of the Three Kingdoms... And mind you, that's just the most famous ones that have an undeniable foreign intervention. After casting a quick glance at the list of civil wars, I'd say at the very least half of it would have to be renamed, more probably two thirds or three quarters, and it's not a very short list either...--victor falk 02:12, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
Southern Texas, you're disregarding Wikipedia naming conventions:
* Generally, article naming should prefer what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature. (WP:NAME, emphasis mine)
To call the article something other than what it is commonly known by would be original research. We don't call it the United Soviet Socialist Dictatorship or the Hundred-sixteen Years' War. - Che Nuevara 18:04, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
* Keep in mind, Naming conventions (common names) if the common name misrepresents its subject a reasonable alternative that everybody agrees on should be used. The common term is Civil war but by definition the situation in Iraq is not a civil war because some elements in the Shitte faction are Iranian. However we all agree that it is sectarian violence and this is the reasonable alternative.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 00:06, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Where did you get that idea that a war is not a civil war if there's foreign intervention? Again, check the list of civil wars, esp the examples in my comment above --victor falk 00:43, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
Scholars use two criteria: The second part is met but the first part is not: Many Sunnis are coming from other Arab countries and as was noted Iran is directly involved with the Shiite factions.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 01:04, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* From Civil war,
* The warring groups must be from the same country and fighting for control of the political center, control over a separatist state or to force a major change in policy.
* Their second criterion is that at least 1,000 people must have been killed in total, with at least 100 from each side✅
* You just stated that they were backed from many other country's, I feel that the first part is actual "done" because their are Sunni and Shiite factions fighting for control in Iraq who are Iraqi citizen's Jack The Pumpkin King 01:14, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* But why did it take the destabilization of the country for the factions to begin fighting? Its because other nations like Iran imported their people to continue the traditional Shiite-Sunni fight that has been fought since the times of Abu Bakr.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 03:03, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* It took the removal of suddams forces to start this civil war becuase Saddam held this country with a iron fist of violence and death. Any revolt would of been put down with his secret police and spys and military cordination. After the Us lead invasion and the interm of a reformed goverment with little military and control gave the perfect opertunity for the civil war too start Jack The Pumpkin King 03:08, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Correct. The instability and youth of the government and military of Iraq created the perfect situation for Iran to import their own Shiites into the nation in order to install a pro-Iran regime.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 03:14, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Articles are named by reliable sources and common naming, not opinion or original research. --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:22, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* *Keep in mind, Naming conventions (common names) if the common name misrepresents its subject a reasonable alternative that everybody agrees on should be used. The common term is Civil war but by definition the situation in Iraq is not a civil war because some elements in the Shitte faction are Iranian. However we all agree that it is sectarian violence and this is the reasonable alternative.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 00:06, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
Why do I have to repeat myself?--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 03:37, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Southern, the new regime and all present a mix of starting the civil war while having iran try and put its own pro regime in. Its a complex war right now and "secterian violence" doesnt really cover the subject well enough. "civil war" allows for this article to talk about how it went into it and how secterian violence is the key part of this civil war. Jack The Pumpkin King 03:29, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* This conflict is just a ongoing fight between the Shiite and Sunni sects that has continued since the time of Abu Bakr, it is classic sectarian violence but not Civil war, it doesn't meet the definition of Civil war and is therefore a misleading title. Sectarian violence is usually much more complex than just simple civil war.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 03:37, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* I have seen some valid reasons that this is a civil war ealier in the section so im iffy that it isnt one. I do agree that there is sectarain violence but it seems to me its just part of the Iraq civil war. Jack The Pumpkin King 03:41, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* You said, "the historical defintion should decide" and I agree, lets use the criteria from the article Civil war that I noted above so that we can see that the title is misleading and a violation of policy so that we can rename the article Sectarian violence in Iraq, the most reasonable and less biased name possible.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 03:56, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* "Sectarian violence" can be considered a synonym of "low-intensity civil war". The level of warfare in Iraq is anything but low intensity.--victor falk 11:36, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Iraq does fit both definitions of a civil war. Between the fight for oil revenues, federalism, people trying to prevent various groups from voting in various elections, Kurdistan trying to break away, there are plenty of examples of political battles. Besides, sectarian violence wouldn't sufficently describe the situation. Besides the above, Sunni's have fought Sunni's and Shi'ites have fought Shi'ites. This goes on top of Iranian, Turkish, American, British, and Saudi influences. The title should remain as a civil war. Patken4 19:32, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
Consider seeking more opinions
Hi, this discussion has been open now for more than the typical time for move discussions (five days) and there doesn't seem to be any consensus here. The discussion above seems to be going in circles, at least partly because only a small number of editors are involved. Might I suggest that the participants here seek further opinions? You could file a request for comments, for example, or perhaps notify any relevant WikiProjects that there's a discussion underway (take care not to canvas of course). --bainer (talk) 05:59, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Good iniative. I have notified WP:MILHIST and WP:IRAQ.--victor falk 11:07, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
Response to Request
Comments:
* Comment — In terms of MILHIST style, I'd support the current name, "Civil war in Iraq." Civil war, by definition, includes sectarian violence within one country. Changing the name of the article could artificially limit the scope of the article. JKBrooks85 14:47, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* I say leave it as it is right now. If, later on, the situation changes and everyone agrees it isn't a civil war, worry about it then. I also agree with JKB on MILHIST style- sectarian violence is a big part of the current situation in Iraq, but not the only factor involved.Cromdog 16:23, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Personally, I would choose another title, i.e. Ethnic conflict in Iraq (date-date), or similar. The wording civil war is too semantically loaded. It is not an all-out war if compared with, let's say Spanish Civil War. Regards, -- Asterion talk 20:15, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* The conflict is not ethnic -- Sunni and Shia are not ethnicities, they're religious sects. Virtually all of the combatants in the conflict are Arabs, as Iraq is 75+% Arabic and the 15+% Kurdish population is largely uninvolved. It's sectarian and political. But, since it's both sectarian and political, and since the sectarian lines are becoming less and less clear all the time (we now have Sunni tribes turning against the Sunni al Qaeda and Shi'ite militias turning against the largely Shi'ite security forces, for example), it's becoming less and less sectarian as well. This is chiefly a political battle. - Che Nuevara 20:42, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* Over religious control of the government, Shiites-Iran, Sunnis-Other Arab countries. Its the same battle that has been fought in the region since Abu Bakr and its much more than just an Iraq issue and therefore much more than a civil war. Its sectarian violence between two sects which we all agree, but it does not meet the requirements of a civil war since the war is not exclusive to purely Iraqi factions. Iraq is now the arena where Iran is trying to create another pro-Iran regime like the one in Syria and Sunnis from the South, and west try to impose a regime that would support their interests. Civil war is too misleading for the situation.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 21:17, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
* The sources document that it is commonly viewed as a civil war but that there are other complexities as well. --<IP_ADDRESS> 01:11, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* Agreed. The involvement of other nations and groups in a civil war doesn't make it suddenly not a civil war. IMHO, you really need to demonstrate that it's a wide-ranging movement across several countries and political groups, not just contributors and fellow-travellers from those countries. JKBrooks85 18:59, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* That demonstration would be pointless. There is absolutely nothing about wars being both civil and between states being mutually exclusive. As I've said, the Afghan Civil War (1978-present) is an excellent example. As are the Cambodian Civil War, the Finnish Civil War, the Lebanese Civil War, the Russian Civil War, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and more... See my comment above.--victor falk 21:34, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* for the record: I have edited sunni combatants in the infobox --victor falk 21:34, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* For it to be a Civil war both factions must entirely be from the same nation. Civil wars are entirely internal conflicts within factions among a nation. It may still take place in one nation and involve members of many other nations for it not to be a Civil war. It is also possible for another nation to be indirectly involved as is the case in the wars listed above but if another nation has a direct impact and is fighting alongside a faction as Iran is in Iraq then it is not a civil war. It has been demonstrated that the sectarian violence in Iraq is a continuation of the fight over the legitimacy of Abu Bakr. The Sunni and Shiite sects, not exclusively Iraqis want Iraq to be under their control. This is a religious fight between members of many different nations, therefore the best name is Sectarian violence.--<b style="color:red">Southern </b><b style="color:blue">Texas</b> 21:47, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* Please click on the links in my comment above--victor falk 21:50, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* Meawhile I'll check Abu Bakr--victor falk 21:53, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
* Well, there's no denying that the strife between the Sunnis the the Shias did't start with the Iraq War. Just as the Wars of Religion between protestants and catholics didn't start with the Thirty Years War. But renaming the Thirty Years War to Sectarian violence in the Holy Roman German Empire because of that would be ridiculous.--victor falk 09:55, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* I didn't want to bring up that war, as it was a while ago and it's rather complex (where discussions could be prone to have analogy breakdown & degenerate into arguments like "But Maliki is not really emperor of Iraq!"), but since I did, I think it is one of the best comparaisons. There was foreign intervention from all major powers except Poland, political conflict between the central government and constituent parts of the empire wanting de facto independence, peasant uprisings, catholics and protestants massacring each other, mercenaries looting the land, etc. They don't call it post westphalian warfare for nothing--victor falk 03:07, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
* I support the article title since it is the best solution to name the mess. Another option would be civil strife since we don't have a fool scale war yet. All in all good work guys.Wandalstouring 10:05, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* Has the Iraqi government ever called the conflict a civil war? Asterion talk 17:04, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* The former Prime Minister has (see list of sources above). Also, Iraqi Maj. Gen. Hussein Kamal, Iraq's deputy interior minister, Hussein Ali Kamal, the leader of Iraq's Kurdish region (if Kirkuk, whose fate has yet to be decided, cannot be annexed), and Former Iraqi Speaker Mahmoud al-Mashhadani (if federalism is introduced), have been willing to talk about deep levels of violence.
* On the other hand, Current President Talabani has stated that the formation of a national unity government 'disproves' the notion of a civil war and Current Prime Minister Maliki has said “Iraq is not in a civil war. Iraq will never be in a civil war.” --<IP_ADDRESS> 22:02, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* I think the very fact that Maliki said "Iraq will never be in a civil war" is enough to discount anything he says on the subject as meaningless. Does he own a magic mirror? - Revolving Bugbear (formerly Che Nuevara) 22:13, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
* According to Maliki, sectarian violence "is closed now". If we're trying to be consistent with just the Iraqi PM's view, sectarian violence is not an appropriate name anymore either.. --<IP_ADDRESS> 20:05, 11 November 2007 (UTC)
* Here's an interesting civil war I found: the Nauruan Tribal War on Nauru. Its' not really germane to this discussion, more the type of wikitrivia that makes you go "Wow! I didn't knew that". People are crazy.victor falk 14:09, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
This article should be merged with Iraqi insurgency. There's too many articles about the Iraq War. I doubt there's really any information on this page that hasn't been stated two or three times in other articles. -- I. Pankonin (t/c) 06:34, 6 November 2007 (UTC)
* Comment - What about Civil conflict in Iraq. The term "war" may be POV but "sectarian violence" sounds even more POV (I strongly oppose that version: sectarian violence is only part of the conflict). The terms "conflict" or "struggle" resemble "war" enough but are more open to different viewpoints, as some seem to argue that it's not yet an open war but hardly anyone will argue it's not a conflict/struggle.
Lancet Iraq death count study
I think Lancet and ORB are WP:FRINGE, for reasons outlined here. Keep in mind that the organization debunking Lancet in this instance is liberally motivated to end the war by showing how many people have died. So why would they want to discredit the report, other than the fact that it's outrageously inaccurate? Isaac Pankonin 05:56, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
Revert September 21 2007
I reverted the latest edits by HanzoHattori because they re-characterized the combatants to make the Shi'ite side look better while only identifying al Qaeda on the Sunni side. It was a substantial POV rewrite. • Gene93k 20:04, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
* He made a lot of other changes too. So, it would be better if you corrected a specific statement(s) you disagree with, rather than revert everything.Biophys 21:24, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
Proposed Rename to "Sectarian conflict in Iraq"
I've seen it written before, and I agree. This article should be renamed, and here's why: I think everybody will agree that there is sectarian conflict in Iraq, but it seems that we're deeply divided as to whether or not it should be called a civil war. The recent drop in violence is a further reason. When this article went through its first AFD in 2005, the main discussion was whether or not civil war was going to happen in the future. Since we're further down the road now, we can see that things are not as bad as they were predicted to be. There can still be a section that debates whether "civil war" applies, but having it in the title seems POV. As I've said before, I'm not sure whether or not there's a civil war, but I know for sure that there is sectarian conflict. That's what the title should be. Anybody that says a straight "yes" or "no" to the civil war question is trying to push an agenda. It's not a fact one way or the other, therefore it shouldn't be in the title. Isaac Pankonin 00:23, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
There didn't seem to be a lot of controversy about what the article should be named.. The following sources agreed with the naming:
Academic Sources
Professor of Political Science at Stanford, testifying before Congress]
* Daniel L. Byman, Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy and Kenneth M. Pollack, Director of Research, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, writing for The National Interest
* Stanford's Center for International Security and Cooperation
* Stephen Biddle, Senior Fellow in Defense Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of Military Power, for Foreign Affairs
* [http://www.stanford.edu/group/ir_workshop/fearon%20testimony.pdf James D. Fearon,
* Matthew Lee for Yale Global
* Raja Kamal for the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
* Chaim Kamal for the Harvard International Review
* Kevin Drum and Marc Lynch for Foreign Affairs
Former (and some Current) Officials
* Former Iraqi Prime Minister Allawi
* Former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell
* Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan
* Current GOP Senator Chuck Hagel
* Current Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid
* Lawrence Korb, former US Assistant Secretary of Defense, at Harvard's KSG
* Army Maj. Gen William L. Nash for ABC
* Lt. Gen. William E. Odom for Foreign Policy Magazine
* Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Bill Richardson
* 03/07 Pentagon briefing to Congress
* Lieutenant Colonel Justin C. Gubler
* Seargent Mounir Elkhamri
Media Outlets
* CBS: Undeclared Civil War in Iraq
* Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth M. Pollack for the Washington Post
* IHT: Scholars agree Iraq meets definition of 'civil war'
* NBC News brands the Iraq conflict a civil war
* Ofra Bengio for the Jerusalem Post
* Edward Wong, for the New York Times
* CBS News: 60 Mintues
Polling Data
* 03/06 AP: 77% of Americans think Iraqi civil war likely
* 09/06 Gallup: 72% of Americans think Iraq is in a state of civil war right now
* 11/06 WSJ: 68% of Americans say Civil War
* 12/06 CBS: 85% of Americans now characterize the situation in Iraq as a Civil War
Neighboring countries
* Saudi Arabia
* Iran: IRNA Editorial
* Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Syrian President asks US to take last chance to avert Iraq Civil War
* Arab League Chief Says Iraq Is On Brink Of Civil War
* Foreign Minister of Kuwait: Meeting in Kuwait to 'prevent Iraq from sliding into civil war'
The only sources against the name seem to be quotes from the Administration and a poll of Iraqis. This information could surely be mentioned, but a rename seems overboard to me.. --<IP_ADDRESS> 02:06, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
* This is what I'm talking about. You're trying to push an agenda. You didn't mention the fact that 2/3 of Iraqis don't think they're in a civil war. You didn't mention the analyst that said "civil war" doesn't quite explain the complexity of the situation. I would say the same thing to somebody who said there's no civil war. There's no consensus, and titles must be neutral. Isaac Pankonin 02:25, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
* I'm not trying to push an agenda, I'm trying to edit in good faith and support my argument with verifiable sources. I'm pointing out what a large portion of the sources say. I also mentioned the poll of Iraqis, though I don't what what the specific percent is (I've seen about 30-40% believe they are in a civil war, definitely less than a majority). I agree that the analyst who thinks "civil war" doesn't explain the complexity should be mentioned as well (though I don't know the specific citation). Regardless of the name of the article, I encourage you to add both of these in to the article with citations..
* I observed that you were the one who nominated the article for deletion for a second time and the one who nominated it to be moved.. I appreciate the fact that you aren't happy with the article, but instead of just deleting or renaming it you might first consider adding the verifiable facts that you feel are missing from it. Other editors will be much more likely to engage with you if they don't feel threatened and rather feel you are making constructive contributions. For example, this article discusses two polls of Iraqis from March 2007 that you might find relevant for the article. --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:52, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
* I apologize because I didn't AGF. However, I only took action after a consensus was reached above. It would be wrong to say I rushed in and started disrupting the page just because I disagree with it. In fact, if you look at my first comment, I defended the term "civil war". I was also the one who put the Iraqi poll in the introduction.
* Those polls are interesting, but I don't think they're relevant here. Isaac Pankonin 04:47, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
* I didn't mean to say you didn't AGF, I was just trying to make sure I was coming off the right way. You did collaborate with other editors, I just meant that there are dozens of editors who may not have looked at the page yet. You definitely aren't disrupting the page, since you're only making proposals. At this point, I'm still against a rename because I think most of the sources agree with the naming. I think polls and complexity should be mentioned, and I'm also willing to see what the other editors think.. --<IP_ADDRESS> 14:15, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
I removed the tag since it's been up a fair amount of time without further comment. Other editors should still feel free to leave their opinions below.. --<IP_ADDRESS> 00:46, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
Academic discussion on a think tank page
An article of great relevance to the current debate is the following article on the website of the Council on Foreign Relations. Participants in the roundtable discussion include people that have served in the Carnegie Endowment and the U.S. Army War College. Participants weigh in of the yea and the neigh sides of the classification as Civil War question: "Iraq: Is there Civil War in Iraq?" Dogru144 (talk) 14:11, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
* Good read, even if it's hard to gauge now that it's two years out. Lots of other links about it under the Sources topic a few topics above. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:08, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
* True, the article is relatively old. However, it is still quite useful for considering the debate over the term, "Civil War." The participants are all experts in the area; and they offer their criteria for consideration on the term, civil war or sectarian conflict. Dogru144 (talk) 05:16, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
* Unfortunately, their answer seems to be a resounding "maybe", so, while the article is indeed interesting, it is probably not going to solve this disagreement. Excellent link, though, I quite enjoyed it. - Revolving Bugbear 17:23, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
So Called Civil War has Ended
As of November 2007 it appears that the conflicts in Iraq that caused the so called civil war/sectarian violence have stopped. Violence in Iraq is down. both sides have come together to fight Al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda is on the run. If there was ever a civil war in Iraq it appears to have ended. The civil war in Iraq has ended. History has proven that there was probably never a civil in Iraq. The comments of many people have been proven wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:59, 24 November 2007 (UTC)
* The continued edits to the article need a source and not just your speculation. --<IP_ADDRESS> 13:45, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
* Welcome to the not-so-new news: --HanzoHattori 19:34, 30 November 2007 (UTC)
* Most importantly, the source doesn't say what is being claimed and currently isn't being used to support the claim in the article. Secondarily, the Pentagon has said it will take months to see if any security gains are permanent (especially as the surge ends and Iraqis continue to not embrace political reform). Thirdly, the army is paying off Sunni groups (some which previously targeted US troops) with money and arms to work with us (which Prime Minister Maliki has argued is actually 'an armed Sunni opposition in the making').
* It would be wonderful if the source you provided said that the civil war was over, that these groups might not end up turning on us, or even that the reduction in violence would last once the surge ends; but unfortunately, it could still end up being a last ditch effort that comes back to haunt us. Either way, it doesn't support the claim being made. --<IP_ADDRESS> 03:33, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
* More of the not-so-new news:
* Iraq MPs block Maliki nominees for cabinet posts
* Son of Sunni Leader Arrested in Iraq
* Sunni lawmakers walk out of Iraqi parliament
* To summarize them, the Iraqi Parliament couldn't get enough members present to establish a quorum and the son of a major Sunni party leader was caught planting suicide bombs. While he was caught, the arrest shows how high up/close to the Green Zone that the terrorists/insurgents are. With 51% of Iraqis approving of attacks on US troops and 97% of Sunnis opposed to coalition presence on their soil about eight months ago, it becomes apparent that it would take a very long time for the United States military to successfully win over the Iraqi population by itself. More recently, Sunni members have quit Maliki's cabinet and walked out of Parliament. --<IP_ADDRESS> 04:59, 1 December 2007 (UTC)
The so called civil war was caused by al qaeda's involvement in Iraq. Since al qaeda was forced out of Baghdad violence has fallen. This proves that there was never a civil war, it was al qaeda causing the violence in Iraq. It is not a civil war it is a war between al qaeda and the Iraqi people with the U.S. on Iraq's side.
* I don't think this "My source is more authoritative than yours.", "No, is not." will not get us anywhere, because there is too much opinion pushing (out there in the real world) for a clear preference, just a general tendency in one direction (for "civil war"). History and comparison with modern conflicts is much more of a guide for what is a "civil war" and "sectarian violence", and here "civil war seems" more adequate. If all else fails, "civil war" is to prefer, because it is a more general term, in plainer and simple words, to describe that confused and diffuse conflict.--victor falk 09:07, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
* Your source tals about a success from a year ago, before the surge began. The immediate aftermath of the success outlined didn't seem to have much of an effect nation-wide in Iraq.. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:34, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
A war between Iraq(with help from the U.S.) and al qaeda is not a civil war. Just because people are confused about what the war is does not make it a civil war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:11, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
* There are more Iraqi-on-Iraqi casualties than there are American-on-Al Qaeda casualties. The Pentagon has alleged Iran is providing weapons to Shi'ite extremists (while Al Qaeda is a Sunni group), so..
* What happens when a temporary cease fire in 'Sadr City' ends?
* What happens if Iran starts allegedly sending weapons back in to Iraq?
* What happens if 'political reform' is never passed in the Iraqi parliament?
* What happens if US soldiers withdraw too quickly?
* What happens if former Sunni extremists turn on us?
* What happens to the Sunni extremists who still aren't working with us?
* Though not as likely, what happens if something flares up between Turkey and the Kurdish region of Iraq?
* Violence is back to about where it was at the beginning of 2006, when the mosques were bombed and things really got violent. There are many unresolved conditions still on the ground such as dislike of coalition forces, disbelief in the efficacy of the national political process, a weak and loosely held together central government, etc. To reduce the fight to a conflict between America and al-Qaeda is simplistic, naive, and would imply that we can successfully pack up and leave today. With impending troop withdrawals and the fragile variety of multi-party factors involved in any such prediction, it is simply far too soon to say whether the drop in violence is continuing or permanent. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:34, 14 December 2007 (UTC)
Violence is back to where it was in 2004,before the so called civil war started. The so called civil war has ended. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:33, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
* Different military spokesmen adopt different positions, as Odierno himself was quoted a day before this as saying attack levels were around those of spring 2005 and the defense secretary was quoted less than two weeks ago as saying early 2006 violence levels. So any of these varying claims would need statistical information and a methodology to evaluate the claim (I will begin to canvas military sites for actual numbers). A verified dip in violence would be encouraging, though not the sole factor that would be used in such a consideration to determine whether the dip is sustainable (as outlined above; for example, 'What is happening in response to Turkey's bombings of the Kurdish region', 'What is happening due to the British withdrawal of troops from Basra', 'What happens if the political process remains frozen as US troops begin their withdrawal').
* If you could show some statistical information (presumably military) which shows why either of Odierno's analyses supersede the analysis of Secretary Gates, this would be a good start for verifying the level of the dip in violence. Also needed would be an up-to-date independent analysis of the situation (presumably academic) for forecasting the nature of the dip and its sustainibility. I will look for these and encourage you to do so as well.
* --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:23, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
Iraq's conflicts with Turkey and Iran can't be a civil war. If Iran caused the violence that you call a civil war why not call it a war with Iran? How is Turkey causing a civil war? If Iran caused the violence in Iraq, how can you call it a civil war? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:10, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
* Turkey's involvement signifies more violence for a calm part of the conflict, while Iran's alleged support shows one of the Iraqi parties involved in the conflict. Neither of these is the main issue. The overall conflict is called a civil war because a body of reliable sources have termed it that. Some of the Iraqi-Iraqi problems that remain unresolved in this conflict include:
* Iran has been accused not of sending in soldiers, but of supporting Shia extremists already within the country
* 'Concerned local citizen' groups of Sunnis working against Al-Qaeda are working with the United States because we are paying them too.
* Prime Minister Maliki has complained they are a Sunni opposition in the making
* Some Sunni groups have already announced plans to turn against the 'Iraqi government of the occupiers' (some wording of this sort) once the 'occupation forces' leace
* The Sadr Brigades have signed a temporary peace agreement, but there is no sign how long this will last for.
* The son of a Sunni politician was arrested with about 40 others for planting roadside bombs (this signifies how deep and far up sentiment in the conflict goes)
* The central reasoning against the provided Odierno source is that:
* the issue has already been recognized as a civil war by multiple academics, government officials of varying countries, media outlets, etc.
* a drop in violence is insufficient evidence to address this label because
* most importantly, it fails to take in to account the reasoning provided by the sources described
* the exact magnitude of the drop remains somewhat subjective as it conflicts with two other assessments
* the nature of the drop (sustainibility, etc) remains unaddressed (how will it hold up against the unresolved factors given above)
* This is hardly an all encompassing argument as I was merely providing a few examples of what I have read. The central point is the list of sources given under the 'Sources agreeing with the naming' section and the many unresolved problems facing the conflict (some of which I have outlined). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:59, 17 December 2007 (UTC)
* While I was unable to locate Pentagon statistics about the drop or any academic papers discussing the drop in violence, this article describes some of the problems still facing the country. Also worth noting is that Maj. Gen. Joseph Fil said progress made in Baghdad in recent months is "fledgling, fragile and not guaranteed." --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:06, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
So, this encyclopedia Civil War in Iraq page is based on speculation and a one sided view to prove there is a civil war in Iraq. Any person that says and gives information that it is not a civil war will be proven wrong or seen as one sided. Any person that believes it is a civil war will will use there one sided information and will see the person that disagrees information as one sided and an unreliable source. Wikipedia is one sided. Wikipedia appears to be bias. It is full of liberals who refuse to see other people's point of view. The fact is that only history can show that it was a civil war. We do not decide. History decides. Until history decides there should not be an article about a civil war in Iraq. We can both agree it is a conflict. It should be called Conflict in Iraq. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:39, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
* I'm a liberal:) but I agree with this comment, especially the latter part. Also, the term of "civil war" is not used in Iraq, and even on Arabic wikipedia. --HanzoHattori (talk) 01:23, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
* I think that political orientation shouldn't have much to do with it since the label is supported by 65-85% of the public and some conservatives. (Ron Paul, Chuck Hagel, ..) More importantly, the label has been accepted by non-partisan groups and foreign officials, as well as current and retired military officers.
* Using the Arabic title (which mentions 'American occupation'), seems to inappropriately open a whole other can of worms to me. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:49, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
Political orientation does matter. Ron Paul and Chuck Hagel are the most radical republicans. The American public does not decide. The American public is thousands of miles away from Iraq. Asking the American public is like asking a group of 5 year olds if Santa is real. kids get there ideas from there parents. The American public gets its views from the news and other Americans. The sources they get their information from can be one sided. Wikipedia is full of liberals. The War in Iraq is seen by liberals as bad. So liberals view Iraq as in a chaotic civil war even if The War in Iraq is doing and there is no civil war. If the liberals/democrats admit that Iraq is doing fine the republicans will win the elections in 2008. The democrats do not want to lose so they will not admit they were wrong. Wikipedia is one sided. Only history will decide if there was a civil war in Iraq. —Preceding unsigned comment added by FairAndBalancedUSA (talk • contribs) 02:36, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
* I'd encourage you to explore some of this in the 'Use of "civil war" label' section in the article, but reducing the importance of the conflict to a semantic and political naming contest seems simplistic and insensitive. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:35, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
The conflict has been reduced to a political naming contest. It is simple and not insensitive to see that democrats who are seeking election in 2008 and liberals will not admit that they were wrong. The democrats want to win next year so they want to make republicans who support Iraq look bad. If the democrats admit they are wrong they will lose. It is simplistic to call this conflict a civil war. Wikipedia is full of liberals who have an agenda to take down the republicans.There is no civil war in Iraq. listen to this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by FairAndBalancedUSA (talk • contribs) 08:04, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
* Again, you could consider adding this to the 'Use of "civil war" label' section of the article. We would have to make sure that it is notable, represenative, and well-sourced but finding one shouldn't be too difficult for you. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:28, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
This so Civil War in Iraq article should not be its own article. There should be a section in the Iraqi Insurgency article labeled Possible Civil War in Iraq. The so called civil war, from the examples you gave to me and the Iraqi Insurgency article, appears to be part of the Iraqi Insurgency and is too complex to simply call a civil war. The two articles belong as one and should be merged into one article. If I include anything in the Civil War in Iraq article that goes against the statements of the liberals/democrats the things they do not agree with will be reverted. Wikipedia is full of liberals/democrats that will not admit there is no civil war. If I write this under the 'Use of "civil war" label' section of this article. it will be reverted/ deleted, even with references. They will say it is not NPOV and revert/delete it. The entire article is not NPOV it is a one sided argument to prove that there is a civil war in Iraq. The article does not say that there is controversy over the labeling of this conflict as a civil war. It only has information to prove that it is a civil war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by FairAndBalancedUSA (talk • contribs) 07:51, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
End of the civil war??
Improved security in Baghdad has pulled Iraq back from the brink of all-out civil war but security forces must not relax in the battle against threats such as al Qaeda, Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said.. Seems that the Operation Law and Order ended it..-- TheFE span style="color:red">ARgod (Ч) 16:32, 15 February 2008 (UTC)
No??
* Not to sure exactly what you are proposing, but Maliki has also said Iraq will "never be in a civil war” so clearly his opinion is not new and is not the single opinion to weigh. If you want to look at recent quotes though, many academic and media are still referring to the conflict as a civil war without consideration:
* "Iraq’s Civil War, the Sadrists and the Surge" - International Crisis Group report
* "to preserve the territorial integrity of Iraq and prevent the civil war there from engulfing the Middle East" - Foreign Affairs article
* "Iraq's civil war has made more than 2 million Iraqis refugees in foreign lands" - TIME article
* The article you cited, Operation Law and Order also states:"The U.S. military commander in Iraq, David Petraeus, has gone so far as to say Iraq will be 'doomed' if this current plan fails. Numerous members of Congress have stated the plan is a critical period for the U.S. presence in Iraq."
* <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:04, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
* good sources, however, the ICS report doesnt' specify that it is continuing and also says al-Sadr made a big step by declaring a ceasefire. The ceasefire announce should be the end of the civil war. -- TheFE span style="color:red">ARgod (Ч) 14:49, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
* The al-Sadr ceasefire ended the civil war in Iraq just like it ended all the violence against American troops in Iraq. - Revolving Bugbear 16:50, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
* The al-Sadr ceasefire is also temporary in nature and only addresses a limited number of parties involved in the conflict. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:42, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
* In reference to some of the questions posed above, Sadr's ceasefire is apparently incredibly fragile (Sadr has recently threatened a "civil revolt") and violence is raging in Basra (where the British "successfully" pulled out of awhile ago). Baghdad is in an indefinite curfew and US officials are locked down in the Green Zone in and around Saddam's old palaces. Political reform is still out on the horizon, many of the US funded concerned local citizens will soon be jobless, Turkish-Kurdish problems are developing, and a partial and gradual US drawdown is coming. When violence levels only briefly bottomed out at levels we saw a few years ago (when the war was still raging), it becomes clear that the conflict hasn't ended. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:31, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
Alleged Iran Shia faction
The only mention of Iran in the article is here:"Iran, it has been conjectured, would assist the Shiites. Sunni-Shiite violence in Iraq, with Iran helping the Shi'ite and Arab nations helping the Sunni, is a possibility. A senior American official has said that during a meeting between Vice President Dick Cheney and Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah in November 2006, the king said that if U.S. forces pulled out of Iraq, the Saudis would be forced to support the Sunni minority." The only mention of Iran is listed as a possibility, along with Arab nations helping the Sunnis.
As far as I personally know, the furthest we have seen are reports of finding Iranian weapons, but no one has made the allegation (let alone provided the evidence) that the government of Iran specifically organized this support. The U.S. charges come as Iran and Turkey have complained that U.S.-supplied guns are flowing from Iraq to anti-government militants on their soil. Prime Minister Maliki of Iraq has argued that Iran has a "positive and constructive" role in helping the Iraqi government improve security in his wartorn nation. Two different studies have maintained that approximately half of all foreign insurgents entering Iraq come from Saudi Arabia. Turkey has also sent military troops in to the country to quash Kurdish 'terrorists'.
So if we include this, we would have to greatly expand the list if we wished to include Iran on it, and we would also have to provide more information in the article about the specific charges (while also offering the perspectives of the Iraqi government, the Iranian government, etc.) --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:55, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
We could add Quds Force and put alleged behind it. The Honorable Kermanshahi (talk) 13:42, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
* The user who kept adding this in isn't anymore. The point is that if we add alleged support of a group within Iran, then we would have to add the definite involvement of Turkey and Kurdistan, American contractors, and other definite or alleged Arab states.. I also question the wisdom of including every alleged group in the conflict to the list.. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:12, 5 April 2008 (UTC)
* Here Iraq said it had no evidence that Iran was supporting militants on Iraqi soil. - AFP: 'No evidence' Iran backs militias - Baghdad. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:37, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
Article is massively outdated; needs major updates.
Almost every part of this article is more than a year old (many parts are far older) and almost everything was written pre-2007-surge. I think the article probably needs a total rewrite. A non-exhaustive list of antiquated sections would include:
1) Ethno-sectarian composition:
For example, is most of the violence still suni vs. shi'ite?
The Arab-Sunni faction and the Arab-Shi'ite are the main two participants in the violence,
Much of the recent violence reported in the papers has been between the largely Shi'ite government and Shi'ite militias.
2) Groups known and alleged to take part in the sectarian violence
Is this still correct?
There are also militias created since the state collapse, the largest and most uniform of which is the Mahdi Army established by Moqtada al-Sadr and believed to have around 50,000 fighters.
3) Potential effects of the sectarian attacks
Are projections from 2006 still relevant? Do we have sources showing that things might play out the same way now?
4) Growth in refugee flight
What's the number now?
As of late January 2007, 2 million people have fled Iraq as refugees since the Iraq War began.
5) Use of "civil war" label
There's been some debate about this in the media recently. Is the title still relevant?
Again, this is just a sampling. Almost the entire article is composed on antiquated material like this.
Maybe some of the text from the current article can be held over, but I think the article as a whole needs major rewrites. Almost all of the citations are from either 2005, 2006, or early 2007, and those citations are sprinkled heavily throughout the current text. Moreover, those citations are referenced in the present tense which misleadingly suggests that the numbers and events referenced are correct/ongoing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:19, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
* Also, the intro section of the article is entirely based on facts from more than two years ago. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:41, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
* "By 2008, the UNHCR raised the estimate of refugees to a total of about 4.7 million (~16% of the population). The number of refugees estimated abroad was 2 million (a number close to CIA projections[22]) and the number of internally displaced people was 2.7 million."
* The Red Cross states that Iraq's humanitarian situation remains among the most critical in the world, with millions of Iraqis forced to rely on insufficient and poor-quality water sources.[24](dated 2008)
* Escalation: March 2008 - Reuters: April Iraq's deadliest month since last August
* Other articles discussing the current civil war: - "Tina Susman of the LA Times reports that Iranian involvement in Iraq's civil war may not be everything it's been cracked up to be", - "It is true that Sadr's militia, the Mahdi Army, has been implicated in scores of sectarian murders of Sunni Iraqis, thereby expediting and deepening Iraq's civil war.", - "None of this constitutes progress toward consolidation of the central government or institutions; all of it could amount to little more than the U.S. boosting specific actors in an increasingly fragmented civil war and unbridled scramble for power and resources. Short-term achievement could threaten long-term stability.", - "Some backers of the surge even argue that the Iraqi civil war is over.. Unfortunately, such claims misconstrue the causes of the recent fall in violence and, more important, ignore a fatal flaw in the strategy."
* This is all recent information. Please try reading the material before deleting content and throwing up tags. If you find newer information, then add it; but sources don't just automatically become outdated. Have a substantial number of sources recently published their change in opinion on the matter?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:07, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
* Again, the problems I initially listed out were far from exhaustive and you don't even address most of those (e.g. my (1), (2), and (3)). My recommendation is that you read the article in its entirety before coming to any conclusions about the need/lack of need for major updates.
* You may also want to consider reviewing each tag on an article separately, rather than deleting all the tags simply because you disagree with one of them. Even if you think the article isn't outdated (and again, I'm sure you will once you read it) there's no justification for deleting the uncleardate tag. Please review the following if you're unclear on Wikipedia's policy regarding statements that will date quickly:
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_statements_that_will_date_quickly —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:28, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
* You are misinterpreting this page, which says to avoid phrases such as "recently", "in modern times", "now considered", "is soon to become", and "the sixties. None of these occur in the article, and a statement does not become outdated unless newer information from a variety of reliable sources is introduced. If you can identify this case, then you should either individually tag the material or simply update the material yourself.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:20, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
* You seem to be reasoning from the fact that part of the page I linked to doesn't apply to the conclusion that no parts of the page apply, which obviously doesn't work. See the sections advising "as of" phrasing and consult the list of "as of" pages. Notice that many of these sentences for which "as of" is recommended resemble sentences in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:08, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
* That said, it sometimes suits the article to include time-sensitive statements that will need to be updated in the future. Articles should not avoid including valid information solely on the basis that it may change. If that were true, then none of these articles would exist. Why did you remove the cited references to the armed clashes this year? Because the information in the Iraq Spring Fighting of 2008 is likely to change? Wikipedia is a work in progress; don't remove content solely on the basis that it may become outdated. <b style="color:#FF0000">haz</b> (talk) 16:33, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
* If people were actively updating the article, or lion's share of the article weren't more than two years old, there wouldn't be a problem. What makes this case problematic is that no one's updating and at the same time the authors used language which quickly became dated. Neither of those is that bad by itself, but together they create a problem which needs to be fixed. Hence the tags.
* And the stuff about events in March/April was removed because those sources didn't validate the claim that they were being used for. The claim at hand was that April marked a period of escalation in the Iraqi civil war - there was nothing in the source that said as much. You'll note that I tagged the article in more than one way, and that one of the tags noted than some claims in the entry may not be confirmed by their putative sources. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:37, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
Please stop reverting to put the tags back on to the article. Add any specific concerns you may have here..--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:15, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
* Agreed. You leave the tags up and we'll work to address the concerns that prompted them. That way you can stop reverting and so can I and, as an added bonus, we can spend time working on the article rather than on this bickering. Once the concerns motivating the article have been addressed, we will of course take the tags down.
* To be honest, I find it somewhat suspicious that you're working so hard to keep people from improving and updating this article. If your concern is simply with the March/Escalation stuff then I'm willing to leave that in so that we can have some consensus in working to improve the other parts of the article. Leave the tags in though. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:14, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
* The tags need specific concerns cited if they are going to remain on the main article page.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:19, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
* Specific concerns have been listed. See above. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:48, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
* Newer information has been included where it has been released. Statements with a date include a date.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:52, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
* Obviously "statements with a date include a date" - if they didn't they wouldn't. That doesn't change the fact that statements are littered throughout the article which reference "current" states of affairs and which haven't been updated since 2006. Moreover, the fact that some statements have been updated does nothing to show that there aren't large segments of the entry in serious need of an update. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:11, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* You need to cite specific instances.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:39, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
* Specific instances have been cited. See above. See also the various outdates statements sprinkled throughout the article like "The attacks on non-military and civilian targets began in earnest in August 2003 and have steadily increased since then." or "The bomb attacks aimed at civilians usually target crowded places such as marketplaces and mosques in the Shi'ite cities and districts." —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:40, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
* Your argument is ridiculous. Statements don't become outdated by an invisible clock, but by the introduction of new events. Can you demonstrate why some of the cited instances are false?--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:24, 29 May 2008 (UTC)
The so called civil war has ended. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:09, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
* Most analysts and Iraqis aren't so sure. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:40, 21 June 2008 (UTC)
Sunni factions
Why is Al-Qaeda added on the side of the sunnis in the infobox ? - Tourbillon A ? 16:21, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
* One would presume it is because it is a faction which consists of Sunnis.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:42, 21 June 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
Colleen Hutchison
Colleen Fay Hutchison (born 7 November 1934) is an Australian politician. She was a Labor Party member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1989 to 1993, representing the electorate of Stuart.
Hutchison was elected to the House of Assembly at the 1989 state election, succeeding veteran Labor MP Gavin Keneally. She served on the Economics and Finance Committee during her term. Her seat of Stuart was abolished and merged into the adjacent seat of Eyre in an electoral redistribution for the 1993 election. Hutchison contested Eyre at the election, but was defeated by its long-term Liberal incumbent, Graham Gunn.
Hutchison subsequently served on the Port Augusta City Council, including a stint as deputy mayor. | WIKI |
Kids all around the world experience abuse. They face it from day to day — not all kids have a sweet friendly life. Child abuse is overlooked by some because everyone has their own opinion on what child abuse is.
Types of abuse include physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect. Part of the challenge is that it can be hard for kids to ask for help. For example, if a kid tried to call someone, they might get abused worse by their guardian. Although the incidence of child abuse and neglect has been decreasing, at least 678,000 children in the United States were abused in 2018, according to the Children’s Bureau. Child abuse happens everywhere from wealthy families to poor. It can occur in any race or religion.
According to Healthy Place, the largest consumer mental health site, some of the long-lasting effects of abuse are eating disorders, anti-social behavior, apathy and lethargy, depression, and sometimes even attention problems. As you can see, it's not something kids should be going through. Kids can become very anxious and fearful, and it can also be hard for them to express their emotions. They won't have the sweet, loving life of a kid. Instead, they will be traumatized.
Imagine being hit or touched in a way you don’t like. Imagine having to relive that day or year or even having to experience it now. Not only do these experiences have an impact in the moment, but those effects often stay with children who are abused.
In school, children are often asked to put on a pretty face to show nothing is wrong. While with friends, they may not be able to have the fun they would like to have. School can actually be a triggering space for many kids because their peers don't really know what personal space is. For children who have experienced abuse, their tolerance for touching is often very limited.
Furthermore, trauma can negatively impact social life as well. When a student’s friends talk about their lives, it’s often difficult for students who have experienced abuse to just open up. Many kids find it hard to form long-lasting and real relationships. They tend to struggle to trust people in ways that may seem easy to others.
Across the nation, child abuse is a vast issue and many kids are affected by this issue. Depression, PTSD, concentration difficulties and many other conditions can be caused by trauma. The youth are stripped away from the childhood that they thought they’d have. Instead, they are terrified of the ones that are supposed to give them that security and warmth. Without addressing this it will become more of a problem than it already is. Stop abusing your children, stop making their self-esteem and confidence dissolve into nothing but ash. Love your children whom you swore you’d protect and love unconditionally. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Baby It's Christmas (album)
Baby It's Christmas is the ninth studio and first Christmas album by Australian theatre performer, singer and TV presenter David Campbell, released through Sony Music Australia on 26 October 2018. The album includes 11 Christmas standards and one new track; (the title track), written by singer Rick Price.
Track listing
* 1) "Holly Jolly Christmas" – 2:36
* 2) "Baby It's Christmas" – 3:05
* 3) "I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm" – 2:47
* 4) "Jingle Bells" – 3:22
* 5) "When My Heart Finds Christmas" – 3:34
* 6) "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" – 2:31
* 7) "The Christmas Song" – 3:38
* 8) "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" – 2:13
* 9) "Silent Night" – 4:18
* 10) "Little Saint Nick" – 2:36
* 11) "White Christmas" – 4:43
* 12) "O Come, All Ye Faithful" – 3:21 | WIKI |
Outline of biology
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biology:
Biology – study of living organisms. It is concerned with the characteristics, classification, and behaviors of organisms, how species come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales, from biophysics to ecology. All concepts in biology are subject to the same laws that other branches of science obey, such as the laws of thermodynamics and conservation of energy.
Branches of biology[edit]
History of biology[edit]
Main article: History of biology
Ecology and evolution[edit]
Organismal biology[edit]
(also known as functional biology)
Cellular and molecular biology[edit]
Biologists[edit]
Main articles: Biologist and List of biologists
See also[edit]
Related outlines
External links[edit]
Journals[edit] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Ellis; Alipio Fatica; Elmo Fatica; Giobatta Fazio; Leon Ferguson; Ana Ferrando; Luciano Ferrari; Charolette Fini; James Firpo; Sergio Folena; Alesio Foppiano; Fortunato Conti; Eva Franceschi; Pete Franceschi; Estate of Anna Marie Franco; Giacomo Franco; John P. Franco; John Frederick; Dorothea Garaventa; Edward Germano; Benedetto Ghigliaza; Bernardo Ghigliazza; Frederico Ghiglieri; Anna Ghirardozzi; Anna Ghirardozzi; Gloria Ghirardozzi; Lou Giannone; Carlo Ginocchio; Hugo Giovannini; Sisto Giuliacci; Ubaldo Gobbo; Mario Grelli; Piero Grelli; Barbara Hamilton; Orel Jackson, Jr.; Pearlie B. Lee; Harold Lopez; Joseph Lucchetti; Luigi Sciamanna; Attilio Malatesta; Emil Mangini; Louis Matteucci; Roger Micheli; Luis Morales; Giacomo Moscone; John Moscone; Angelo Musante; Alvaro Nardi; Estate of Michele Nardi; Sandy Obertello; Tony Oneto; Ivan Oplanic; Vincenzo Pasquinelli; Antonio Passetti; Quinto Passetti; Alfredo Perli; Otto Perucci; Robert Pessagno; Virginia Pessagno; Rodovan Pesusic; Vonda Peverada; Hugo Pisani; Armando Pucci; Grace Puccinelli; Sergo Puccinelli; Flora Raggio; Inez Rajewski; Jack Rajewski; Louie J. Ratio; Paul Ratio; Peter Ratio; Angelo Ricchetti; Francesco Rissoto; William S. Roberts; Ernest Ronzani; Raniero Roselli; Mario Rossi; Albert Sciamanna; William Segarini; Ray Sharp, Sr.; Dante Steccone; Mario Steccone; Luis Stella; Estate of Billy Terry; Luis M. Torres; Tom Traverso; Linda Tregenza; Judy Vucci; Paul Worden; Tony Zappettini, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. NORCAL WASTE SYSTEMS INC; Manuel C. Conte; Robert L. Anderson; Archie Humphrey; James Paye; Norcal Waste Systems, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust; Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.; Security Pacific Bank; Bank of California; California Federal Bank; Michael T. Sangiacomo; Peter Gardella; John DeMartini; Fiore Garbarino; John B. Molinari; Leroy Moretti, Defendants, and Bank of America, as successor to Security Pacific National Bank, the Indenture Trustee, Defendant-Appellee. Julio Abraham; Paul Agazzi; Giusppe Aiello; Bennie Anselmo, Sr.; Thomas Arens; Renato Avanzino; Lily Bacigalupi; Peter Bacigalupi, Jr.; David E. Ballestrazze; Mike Ballestrazze; William Bandettini; Mary Barieri; John Baroni; Pietro Battilana; Antoinette Bavoso; Michael J. Biagini; William Biondini, Sr.; Franklin Bishop; Herbie Boyd; Madeline Brandi; Paul Brunetta; Natalio Cadematori; Flavio Calcagno; Fernando Cambri; Rita Canevari; Thomas J. Canevari; Primo Capella; Costantino Caramatti; John Caruso; Amy M. Catelli; Getulio Catena; Frank Chappellone; Edward Chiappari; Attilio Chiesa; Estate of George Codino; Quanito Cuneo; Ugo Cuneo; Victor D’Agnolo; Ray Dal Pogetto; Casimiro Dámele; Alfred De Martini; Eugene De Martini; Gino De Martini; Paul De Martini; Adolfo Del Carlo; Vince Delfino; Lawrence Della Celia; Mary Della Celia; Susan Della Celia; Anita Delucchi; Mario Delucchi; Normal Depaoli; Angelo L. Devincenzi; Gloria Devincenzi; James D. Devincenzi; Vicki Duhagon; Estate Of J.B. Ellis; Alipio Fatica; Elmo Fatica; Giobatta Fazio; Leon Ferguson; Ana Ferrando; Luciano Ferrari; Charolette Fini; James Firpo; Sergio Folena; Alesio Foppiano; Fortunato Conti; Eva Franceschi; Pete Franceschi; Estate of Anna Marie Franco; Giacomo Franco; John P. Franco; John Frederick; Dorothea Garaventa; Edward Germano; Benedetto Ghigliazza; Bernardo Ghigliazza; Frederico Ghiglieri; Anna Ghirardozzi; Anna Ghirardozzi; Gloria Ghirardozzi; Lou Giannone; Carlo Ginocchio; Hugo Giovannini; Sisto Giuliacci; Ubaldo Gobbo; Mario Grelli; Piero Grelli; Barbara Hamilton; Orel Jackson, Jr.; Pearlie B. Lee; Harold Lopez; Joseph Lucchetti; Luigi Sciamanna; Attilio Malatesta; Emil Mangini; Louis Matteucci; Roger Micheli; Luis Morales; Giacomo Moscone; John Moscone; Angelo Musante; Alvaro Nardi; Estate of Michele Nardi; Sandy Obertello; Tony Oneto; Ivan Oplanic; Vincenzo Pasquinelli; Antonio Passetti; Quinto Passetti; Alfredo Perli; Otto Perucci; Robert Pessagno; Virginia Pessagno; Rodovan Pesusic; Vonda Peverada; Hugo Pisani; Armando Pucci; Grace Puccinelli; Sergo Puccinelli; Flora Raggio; Inez Rajewski; Jack Rajewski; Louie J. Ratto; Paul Ratto; Peter Ratto; Angelo Ricchetti; Francesco Rissoto; William S. Roberts; Ernest Ronzani; Raniero Roselli; Mario Rossi; Albert Sciamanna; William Segarini; Ray Sharp, Sr.; Dante Steccone; Mario Steccone; Luis Stella; Estate of Billy Terry; Luis M. Torres; Tom Traverso; Linda Tregenza; Judy Vucci; Paul Worden; Tony Zappettini, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Norcal Waste Systems Inc; Manuel C. Conte; Norcal Waste Systems, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan And Trust, Defendants-Appellees, The Bank of America, Defendant-Appellant, and Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.; Bank of California; California Federal Bank, Defendants. Bank of America NT & SA, as successor in interest by merger with Security Pacific National Bank, Indenture Trustee, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Norcal Solid Waste Systems Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust, Defendant-Appellee.
Nos. 99-17132, 99-17040 and 99-17474.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Dec. 11, 2000
Filed Sept. 7, 2001
Stephen H. Dye, Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis, San Francisco, California, for the plaintiffs-appellants and cross-ap-pellees, in No. 99-17040 and No. 99-17474.
Paul J. Ondrasik, Jr., Washington, D.C., for defendant-appellee Norcal Waste Systems, Inc., in No. 99-17040 and 99-17474.
Deborah S. Ballati, San Francisco, California, for defendant-appellee Norcal Waste Systems, Inc., Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust, in No. 99-17040 and No. 99-17474, and for defendant-appellee in No. 99-17132.
James B. Wright, San Francisco, California, for defendant-appellee and cross-appellant Bank of America, N.A., in No. 99-17040 and No. 99-17474, and for the plaintiff-appellant in No. 99-17132.
Before: THOMPSON, O’SCANNLAIN, and TASHIMA, Circuit Judges.
TASHIMA, Circuit Judge:
These consolidated appeals arise out of a complex background of financial transactions and litigation stemming from the leveraged buyout of company stock by an employee stock ownership plan. Plaintiffs in the earlier of the two actions (No. 99-17040 and No. 99-17474) (“Plaintiffs”) originally brought suit in California state court, alleging only state law causes of action in their complaint. Defendants successfully removed the case to federal district court on the basis of complete preemption, pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. The parties raise numerous issues on appeal from the ensuing litigation. Because we conclude that the district court lacked original subject matter jurisdiction, necessary for removal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441, we must vacate the judgments below. We have jurisdiction to entertain this appeal from the district court’s final judgment, 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and to decide the jurisdictional issue, Toumajian v. Frailey, 135 F.3d 648, 652-53 (9th Cir. 1998)
I. BACKGROUND
a. Facts
Norcal Solid Waste Systems, Inc. (“Nor-cal”), a California corporation, was an employee-owned garbage company. Plaintiffs are former employee-shareholders (or their heirs and assigns) of Norcal. Norcal created the Norcal Solid Waste Systems, Inc., Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust (the “Norcal ESOP” or “ESOP”) to purchase shares from Plaintiffs in a leveraged buyout of company stock. There is no dispute that the ESOP is an employee benefit plan within the meaning of ERISA. In December 1986, Plaintiffs sold their stock to the ESOP as part of the leveraged buyout transaction for $65 million in cash and $36.5 million in long-term notes. Forty-four of the Plaintiffs also were Norcal employees and participants in the benefit plan (“ESOP participants”).
The 1986 leveraged buyout was accomplished through a complex financing arrangement in which the ESOP’s acquisition of Norcal’s shares was financed by bank loans to Norcal, which in turn then lent those funds to the ESOP. Bank of America (the “Bank”) served as a senior lender (among several banks) and a financial advisor to Norcal for the leveraged buyout. The long-term notes that were issued to the former shareholders pursuant to the buyout were governed by the terms of a trust indenture agreement (the “Indenture”) between the Norcal ESOP, as obligor, and Security Pacific National Bank, as the trustee (“Security Pacific” or the “Trustee”). Security Pacific also acted as a lender to Norcal in the 1986 transaction.
The notes were non-recourse as against Norcal, were not secured by Norcal stock, were subordinated to the Norcal ESOP’s senior indebtedness (i.e. the bank loans to Norcal that were subsequently lent to the ESOP), and were to be paid in accordance with ERISA regulations for exempt transactions. Among the other provisions of the Indenture relevant to the litigation were the following:
Section 8.01(b): “In case an Event or Default has occurred and is continuing, the Trustee shall exercise such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture, and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent person would exercise or use under the circumstances in the conduct of his or her own affairs.”
Section 8.07(3): “[The Plan agrees] to indemnify the Trustee for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense incurred without negligence or bad faith on its part, arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or administration of this trust, including the costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim or liability in connection with the exercise or performance of any of its powers or duties hereunder.” Section 10-2: “The Plan shall not consolidate with or merge into any entity or convey, lease or transfer its properties and assets substantially as an entirety to any Person unless the Plan shall first redeem the entire Outstanding principal of all of the Notes.”
The Indenture also provided that “it shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the laws of the State of California.”
In December 1987, Norcal consummated a transaction with Envirocal, Inc. (“Envi-rocal”), whereby the Norcal ESOP and the Envirocal ESOP (simultaneously with their respective sponsors) combined to form a single entity. The former owners of Envirocal exchanged stock for a combination of cash and notes. Security Pacific also acted as a lender to Norcal in the 1987 Envirocal transaction. On May 15, 1988, in its capacity as the Trustee, Security Pacific sent an annual reporting letter to Plaintiff note holders stating, among other things, that “[n]o other action has been taken by the Trustee, in the performance of its duties under the Indenture, which, in its opinion, materially affect the Notehold-ers.” Only in September 1988 did the ESOP advise its participants (44 of whom are among Plaintiff note holders) of the 1987 Envirocal transaction.
Between 1986 and April 1991, the Norcal ESOP paid each quarterly interest payment due on the notes, and the Trustee also transferred all of these payments to Plaintiff note holders, as required by the Indenture. In April of 1991, however, Norcal defaulted on its indebtedness to the bank lenders and to the Envirocal note holders, and the ESOP defaulted on its indebtedness to Plaintiff note holders. On March 7, 1991, Security Pacific sent letters to Norcal and the ESOP resigning as Trustee under the Indenture (as well as under the subsequent indenture formed for the Envirocal note holders, for which it also served as trustee), and on May 14, 1991 a successor trustee was formally substituted.
b. Proceedings
Plaintiffs commenced an action in California state court in 1994 against the Trustee, Norcal, the ESOP, Norcal’s bank lenders, and several individual officers and directors of the defendant corporations (including some members of the ESOP Administrative Committee). The Bank was sued not only in its capacity as a lender in the 1986 leveraged buyout, but also as successor in interest to Security Pacific, which was both a lender and the Trustee. Plaintiffs alleged state law causes of action including fraud, breach of contract, tor-tious interference with contract, negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and unjust enrichment.
The alleged conduct underlying Plaintiffs’ claims was a series of breaches, misrepresentations, omissions, concealment, and conflicts of interest by Defendants, as well as an alleged conspiracy among them, in conjunction with the initial leveraged buyout, the 1987 Envirocal transaction, and subsequent ESOP activities. These acts allegedly resulted in Plaintiffs’ unwitting reliance in tendering their shares in Norcal for restricted notes, the failure to redeem or enforce redemption of those notes at the time of the Envirocal transaction, and the eventual default on those notes. Forty-four of the Plaintiffs, who were also ESOP participants, simultaneously initiated a separate action in federal district court against Norcal, the Nor-cal ESOP, and some individual defendants for the breach of their duties imposed by ERISA in conjunction with the 1987 Envi-rocal transaction and subsequent ESOP activities.
Defendants removed the action from state court to federal court on the basis of complete ERISA preemption. The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion to remand, concluding that, at least with respect to the subset of 44 Plaintiffs who were ESOP participants, the state law causes of action based on constructive fraud, fiduciary duty, and negligence were preempted by ERISA. The district court then asserted supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining claims and parties. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). On motion for partial summary judgment by Plaintiffs, the district court ruled on June 30, 1995, that the 1987 Envi-rocal transaction constituted a triggering event for purposes of redemption under Section 10-2 of the Indenture and that the ESOP had defaulted under the terms of that provision. In August 1995, Norcal and the ESOP completed a settlement with Plaintiffs for the principal due on the notes, but not the interest (the “Settlement”). Under the Settlement, Plaintiffs agreed to a broad release of all claims against all parties, excepting only their preservation of the claims against the Trustee falling outside the scope of the ESOP’s contractual indemnity obligations to the Trustee pursuant to Section 8.07(3) of the Indenture. The district court subsequently entered orders determining the Settlement to be in good faith and dismissing the released claims and parties.
In February 1996, Plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint against the Bank of America alone. Prior to trial, Norcal and the ESOP intervened to obtain a declaration that they had no further indemnity obligations to the Bank under the Indenture after the Settlement. On December 17, 1996, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Norcal and the ESOP on their complaint in intervention for declaratory relief. After trial on the remaining claims, judgment on the jury verdict was entered in favor of the Bank. The district court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for a new trial and entered final judgment on October 22, 1999. Plaintiffs timely appeal, and the Bank timely cross-appeals (No. 99-17040 and No. 99-17474).
After the verdict, the Bank commenced a separate action in federal court against the ESOP seeking a declaration of its entitlement to indemnity under the Indenture for its post-Settlement defense costs in light of the specific findings of the special verdict. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court again ruled in favor of the ESOP on the indemnity issue. Final judgment in that action was entered on August 25, 1999. The Bank timely appeals (No. 99-17132).
II. JURISDICTION
Plaintiffs contend that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction at the time the case was removed and at the time of judgment; therefore, the denial of the motion to remand was error and the proceedings and judgment must be vacated. The Bank, Norcal, and the ESOP contend that Plaintiffs’ claims for constructive fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence in the state court complaint (at least with respect to the 44 Plaintiffs who are also ESOP participants) are subject to complete preemption under ERISA, providing the court with subject matter jurisdiction and a federal question to anchor removal of the entire action. Questions of subject matter jurisdiction and removal are reviewed de novo. Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 652. The denial of a motion to remand a removed case by the district court is also reviewed de novo. ARCO Envtl. Remediation, L.L.C. v. Dep’t of Health and Envtl. Quality, 213 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir.2000).
Removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1441 requires that the complaint contain a claim within the original subject matter jurisdiction of the federal district court. Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 653. Thus, only if we can discern a federal question was removal proper.
Plaintiffs’ complaint did not facially assert any federal claim; therefore, the original subject matter jurisdiction required to support removal exists only if ERISA completely preempted any of the state law claims. See Rutledge v. Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather, & Geraldson, 201 F.3d 1212, 1215 (9th Cir.), amended by 208 F.3d 1170 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 531. U.S. 992, 121 S.Ct. 482, 148 L.Ed.2d 456 (2000). The doctrine of complete preemption has been described as “an independent corollary to the well-pleaded complaint rule”. Id. (quoting Harris v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co., 26 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir.1994)). Complete preemption can be invoked only when two conditions are satisfied: (1) ERISA expressly preempts the state law cause of action under 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) (i.e. “conflict preemption”) and (2) that cause of action is encompassed by the scope of the civil enforcement provision of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a) (ie. “displacement”). Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 60, 107 S.Ct. 1542, 95 L.Ed.2d 55 (1987); Rutledge, 201 F.3d at 1216. Neither of these conditions was satisfied in this case.
a. Conflict Preemption under 29 U.S.C. § llU(a)
Section 1144(a) states, in relevant part, that “provisions of this subchapter and subchapter III of this chapter shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan.... ” The critical phrase “relate to” has been the source of much confusion as well as multiple and slightly differing analyses by this court. See, e.g., Rutledge, 201 F.3d at 1216-19 (surveying our approach to the “relates to” requirement but ultimately declining to develop a test “describing the outer bounds of ERISA [conflict] preemption”). We recognize that while this “relate to” language has been construed quite broadly in the past, the Supreme Court has narrowed the applicability of § 1144(a) in recent years ever since its decision in New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 115 S.Ct. 1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695 (1995). See also Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 654 n. 3 (acknowledging that “[r]ecently, the scope of this broad ‘relate to’ preemption was markedly narrowed” (quoting Travelers, 514 U.S. at 655, 115 S.Ct. 1671)).
State law “relates to” an ERISA benefit plan if there is a “connection with” or “reference to” such a plan. Blue Cross v. Anesthesia Care Assocs. Med. Group, Inc., 187 F.3d 1045, 1052 (9th Cir.1999) (quoting Cal. Div. of Labor Standards Enforcement v. Dillingham Constr., N.A., Inc., 519 U.S. 316, 324, 117 S.Ct. 832, 136 L.Ed.2d 791 (1997)). As we discussed in Rutledge, the “reference to” prong of the test is fairly precise and did not apply there — nor is it applicable here — because the state law in question did not act “immediately and exclusively” upon an ERISA plan nor is such a plan “essential” to the operation of the law. 201 F.3d at 1216 (quoting Dillingham, 519 U.S. at 325, 117 S.Ct. 832). Plaintiffs’ allegedly preempted claims here were solely based on state law theories of constructive fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence, so the relevant state law certainly does not act immediately and exclusively on an ERISA plan, nor is such a plan essential to the operation of the law. In order “to determine whether a state law has the forbidden connection, we look both to the objectives of the ERISA statute as a guide to the scope of the state law that Congress understood to survive, as well as to the nature and effect of the state law on ERISA plans.” Egelhoff v. Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141, 121 S.Ct. 1322, 1327, 149 L.Ed.2d 264 (2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). The only argument advanced for removal, and upon which the district court relied, is that the state law claims have the necessary “connection with” an ERISA plan because they encroach upon ERISA-regu-lated relationships.
We have previously recognized that “a core factor leading to the conclusion that a state law claim is preempted is that the claim bears on an ERISA-regulated relationship.” Rutledge, 201 F.3d at 1219. Under the rationale of a “relationship” test, “we look to whether the state law encroaches on relationships regulated by ERISA, such as between plan and plan member, plan and employer, and plan and trustee." Blue Cross, 187 F.3d at 1053. Those regulated relationships that are purported to be encroached upon in this case are between: (1) plan and "parties in interest," as defined in 29 U.S.C. § 1002(14); (ii) plan and participants; and (iii) plan and fiduciaries. We find none of these arguments persuasive.
With respect to the first relationship, the Bank, Norcal, and the ESOP each suggests that ERISA comprehensively governed the sale of stock and extension of credit between a plan and "parties in interest," such as the employees of the plan sponsor; and that absent the express statutory exemptions provided by ERISA, any transaction constituting a "lending of money or other extension of credit between the plan and a party in interest" would have been a prohibited transaction. See 29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1)(B); see also id. § 1108(b)(3) (exempting loan when "primarily for the benefit of participants and beneficiaries of the plan" and "at an interest rate which is not in excess of a reasonable rate") and § 1108(e) (exempting acquisition by a plan of qualifying employer securities if "for adequate consideration" and "no commission is charged"). Certainly that subset of Plaintiffs who were current Norcal employees would be "parties in interest" for the purposes of the prohibited transaction provision. See id. § 1002(14)(A). But the state law claims alleged in the initial complaint did not implicate the prohibited transaction provision, which "serves ERISA's purposes by protecting a plan's participants and beneficiaries from a depletion of plan assets through shady, inside deals." Rutledge, 201 F.3d at 1222. Indeed, the claims do not remotely concern the objectives of ERISA.
Like all Plaintiffs, the employees were suing as note holders for state law fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence arising from a transaction that was expressly exempted from the prohibited transaction provision; their status as "parties in interest" is irrelevant. Unlike in Rntledge, where the preempted claims were premised on a relationship between a plan and a legal service provider in the very respects governed by ERISA's regulation of prohibited transactions, the state law claims here do not bear upon any ERISA-governed relationship between a plan and "parties in interest." See id. ("Because the allegation at issue in the state law claims . . . is precisely the sort of prohibited transaction governed by ERISA, we hold ... that the claims are preempted.") By carefully crafting exceptions to the transactions prohibited under ERISA and the conditions for those exceptions, Congress presumably understood the scope of the state law that would otherwise survive to govern such transactions in all aspects unrelated to the objectives and administration of ERISA. In this way, the ESOP's relationship with Plaintiffs who were also Norcal employees was no different from its relationship with the rest of the Plaintiff note holders. Cf. Arizona State Carpenters, 125 F.3d at 724 ("As a service provider offering nonfiduci-ary custodial services, Citibank's relationship with the Trust Funds was no different from that between Citibank and any of its customers."). Accordingly, we conclude that "[i~n the circumstances of this case, the connection between the state common law principles and ERISA's regulation of employee benefit plans is simply too tenuous, remote or peripheral to trigger preemption." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Nor, under similar reasoning, is a relationship between plan and participant encroached upon here. Those Plaintiffs who were also ESOP participants have an independent creditor relationship with the ESOP as a corporate entity based upon their status as former shareholders and current note holders under the Indenture. See Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co. v. Castonguay, 984 F.2d 1518, 1521-22 (9th Cir.1993) (“But ERISA doesn’t purport to regulate those relationships where a plan operates like any other commercial entity — for instance, the relationship between the plan and its own employees, or the plan and its insurers or creditors, or the plan and the landlords from whom it leases its office space.” (emphasis added)). The claims of fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence arise from that status as note holders, and do not “touch on” the status of the ESOP as a benefit plan or of any of Plaintiffs as participants in that plan (or on any claim the participants may make against the plan in that capacity). Cf. Blue Cross, 187 F.3d at 1054 (“The ... claims concern only promises that Blue Cross made as a health care plan to its participating physicians. They do not touch on Blue Cross’ fiduciary status, or any claims that a beneficiary may make against Blue Cross in that capacity.”)
In Sommers Drug Stores Co. Employee Profit Sharing Trust v. Corrigan Enter., Inc., 793 F.2d 1456 (5th Cir.1986), an ERISA trust sought to invoke the state law of fiduciary duty as a stockholder by bringing a claim against a corporate director who was also a plan fiduciary. Finding no conflict preemption, the court stated:
The director’s duty arises from his status as director; the law imposes the duty upon him in that capacity only. Similarly, the shareholder’s rights against the corporate director arise solely from his status as shareholder. That in such a case as ours the director happens also to be a plan fiduciary and the shareholder a benefit plan has nothing to do with the duty owed by the director to the shareholder. The state law and ERISA duties are parallel but independent: as director, the individual owes a duty, defined by state law, to the corporation’s shareholders, including the plan; as fiduciary, the individual owes a duty, defined by ERISA, to the plan and its beneficiaries. Thus, the state law does not affect relations between the ERISA fiduciary and the plan or the plan beneficiaries as such; it affects them in their separate capacities as corporate director and shareholder.
Id. at 1468. Here, any duties owed by the plan to the ESOP participant Plaintiffs are also parallel but independent to those owed to them as note holders. The rights and duties under state law between the ESOP and the note holders, whether ESOP participants or not, are distinct from any ERISA-governed relationship between a plan and its participants. The state claims do not affect that regulated relationship.
The third relationship allegedly encroached upon is that between a plan and its fiduciaries, specifically those members of the ESOP Administrative Committee named in the complaint. It is suggested that, as ERISA fiduciaries, the members of the ESOP Administrative Committee were required by ERISA to act “solely in the interest of the [plan’s] participants and beneficiaries” for the “exclusive purpose” of “providing benefits to participants and their beneficiaries,” as well as “defraying reasonable expenses of administering the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(A). Assuming that the members of the Administrative Committee are fiduciaries within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A), we do not believe that the ERISA-regulated relationship is implicated here. Relying on Castonguay, the ESOP contends that the Committee could not act with that undivided loyalty to the plan and its participants and beneficiaries required by ERISA if state law bound its members to account for the interests and obligations asserted by Plaintiffs. In Castonguay, an insurer brought state law fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims against an ERISA trustee based on allegedly false statements made while securing for the trust an insurance policy to pay for unmanageable plan payments to participants. 984 F.2d at 1520. Finding the state law claims to be preempted because they raised “precisely the sort of divided loyalty ERISA is meant to prevent,” the court concluded: “We hold that, as a matter of federal law, ERISA plan trustees can’t be held personally liable for the trust’s contracts.” Id. at 1523-24. We first note that Caston-guay was decided prior to the recent trend narrowing the preemptive force of the “relates to” standard under § 1144(a). Moreover, despite the broad language of undivided loyalties in Castonguay, it is not immediately apparent how the alleged fraud, breach of duty, and negligence of the Committee members on behalf of the ESOP here would directly conflict with their fiduciary duties under ERISA. Unlike that case, the state law claims here did not arise from transactions directly relating to plan benefits or administration. The conduct at issue concerned the acquisition of Norcal shares in exchange for restricted notes and a subsequent failure to redeem those notes. As such, the only impact that the state law duties might have had on the plan or its beneficiaries is an indirect economic burden, which we have held to be insufficient for conflict preemption. See Blue Cross, 187 F.3d at 1052 (holding “the economic effects that ... claims might have on ERISA plans are not sufficient for preemption to occur”). Finally, as in Sommers, the members of the Committee are not being sued in their capacity as plan fiduciaries, but rather as the agents of the ESOP corporate entity that obtained Norcal shares from Plaintiff note holders. State law imposes duties upon them in that capacity only; it does not affect them in their capacity as ERISA plan fiduciaries and thus does not encroach upon any regulated relationship between the plan and its fiduciaries.
Plaintiffs brought suit in their capacity as note holders pursuant to the terms of the Indenture, which by its own terms is governed by California law. Although some Plaintiffs were also ESOP participants and Norcal employees, their claims were brought solely in their capacity as former shareholders and current creditors. Moreover, this financial relationship arose from a transaction explicitly exempted from ERISA regulations and the claims were unrelated to any aspect of a relationship governed by those regulations. The fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence causes of action under state law have nothing to do with benefits, the administration of a benefit plan, or any duties imposed by ERISA. No ERISA-regulated relationship is encroached upon by the state law claims. Therefore, the state law claims do not “relate to” an ERISA benefit plan within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). We conclude therefore that there was no basis to find conflict preemption under ERISA; thus, that the first condition for complete preemption was unsatisfied.
b. Displacement under 29 U.S.C. § 1182(a)
Section 1132(a) provides the exclusive claims that are available under ERISA, as well as by whom and against whom such claims may be brought. See Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 656. The Bank, Norcal, and the ESOP all contend that even though the state complaint did not state an ERISA cause of action on its face, the claims of the ESOP participant Plaintiffs should be displaced for purposes of complete preemption analysis because they are encompassed by ERISA’s civil enforcement provision, specifically § 1132(a)(2) and (a)(3). We disagree.
Pursuant to the terms of those subsections, “[participants and beneficiaries, along with plan fiduciaries, depending on their respective roles, are authorized to bring actions for appropriate relief for breach of fiduciary duty or for injunctions or to obtain other appropriate equitable relief to redress an ERISA violation or to enforce the terms of the plan or the provisions of ERISA.” Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 656; see also 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2), (a)(3). Assuredly, a subset of Plaintiffs are plan participants entitled to bring suit under the civil enforcement provision of ERISA. In fact, the ESOP participant Plaintiffs here did precisely that by filing a separate federal complaint contemporaneously with the state court action that was later removed. The claims asserted by all Plaintiffs in the state court action, however, do not fall within the scope of § 1132(a) because those claims are based upon rights that arise under state law in their capacity as former shareholders of Norcal and current note holders under the Indenture, not upon any rights that are conferred, enforced, or governed by ERISA (nor upon a violation of the terms of a plan). As we haye previously noted, “[A]n otherwise preempted claim may survive to the extent that it relies on a theory independent of the benefit plan.” Tingey v. Pixley-Richards West, Inc., 953 F.2d 1124, 1131 (9th Cir.1992).
As discussed at length earlier, the claims of fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence at issue seek relief for all Plaintiffs on the basis of their reliance in tendering their Norcal shares to the ESOP, the eventual default on their notes, and the failure to redeem or enforce redemption on their notes at the time of the Envirocal transaction. Also, for the purposes of those Plaintiffs who could be considered “parties in interest,” the leveraged buyout is an exempted transaction. Plaintiffs are not seeking relief on behalf of an ERISA plan, as required under the express terms of 29 U.S.C. § 1109(a), which is incorporated into § 1132(a)(2), and our case law. See Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 656 (citing Buster v. Greisen, 104 F.3d 1186, 1189 (9th Cir. 1997)). Nor do Plaintiffs’ claims derive from a breach of “any of the responsibilities, obligations, or duties imposed upon fiduciaries by this subchapter.” § 1109(a). Therefore § 1132(a)(2) is inapplicable. Moreover, none of these Plaintiffs “seek[s] relief as a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary to enjoin any act or obtain any other equitable relief to redress any violations or enforce any provisions of ERISA.” Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 656. Therefore § 1132(a)(3) is not applicable either.
Norcal and the ESOP seek to distinguish Toumajian on the ground that the complaint at issue in that case asserted state law claims for professional malpractice against a non-fiduciary service provider, whereas in this case ERISA fiduciaries were named in the complaint. But irrespective of the status of any of Defendants as the fiduciaries of an ERISA plan, none of the state law claims can be characterized as fiduciary breach claims within the scope of ERISA’s civil enforcement provision. Simply put, the claims do not concern any plan fiduciaries in their capacity as such. Nor do they otherwise fall within the scope of ERISA’s civil enforcement provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a). We conclude therefore that there was no basis for displacement under ERISA; thus, the second condition for complete preemption was also unsatisfied.
III. CONCLUSION
In summary, we conclude that neither of the necessary conditions for complete preemption under ERISA was satisfied here. Plaintiffs brought suit based on state law theories of fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, and negligence that cannot be said to “relate to” an ERISA plan within the meaning of 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a); nor are the claims encompassed within the scope of ERISA’s civil enforcement provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a). It is of no consequence that some Plaintiffs were also employees of the plan sponsor and plan participants at the time of suit because the claims have nothing to do with their status as such. Like all Plaintiffs, the ESOP participants brought suit in state court solely in their capacity as former shareholders and current note holders pursuant to the terms of the Indenture. Thus, the state law claims have no bearing on any ERISA-governed relationship and are not displaced by ERISA’s civil enforcement scheme. Because there is no basis for complete preemption under ERISA, there was no federal question subject matter jurisdiction to support removal. And without a federal question, there was no anchor for the assertion of supplemental jurisdiction.
Accordingly, the judgment in each case is vacated and these cases are remanded to the district court with directions that, in No. 99-17040 and No. 99-17474, the case be remanded to state court and, in No. 99-17132, the action be dismissed without prejudice. Plaintiffs-Appellants in No. 99-17040 shall recover their costs on appeal from Defendants-Appellees. The parties in No. 99-17132 shall bear their own costs on appeal.
VACATED and REMANDED.
. The parties disagree on the structure of the transaction for purposes of Section 10-2 of the Indenture.
. The Bank succeeded to the interest of Security Pacific as the result of the merger of Security Pacific into the Bank.
. The details of the verdict are immaterial to our analysis and disposition.
. None of the parties contends, nor is it the case, that any alleged jurisdictional defect on removal may have been corrected by the time of final judgment on the merits, either via diversity or otherwise. Cf. Grubbs v. Gen. Elec. Credit Corp., 405 U.S. 699, 702-704, 92 S.Ct. 1344, 31 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) (whether or not case is properly removed, if court proceeds to judgment on merits without objections, issue is whether district court would have had original jurisdiction if case had been filed in a federal court, measured at time of judgment). Thus the only relevant question is whether subject matter jurisdiction existed at the time of removal.
. For the purposes of this analysis, the original complaint is the operative pleading because that is the basis upon which removal was granted and Plaintiffs’ motion to remand was denied. See Toumajian, 135 F.3d at 653 n. 2.
. The parties do not suggest, and we do not believe there to be, any reason that the state law claims at issue here may fall within the three traditional areas of preemption identified in Travelers and incorporated into the analysis of this court in Arizona State Carpenters Pension Trust Fund v. Citibank, 125 F.3d 715, 723 (9th Cir.1997), namely state laws that: (1) mandate employee benefit structures or their administration; (2) bind employers or plan administrators to particular choices or preclude uniform administrative practice; and (3) provide alternative enforcement mechanisms to obtain ERISA plan benefits. Nor do we find that jurisdiction could be supported by preemption under any of the myriad "different, though compatible, tests” formulated by this court in our elusive quest "to follow the Supreme Court in fulfilling the statutory mandate of broad preemption without intruding upon state laws beyond the intention of Congress and the objectives of ERISA.” Rutledge, 201 F.3d at 1217. Even were we to "eschew[ ] such multi-factor tests in favor of a more holistic analysis guided by Congressional intent,” our analysis would be no different. Dishman v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am., 250 F.3d 1272, 1278 n. 15 (9th Cir. 2001). The only asserted basis for preemption here is an intrusion upon ERISA-regulat-ed relationships.
. Section 1132(a)(2) provides that a civil action may be brought "by the Secretary, or by a participant, beneficiary or fiduciary for appropriate relief under section 1109 of this title.” Section 1109 states in relevant part:
Any person who is a fiduciary with respect to a plan who breaches any of the responsibilities, obligations, or duties imposed upon fiduciaries by this subchapter shall be personally liable to make good to such plan any such losses to the plan resulting from each such breach, and to restore to such plan any profits of such fiduciary which have been made through the assets of the plan by the fiduciary, and shall be subject to such other equitable or remedial relief as the court may deem appropriate, including removal of such fiduciaiy. A fiduciary may also be removed for a violation of section 1111 of filis title.
29 U.S.C. § 1109(a).
. Section 1132(a)(3) provides that a civil action may be brought:
by a participant, beneficiary, or fiduciary (A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan.
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Doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1) is a Z-linked gene that putatively determines the phenotype of gonads in birds. The sex differential expression of Dmrt1 was examined using wholemount in situ hybridization (WISH) in the urogenital systems during embryogenesis. The results revealed that Dmrt1 showed dimorphic expression in chicken gonads, which increased from day 6.5 to day 10.5. The expression of Dmrt1 in male (ZZ) gonads was not twice as much as in female (ZW) gonads, suggesting the existence of other regulatory mechanisms in addition to Z chromosome dosage effect.
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In mammals, testis development is initiated by the expression of the sex-determining gene, SRY , where-as the genetic trigger for sex determination in birds remains unknown. In the present study, the expression of seven genes implicated in vertebrate sex determination and differentiation were studied in chicken embryonic gonads from day 4 to day 12 of incubation using reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed transcription of c Lhx9 , c GATA4 , c Vnn1 , c Ppt1 , c Brd3 were sexually dimorphic during chicken gonadal development, whereas c Eki2 , c Fog2 were expressed at similar levels in both sexes. Results of comparative studies between mammals and chickens show that vertebrate sex-determining pathways comprise both conserved and divergent elements: expression profiles of c GATA4 /c Fog2 and c Vnn1 are similar to those in mammals, while others appear some differences. Possible functions of these genes on chicken gonadal development were analyzed based on their expression profiles.
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A two-year field experiment with a split-split plot design was conducted to investigate the effects of soil N(0, 120 and 240 kg N·ha−1) and foliar Zn applications at different growth stages (jointing, flowering, early grain filling, and late grain filling) on Zn translocation and utilization efficiency in winter wheat grown on potentially Zn-deficient soil. Our results showed that foliar Zn application at the early grain filling stage significantly increased the Zn concentration in the grain (by 82.9% compared to control) and the Zn utilization efficiency (by 49% compared to jointing). The Zn concentration in the straw consistently increased with the timing of the foliar Zn application and was highest at late grain filling. However, the timing of the Zn application had little effect on Zn uptake in the grain and straw. A high N supply significantly increased the Zn concentration in and uptake by grain and straw, but it had little effect on the efficiency of Zn utilization. Consequently, a foliar Zn application at early grain filling causes Zn to re-translocate into grain from vegetative tissues, resulting in highly nutritional wheat grain. Finally, these practices improved the efficiency of Zn utilization in winter wheat and led to Zn-enriched straw, which may contribute to Zn recycling if it is returned to the field. The results also indicated that N nutrition is a critical factor in both the concentration and translocation of Zn in wheat.
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Wheat-rye 1BL.1RS translocations have been widely used in wheat breeding programs. A 1BL.1RS translocation wheat line, 91S-23, was developed from a 1R monosomic addition of the rye (Secale cereale) inbred line L155 into wheat (Triticum aestivum) MY11. A new commercial wheat cultivar, CN18, which also contained the 1BL.1RS translocation, was derived from the cross MY11 × 91S-23. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated that the rye centromere was eliminated from the 1BL.1RS chromosomes of CN18 but not from 91S-23. Based on the 1RS source and the centromeric structure of the translocation chromosome, CN18 qualifies as a new wheat cultivar possessing a 1BL.1RS translocation. CN18 displayed high yield performance and resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust, whereas 91S-23 was susceptible to these diseases. The present study provides a new 1RS resource for wheat improvement.
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Summary
A simple and rapid HPLC method using a photodiode array (PDA) detector for the analysis of 3-hydroxycarboplatin and its related complex has been established for the first time. Separation of 3-hydroxycarboplatin and 3-hydroxy-1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid (3-HO-cbdca) was carried out on a Phenomenex ODS3 column using an aqueous solution containing 50 mM ammonium acetate and 5 mM sodium 1-octanesulfonate as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.8 mL min−1, the column temperature was 40°C, and the detection wavelength was 230 nm for 3-hydroxycarboplatin and 220 nm for 3-HO-cbdca. Different analytical performance parameters such as precision, accuracy, linearity, stability of the solution, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and system suitability were determined using the Empower 2 software. The calibration curve of standard 3-hydroxycarboplatin showed good linearity (r = 0.9995) within the range 0.5–1.4 mg mL−1. The method was accurate and precise, with an average accuracy of 100.4% (RSD = 1.53%, n = 9), and the results of the system suitability test showed symmetrical peaks, good resolution (R s), and repeatability. It can be applied to the quality control of 3-hydroxycarboplatin.
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A rapid method has been used for simultaneous identification of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza BGE.) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS). A total of 58 compounds extracted by methanol were detected and tentatively identified within 20 min, including hydrophilic phenolics, lipophilic diterpenoids, a verbascose, and several organic acids. These compounds were separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column and identified based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation patterns under the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Among them, micranthin B and 9-oxo-10E,12Zoctadecadienoic acid were reported in RSM for the first time. Their fragmentation patterns in electrospray ionization (ESI)—MS/MS spectra were first investigated by matching their accurate molecular masses. This contribution presented one of the first reports on the analysis of hydrophilic phenolics and lipophilic diterpenoids from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae using UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. The results demonstrated that UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method could be applied to rapidly and expediently describe and provide comprehensive chemical information for simultaneous analysis of two different polar components in RSM.
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Summary
Chestnut exhibits anti-inflammatory, styptic, anti-diarrhea, and analgestic effects as a traditional Chinese medicine. There is increasing evidence that shows that the consumption of chestnuts has become more important in human nutrition due to the health benefits provided by the antioxidants. The phenolic compounds are responsible for major bioactivities, such as anti-tumor and anti-oxidation. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was established for the simultaneous determination of six phenolic compounds (gallic acid, GA; protocatechuic acid, PR; catechin, CA; epicatechin, EP; quercetin, QU; kaempferol, KA) in Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima blume) kernel. The sample followed by separation on Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, id., 5 μm) with gradient elution of methanol-1.0% acetate acid solution as a mobile phase, at a temperature of 30°C, under the ratio of 1.2 mL min−1, with 5 μL injection volume, and multi-wavelength synthesis was used with DAD. The correlation coefficients were larger than 0.999, the recoveries were 97.58% for GA, 100.41% for PA, 96.23% for CA, 101.38% for QU, 99.15% for EP, and 98.60% for KA, relative standard deviation (RSD) were 1.04% for GA, 1.21% for PA, 1.09% for CA, 1.19% for QU, 1.06% for EP, and 1.20% for KA. This method was applied for the determination of phenolics in chestnut kernel and was found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable.
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Abstract
Excess molar enthalpies of binary mixtures for tributyl phosphate (TBP)+methanol/ethanol were measured with a TAM air Isothermal calorimeter at 298.15 K and ambient. The results for xTBP+(1–x)CH3OH are negative in the whole range of composition, while the values for xTBP+(1–x)C2H5OH change from positive values at low x to small negative values at high x. The experimental results have been correlated with the Redlich–Kister polynomial. IR spectra of the mixtures were measured to investigate the effect of hydrogen bonding in the mixture.
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Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
Authors:
L. Zhou
,
S. Wen
,
J. Zhao
,
B. Yu
,
B. Han
, and
Ch. Yang
Abstract
The -ray spectra of188Re decay have been studied by using two Ge/Li/ spectrometers and a three parameters /E-E-T/ List coincidence system. The energies and relative intensities of 52 -rays and cascade relations of 14 -rays are determined. Ten new -rays: 155 /633–478/, 984, 1096, 1463, 1332, 1530, 1574, 1810, 1867, and 1937 keV have been identified. The 155 /633–478/ transition is confirmed and its relative intensity is estimated by means of coincidence experiment. 24 levels of188Re are assigned. Among those, 6 levels are first put into the decay scheme of188Re. In addition to 1443 keV and 1937 keV levels, 1685, 1729 and 1965 keV levels are also observed in the decay of188Ir and other reaction studies. The 1948 level is recently suggested in the190Os/p, t/188Os reaction. The 486 keV and 811 keV -transitions are also put into the level scheme of188Re. The decay branching ratio is deduced.
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Abstract
A procedure is described for the determination of51Cr(III) in51Cr(VI) samples having a51Cr(VI) to51Cr(III) ratio of 105, by means of a single zinc hydroxide coprecipitation at apH of ca. 13. Acceptable precision (standard deviation of 10–15%) is possible with solid51Cr(VI) samples containing 10 ppm of51Cr as51Cr(III).
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Category:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
Articles relating to martial law under Ferdinand Marcos (1972-1986), a 14-year period of one-man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 24, 1986. | WIKI |
Pretending
Pretending or Pretend may refer to:
* Role-playing, refers to the changing of one's behaviour to assume a role, either unconsciously to fill a social role, or consciously to act out an adopted role
* "Pretending" (Al Sherman song), a 1946 song with music and lyrics by Al Sherman and Marty Symes
* "Pretending" (Eric Clapton song), a 1989 rock song written and composed by Jerry Lynn Williams
* "Pretending" (HIM song), a song by the Finnish band HIM released in 2001
* "Pretending" (Glee song), a song from US TV series Glee
* "Pretend" (1952 song), a popular song, written by Lew Douglas, Cliff Parman, and Frank Levere
* "Pretend" (Tinashe song), a 2014 song by Tinashe featuring ASAP Rocky
* "Pretend", a song by Cheri Dennis from In and Out of Love
* "Pretend", a song by Lights from The Listening
* Pretend (album), a 2015 album by Swedish singer and songwriter Seinabo Sey
* "Pretending", a song by SOPHIE from Oil of Every Pearl's Un-Insides
* Pretending, known as Ugly Me in the U.S., 2006 Chilean romantic comedy film
* “Pretend”, a song by Kevin Gates from the 2019 album I'm Him | WIKI |
Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, first edition - Volume I, A-B.pdf/651
BET ( 543 ) BET corolla; the feeds are (haped like kidneys, and are fim' ing towards the top, and very irregularly hexanguJar. ated within the bafe of the calix. There are two fpe" It is of a very fine tranfparence, and naturally of a viz. the maritima or fea-beet, a native of Bri" pale brown ; and carries fo evident marks of diltinffion cies, from all brown cryftals, that our lapidaries call it, by tain which is chiefly cultivated for culinary ule. Decocway of eminence, the beryl-cryfial, or Amply the beryl, tions of the vulgaris loofen the belly ; and hence have BES, or Bessis, in Roman antiquity, two thirds of been ranked among the emollient herbs. The juice the as. See As. exprefled from the roots is a powerful errhine. Bes alfo denotes two thirds of the jugerum. See Ju- BETANCOS, a city of Gallicia in Spain, in 8° 50' GERUM. W. long, and 430 15' N. lat. BESAILE, fignifies the father of a grand-father. See Betue. Besaile, in law, a writ that lies where the great-grand- BETAW. or Betle, in botany, the trivial name of a father was feifed in fee of any lands, <bc. at the time BETEL, fpecies of piper. See Piper. of his death'; and after his- deceafe, a Granger enters BETELFAGUI, a town of Arabia Felix, about thirthereon, the fame day, and keepa out the heir. ty-five leagues from Mocha. BESANCON, the capital of Franche Comte in France, BETHLEHEM, once a flouridling city of Paledine, fituated in 6° E. long, and 470 20r N. lat. now only a poor village, is dill much frequented,, BESANT, or Bezant, a coin of pure gold, of an un- but the place of our Saviour’s birth ; it is fitucertain value, ftruck at Byzantium, in the time of the asatedbeing in 36° E. long, and 310 30' N. lat. Chriftian emperors ; from hence the gold offered by Bethlehem is alfo the name of a town of Brabant, in the king at the altar, is called befant or bifant. the Audrian Netherlands, about two miles north of Besants, in heraldry, round pieces of gold, without Louvain, fituated in 40 35' E. long, and 51 0 N. lat. any ftamp, frequently borne in coats of arms. See BETHLEHEMITES, in church-hidory, a religious Plate LI. fig. 14. BESIERS, a city of lower Languedoc in France, about order, called alfo Jlar-bearers, becaufe they were ditwo miles north of the Mediterranean, and fifteen flinguiflied by a red dar with five rays,, which they north-eaff of Narbonne, in 30 E. long, and 430 25' wore on their bread, in memory of the dar that appeared to the wife men, and conduded them to BethN. lat. BESLERIA, in botany, a genus of the didynamia an- lehem. giofpermia ciafs. The calix is divided into five parts; BETHUNE, a little fortified town of Artois, in the and the berry globular, and contains many feeds. The French Netherlands, about thirteen miles north of fpecies are three, viz. the melittifolia, the lutea, and Arras, fituated in 2° 35' E. long, and 506 32' N. lat. the criftata, all natives of America. BESORCH, a coin of tin, or Lome alloyed metal, cur- BETLIS, a city in the north of Curdidan, fituated on rent at Ormus, at the the rate of parts of a farthing a deep rock, at the fouth end of the lake0 Van, on the fterling. frontiers f>f Perfia and Turky, in 4.5 E. long. and. BESSARABIA, a province of Turky in Europe, lying and 370 30' N. lat. about the feveral mouths of the Danube. BETONY, in botany, the Englidi name of the betonica, and of feveral fpecies of veronica. See Betonica BESSIS. See Bes. BESSY, one of the0 Molucca iflands, fituated in the In- and Veronica. dian ocean, in 1 5c/ S. lat. BETROTHMENT, among civilians, the fame with; BESTAIL, or Bestial, in ancient ffatutes, all kinds- efpoufals,. of beads, or cattle, efpecially thofe purveyed for the. BETUE, or Betaw, a terriory in Dutch Guelderland,^ king’s provifion. between the rivers Maefe and Lech, fuppofed to beBESTIARII, in Roman antiquity, fuch as fought againff the ancient Batavia. beads, or thofe who were expofed to them by fentence BETULA, or Bi rch-tree,. in botany, a genus of the of the law. There were four kinds- of bediarii; the monoecia tetrandria clafs. The calix of the male flower fird were thofe who made a trade of it, and fought for has but one trifid leaf, and inclofes three flowers; the comoney; the fecond were fuch young men as,., to fhew rolla confids likewife of one leaf cut into four fegmcnts.. their drength and dexterity in managing their arms,, The calix of the female is trifid, and inclofes two fought againd beads; the third kind was, where feve- flowers ; and the feed is membranous, and alated on; ral bediarii were let loofe at once, well armed, againd: each fide. The fpecies are five, viz., tire alba or a number of beads; and the fourth kind were thofe birch-tree, a native of Britain ; the nigra, and lenta, condemned to the beads, confiding either of enemies- both natives of America; the nana, a native of Laptaken prifoners in war,, or as being flaves, and guilty land, Ruflia, and Sweden; and the alnus, likewife a of fome enormous crime; thofe were all expofed na- native of Lapland. The bark of the alba,.or common ked, and without defence. is a highly inflammable fubdance ; but its BESTRICIA, a city of Tranfylvania, remarkable for birch-tree,virtues are little known. Upon boring the the gold mines near it; it is fituated in 220 E. long, medical trunk in the the beginning of fpring, a fweetiih juice and 48° N lat. iffues forth in great BETA, the beet, in botany, a genus of the pentandria an Engliflr gallon orquantities in a day. This juice is digynia clafs. The calix has four leaves; it has no chiefly recommended inmorefcorbutio diforders, andotherr foui-
* and the vulgaris or green beet of Bauhinus.
* one branch will bleed: | WIKI |
We exist to beat dementia
The Importance of Sleep in Relation to Dementia
RACE AGAINST DEMENTIA
Hear what people affected by dementia have to say about Race Against Dementia
The stopwatch is ticking. The race is on
Sir Jackie Stewart OBE
As the saying goes, ‘a good laugh and a long sleep are the best cures in the doctor’s book.’
The impact of sleep on physical and mental health is widely acknowledged. World Sleep Day is an annual event that celebrates the importance of sleep and raises awareness around issues related to poor sleep. Did you know that there is a strong link between sleep and dementia?
Research over the years has identified the relationship between a poor night’s sleep in a person’s midlife and dementia in their later life. There can be many reasons for interrupted sleep, including insomnia, working shifts, stress and caretaking responsibilities. In one study, Dr Andrew E. Budson of Harvard Medical School found that individuals who slept fewer than five hours per night were twice as likely to develop dementia.” In a second study, Dr Budson said sleeping six hours or less at age 50, 60, and 70 was associated with a 30% increase in dementia risk compared to a normal sleep duration of seven hours.”
Race Against Dementia Associate Fellow, Dr Rahel Park, highlights that sleep-disordered breathing has been linked with up to 90% of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus cases, which Dr Park is focusing on for her research project. “This is a huge number and should not be overlooked in studies that try better to understand this disorder,” says Dr Park.
Race Against Dementia Pull Quote
“Prioritising good sleep habits is crucial”
Race Against Dementia’s research team also includes Dr Christy Hung at University College, London, who is exploring how genetic risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease disrupt the brain’s disposal system. Dr Hung explains:
“Prioritising good sleep habits is crucial for maintaining optimal brain health and function. Chronic sleep deprivation has been shown to impair cognitive function, including memory, attention and decision-making, which may be related to the impaired disposal of waste products in the brain.”
Dr Andrew McKinnon, a Race Against Dementia Fellow and clinical neuropsychologist at Sydney University, who became interested in dementia research due to the limited effectiveness of existing interventions and the lack of curative treatments of the condition, said:
“Approximately one-third of Alzheimer’s Disease cases are attributable to modifiable risk factors. My research focuses on further identifying and delineating these factors, with a particular focus on sleep-wake disturbance. Comprehensive understanding of the contribution of sleep to dementia risk will not only advance understanding of crucial underlying biological mechanisms, but will also inform clinical diagnostics at varying stages of cognitive decline.”
Good sleep habits are essential for optimal brain health and function. The link between sleep and dementia is becoming increasingly clear. Prioritising sleep and addressing any underlying sleep disturbances can potentially reduce the risk of developing dementia.
To learn more about what our Race Against Dementia Research Fellows and Associates are working on, follow the link.
There are lots of ways you can support us. In doing so, you can make a huge difference to research, join the race today.
Help us in the race against dementia
Raise money for much needed research and help us to beat dementia by joining the Race.
WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
Dementia impacts memory, thinking and behaviour and includes several types of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia.
OUR RESEARCH
The Race Against Dementia Fellowship Programme funds and supports the world’s most promising scientific talent. We back promising research projects that will accelerate progress towards a cure and treatment.
Memories
In this Memories series, our founder Sir Jackie Stewart OBE discusses memories of a remarkable life in motorsport, business and beyond. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Could Novavax Be a Millionaire-Maker Stock?
If you owned shares of Novavax (NASDAQ: NVAX) at the beginning of 2020, you're probably a happy camper right now. Its shares have skyrocketed more than 3,000%. An initial investment of $10,000 would have turned into close to $325,000.
Novavax still holds the potential to make investors who buy the stock now very wealthy. But could this biotech stock even be a millionaire-maker?
Image source: Getty Images.
Huge catalysts ahead
Most clinical-stage biotechs would be glad to have one pipeline candidate with the potential to generate $1 billion or more in annual sales within the next few years. Novavax has two such candidates.
The biggie, of course, is the company's experimental COVID-19 vaccine NVX-CoV2373. Novavax is already conducting a late-stage study of the vaccine in the U.K. It had hoped to begin a similar late-stage study in the U.S. in October. That study has been delayed a couple of times, however, as Novavax works with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to get its manufacturing process cleared.
But Novavax should be in a position to announce interim results from its U.K. study in early 2021. That could pave the way for regulatory filings in multiple countries outside the U.S. The biotech anticipates beginning its U.S. late-stage study within the next few weeks. If all goes well, it seems likely that Novavax could file for U.S. emergency use authorization of NVX-CoV2373 in the second quarter of 2021.
Meanwhile, the company only needs to complete a lot consistency trial for nanoparticle-based flu vaccine candidate NanoFlu to submit for FDA approval. NanoFlu outperformed market-leading flu vaccine FluZone Quadrivalent in a late-stage study. If approved, the vaccine could generate peak annual sales of well over $1 billion.
Even better, Novavax is exploring the potential to merge NVX-CoV2373 and NanoFlu into a combo COVID/flu vaccine for post-pandemic use. This possibility just might help the company achieve more success than much larger rivals over the long run.
Flywheel effect
Best-selling author Jim Collins wrote about the "flywheel effect" in his classic business book Good to Great. He used an analogy of a huge flywheel. It takes a lot of effort at first to merely get the flywheel to move a small amount. But with continued pushing, the flywheel eventually builds up so much momentum that it circles rapidly with little effort. Businesses that achieve this kind of flywheel effect stand out from the rest.
It's possible that early successes for NVX-CoV2373 and NanoFlu could give Novavax a flywheel effect. Assuming the biotech launches both vaccines, Novavax could have billions of dollars per year flowing into its coffers. The company would undoubtedly use a lot of that money to invest in expanding its pipeline.
Novavax currently only has one other clinical-stage program, respiratory syncytial vaccine (RSV) candidate ResVax. Unfortunately, ResVax has suffered some setbacks in the past with disappointing late-stage clinical results. However, the biotech still maintains that there's a path forward for its experimental RSV vaccine.
More importantly, with enough money, Novavax could develop vaccine candidates targeting other viruses. It could potentially advance its preclinical programs into clinical studies. Any pipeline success would enable Novavax to build its pipeline even more. Call it a biotech version of a flywheel.
Millionaire-maker stock?
There's no question that Novavax has a path to becoming a much bigger company. Does that mean that it could be a millionaire-maker stock? Maybe, but the odds are definitely against it.
Novavax's market cap currently stands at around $8 billion. For an investment of $10,000 now to grow into $1 million, the stock would need to soar enough for the company's market cap to top $800 billion. For the record, that's roughly twice the size of the biggest healthcare company in the world right now.
Anything is possible over a long enough period. Novavax could be a millionaire-maker stock. However, that's probably not going to happen. The good news, though, is that the stock could still deliver excellent returns with a little bit of luck. You'll just need to find a few other stocks to buy to reach that magic $1 million mark.
10 stocks we like better than Novavax
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David and Tom just revealed what they believe are the ten best stocks for investors to buy right now... and Novavax wasn't one of them! That's right -- they think these 10 stocks are even better buys.
See the 10 stocks
*Stock Advisor returns as of November 20, 2020
Keith Speights has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Germany must combat right-wing extremism, Merkel says after politician's murder
BERLIN (Reuters) - Germany’s Chancellor Angela Merkel on Saturday said the state must rigorously fight right-wing extremism following the murder of a prominent politician. The arrest of a man with suspected far-right sympathies over the shooting this month of Walter Luebcke, a regional ally of Merkel known for his pro-migrant views, shocked Germany and prompted calls for a more pro-active government response to anti-immigrant extremists. Merkel, speaking in Dortmund at an annual gathering of Protestant churches, said that right-wing extremism must be fought “without any taboo”. “Otherwise we will have a complete loss of credibility,” she said, adding that the government took the issue “very, very seriously”. Her Interior Minister, Horst Seehofer, made similar comments last week. Germany is home to some 12,700 potentially violent far-right radicals, domestic intelligence agency BfV estimates, and a Civey poll showed 60 percent of Germans think the government is doing too little to oppose them. Luebcke, the head of the district government in Kassel in the state of Hesse, was shot in the head at close range on the terrace of his home. A 45-year-old named by police as Stephan E. was arrested at the weekend after they found his DNA at the scene. Investigators said he was a known right-wing radical in the 1980s and 1990s. Reporting by Andreas Rinke; Writing by Tom Sims; editing by John Stonestreet | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
param ( [switch]$AutoStart = $false ) Write-Output "AutoStart: $AutoStart" $is_64bit = [IntPtr]::size -eq 8 # setup openssh $ssh_download_url = "http://www.mls-software.com/files/setupssh-6.7p1-2.exe" if (!(Test-Path "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\bin\ssh.exe")) { Write-Output "Downloading $ssh_download_url" (New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile($ssh_download_url, "C:\Windows\Temp\openssh.exe") # initially set the port to 2222 so that there is not a race # condition in which packer connects to SSH before we can disable the service Start-Process "C:\Windows\Temp\openssh.exe" "/S /port=2222 /privsep=1 /password=D@rj33l1ng" -NoNewWindow -Wait } Stop-Service "OpenSSHd" -Force # ensure vagrant can log in Write-Output "Setting vagrant user file permissions" New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path "C:\Users\vagrant\.ssh" C:\Windows\System32\icacls.exe "C:\Users\vagrant" /grant "vagrant:(OI)(CI)F" C:\Windows\System32\icacls.exe "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\bin" /grant "vagrant:(OI)RX" C:\Windows\System32\icacls.exe "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\usr\sbin" /grant "vagrant:(OI)RX" Write-Output "Setting SSH home directories" (Get-Content "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\passwd") | Foreach-Object { $_ -replace '/home/(\w+)', '/cygdrive/c/Users/$1' } | Set-Content 'C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\passwd' # Set shell to /bin/sh to return exit status $passwd_file = Get-Content 'C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\passwd' $passwd_file = $passwd_file -replace '/bin/bash', '/bin/sh' Set-Content 'C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\passwd' $passwd_file # fix opensshd to not be strict Write-Output "Setting OpenSSH to be non-strict" $sshd_config = Get-Content "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\sshd_config" $sshd_config = $sshd_config -replace 'StrictModes yes', 'StrictModes no' $sshd_config = $sshd_config -replace '#PubkeyAuthentication yes', 'PubkeyAuthentication yes' $sshd_config = $sshd_config -replace '#PermitUserEnvironment no', 'PermitUserEnvironment yes' # disable the use of DNS to speed up the time it takes to establish a connection $sshd_config = $sshd_config -replace '#UseDNS yes', 'UseDNS no' # disable the login banner $sshd_config = $sshd_config -replace 'Banner /etc/banner.txt', '#Banner /etc/banner.txt' # next time OpenSSH starts have it listen on th eproper port $sshd_config = $sshd_config -replace 'Port 2222', "Port 22" Set-Content "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\sshd_config" $sshd_config Write-Host "Removing ed25519 key as Vagrant net-ssh 2.9.1 does not support it" Remove-Item -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\ssh_host_ed25519_key" Remove-Item -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\etc\ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub" # use c:\Windows\Temp as /tmp location Write-Output "Setting temp directory location" Remove-Item -Recurse -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\tmp" C:\Program` Files\OpenSSH\bin\junction.exe /accepteula "C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\tmp" "C:\Windows\Temp" C:\Windows\System32\icacls.exe "C:\Windows\Temp" /grant "vagrant:(OI)(CI)F" # add 64 bit environment variables missing from SSH Write-Output "Setting SSH environment" $sshenv = "TEMP=C:\Windows\Temp" if ($is_64bit) { $env_vars = "ProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86)", ` "ProgramW6432=C:\Program Files", ` "CommonProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files", ` "CommonProgramW6432=C:\Program Files\Common Files" $sshenv = $sshenv + "`r`n" + ($env_vars -join "`r`n") } Set-Content C:\Users\vagrant\.ssh\environment $sshenv # record the path for provisioners (without the newline) Write-Output "Recording PATH for provisioners" Set-Content C:\Windows\Temp\PATH ([byte[]][char[]] $env:PATH) -Encoding Byte # configure firewall Write-Output "Configuring firewall" netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="SSHD" dir=in action=allow service=OpenSSHd enable=yes netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="SSHD" dir=in action=allow program="C:\Program Files\OpenSSH\usr\sbin\sshd.exe" enable=yes netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="ssh" dir=in action=allow protocol=TCP localport=22 if ($AutoStart -eq $true) { Start-Service "OpenSSHd" } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Functions Exercise 6 Return ||
#1
https://www.codecademy.com/courses/learn-javascript/lessons/functions/exercises/return-ii?action=lesson_resume
It gave me an error message like this: Did you put the getTotal() function call inside of a console.log statement? PLESAE I REALLY NEED SOMEONES HELP AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. I WANT TO LEARN JAVASCRIPT AS SOON AS POSSIBLE SO I WILL NOT LOSE MY JOB... SOME ONE SHOULD HELP ME PLEASE... THANK YOU..
Run
THIS IS THE CODE HERE:
var orderCount=0;
function takeOrder(topping,crustType){console.log('Order:'+ crustType +' topped with '+ topping+getSubTotal(1));orderCount=orderCount+1;}
function getSubTotal(itemCount){
return(itemCount*7.5);
}
takeOrder('bacon','sandwich pizza');
takeOrder('bacon','meat pizza');
takeOrder('bacon','chicken pizza');
takeOrder('bacon','pork pizza');
console.log(getSubTotal(orderCount));
function getTax(){
return getSubTotal((orderCount)*0.06);
}
function getTotal(){
return getSubTotal(orderCount) + getTax();}
console.log (getTotal());
#2
Simple Answer: There is a space between log and the open parenthesis. That space is an error.
Other points: Your code is not the most readable and could be better organized. Readability is a huge part of being a programmer. It makes it easier to debug code or read it to understand it. Also, grouping functions together make them easier to find when you have a lot of code. See below example for details (it's your code with whitespace used to make it easier to read).
var orderCount = 0;
function takeOrder(toppings, crustType) {
console.log('Order: ' + crustType + ' topped with ' + toppings);
orderCount++;
}
function getSubTotal(itemCount) {
return(itemCount * 7.5);
}
function getTax() {
return getSubTotal(orderCount) * 0.06;
}
function getTotal() {
return getSubTotal(orderCount) + getTax();
}
takeOrder('bacon', 'sandwich pizza');
takeOrder('bacon', 'meat pizza');
takeOrder('bacon', 'chicken pizza');
takeOrder('bacon','pork pizza');
console.log(getSubTotal(orderCount));
console.log(getTotal()); // <-- Removed the space between log and the opening parenthesis.
#3
Thank you so much. My code is working now. i still have another question for you. please where i am doing my internship now , they require me to learn ''Underscope.js'' as fast as possible. so i went to google and checked about it but everything seems so strange to me. please can you tell me what to do and how to learn this "Underscope.js". Sorry for bothering you.Thanks.
#4
I've never heard of underscope.js. Are you sure it's not underscore.js
#5
Sorry it was a typographical error. I am talking of Underscore.js.
#6
I haven't programmed with underscore.js. If I were going to start, I would treat it like any other things I want to learn. Look online for some resources on how to get started and code example until I feel comfortable enough to try to create a simple program and add more features to it as I learn more.
Here's another resource I thought was a quick read and useful: https://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/getting-cozy-with-underscorejs--net-24581
I also recommend checkout YouTube videos.
I hope this helps.
#7
Thanks so much for your help. I already have accessed the website and the tutorial was really nice. At least now I know what Underscore.js is all about. I still need more in depth tutorial for underscore.js. I will do some searching on Google for other tutorials on this topic. Please if you still know of any other material or website which will help me to have more in depth understanding of this course I will really appreciate you letting me know. Anyway, thanks for your assistance. I really appreciate it.
#8
@pyninja79800 The word underscore.js is a link to underscore documentation. Be sure to check this out too.
#9
This topic was automatically closed 7 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Themergency
WordPress Zip Generator Class
In yesterday’s post, WordPress Admin Color Scheme Generator, I mentioned that I borrowed some ideas and code from the underscores.me theme generator plugin. That plugin processes a source directory (the underscore theme files) and does text replacements in each file, and then adds them to a zip, which can then be downloaded. It works great, but it’s very specific to the underscore theme situation. I figured that the code and resulting logic could be extracted and made into a reusable PHP class, which can be used in different situations.
A description from the Github repo:
The WP Zip Generator automates a bunch of tasks related to creating a zip file that a user can download. The “source” directory is recursively iterated through and each file is processed. You can specify which files and directories to exclude from the final zip. When each file is processed, a regex replace is performed on the file contents using variables that you can specify.
Example Usage
I made this class a little differently to other classes I have done in the past. I pass in an array or arguments that the class will use, similar to how the WP_Query class works. Here is an example instantiation:
$zip_generator = new WP_Zip_Generator(array(
'name' => 'admin-color-scheme-generator',
'process_extensions' => array('php', 'css', 'js', 'txt', 'md'),
'source_directory' => dirname( __FILE__ ) . '/source/',
'zip_root_directory' => "color-scheme",
'download_filename' => "double-rainbow.zip",
'filename_filter' => array($this, 'process_zip_filename'),
'file_contents_filter' => array($this, 'process_zip_file_contents'),
'post_process_action' => array($this, 'process_zip'),
'variables' => $variables
));
As you can see, there are lots of things you can change including the files to exclude, the name of the zip file, where the source directory is, and there are also a bunch of hooks where you can customize it for your unique situation.
Filters And Hooks
Based on the name you pass into the class, you can hook into filters and actions like you would normally in WordPress. (using the name ‘doublerainbow’)
add_filter( 'zip_generator_process_filename-doublerainbow', 'process_my_file_name', 10, 2 );
add_filter( 'zip_generator_process_file_contents-doublerainbow', 'process_file_contents', 10, 2 );
add_action( 'zip_generator_post_process-doublerainbow', 'add_stuff_to_my_zip', 10, 2 );
Or you can pass in your functions, and the class will hook up everything for you:
$zip_generator = new WP_Zip_Generator(array(
'name' => 'doublerainbow',
'filename_filter' => array($this, 'process_zip_filename'),
'file_contents_filter' => array($this, 'process_zip_file_contents'),
'post_process_action' => array($this, 'process_zip'),
'variables' => $variables
));
The 2 filters and 1 action are:
• filename_filter - use this filter to change the filename of a file in the zip.
• file_contents_filter - use this filter to change the contents of a file in the zip.
• post_process_action - this action fires after all files in the source directory have been processed, so you can add extra files to the zip or remove existing files etc.
If you generate zip files in WordPress, then give the class a spin, and contribute to make it better. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
For a dual-region setup, Universal Distributed Logical Router(UDLR) and Logical Switches are deployed in the recovery region. You must remove them before assigning secondary role to NSX manager role in region B.
Procedure
1. In a Web browser, log in to vCenter Server by using the vSphere Client.
Settings Value
URL https://lax01m01vc01.lax01.rainpole.local/ui
User name administrator@vsphere.local
Password vsphere_admin_password
2. In the Networking and security inventory, click NSX Edges.
3. Delete the Universal Distributed Logical Router for Region B.
1. In the Networking and security inventory, click NSX Edges.
2. From the NSX Manager drop-down menu, select 172.17.11.65.
3. Select the Universal Distributed Logical Router lax01m01udlr01 and click Delete.
On the Delete NSX Edge dialog box, click Delete.
4. Delete the Logical Switches for Region B.
1. In the Networking and security inventory, click Logical switches.
2. From the NSX Manager drop-down menu, select 172.17.11.65.
3. Select the Universal Transit Network logical switch and click Delete.
On the Delete Logical Switches dialog box, click Delete.
4. Repeat this step to delete the Mgmt-RegionA01-VXLAN and Mgmt-xRegion01-VXLAN logical switches. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pokémon (disambiguation)
Pokémon is a media franchise based on a series of collectible creatures.
Pokémon or Pokemon may refer to:
Pokémon products
* Pokémon (video game series), a series of video games developed by Game Freak
* Pokémon (TV series), an anime series based on the video games
* Pokémon Pocket Monsters, a manga series based on the video games
* Pokémon Trading Card Game, a collectible card game based on the video games
Fictional characters
* List of Pokémon, the eponymous fictional characters upon which the franchise is based
* List of Pokémon characters
* List of Pokémon anime characters
* List of Pokémon Adventures characters
Other uses
* Pokemón, a youth subculture in Chile
* Pokemon (gene), an oncogene now called Zbtb7
* "Pokémon", a track from the album Mouth Silence
* Operation Pokémon, a Spanish corruption investigation | WIKI |
RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Hennes-Stegmann, Barbara A1 Schröder, Claus H.YR 1982 T1 Low Infectivity of HSV-1 DNA Caused by Defective-interfering Genomes JF Journal of General Virology, VO 63 IS 2 SP 307 OP 314 DO https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-63-2-307 PB Microbiology Society, SN 1465-2099, AB Summary The infectivity of herpes simplex virus, type 1, strain ANG progeny DNA from standard virus infections and of progeny DNA from infections involving defective-interfering virus particles (DI DNA) was compared in transfection assays. No difference in infectivity of virus DNA isolated either from infected cells or from progeny virus was found for a given type of infection. However, the values for the two types of infection differed markedly, with DI progeny DNA being less infectious by more than 2 log10. The low infectivity was mainly due to the presence of interfering DNA molecules in DI progeny DNA, regardless of whether intracellular DNA or DNA extracted from mature virions was analysed. The interfering capacity of DI progeny DNA did not depend on the integrity of the genomes. The physical proximity provided by simultaneous precipitation of infectious and of interfering DNA is an important factor influencing the degree to which DI DNA interferes. Interference by DI DNA in the transfection assay can be partly reversed by the addition of XbaI fragments of standard DNA; in control experiments this fragmented DNA was shown to lead to a reduction rather than to an enhancement of the infectivity of standard virus DNA., UL https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-63-2-307 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Deaths in April 2021
1
* Lee Aaker, 77, American actor (The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin, Hondo, Mister Scoutmaster), stroke.
* Isamu Akasaki, 92, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (2014), pneumonia.
* Chandranath Mishra Amar, 96, Indian writer and poet, complications from a fall.
* Klairi Angelidou, 88, Cypriot educator and politician, member of the House of Representatives (1991–1996) and minister of education and culture (1993–1997).
* Hanna Arsenych-Baran, 50, Ukrainian writer, COVID-19.
* Third Bardor Tulku Rinpoche, 71, Tibetan Buddhist teacher.
* Michèle Boegner, 79, French pianist.
* Jorge Chiarella Krüger, 77, Peruvian theatre director and actor.
* Antonio Delgado Palomo, 63, Spanish athlete, Paralympic champion (1976), throat cancer.
* Bruce Dinwiddy, 75, British diplomat, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2002–2005).
* Michael Fitchett, 93, Australian footballer (Hawthorn) and cricketer (Victoria).
* Martha Lou Gadsden, 91, American restaurateur.
* Emmanuel Gaillard, 69, French lawyer.
* Giorgio Gatti, 72, Italian baritone, COVID-19.
* Nemam Ghafouri, 52, Iraqi-born Swedish physician, Kurdish activist and humanitarian, COVID-19.
* Gerald Irons, 73, American football player (Oakland Raiders, Cleveland Browns).
* Rayappu Joseph, 80, Sri Lankan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Mannar (1992–2016).
* Patrick Juvet, 70, Swiss model and singer-songwriter.
* Henri Marescaux, 77, French army general and deacon.
* Loránd Milassin, 73, Hungarian Olympic hurdler (1972).
* Wakio Mitsui, 78, Japanese politician, member of the House of Representatives (2000–2012) and minister of health (2012).
* Angelo Perugini, 65, Brazilian politician, mayor of Hortolândia (2005–2012, since 2017) and São Paulo MLA (2015–2016), COVID-19.
* Hugo Portisch, 94, Austrian journalist and writer.
* Hans-Dieter Tippenhauer, 77, German footballer (Fortuna Düsseldorf, Arminia Bielefeld, Borussia Dortmund).
* Divo Zadi, 90, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Civita Castellana (1989–2007).
2
* Valentin Afonin, 81, Russian footballer (SKA Rostov-on-Don, CSKA Moscow).
* Shaukat Ali, 76, Pakistani folk singer, liver failure.
* April, 20, American giraffe, euthanized.
* Simon Bainbridge, 68, British composer.
* H. Balasubramaniam, 88, Indian translator, COVID-19.
* Marek Czekalski, 67, Polish politician and engineer, mayor of Łódź (1994–1998).
* Pete Giesen, 88, American politician, member of Virginia House of Delegates (1964–1996).
* Ron Herbert, 87, English rugby player (Warrington Wolves).
* Robert Howarth, 93, British politician, MP (1964–1970).
* Arthur Kopit, 83, American playwright (Indians, Wings, Nine).
* Mykhailo Kushnerenko, 82, Ukrainian politician, deputy (1990–1994), complications from COVID-19.
* Clara LaMore, 94, American Olympic swimmer (1948).
* Gabi Luncă, 82, Romanian folk and lăutărească singer, complications from COVID-19.
* Mohammed Oreibi Al-Khalifa, 51, Iraqi judge (Trial of Saddam Hussein), COVID-19.
* Benito Orgiana, 83, Italian politician, deputy (1992–1994).
* Chepina Peralta, 90, Mexican chef and TV personality.
* Nelu Ploieșteanu, 70, Romanian fiddler and lăutărească singer, complications from COVID-19.
* Jean Luc Rosat, 67, Brazilian Olympic volleyball player (1976, 1980), complications from COVID-19.
* Quindon Tarver, 38, American R&B singer, traffic collision.
* Christian Tumi, 90, Cameroonian Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Yagoua (1979–1982), archbishop of Garoua (1984–1991) and Douala (1991–2009).
* Bernard Vallée, 76, French Olympic fencer (1968, 1972).
* Gordon Weaver, 84, American novelist and short story writer.
* Zafar Ali Zafari, 90, Pakistani field hockey player, Olympic champion (1960).
3
* José Adauto Bezerra, 94, Brazilian politician, governor of Ceará (1975–1978), Ceará MLA (1959–1979) and deputy (1979–1983), COVID-19.
* C. Sidney Burrus, 86, American electrical engineer.
* Remus Câmpeanu, 82, Romanian footballer (Universitatea Cluj).
* Innocent Chukwuma, 55, Nigerian businessman and investor.
* Kathie Coblentz, 73, American librarian and author.
* Jill Corey, 85, American singer ("Love Me to Pieces", "Let It Be Me").
* Pier Giacomo De Nicolò, 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, apostolic nuncio to Costa Rica (1984–1993).
* Lois de Banzie, 90, Scottish-born American actress (Morning's at Seven, Annie, Sister Act).
* Guram Dochanashvili, 82, Georgian writer (The First Garment).
* John Edgar, 70, New Zealand sculptor and medallist.
* Mark Elliott, 81, American voice-over artist, heart attack.
* Elidio Espinoza, 65, Peruvian politician, mayor of Trujillo (2015–2018), COVID-19.
* Hubert Gerbeau, 84, French writer and historian.
* Lee Meitzen Grue, 87, American poet.
* Gloria Henry, 98, American actress (Dennis the Menace, Miss Grant Takes Richmond, Rancho Notorious).
* Ho Lien Siew, 88, Singaporean Olympic basketball player (1956), pulmonary infection.
* Carl Hodges, 84, American atmospheric and climate scientist, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
* James B. Holderman, 85, American academic, president of the University of South Carolina (1977–1990).
* Martin Hyman, 87, British Olympic long-distance runner (1960).
* Mehli Irani, 90, Indian cricketer (Mumbai).
* Ahmad Kamil Jaafar, 83, Malaysian politician and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland, China, Japan, and Thailand (1989–1996).
* Herb Johnson, 92, American football player (New York Giants).
* N. M. Kamble, 95, Indian politician, mayor of Mumbai (1957–1962) and MP (1974–1982, 1984–1988).
* Willy Kurant, 87, Belgian cinematographer (Les Créatures, Masculin Féminin, The Immortal Story).
* Luo Ying-shay, 69, Taiwanese politician, minister of justice (2013–2016) and governor of Fujian Province (2013), breast cancer.
* Cyprian Kizito Lwanga, 68, Ugandan Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Kampala (since 2006).
* Sam Obi, 59, Nigerian politician, acting governor of Delta State (2010–2011).
* Yinka Odumakin, 54, Nigerian human rights activist and politician, complications from COVID-19.
* John Paragon, 66, American actor (Pee-wee's Playhouse, UHF, Elvira: Mistress of the Dark), cardiovascular disease.
* Wali Rahmani, 77, Indian Islamic scholar and politician, founder of Rahmani30 and Bihar MLC (1974–1996).
* Brother Stair, 87, American Pentecostal evangelical pastor and radio preacher (The Overcomer Ministry).
* Stan Stephens, 91, Canadian-born American politician, member (1969–1985) and president (1983–1985) of the Montana Senate, governor of Montana (1989–1993).
* Masakazu Tamura, 77, Japanese actor (Higashi Shinakai, Onna-rō Hizu, Last Love), heart failure.
* Agnaldo Timóteo, 84, Brazilian singer and politician, deputy (1986–1996), COVID-19.
* Philippe Venault, 73, French director and screenwriter.
* Yevgeniy Zagorulko, 78, Russian high jump coach, complications from COVID-19.
* Carla Zampatti, 78, Italian-Australian fashion designer, complications from a fall.
4
* António Almeida Henriques, 59, Portuguese politician, mayor of Viseu (since 2013) and deputy (2002–2011), COVID-19.
* Jens-Peter Bonde, 73, Danish politician, MEP (1979–2009).
* Thomas D. Brock, 94, American microbiologist, complications from a fall.
* Roberto Calero, 77, Ecuadorian bolero singer, kidney disease.
* Khalil Dhantejvi, 85, Indian poet.
* Jean Dupuy, 95, French-born American artist.
* Paolo Filippi, 58, Italian politician, president of the Province of Alessandria (2004–2014), heart attack.
* Dame Cheryl Gillan, 68, British politician, MP (since 1992), secretary of state for Wales (2010–2012).
* Francisco Haghenbeck, 56, Mexican writer and comics screenwriter, COVID-19.
* Aslamul Haque, 59, Bangladeshi politician, MP (since 2018), cardiac arrest.
* Sugako Hashida, 95, Japanese screenwriter (Oshin), lymphoma.
* Paul Humphrey, 61, Canadian musician (Blue Peter), multiple system atrophy.
* Digvijaysinh Jhala, 88, Indian politician, MP (1980–1989) and Gujarat MLA (1962–1972).
* Adolf Kabo, 61, Indonesian footballer (Perseman Manokwari, national team).
* Kim In, 77, South Korean Go player, Guksu champion (1965–1970), stomach cancer.
* Victoria Kovalchuk, 67, Ukrainian illustrator, designer and writer, complications from COVID-19.
* Henri Lemay, 81, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA (1981–1985).
* Ingela Lind, 78, Swedish art critic and writer.
* Robert D. Linder, 87, American historian.
* Eddy van der Maarel, 87, Dutch ecologist.
* Zygmunt Malanowicz, 83, Polish actor (Knife in the Water, Hunting Flies, Cserepek).
* Paddy McMahon, 87, British showjumper.
* Frank Mdlalose, 89, South African politician, premier of KwaZulu-Natal (1994–1997), COVID-19.
* Robert Mundell, 89, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (1999), cholangiocarcinoma.
* Chandra Nayudu, 88, Indian cricket player and commentator.
* Alfonso Quijano, 78, Ecuadorian footballer (Barcelona S.C., national team).
* Keosaychay Sayasone, 62, Laotian socialite, first lady (2006–2016), drowned.
* Ralph Schuckett, 73, American keyboardist (Utopia).
* Shashikala, 88, Indian actress (Sujata, Aarti, Anupama).
* Bhagwati Singh, 88, Indian politician, MP (2004–2009) and Uttar Pradesh MLA (1977–2003), heart attack.
* Roland Thöni, 70, Italian alpine ski racer, Olympic bronze medalist (1972).
5
* Robert de Almendra Freitas, 73, Brazilian doctor and politician, mayor of José de Freitas (2005–2010) and Piauí MLA (1987–2003), COVID-19.
* P. Balachandran, 69, Indian actor (Gandhi, Hotel California, Operation Java) and screenwriter.
* Isabel Joy Bear, 94, Australian chemist.
* Philip K. Chapman, 86, Australian-born American astronaut (NASA Astronaut Group 6).
* Sir Paul Cosford, 57, British health official, medical director at Public Health England, lung cancer.
* Jon Michael Dunn, 79, American philosopher.
* Veronica Dunne, 93, Irish soprano.
* Robert Fletcher, 98, American costume designer (Star Trek, Fright Night, The Last Starfighter).
* Uri Gallin, 92, Israeli Olympic discus thrower (1952).
* Ulrike Gauss, 79, German art historian and professor.
* Vladimir Gendlin, 84, Russian television journalist and sports commentator (NTV, NTV Plus, Channel One), complications from COVID-19.
* Tom Gibney, 84, Canadian television journalist (CFTO).
* Terry Gunn, 85, English cricketer (Sussex).
* Haja El Hamdaouia, 91, Moroccan singer-songwriter.
* Socratis Hasikos, 64, Cypriot politician, minister of defence (1999–2003, 2014) and interior (2013–2017).
* Sarah Hughes, 48, British journalist, cancer.
* Joye Hummel, 97, American comic book writer (Wonder Woman).
* Jan-Olav Ingvaldsen, 67, Norwegian politician, MP (1985–1989).
* Frank Jacobs, 91, American comics writer (Mad).
* Krzysztof Krawczyk, 74, Polish baritone pop singer, guitarist and composer.
* Paulino Lukudu Loro, 80, South Sudanese Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of El Obeid (1979–1983) and archbishop of Juba (1983–2019).
* Izz al-Din Manasirah, 74, Palestinian poet, critic and academic, complications from COVID-19.
* Jaroslav Mareš, 83, Czech biologist, traveller and author.
* Bill Markham, 98, American politician, member of the Oregon House of Representatives (1969–1993).
* Antoine Martin, 66, French writer.
* Gene Mullin, 83, American politician, member of the California State Assembly (2002–2008), mayor of South San Francisco (1997–1998, 2001–2002).
* Lefteris Mytilineos, 74, Greek singer, COVID-19.
* Cécile Renault, French astrophysicist, traffic collision.
* Paul Ritter, 54, English actor (Friday Night Dinner, Chernobyl, No Offence), heart failure.
* Marshall Sahlins, 90, American anthropologist (Sahlins–Obeyesekere debate).
* Sir Jack Shaw, 88, Scottish accountant and businessman, Governor of the Bank of Scotland (1999–2001).
* Malcolm Kela Smith, 77, British-Australian politician, governor of Eastern Highlands Province (2002–2012), complications from COVID-19.
* Susan L. Smith, 73–74, American art historian, complications from cancer.
* Henry Stephen, 79, Venezuelan singer, complications from COVID-19.
* György Vókó, 74, Hungarian criminalist and professor of law.
* Qabdesh Zhumadilov, 84, Kazakh author.
6
* Peter Ainsworth, 64, British politician, MP (1992–2010), heart attack.
* Réginald Bernut, 84, French politician, vice-president of the Congress of New Caledonia (2004–2007), mayor of Le Mont-Dore (2001–2003).
* Alan Braden, 94, English composer.
* Kittie Bruneau, 91, Canadian painter and printmaker.
* Alice Headley Chandler, 95, American Hall of Fame horsebreeder (Sir Ivor) and racing stable owner, Eclipse Award of Merit (2009).
* Midwin Charles, 47, American lawyer and legal analyst (CNN, MSNBC).
* Dick Colpaert, 78, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates).
* Charles H. Coolidge, 99, American technical sergeant, Medal of Honor recipient.
* Chuck Darling, 91, American basketball player (Iowa Hawkeyes), Olympic champion (1956).
* Rodolfo da Ponte, 82, Paraguayan Olympic fencer (1968).
* François de Cossé-Brissac, 92, French aristocrat, 13th Duke of Brissac (since 1993).
* Dante Della Terza, 96, Italian literary scholar.
* Prathima Devi, 88, Indian actress (Krishnaleela, Jaganmohini, Paalige Bandadde Panchamrutha).
* Denis Donoghue, 92, Irish literary critic.
* Reese Erlich, 73, American author, cancer.
* Firmino Filho, 57, Brazilian economist and academic, mayor of Teresina (1997–2004, 2013–2020) and Piauí MLA (2011–2012).
* Hans Kristian Gaarder, 60, Norwegian conspiracy theorist, COVID-19.
* Paul Greenberg, 84, American journalist (Arkansas Democrat-Gazette), Pulitzer Prize winner (1969).
* Pierre Guichard, 81, French historian and academic.
* K. A. Siddique Hassan, 75, Indian scholar.
* Alcee Hastings, 84, American politician and jurist, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 1993), judge of the U.S. District Court for Southern Florida (1979–1989), pancreatic cancer.
* Tim F. Hayes, 74, Irish Gaelic footballer (Clonakilty).
* Mattie Hetherton, 69, Irish Gaelic footballer (Cavan).
* Grischa Huber, 76, German actress (Under the Pavement Lies the Strand, The Serpent's Egg, The Garden).
* Michel Koeniguer, 49, French comic book artist, heart attack.
* Joe Krebs, 78, American television news anchor, cancer.
* Hans Küng, 93, Swiss Roman Catholic priest, theologian and author (On Being a Christian, Islam: Past, Present and Future).
* Julen Madariaga, 88, Spanish Basque nationalist militant and lawyer, co-founder of ETA.
* Alfred Leonhard Maluma, 65, Tanzanian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Njombe (since 2002).
* Packy McGarty, 87, Irish Gaelic football player (Leitrim).
* Al Mengert, 91, American golfer.
* Lily Oddie, 83, Canadian politician, Ontario MPP (1985–1990).
* Arcadi Oliveres, 75, Spanish economist, academic and social activist, pancreatic cancer.
* Walter Olkewicz, 72, American actor (Grace Under Fire, Twin Peaks, The Client).
* Umbu Landu Paranggi, 77, Indonesian artist and poet, COVID-19.
* Jan Purwinski, 86, Latvian-born Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Kyiv-Zhytomyr (1991–2011), COVID-19.
* Paul Rabinow, 76, American anthropologist.
* Bobby Schilling, 57, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (2011–2013), cancer.
* Louis Siminovitch, 100, Canadian molecular biologist.
* Sonny Simmons, 87, American jazz saxophonist.
* Maj Britt Theorin, 88, Swedish politician, MP (1971–1995) and MEP (1995–2004).
* Marie Toole, 94, Canadian curler.
* Nestor Torre Jr., 78, Filipino screenwriter, director and journalist, complications from COVID-19.
* Predrag Živković Tozovac, 85, Serbian folk musician and actor, COVID-19.
* Uci Turtusi, Indonesian Muslim cleric and preacher.
* Jack Veneno, 78, Dominican professional wrestler (WWC) and politician, pancreatic cancer.
* Anna Wasilewska, 63, Polish politician, deputy (since 2015).
* Gene Youngblood, 78, American media theorist and writer (Expanded Cinema), complications from a heart attack.
* Fatima Zakaria, 85, Indian journalist (The Times of India) and educationist, complications from COVID-19.
7
* Farid Alakbarli, 57, Azerbaijani historian.
* Ina Marija Bartaitė, 25, Lithuanian actress (Peace to Us in Our Dreams, Seneca's Day), traffic collision.
* Anne Beatts, 74, American humorist and television writer (National Lampoon, Saturday Night Live, Square Pegs).
* Mitiku Belachew, 78, Ethiopian-born Belgian surgeon.
* Rafael Benjumea Cabeza de Vaca, 82, Spanish aristocrat and engineer, cardiac arrest.
* Alfredo Bosi, 84, Brazilian literary critic, member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, COVID-19.
* Manfred Buder, 85, German ice hockey player (SG Dynamo Weißwasser).
* Antonio Calpe, 81, Spanish football player (Levante, Real Madrid) and manager.
* Jorge Coelho, 66, Portuguese politician, deputy (1989–2006), heart attack.
* Jerry Davie, 88, American baseball player (Detroit Tigers).
* Emmanuel Evans-Anfom, 101, Ghanaian physician and academic administrator, commissioner for health and education (1979), vice chancellor of KNUST (1967–1973).
* Lucyna Mirosława Falkowska, 70, Polish oceanographer.
* Victor Garber, 101, American politician, member of the Wyoming House of Representatives (1959–1965, 1979–1981).
* James Hampton, 84, American actor (F Troop, The Longest Yard, Teen Wolf) and director, complications from Parkinson's disease.
* Susumu Kagawa, 76, Japanese urologist.
* Simon Keay, 66, British archaeologist and academic.
* Viktor Kurentsov, 80, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion (1968).
* Peter Manso, 80, American author, heart attack.
* Paul Marland, 81, British politician, MP (1979–1997).
* Kai Nielsen, 94, American philosopher.
* Namkabuan Nongkeepahuyuth, 48, Thai Muay Thai fighter, lung cancer.
* Bill Owens, 85, American songwriter.
* Karel Pacner, 85, Czech author.
* Wayne Peterson, 93, American composer.
* Paul Popovici, 72, Romanian football player (Bihor Oradea, UTA Arad, national team) and manager, heart attack.
* Colette Privat, 95, French politician, deputy (1967–1968, 1978–1981).
* Indra Mohan Rajbongshi, 75, Bangladeshi folk singer, COVID-19.
* Tommy Raudonikis, 70, Australian rugby league player (Western Suburbs, Newtown, national team), cancer.
* Jack Smith, 85, American baseball player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Milwaukee Braves), Alzheimer's disease.
* Théophile Sowié, Burkinabe actor (Les Visiteurs, Lumumba).
* Heinz Stübig, 81, German educator.
* Richard Sutton, 83, English businessman, stabbed.
* György Szomjas, 80, Hungarian film director (Tight Quarters) and screenwriter.
* Éliane Thibaut-Comelade, 92, French journalist, writer and cook.
* Takis Vougiouklakis, 82, Greek director and producer.
* Howard Weitzman, 81, American entertainment and criminal lawyer, cancer.
8
* Phillip Adams, 32, American football player (Seattle Seahawks, Oakland Raiders, New York Jets) and mass murderer (2021 Rock Hill shooting), suicide by gunshot.
* Iñaki Aldekoa, 81, Spanish politician, deputy (1986–1987) and member of the Parliament of Navarre (1979–1983), lymphoma.
* Michel Berson, 75, French politician, deputy (1981–1997) and senator (2011–2017), mayor of Crosne (1977–1998).
* Margaret Wander Bonanno, 71, American science fiction writer (Dwellers in the Crucible, Strangers from the Sky).
* John da Silva, 86, New Zealand boxer and Olympic wrestler (1956).
* Jovan Divjak, 84, Bosnian army general (Bosnian War, Siege of Sarajevo).
* Hester van Eeghen, 62, Dutch fashion accessory designer.
* Conn Findlay, 90, American sailor and rower, Olympic champion (1956, 1964).
* Angelo Gelsomini, 89, Italian Olympic wrestler (1960).
* Ian Gregory, 78–79, British ceramic sculptor.
* Miklós Hajdufy, 88, Hungarian screenwriter and director.
* Cliff Hill, 78, English rugby league player (Wigan, Oldham, national team).
* Doug Holden, 90, English footballer (Bolton Wanderers, Preston North End, national team).
* Ton van den Hurk, 88, Dutch footballer (FC Eindhoven, VVV-Venlo, Sittardia).
* Diána Igaly, 56, Hungarian sport shooter, Olympic champion (2004), COVID-19.
* Antal Kiss, 85, Hungarian racewalker, Olympic silver medalist (1968).
* Roseli Machado, 52, Brazilian Olympic long-distance runner (1996), COVID-19.
* Red Mack, 83, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers, Green Bay Packers).
* Mahyuddin N. S., 73, Indonesian politician and academic, governor of South Sumatra (2008), member of the People's Representative Council (2009–2014), COVID-19.
* John Naisbitt, 92, American futurologist and author.
* Ñito, 81, Spanish footballer (Tenerife, Valencia, Granada).
* César Ramón Ortega Herrera, 82, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Margarita (1983–1998) and Barcelona (1998–2014).
* Michele Pasinato, 52, Italian volleyball player, world champion (1998).
* Alan Pastrana, 76, American football player (Denver Broncos), complications from COVID-19.
* Riyaz Punjabi, 74, Indian academic administrator, vice chancellor of the University of Kashmir (2008–2011), cancer.
* Richard Rush, 91, American film director (The Stunt Man, Color of Night, Freebie and the Bean).
* Peter Terson, 89, British playwright.
* Horst Trimhold, 80, German footballer (Borussia Dortmund, FSV Frankfurt, national team).
9
* Raosaheb Antapurkar, 63, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (since 2019), complications from COVID-19.
* Maryan Bakalarczyk, 93, Polish-Belgian footballer (R.F.C. Tilleur, R. Charleroi S.C., Standard Liège).
* Daniel Benítez, 33, Venezuelan footballer (Deportivo Táchira, Deportivo La Guaira), cancer.
* Paddy Cahill, 44, Irish filmmaker and cycling advocate.
* Shyama Charan Gupta, 76, Indian politician, MP (2004–2009, since 2014), COVID-19.
* Ramsey Clark, 93, American lawyer (Saddam Hussein, Slobodan Milošević), attorney general (1966–1969) and deputy attorney general (1965–1967).
* Gavriel Cohen, 92, Israeli historian and politician, member of the Knesset (1965–1969).
* Arthur Cox, 87, British actor (Doctor Who, Yes Minister).
* DMX, 50, American rapper ("Party Up (Up in Here)", "X Gon' Give It to Ya") and actor (Cradle 2 the Grave), cocaine-induced heart attack.
* Ralph Erskine, 87, British cryptologist and historian.
* Ekkehard Fasser, 68, Swiss bobsledder, Olympic champion (1988).
* Sandra J. Feuerstein, 75, American jurist, judge of the U.S. District Court for Eastern New York (since 2003), traffic collision.
* Rudolf Furmanov, 82, Russian actor (The Circus Burned Down, and the Clowns Have Gone, I Want to Go to Prison) and stage director, People's Artist of Russia (2008).
* Red Gendron, 63, American ice hockey coach (Maine Black Bears, Albany River Rats, Indiana Ice).
* Ian Gibson, 82, British politician, MP (1997–2009).
* Michel Girouard, 76, Canadian journalist.
* Nikki Grahame, 38, English television personality (Big Brother, Princess Nikki, Big Brother Canada), anorexia nervosa.
* Abdul Hamid Sebba, 86, Brazilian lawyer and politician, Goiás MLA (1995–2003), COVID-19.
* Bob Hardy, 84, British Anglican prelate, Bishop of Lincoln (1987–2002).
* Md Abul Hashem, 98, Bangladeshi politician, Pakistan MNA (1970–1971).
* Shay Healy, 78, Irish songwriter ("What's Another Year") and television broadcaster (Nighthawks).
* Bob Herman, 92, American urban sociologist, complications from a fall.
* Charles Jenkins, 69, American Episcopal prelate, bishop of Louisiana (1998–2009), pancreatic cancer.
* Mahesh Joshi, 82, Indian politician, Madhya Pradesh MLA (1967–1972, 1980–1990).
* Roman Kanafotskyi, 83, Ukrainian footballer (Dnipro, Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih, Elektrometalurh-NZF Nikopol).
* Wolfgang Kaniber, 81, German footballer (Fortuna Düsseldorf, VfL Osnabrück, RC Strasbourg).
* Giorgos Karaivaz, 52, Greek journalist, shot.
* André Le Ruyet, 88, French writer and poet.
* Eduardo Malaquina, 84, Uruguayan politician, intendant of Salto (1985–1990, 1995–2005) and senator (2011–2015).
* Gervais Mendo Ze, 76, Cameroonian linguist and academic.
* Jack Minker, 93, American scientist.
* June Newton, 97, Australian photographer and model.
* John W. Nyquist, 88, American vice admiral, cancer.
* Martin Aristide Okouda, 69, Cameroonian politician, minister of economy, planning and regional development (2000–2004).
* Willis S. Olson, 91, American Olympic ski jumper (1952, 1956).
* Dahuku Péré, 68, Togolese politician, president of the National Assembly (1994–1999).
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, 99, Greek-born British royal consort of Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952).
* Kirsten Aschengreen Piacenti, 92, Danish art historian, civil servant and essayist.
* Stefan Polónyi, 90, Hungarian-born German civil engineer.
* Konstantin Provalov, 71, Russian diplomat, ambassador to Estonia (2000–2006).
* Rubens Recalcatti, 72, Brazilian politician and lawyer, Paraná MLA (since 2017), heart attack.
* Judith Reisman, 85, American author and anti-pornography activist.
* Helímenas de Jesús Rojo Paredes, 94, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop (1980–1995) and archbishop (1995–2001) of Calabozo.
* Julien Van Roosbroeck, 85, Belgian footballer (national team).
* Yasumasa Shigeno, 79, Japanese politician, member of the House of Representatives (2000–2003, 2005–2012), heart attack.
* Trinity, 67, Jamaican reggae toaster and producer.
* Ross Young, 59, Canadian politician, Prince Edward Island MLA (1991–1996).
10
* Edwin E. Aguilar, 46, Salvadoran-born American animator (The Simpsons, Transformers, G.I. Joe), stroke.
* Sabiamad Abdul Ahad, 65, Malaysian Olympic sports shooter (1984).
* John Angelicoussis, 72, Greek shipping magnate, heart attack.
* Mehtap Ar, 64, Turkish actress.
* István Bérczi, 75, Hungarian Olympic gymnast (1972), complications from COVID-19.
* LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, 64, American Lakota historian and Native American rights activist (Dakota Access Pipeline protests), brain cancer.
* Edward Cassidy, 96, Australian Roman Catholic cardinal, apostolic pro-nuncio to China (1970–1979) and Bangladesh (1973–1979), president of the PCPCU (1989–2001).
* Tulio Manuel Chirivella Varela, 88, Venezuelan Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Margarita (1974–1982) and archbishop of Barquisimeto (1982–2007), COVID-19.
* Quinton Claunch, 99, American musician, record producer and record label owner.
* Chandler Davidson, 84, American academic administrator and voting rights activist, brain inflammation.
* Félix del Blanco Prieto, 83, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate, papal almoner (2007–2012), apostolic nuncio to Equatorial Guinea (1996–2003) and archbishop of Vannida (since 1991).
* Rossana Di Bello, 64, Italian politician, mayor of Taranto (2000–2006), COVID-19.
* Lee Dunne, 86, Irish author.
* Fred Erdman, 87, Belgian lawyer and politician, senator (1991–1999) and MP (1999–2003).
* Börje Holmberg, 97, Swedish educator and writer.
* Bruno Iwuoha, 68, Nigerian actor, complications from diabetes.
* Roger Kasperson, 83, American geographer.
* Kas Kastner, 92, American motorsports manager and car builder.
* Satish Kaul, 74, Indian actor (Warrant, Shiva Ka Insaaf, Ilzaam), COVID-19.
* Nikolai Martynyuk, 86, Russian vice admiral.
* Édouard Maunick, 89, Mauritian poet.
* Guillaume Oyônô Mbia, 82, Cameroonian writer.
* Garba Mohammed, 76, Nigerian politician, governor of Sokoto State (1985–1987).
* Victor Mukete, 102, Cameroonian politician and traditional chief, senator (since 1959).
* Mike Olton, 82, Trinidadian-English cricketer (Kent, Trinidad and Tobago national team).
* Varghese Paul, 77, Indian writer, journalist, and priest.
* Max Pons, 94, French poet and editor.
* Bob Porter, 80, American Hall of Fame record producer, discographer and broadcaster, complications from esophageal cancer.
* Michel Quévit, 81, Belgian writer and Walloon activist.
* M. Richard Rose, 88, American academic, president of Alfred University (1974–1978) and the Rochester Institute of Technology (1979–1992).
* Hassan Shahriar, 74, Bangladeshi journalist (The Daily Ittefaq, Newsweek, The Indian Express).
* Imre Simkó, 82, Hungarian Olympic sport shooter (1960, 1964).
* Bosse Skoglund, 85, Swedish drummer (Peps Persson).
* Lynn Stevenson, 97, American physicist.
* Sindisiwe van Zyl, 45, South African physician and HIV activist, complications from COVID-19.
* Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, 84, Dominican writer, archaeologist and anthropologist, complications from COVID-19.
* Lin Whitworth, 87, American politician, member of the Idaho Senate (1994–2000), dementia.
* Ivan Zhukov, 86, Russian military pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1982).
11
* Colin Baker, 86, Welsh footballer (Cardiff City, national team).
* Guillermo Berrío, 53, Colombian football player and coach (Atlético Huila), heart attack.
* Marco Bollesan, 79, Italian rugby union player and manager (national team).
* Nelson Bornier, 71, Brazilian politician and lawyer, deputy (1991–1996, 2003–2012) and mayor of Nova Iguaçu (1997–2002, 2013–2016), COVID-19.
* Noel Brown, 95, American tennis player.
* Todd J. Campbell, 64, American jurist, judge (since 1995) and chief judge (2005–2012) of the U.S. District Court for Middle Tennessee, multiple system atrophy.
* Normand Cherry, 82, Canadian politician, Quebec MNA (1989–1998).
* Massimo Cuttitta, 54, Italian rugby union player (national team) and manager, COVID-19.
* Giannetto De Rossi, 78, Italian make-up artist (Emanuelle in America, Zombi 2, Dune).
* Leokadiya Drobizheva, 88, Russian sociologist.
* Philippe Dubourg, 82, French politician and surgeon, deputy (1993–1997, 2002–2007), mayor of Illats (since 1977).
* Dick Fenton-Smith, 89, Australian footballer (Melbourne).
* Pedro Ivo Ferreira Caminhas, 68, Brazilian politician, Minas Gerais MLA (2001–2011), COVID-19.
* Jacques Giès, 71, French sinologist and art historian, president of the Guimet Museum (2008–2011).
* Mita Haque, 58, Bangladeshi singer, complications from COVID-19.
* Donald Henson, 64, British archaeologist and prehistorian.
* Milou Hermus, 73, Dutch painter.
* Füzuli Javadov, 70, Azerbaijani footballer (SKA Rostov-on-Don, Neftçi PFK, Daugava Riga), COVID-19.
* Justo Jorge Padrón, 77, Spanish poet, essayist and translator, COVID-19.
* Miguel López Abril, 66, Spanish basketball player.
* Stanislav Lugailo, 83, Ukrainian volleyball player, Olympic champion (1964).
* Fillipus Nandenga, 78, Namibian military officer.
* Artturi Niemelä, 97, Finnish homesteader and politician, MP (1970–1975).
* Phumlani Pikoli, 33, Zimbabwean-born South African author and journalist. (body discovered on this date)
* Alix Renaud, 75, Haitian-born Canadian writer.
* Daisuke Ryu, 64, Japanese actor (Kagemusha, Ran, Gojoe), intracranial hemorrhage.
* Lotte Sandberg, 64, Norwegian art historian and journalist.
* Enzo Sciotti, 76, Italian artist and illustrator (The Beyond, Demons, The Blood of Heroes).
* Syed Yahya Shah, 93, Pakistani politician, Gilgit-Baltistan MLA (1975–1980).
* Zoran Simjanović, 74, Serbian composer and musician (Siluete, Elipse), COVID-19.
* Joseph Siravo, 66, American actor (The Sopranos, American Crime Story, Oslo), colon cancer.
* Ady Steg, 96, Slovak-born French urologist and Holocaust survivor.
* Gerren Taylor, 30, American television personality (Baldwin Hills, America the Beautiful).
* K. Thippeswamy, 80, Indian politician, Andhra Pradesh MLA (1978–1983).
* Mauro Viale, 73, Argentine journalist and television presenter, COVID-19.
* Shirley Williams, 90, British politician and life peer, MP (1964–1979, 1981–1983), education secretary (1976–1979), and co-founder of the SDP.
* John Williamson, 83, British-born American economist.
12
* Nadiya Babych, 77, Ukrainian linguist.
* Oldemiro Balói, 66, Mozambican politician, minister of foreign affairs (2008–2017).
* Kunja Bojji, 95, Indian politician, Andhra Pradesh MLA (1985–1999).
* Thomas E. Delahanty II, 75, American lawyer and jurist, U.S. Attorney for the District of Maine (1980–1981, 2010–2017), pancreatic cancer.
* Roland Delmaire, 79, French historian and academic.
* Peter Goy, 82, English footballer (Arsenal, Southend United, Watford).
* Ho Yen Chye, 54, Singaporean Olympic judoka (1992), heart failure.
* Angèle Jacq, 83, French writer.
* Dhanare Paskal Janya, 49, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (2014–2019), COVID-19.
* Lazare Kaptué, 82, Cameroonian academic and virologist.
* André Maranne, 94, French-born British actor (The Pink Panther, The Square Peg, Night Train to Paris).
* David Mercier, 81, Canadian politician, British Columbia MLA (1986–1991).
* Michel Noël, 76, Canadian writer.
* John Pelan, 63, American editor, publisher, and author, heart attack.
* Yogesh Praveen, 82, Indian historian.
* Irondi Pugliesi, 73, Brazilian politician, Paraná MLA (1983–1991, 1995–1999), COVID-19.
* Ibn Abdur Rehman, 90, Pakistani human rights activist.
* András Serfőző, 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1994–2006).
* Paull Shin, 85, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1993–1995) and Senate (1999–2014).
* Pedro Soares Martínez, 95, Portuguese politician and lawyer, minister of health (1962–1963).
* Carles Trullols i Clemente, 72, Spanish roller hockey player and coach, COVID-19.
* Vincent Vitetta, 95, French racing cyclist.
* Martin Wachs, 79, American urban planner.
* Galen Weston, 80, Canadian food processing executive, chairman of George Weston Limited (1975–2006).
* Yang Xiong, 67, Chinese politician, mayor of Shanghai (2012–2017), heart attack.
13
* Farid Ahmed, 60, Bangladeshi composer and music director, COVID-19.
* Maqbul Ahmed, 81, Bangladeshi politician, COVID-19.
* Patricio Hacbang Alo, 81, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Mati (1984–2014).
* Jean-Pierre Arrignon, 78, French historian and academic.
* Rachel Bakam, 38, Nigerian television presenter and actress, complications from anaemia.
* Harold Bradley Jr., 91, American football player (Cleveland Browns, Philadelphia Eagles) and actor (Seven Rebel Gladiators).
* Geoff Crowther, 77, British travel writer, complications from dementia.
* Yvan Daumas, 77–78, French painter.
* R. W. Davies, 95, British historian and writer.
* Rocco Filippini, 77, Swiss classical cellist, COVID-19.
* Vasiliy Golovanov, 60, Russian writer and journalist.
* Gerald Haslam, 84, American author (Straight White Male).
* Dewey King, 95, American college football coach (San Jose State).
* Bruce Larson, 94, American college basketball coach (Arizona Wildcats).
* Isi Leibler, 86, Belgian-born Australian-Israeli activist.
* Bobby Leonard, 88, American Hall of Fame basketball coach (Indiana Pacers) and player (Los Angeles Lakers, Washington Wizards).
* Simon Marandi, 73, Indian politician, MP (1989–1996).
* Jaime Mota de Farias, 95, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Alagoinhas (1986–2002), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
* Ted Murphy, 85, Irish wine historian and writer.
* Bernard Noël, 90, French writer and poet.
* Paul Oquist, 78, American-born Nicaraguan politician and presidential advisor, COVID-19.
* Jamal Al-Qabendi, 62, Kuwaiti footballer (Kazma, national team), complications from diabetes.
* George Reynolds, 84, British businessman and football club owner (Darlington).
* José Carlos Schiavinato, 66, Brazilian engineer and politician, deputy (since 2015) and mayor of Toledo (2005–2013), COVID-19.
* Ruth Roberta de Souza, 52, Brazilian Olympic basketball player (1992), world champion (1994), COVID-19.
* Walter Spitzer, 93, Polish-born French Holocaust survivor and painter, COVID-19.
* Amedeo Tommasi, 85, Italian pianist and composer.
* Peter Warner, 90, Australian sailor, winner of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race (1961, 1963, 1964), drowned.
* Helen Weaver, 89, American writer and translator.
* Bob Wheeler, 90, American ice hockey player.
* George Vande Woude, 85, American scientist, Parkinson's disease.
14
* Yıldırım Akbulut, 85, Turkish politician, prime minister (1989–1991), minister of interior (1984–1987) and speaker of the Grand National Assembly (1987–1989, 1999–2000).
* Maamoon Sami Rasheed al-Alwani, 63, Iraqi politician, governor of Anbar (2005–2009).
* Frank Card, 76, American basketball player (Minnesota Pipers, Carolina Cougars, Denver Rockets).
* Einar Enevoldson, 88, American aviator and test pilot.
* Eduardo Enríquez Maya, 72, Colombian politician, senator (since 2006) and representative (1998–2006), COVID-19.
* Trader Faulkner, 93, Australian-born British actor (A Killer Walks, The Murder Game, A High Wind in Jamaica).
* Hank Huckaby, 79, American politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives (2011).
* Bernhard Kadenbach, German biochemist.
* Abdul Matin Khasru, 71, Bangladeshi politician, MP (1991–2001, since 2009), minister of law and justice (1997–2001), COVID-19.
* Shamsuzzaman Khan, 80, Bangladeshi folklorist, president of Bangla Academy (since 2020), COVID-19.
* Joaquín Larroya, 83, Spanish Olympic sprint canoer (1960).
* Graeme Lee, 81, Australian footballer (Launceston, East Devonport).
* Michel Louvain, 83, Canadian singer, esophageal cancer.
* Bernie Madoff, 82, American investment advisor, financier and convicted fraudster (Madoff investment scandal).
* Oleg Marusev, 76, Russian actor (Who If Not Us, The Fall of the Empire) and TV presenter, Merited Artist of the Russian Federation (1993).
* Bob Maskell, 80, Canadian politician, Alberta MLA (2001–2004).
* Marcelo Angiolo Melani, 82, Italian-born Argentine Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Viedma (1995–2002) and Neuquén (2002–2011), COVID-19.
* Lindani Myeni, 29, South African rugby player, shot.
* Leo Nosworthy, 93, Australian rugby league player (Balmain) and coach.
* Sir Harry Ognall, 87, English jurist.
* Monique Pantel, 88, French film critic.
* Inga Sarri, 86, Swedish actress.
* Stephanie Sinclaire, 67, American painter and theatre director.
* Roger Soloman, 81, Canadian politician, Prince Edward Island MLA (1993–1996).
* Nicholas Springer, 35, American wheelchair rugby player, Paralympic champion (2008).
* Lynn Thomas, 61, American football player (San Francisco 49ers, Oakland Invaders), Super Bowl champion (1982).
* Ahmed Usman, 69, Nigerian politician, military governor of Ondo State (1994–1996) and Oyo State (1996–1998).
* Ewa Wawrzoń, 83, Polish actress.
* Rusty Young, 75, American musician (Poco) and songwriter ("Crazy Love", "Shoot for the Moon"), heart attack.
* Kostas Zolotas, 87, Greek mountain guide.
15
* John Anthony Allan, 84, British geographer.
* Moshe Ber Beck, 86, Hungarian-born American rabbi and anti-Zionist campaigner, leader of the Neturei Karta, complications of COVID-19.
* Poul Bilde, 83, Danish footballer (Vejle, national team).
* Patricio Castillo, 80, Mexican actor (National Mechanics, Letters from Marusia, Amores perros).
* Dário de Castro, 72, Brazilian voice actor, COVID-19.
* Azmeera Chandulal, 66, Indian politician, MP (1996–1999), Andhra Pradesh MLA (1985–1989, 1994–1996) and Telangana MLA (since 2014), COVID-19.
* Aleksandr Churilin, 74, Russian diplomat, ambassador to Romania (2006–2011).
* Roger Dewint, 78, Belgian artist.
* Roscoe Dixon, 71, American politician, member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1984–1994) and Senate (1994–2005).
* Clotilda Douglas-Yakimchuk, 89, Canadian nurse, COVID-19.
* Leon van den Eijkel, 80, Dutch-born New Zealand artist.
* Jorge Fitch, 87, Mexican baseball player (Tigres del México, Pericos de Puebla).
* Ron Giffin, 78, Canadian politician, Nova Scotia MLA (1978–1993).
* Vartan Gregorian, 87, Iranian-born Armenian-American academic, president of Carnegie Corporation.
* Eric Grove, 73, British naval historian.
* Knut Jøran Helmers, 64, Norwegian chess player, cerebral hemorrhage.
* Walter Kaufmann, 97, German-Australian writer.
* Leroy Keyes, 74, American Hall of Fame football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Kansas City Chiefs).
* Mao Ayuth, 76, Cambodian film director, COVID-19.
* John C. McAdams, 75, American political scientist.
* Bill McCall, 91, British trade union leader, general secretary of the IPMS (1963–1989).
* Evelyn McNicol, 93, Scottish explorer.
* Tom Sailí Ó Flaithearta, 89–90, Irish actor (Ros na Rún, Poitín).
* Nikolai Olovyannikov, 98, Russian military pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944).
* Luisa Revilla, 49, Peruvian politician and LGBT rights activist, mayor of Trujillo Province (2015–2018), COVID-19.
* Hedley Ringrose, 78, English clergyman, archdeacon of Cheltenham (1998–2009).
* Pat Rizzo, 79, American saxophonist (Sly and the Family Stone).
* Joe T. San Agustin, 90, Guamanian politician, member (1977–1996) and speaker (1989–1995) of the Senate.
* Kunio Shimizu, 84, Japanese playwright.
* Adelino Sitoy, 85, Filipino lawyer, COVID-19.
* Heather Spears, 86, Canadian-born Danish poet and novelist.
* Dimitrios Talaganis, 76, Greek architect, COVID-19.
* Vito Di Terlizzi, 90, Italian Olympic long-distance runner.
* Bill Thieben, 86, American basketball player (Detroit Pistons).
16
* Hussain Ahmed, 89, Indian Olympic footballer (1956), COVID-19.
* Ole Anthony, 82, American minister, religious investigator and satirist, lung cancer.
* Edwin Apps, 89, English actor (The Bargee, The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc, Vatel).
* Fred Arbanas, 82, American football player (Dallas Texans/Kansas City Chiefs).
* Heinze Bakker, 79, Dutch sports journalist (Nederlandse Omroep Stichting).
* Umberto Battist, 81, French politician, deputy (1981–1986, 1988–1993).
* Al Bryant, 90, American football player (Edmonton Eskimos).
* Nader Dastneshan, 61, Iranian football player (Nassaji Mazandaran) and manager (Payam Mashad, Rayka Babol), COVID-19.
* John Dawes, 80, Welsh rugby union player (Barbarian, British & Irish Lions, national team).
* Robert Delgado, 46, American homeless man, shot.
* Jonathan Fryer, 70, British writer and politician, brain tumour.
* Charles Geschke, 81, American computer scientist, co-founder of Adobe Inc., co-developer of Interpress and PostScript.
* Henri Goetschy, 94, French politician, senator (1977–1995).
* Ludmila Guzun, 59, Moldovan politician, deputy (since 2019), COVID-19.
* Nelson Haggerty, 47, American college basketball coach (North Texas Mean Green, Central Missouri Mules, Midwestern State Mustangs), traffic collision.
* Fumio Hisamatsu, 77, Japanese manga artist (Super Jetter), mouth cancer.
* Bob Hodges, 77, Canadian Olympic speed skater (1968, 1972) and biochemist.
* Claude Jamet, 91, French footballer (LB Châteauroux).
* Jean Kaltenbach, 94, French politician, mayor of Eurville-Bienville (1965–2001).
* Daniel Kane, 73, Australian linguist.
* Krešimir Krnjević, 93, Croatian-born Canadian-British neurophysiologist.
* Ladi Ladebo, 78, Nigerian filmmaker.
* Lew Lewis, 65–66, English harmonica player (Eddie and the Hot Rods).
* Geoffrey Mains, 87, English cricketer (Gloucestershire).
* Barry Mason, 85, English songwriter ("Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)", "The Last Waltz", "Delilah").
* Helen McCrory, 52, English actress (Peaky Blinders, Harry Potter, The Queen), breast cancer.
* Serhiy Novikov, 71, Russian judoka, Olympic champion (1976).
* Richard Parry-Jones, 69, British automobile designer (Ford Motor Company).
* Andrew Peacock, 82, Australian politician, minister for foreign affairs (1975–1980), leader of the opposition (1983–1985, 1989–1990) and MP (1966–1994).
* Johnny Peirson, 95, Canadian ice hockey player (Boston Bruins) and broadcaster.
* Anthony Powell, 85, English costume designer (Death on the Nile, Tess, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade), Oscar winner (1973, 1979, 1981).
* Eldar Quliyev, 80, Azerbaijani film director (Babek), screenwriter and actor.
* Kakarla Subba Rao, 96, Indian radiologist.
* Éric Raoult, 65, French politician, deputy (2002–2012) and mayor of Le Raincy (1995–2014).
* Yessengaly Raushanov, 63, Kazakh poet.
* Liam Scarlett, 35, British choreographer (The Royal Ballet), suicide.
* Paul Schneider, 93, German sculptor, recipient of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
* Robert Seibert, 79, American political scientist (Knox College).
* Felix Silla, 84, Italian-born American actor (The Addams Family, The Black Bird, Return of the Jedi) and stuntman, pancreatic cancer.
* Ranjit Sinha, 68, Indian police officer, director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (2012–2014), COVID-19.
* Sohaib Sultan, 40, American imam, chaplain at Princeton University, bile duct cancer.
* Mari Törőcsik, 85, Hungarian actress (Electra, My Love, Music Box, Sunshine).
* Loyce W. Turner, 93, American politician, member of the Georgia State Senate (1975–1998).
17
* Hisham Bastawisy, 69, Egyptian jurist.
* Ted Bates, 84, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals, New York Jets).
* Black Rob, 52, American rapper ("Whoa!", "Bad Boy for Life"), kidney failure.
* John Brereton, 86, Australian footballer (Footscray).
* Luiz Humberto Carneiro, 68, Brazilian politician, Minas Gerais MLA (since 2003), COVID-19.
* Vladimir Churkin, 68, Russian football player and manager.
* Erol Demiröz, 81, Turkish actor (The Herd, A Season in Hakkari, The Pain).
* Hubert Faure, 106, French World War II hero (Operation Overlord), Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.
* Bob Fouracre, 83, American sportscaster.
* Fereydoun Ghanbari, 43, Iranian wrestler, pancreatitis.
* Paul Helminger, 80, Luxembourgian politician, mayor of Luxembourg City (1999−2011) and deputy (1984–1989, 1994–2012).
* Hsu Sheng-fa, 96, Taiwanese banker, auto executive and politician, MP (1981–1990), founder of Prince Motors and chairman of KGI Bank (1992–2007).
* Frank Judd, Baron Judd, 86, British politician, minister of state for foreign affairs (1977–1979), MP (1966–1979) and member of the House of Lords (since 1991).
* Kabori, 70, Bangladeshi actress (Titash Ekti Nadir Naam, Sareng Bou) and politician, MP (2008–2014), COVID-19.
* Franklin Khan, Trinidadian politician, MP (since 2002).
* Sebastian Koto Khoarai, 91, Lesothan Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Mohale's Hoek (1977–2014).
* Osamu Kobayashi, 57, Japanese animator (Ani*Kuri15, Naruto, Grandia), colon infection.
* Narendra Kohli, 81, Indian novelist and academic, COVID-19.
* Mick Lowe, 73, Canadian journalist (The Globe and Mail, Financial Post), complications from a fall.
* Bir Singh Mahato, 75, Indian politician, MP (1991–2004).
* Justin Malewezi, 77, Malawian politician, vice president (1994–2004).
* Gert Metz, 79, German Olympic sprinter (1968).
* Bill Mogk, 89, American baseball player (Michigan Wolverines).
* Manoj Kumar Mukherjee, 87, Indian jurist, judge of the Supreme Court (1993–1999).
* Josep Mussons, 95, Spanish sports and baking executive, vice president of FC Barcelona (1979–2000), COVID-19.
* John Ogilvie, 89, New Zealand cricketer (Wellington).
* Sir Michael Oswald, 86, British horse racing manager.
* Mario Pini, 82, Uruguayan footballer (Montevideo Wanderers).
* K. C. Ramrakha, 88, Fijian lawyer and politician, member of the Legislative Council (1966–1970) and House of Representatives (1970–1982).
* Robert Carl Suggs, 89, American archaeologist and anthropologist, heart failure.
* Sándor Szabó, 70, Hungarian Olympic swimmer (1968, 1972).
* Wayne Talkes, 68, English footballer (Southampton, AFC Bournemouth).
* Vivek, 59, Indian actor (Run, Saamy, Parthiban Kanavu) and comedian, cardiac arrest.
* Hans-Karl von Unger, 90, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1980–1995).
* Harry W. Wellford, 96, American jurist, judge of the U.S. District Court for Western Tennessee (1970–1982) and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (since 1982).
* Volodymyr Yavorivsky, 78, Ukrainian writer, journalist and politician, MP (1990–1998, 2002–2014), stroke.
* Al Young, 81, American poet, complications from a stroke.
18
* Naïma Ababsa, 58, Algerian singer.
* Xavier Ameil, 98, French engineer and spy.
* Ludovico Badoy, 69, Filipino politician, executive director of the NHCP (2002–2019), COVID-19.
* Helmut Barbe, 93, German composer.
* Bhumidhar Barman, 89, Indian politician, Assam MLA (1967–2016) and chief minister (1996).
* Michael Bedford-Jones, Canadian suffragan bishop, COVID-19.
* Douglas Bell, 94, Canadian politician, commissioner of Yukon (1979–1986).
* Stefan Bratkowski, 86, Polish journalist and writer, opposition activist during Polish People's Republic.
* Jehanne Collard, 70, French lawyer and activist.
* Luigi Covatta, 77, Italian politician and journalist (Mondoperaio), deputy (1979–1983) and senator (1983–1994).
* Malcolm R. Currie, 94, American aerospace engineer.
* Marva Dawn, 72, American theologian and author.
* Mary Earle, 91, Scottish-born New Zealand food technologist.
* Flavia Fontes, 60, Brazilian filmmaker and editor.
* Elizabeth Furse, 84, Kenya Colony-born American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1993–1999), complications from a fall.
* Iain Gallaway, 98, New Zealand sports commentator and cricketer (Otago).
* Achyut Madhav Gokhale, 75, Indian civil servant, COVID-19.
* Ken Greenwood, 79, Australian footballer (Carlton, Footscray).
* Mohammad Hejazi, 65, Iranian military officer (IRGC), heart disease.
* Gazi M M Amjad Hossain, 71, Bangladeshi politician, MP (2014–2018).
* Choida Jamtsho, 56, Bhutanese politician, MP (since 2008), food poisoning.
* Jyoti Kalani, 70, Indian politician, Maharashtra MLA (2014–2019), heart attack.
* Hanna Lachert, 94, Polish architect.
* Frank McCabe, 93, American basketball player, Olympic champion (1952).
* Eric McGraw, 76, British publisher, founder of the Inside Time.
* S. M. Mohsin, 73, Bangladeshi actor, COVID-19.
* Abdullah Al-Nauri, 62, Emirati novelist and police officer, chronic heart condition.
* Susan Odom, 40, British chemist, fall.
* Nowa Omoigui, 62, Nigerian military historian and cardiologist.
* Paul Oscher, 74, American blues musician, COVID-19.
* Albert Papilaya, 53, Indonesian Olympic boxer (1992).
* Bachi Singh Rawat, 71, Indian politician, MP (1996–2009), COVID-19.
* Zdeněk Růžička, 96, Czech gymnast, Olympic bronze medalist (1948).
* Anthony Russo, 74, American politician, mayor of Hoboken (1993–2001).
* Richard Schmid, 86, American artist.
* Lucas Sirkar, 84, Indian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Krishnagar (1984–2000) and archbishop of Calcutta (2002–2012).
* Tremaine Stewart, 33, Jamaican footballer (Aalesund, Waterhouse, national team).
* A. Pappa Sundaram, 89, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu MLA (1989–2016), lung congestion.
* Necdet Üruğ, 100, Turkish military officer, chief of the General Staff (1983–1987), commander of the First Army (1978–1981) and Land Forces (1983), complications from COVID-19.
* Wasim, 74, Bangladeshi actor.
19
* Eddie Abel, 89, British chemist, president of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1996–1998).
* Monica Bandini, 56, Italian racing cyclist, world champion (1988), heart attack.
* Pedro Bastidas, 45, Venezuelan politician, mayor of Girardot Municipality (since 2008), COVID-19.
* Sumitra Bhave, 78, Indian film director (Doghi, Devrai, Kaasav), lung infection.
* Andrzej Białynicki-Birula, 85, Polish mathematician, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
* Rudolf Burger, 82, Austrian philosopher.
* Mewalal Chaudhary, 68, Indian politician, Bihar MLA (since 2015), COVID-19.
* Eduardo de Lázzari, 76, Argentine judge and academic, president of the Supreme Court of Justice of Buenos Aires (2004–2005, 2012–2013, 2019–2020), COVID-19.
* Michael Dormer, 83, New Zealand cricketer (Auckland).
* Nasir Durrani, 64, Pakistani police officer, inspector general of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police (2013–2017), COVID-19.
* Ruth Farchi, 93, Austrian-Israeli stage actress.
* Mario Gonzalez, 26, American chef and construction worker, homicide.
* J. Philip Grime, 85, American ecologist.
* Shaler Halimon, 76, American basketball player (Philadelphia 76ers, Portland Trail Blazers, Dallas Chaparrals).
* Fred Jordan, 95, American book and magazine editor (Grove Press, Evergreen Review) and free speech activist.
* Michel Kilo, 80, Syrian writer and human rights activist, COVID-19.
* Willy van der Kuijlen, 74, Dutch footballer (PSV, MVV, national team), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
* Bob Lanois, 73, Canadian record producer and recording engineer.
* Vera Lantratova, 73, Russian volleyball player, Olympic champion (1968).
* Walter Mondale, 93, American politician, vice president (1977–1981), senator (1964–1976), and ambassador to Japan (1993–1996).
* Gérard Montassier, 83, French essayist and government official.
* Jagdish Singh Rana, 66, Indian politician, MP (2009–2014), COVID-19.
* Anto Raukas, 86, Estonian geologist and science organiser.
* Birgitte Reimer, 95, Danish actress (We Who Go the Kitchen Route, Summer Place Wanted, Vi er allesammen tossede).
* Gopal Krishna Saxena, 70, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1996–2002), COVID-19.
* Viktor Shuvalov, 97, Russian ice hockey player and footballer (VVS Moscow), Olympic champion (1956), COVID-19.
* Jim Speechley, 84, British politician, leader of the Lincolnshire County Council (1997–2002).
* Jim Steinman, 73, American musician, composer and lyricist ("Total Eclipse of the Heart", "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)", "It's All Coming Back to Me Now"), kidney failure.
* Nalla Thomas, 75, Indian Baptist pastor.
* Dieter Timpe, 89, German historian.
* Franklin Toker, 76, Canadian-born American architectural historian.
* G. Venkatasubbiah, 107, Indian lexicographer, kidney disease.
* Marin Voinea, 85, Romanian footballer (Progresul București, Siderurgistul Galați, national team).
* Robin Wood, 67, American artist, cancer.
* Bill Wynne, 99, American World War II veteran, photojournalist and dog trainer (Smoky).
20
* Germaine Ahidjo, 89, Cameroonian socialite, first lady (1960–1982).
* Ruth H. Alexander, 83, American activist.
* Pierre Amiet, 98, French archeologist and conservator.
* Rex Aubrey, 86, Australian Olympic swimmer (1952).
* Leïla Bahria, Tunisian politician and judge, secretary of state to the minister of foreign affairs (2013–2014).
* Mick Burrs, 81, Canadian poet.
* George Dancis, 88, Latvian-born Australian Olympic basketball player (1956).
* Idriss Déby, 68, Chadian military officer and politician, president (since 1990), shot.
* Mary Beth Edelson, 88, American artist.
* Nasser Ramdane Ferradj, 49, French political activist.
* Germán Gamonal, 89, Chilean journalist and writer.
* Roland J. Green, 76, American author (Conan the Valiant, Janissaries II: Clan and Crown, Great Kings' War).
* Monte Hellman, 91, American film director (Two-Lane Blacktop, Beast from Haunted Cave, The Shooting), fall.
* Willi Herren, 45, German actor and singer.
* Emilia Monjowa Lifaka, 62, Cameroonian politician, member (since 2002) and vice president (since 2009) of the National Assembly, chair of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (since 2017).
* Jiří Lopata, 84, Czech football player (Spartak Plzeň) and manager (RH Cheb, Dukla Prague).
* Wiesława Mazurkiewicz, 95, Polish actress (Pharaoh, The Deluge, Woman in a Hat).
* Les McKeown, 65, Scottish singer (Bay City Rollers).
* Ana Lúcia Menezes, 46, Brazilian actress, voice artist and dubbing director, stroke.
* Shyam Bihari Misra, 82, Indian politician, MP (1991–2004), COVID-19.
* Kishore Nandlaskar, 81, Indian actor (Thartharat, Vaastav: The Reality, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain), COVID-19.
* M. Narasimham, 93, Indian economist, governor of the Reserve Bank of India (1977).
* Shirley Ogle, 94, Australian sprinter.
* Sven-Olof Olson, 94, Swedish Air Force officer.
* Listianto Raharjo, 50, Indonesian footballer (Pelita Jaya, national team), heart attack.
* José Joaquín Puig de la Bellacasa, 89, Spanish diplomat, ambassador to the Holy See (1980–1983), secretary general of the Royal Household (1990–1991), member of the Council of State (1997–2005), COVID-19.
* Tom Robson, 75, American baseball player (Texas Rangers) and coach (New York Mets).
* Céline Roos, 67, French-Canadian chess player.
* Zurab Rtveliashvili, 53, Kazakh-born Georgian poet, blood clot.
* John Sarna, 86, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1973–1996).
* Aleksander Sopliński, 79, Polish politician and physician, deputy (2005–2011), deputy minister of health (2012–2015).
* Tempest Storm, 93, American burlesque star and actress.
* Alfred Teinitzer, 91, Austrian footballer (SK Rapid Wien, LASK Linz, national team).
* Roland Weyl, 102, French lawyer and militant.
* Panagiotis Xoblios, 25, Greek footballer (Veria, Panegialios, Kallithea), heart attack.
21
* Albert Bauer, 92, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1971–1981) and Senate (1981–2001).
* Ljerka Belak, 73, Slovenian actress, Prešeren Award (1989).
* Marc Bécam, 89, French politician, deputy (1967–1978), senator (1980–1986), mayor of Quimper (1977–1989).
* Håkon Brusveen, 93, Norwegian cross-country skier, Olympic champion (1960).
* A.K. Chatterjee, 95, Indian philosopher and Buddhist scholar.
* Gilbert Clain, 79, Réunionese sculptor.
* Mercedes Colás de Meroño, 95, Argentine human rights activist (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo).
* Myriam Colombi, 81, French actress (The Burglars, The Weaker Sex) and theatre director (Théâtre Montparnasse).
* Lea Dali Lion, 47, Estonian singer, COVID-19.
* Bhitali Das, 51, Indian singer, COVID-19.
* Peter Dimond, 82, Australian rugby league player (Western Suburbs, New South Wales, national team).
* Ásgeir Eyjólfsson, 91, Icelandic Olympic alpine skier.
* Marc Ferro, 96, French historian, COVID-19.
* Thomas Fritsch, 77, German actor (Three Men in the Snow, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Adorable Julia).
* Shankha Ghosh, 89, Indian poet and literary critic, COVID-19.
* Alfredo Graciani, 56, Argentine footballer (Boca Juniors, Racing Club, Deportivo Español), heart attack.
* Ada Jesus, 23, Nigerian actress and comedian, kidney disease and cardiac arrest.
* Bernie Kahn, 90, American screenwriter (The Barefoot Executive, Bewitched, Super Friends).
* Wahiduddin Khan, 96, Indian Islamic scholar (Tazkirul Quran) and peace activist, COVID-19.
* Kari Kemény, 71, Norwegian translator, Bastian Prize recipient (2001).
* Marian Kosiński, 75, Polish football player (Stal Mielec) and manager (Karpaty Krosno).
* Johny Lal, Indian cinematographer (Partner, Aathanka, Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein), COVID-19.
* Joe Long, 88, American bassist (The Four Seasons), COVID-19.
* Gerry Mackey, 87, Irish footballer (Shamrock Rovers).
* Manny Mantrana, 56, American college baseball coach (St. Thomas Bobcats, UTPA).
* Segismundo Martínez Álvarez, 78, Spanish-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Corumbá (2004–2018), COVID-19.
* Tom Michalopoulos, 71, Greek-born Canadian businessman, founder of Coffee Time.
* Guilherme Melo, 68, Brazilian politician, governor of Piauí (1994–1995) and Piauí MLA (1987–1991), brain cancer.
* Stanley A. Milner, 91, Canadian businessman and politician.
* Henri Mouton, 87, Belgian politician, senator (1981–1985).
* Antonio Palang, 77, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, vicar apostolic of San Jose in Mindoro (2002–2018).
* Margaret Pokiak-Fenton, 84, Canadian Inuvialuit author.
* James Prigoff, 93, American photographer.
* D. Michael Quinn, 77, American historian of the Latter Day Saint movement.
* Diamantina Rodríguez, 100, Spanish singer.
* Donald W. Sherburne, 92, American philosopher.
* Henrietta M. Smith, 98, American academic, librarian and storyteller.
* Carl Spielvogel, 92, American marketing executive and diplomat, ambassador to Slovakia (2000–2001).
* Erasmo Vásquez, Dominican physician and politician, minister of public health (1996–1998), COVID-19.
* Elizabeth von Till Warren, 86, American historian and preservationist.
* Wojciech Ziemba, 79, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Ełk (1992–2000), archbishop of Białystok (2000–2006) and Warmia (2006–2016).
22
* Wencelito Andanar, 73, Filipino lawyer, chairman of the Philippine Coconut Authority (1982–1992), liver cancer.
* Adnan al-Assadi, 68–69, Iraqi politician, member of the Council of Representatives (2010–2011, 2014–2018), COVID-19.
* Dewan Singh Bhakuni, 90, Indian chemist.
* Bill Cameron, 92, Australian footballer (St Kilda).
* Terrence Clarke, 19, American basketball player (Kentucky Wildcats), traffic collision.
* Purushottam Naresh Dwivedi, 55, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (2007–2011) and convicted rapist, kidney disease.
* Donald W. Fox, 98, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1957–1974).
* Alípio Freire, 75, Brazilian writer and journalist, COVID-19.
* Charles Fries, 92, American producer (The Amazing Spider-Man, The Martian Chronicles, Cat People).
* Edmundo Galdino, 62, Brazilian politician, deputy (1989–1995) and Goiás MLA (1987–1989), cardiac arrest.
* Adrian Garrett, 78, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, California Angels, Hiroshima Toyo Carp), pneumonia.
* John Gilbert, 86, Canadian actor (By Way of the Stars, Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers, Rabid).
* Edgar Godoy Samayoa, Guatemalan politician and brigadier general, minister of the interior (2020).
* Bogomil Gjuzel, 82, Macedonian poet, playwright, and translator.
* Selma Gürbüz, 61, Turkish sculptor and painter, COVID-19.
* Mirosław Handke, 75, Polish chemist and politician, rector of AGH University of Science and Technology (1993–1997), minister of national education (1997–2000).
* Thelma Harper, 80, American politician, member of the Tennessee Senate (1989–2019).
* Dennis Johnson, 81, Jamaican Olympic sprinter (1964), complications from COVID-19.
* Jean-Pierre Kress, 91, French footballer (national team).
* Luo Qingquan, 75, Chinese politician, governor of Hubei (2003–2007) and member of the CCCPC (2002–2012).
* Krystyna Łyczywek, 100, Polish photographer, translator and journalist, Golden Medal for Merit to Culture (2010), Officer of the Legion of Honour (2013).
* Roy Masters, 93, English-born American author, radio evangelist.
* Elizabeth Orr, 91, New Zealand lecturer and trade unionist.
* Larry Leon Palmer, 71, American diplomat.
* Sharon Pollock, 85, Canadian playwright, actor and director.
* Shravan Rathod, 66, Indian film composer (Aashiqui, Raja, Bewafaa), COVID-19.
* Sumila Ronghangpi, 12, Indian housemaid.
* Frances Rotblat, 74, British haematologist, complications from diabetes.
* Shock G, 57, American rapper (Digital Underground) and songwriter ("The Humpty Dance", "I Get Around"), accidental drug overdose.
* Roy Strandbakke, 90, Norwegian footballer (Raufoss, national team).
* Anthony Thwaite, 90, English poet and editor.
* Ashok Kumar Walia, 72, Indian politician, Delhi MLA (1993–2013), COVID-19.
23
* N. A. Adjin-Tettey, 90, Ghanaian athlete.
* Hans Rasmus Astrup, 82, Norwegian businessman and art collector, founder of Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art.
* Tuncay Becedek, 78, Turkish footballer (Fenerbahçe, İzmirspor, national team).
* Lalit Behl, 71, Indian actor (Titli, Hotel Salvation, Judgementall Hai Kya), film director and writer, complications from COVID-19.
* Abderrahmane Benkhalfa, 71, Algerian economist, minister of finance (2015–2016), COVID-19.
* Dukha Bhagat, 67, Indian politician, MP (1999–2004), COVID-19.
* Charlie Black, 71, American country songwriter.
* J. Jon Bruno, 74, American Episcopal clergyman, bishop of Los Angeles (2002–2017).
* José Luis Comellas, 92, Spanish astronomer, historian and academic.
* Levy Fidelix, 69, Brazilian politician, president of Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (since 1994), complications from COVID-19.
* Fredi, 78, Finnish actor, singer and television presenter.
* Charlie Glotzbach, 82, American racing driver (NASCAR Winston Cup Series).
* Sue Hayes, 69, British film and television executive, ovarian cancer.
* James Heneghan, 90, British-born Canadian author (The Grave).
* Bill Johnston, 96, American golfer and golf course designer.
* Dan Kaminsky, 42, American computer security researcher, diabetic ketoacidosis.
* Mario Meoni, 56, Argentine politician, minister of transport (since 2019), mayor of Junín Partido (2003–2015) and Buenos Aires provincial deputy (1999–2003), traffic collision.
* Milva, 81, Italian singer and actress (La bellezza di Ippolita, Appuntamento in riviera, Via degli specchi).
* Amit Mistry, 47, Indian actor (Kya Kehna, Ek Chalis Ki Last Local, 99), cardiac arrest.
* Arun Nigavekar, 79, Indian physicist and educator, vice-chancellor of the University of Pune (1998–2000) and chairman of the UGC (2000–2005).
* Detta O'Cathain, Baroness O'Cathain, 83, Irish-born British businesswoman and life peer, member of the House of Lords (since 1991).
* Suresh Srivastava, 76, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1996–2012, since 2017), COVID-19.
* Deborah Swackhamer, 66, American environmental chemist.
* Sirje Tennosaar, 77, Estonian actress and television presenter.
* Rammurti Singh Verma, 70, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (2012–2017).
* Bill Whittington, 71, American racing driver and convicted criminal, 24 Hours of Le Mans winner (1979), plane crash.
* Victor Wood, 75, Filipino singer and actor, complications from COVID-19.
24
* Katherine Aaslestad, 59, American scholar, professor of history at West Virginia University.
* Awatef Abdel Karim, 90, Egyptian composer.
* Mutaib Alsaqar, 62, Jordanian singer, complications from diabetes.
* Kent Angus, 68, Canadian businessman and uniform supplier to the International Ice Hockey Federation
* Oleg Anikanov, 87, Russian military officer.
* Katherine Barber, 61, British-born Canadian lexicographer, brain cancer.
* Kalawati Bhuriya, 49, Indian politician, Madhya Pradesh MLA (since 2018), COVID-19.
* Walter Borthwick, 73, Scottish football player (East Fife, St Mirren, Dunfermline Athletic) and manager.
* Vytautas Bubnys, 88, Lithuanian writer and politician, MP (1992–1996).
* John Coster-Mullen, 74, American photographer and nuclear archaeologist, complications from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
* Alber Elbaz, 59, Moroccan-born Israeli fashion designer (Lanvin), COVID-19.
* Sergio Esquivel, 74, Mexican singer-songwriter.
* Bob Fass, 87, American radio personality (WBAI).
* Marcel Gaudion, 97, French handball player (national team).
* Victor Golla, 82, American linguist, complications from Parkinson's disease and a stroke.
* Duane Hagadone, 88, American newspaper publisher.
* Nathan Jung, 74, American actor and stuntman (Star Trek, The A-Team, Big Trouble in Little China).
* Ziaur Rahman Khan, 75, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, MP (1991–2006), COVID-19.
* Dariyav Khatik, 75, Indian politician, Haryana MLA (1991–1996).
* Shunsuke Kikuchi, 89, Japanese composer (The Gate of Youth, Dragon Ball Z, Grendizer), pneumonia.
* La Camboria, 90, Spanish flamenco dancer, COVID-19.
* Marianne Lienau, 85, German presenter, radio journalist and contributing editor.
* Kaare Lindboe, 81, Norwegian football referee.
* Richard Hey Lloyd, 87, British organist and composer.
* Christa Ludwig, 93, German mezzo-soprano.
* Eddie Miller, 76, American racing driver.
* Sarolta Monspart, 76, Hungarian orienteering competitor, world champion (1972).
* Knut Magne Myrland, 73, Norwegian singer, songwriter, and guitarist.
* Siv Nordrum, 62, Norwegian journalist.
* Virgil Orr, 98, American politician and academic, member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1988–1992).
* Allan Pietz, 95, Canadian politician, MP (1984–1988), mayor of Welland (1965–1978), complications from pneumonia.
* Yves Rénier, 78, Swiss-born French actor (Commissaire Moulin, The Count of Monte Cristo, Frantic), film director and screenwriter.
* A. M. M. Safiullah, 73, Bangladeshi academic, complications from COVID-19.
* Zoram Sangliana, 65, Indian politician, Mizoram MLA (2008–2018), COVID-19.
* Faye Schulman, 101, Polish Holocaust survivor and photographer.
* Byron Seaman, 97, Canadian businessman, part owner of the Calgary Flames.
* Mohan Shantanagoudar, 62, Indian jurist, judge of the Supreme Court (since 2017) and Karnataka High Court (2004–2016), chief justice of the Kerala High Court (2016–2017), lung infection.
* Robert Slavin, 70, American psychologist.
* Trevor Smith, Baron Smith of Clifton, 83, British politician, member of the House of Lords (1997–2019), septicaemia.
* Miloš Šobajić, 75, Serbian painter and sculptor, COVID-19.
* József Soproni, 90, Hungarian composer.
* Onkar Nath Srivastava, 78, Indian physicist, COVID-19.
* Hugo Stuven Cangas, 80, Chilean-Spanish television producer (Televisión Española), COVID-19.
* Riitta Vainionpää, 69, Swedish textile artist, COVID-19.
* John T. Ward Jr., 75, American racehorse trainer.
* Ashwin Yadav, 33, Indian cricketer (Hyderabad), heart attack.
25
* Ali Yahia Abdennour, 100, Algerian politician, lawyer and human rights activist, member of the People's National Assembly (1962–1965), minister of public works and transport (1965–1966) and agriculture and agrarian reform (1966–1968).
* Genebert Basadre, 37, Filipino boxer.
* Lee Boysel, 82, American electrical engineer and entrepreneur.
* Pablo José Cámbar, 78, Honduran academic, researcher and physician, COVID-19.
* Óscar Castro Ramírez, 73, Chilean playwright, actor (There Were Days... and Moons) and director, complications from COVID-19.
* Mike Davis, 65, American football player (Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders).
* Raymond J. DeMallie, 74, American anthropologist.
* John Diamond, 86, British physician and author.
* Ben Dreith, 96, American football referee (American Football League, National Football League).
* Denny Freeman, 76, American blues guitarist and keyboardist.
* Ian Hamilton, 80, English footballer (Bristol Rovers).
* Ivan M. Havel, 82, Czech scientist and philosopher.
* John Hopkins, 82, American novelist and travel writer, fall.
* Hamid Jasemian, 84, Iranian footballer (Shahin, Persepolis), COVID-19.
* Toshiro Kandagawa, 81, Japanese chef (Iron Chef), COVID-19.
* Ago-Endrik Kerge, 82, Estonian ballet dancer and master.
* Désiré Kolingba, 64, Central African politician, member of the National Assembly (1998–2004), minister of youth and sports (2004–2009).
* John Konrads, 78, Latvian-born Australian swimmer, Olympic champion (1960).
* Joseph Maraite, 71, Belgian politician, minister-president of the German-speaking community (1986–1999).
* Rajan Mishra, 70, Indian khyal musician, complications from COVID-19.
* Cyrille Ndayirukiye, 66, Burundian politician, minister of national defence (2000–2002).
* Valerie Parv, 69, Australian author.
* Harry Setyawan, 45, Indonesian naval officer, submarine accident.
* Allen Taflove, 71, American electrical engineer.
* Zhenia Vasylkivska, 92, Ukrainian poet, translator and literary critic.
* Potti Veeraiah, 73, Indian actor (Aggi Veerudu, Tata Manavadu, Yugandhar) and comedian.
* William T. Wiley, 83, American artist, complications from Parkinson's disease.
* André de Witte, 76, Belgian-born Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Ruy Barbosa (1994–2020), septic shock and infectious cellulitis.
26
* Manzoor Ahtesham, 73, Indian writer, COVID-19.
* José Luis Álvarez de Castro, 102, Spanish politician, member of the Cortes Españolas (1969–1971) and president of the province of Cuenca (1969–1971).
* Charles Beeson, 63, British television director (EastEnders, Supernatural, The Mentalist), heart attack.
* David Beriáin, 43, Spanish journalist and documentary filmmaker, shot.
* Waman Bhonsle, 89, Indian film editor (Inkaar, Dostana, Agneepath).
* Harold Boatrite, 89, American composer.
* Rao Dharampal, 79, Indian politician, Haryana MLA (1987–1996, 2000–2005, since 2019).
* Austin Flynn, 87–88, Irish hurler (Waterford).
* Roberto Fraile, 47, Spanish journalist and cameraman, shot.
* Dadudan Gadhvi, 79, Indian poet.
* Peter Gelson, 79, English footballer (Brentford, Hillingdon Borough, Hounslow).
* Julie Gutz, 94, American baseball player (Springfield Sallies, Muskegon Lassies, Kenosha Comets).
* Geno Hayes, 33, American football player (Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Jacksonville Jaguars, Chicago Bears), liver disease.
* Erik Heinrichs, 88, Finnish diplomat.
* Lia Hinten, 78, Dutch Olympic pentathlete (1964).
* Hirotaka Izumi, 62, Japanese keyboardist, heart failure.
* Cees Koppelaar, 81, Dutch athlete and field hockey coach (HC Bloemendaal).
* Trudie Lamb-Richmond, 89, American Schaghticoke educator and author.
* Vassos Lyssarides, 100, Cypriot politician, member (1960–2006) and president (1985–1991) of the House of Representatives, founder of EDEK.
* Dick Mann, 86, American Hall of Fame motorcycle racer.
* Florence Piron, 54, French-Canadian anthropologist and ethicist.
* Tamara Press, 83, Ukrainian-born Russian shot putter and discus thrower, Olympic champion (1960, 1964).
* Ramu, 53, Indian film producer (A. K. 47, Lockup Death, Kalasipalya), COVID-19.
* Al Schmitt, 91, American recording engineer (RCA Records, Capitol Studios).
* Pam Seaborne, 85, British Olympic hurdler (1952).
* Sugrib Singh, 57, Indian politician, MP (2004–2009), COVID-19.
* Charles de Vaulx, 59, French investor, suicide by jumping.
* Jan Verhoeven, 80, Dutch singer.
27
* Gonzalo Aguirre Ramírez, 81, Uruguayan politician, vice president (1990–1995) and senator (1985–1990).
* Fawzia Al-Abbasi, 80, Egyptian television journalist.
* Marghoob Banihali, 84, Indian poet.
* Sidnal Shanmukhappa Basappa, 85, Indian politician, MP (1980–1996).
* Nicholas Cheong Jin-suk, 89, South Korean Roman Catholic cardinal, bishop of Cheongju (1970–1998) and archbishop of Seoul (1998–2012).
* Paul Couter, 72, Belgian guitarist (TC Matic).
* Frank Cox, 80, British television director (Doctor Who, Take the High Road).
* Dave Cull, 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2010–2019), pancreatic cancer.
* Manoj Das, 87, Indian writer.
* Ed Diener, 74, American psychologist and author.
* Miroslav Fryčer, 61, Czech ice hockey player (HC Vítkovice, Toronto Maple Leafs) and coach (Orli Znojmo).
* Jan Stefan Gałecki, 88, Polish Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Szczecin-Kamień (1974–2007), COVID-19.
* Imre Horváth, 76, Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (2014–2018).
* Aristóbulo Istúriz, 74, Venezuelan politician and academic, vice president (2016–2017) and minister of education (since 2018).
* Bleddyn Jones, 72, Welsh rugby commentator.
* Kakhi Kavsadze, 85, Georgian actor (White Sun of the Desert, Melodies of Vera Quarter, The Wishing Tree), complications from COVID-19.
* George P. Kazen, 81, American jurist, judge (1979–2018) and chief judge (1996–2003) of the U.S. District Court for Southern Texas.
* Anita Lane, 61, Australian singer-songwriter (Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds).
* John Latham, 83, British climate physicist.
* Marie-Françoise Leclère, 79, French journalist (Elle, Le Point), cancer.
* Isaac Mogase, 87, South African politician, mayor of Johannesburg (1995–2000).
* Leela Nambudiripad, 86, Indian children's author.
* René Padilla, 88, Ecuadorian evangelical theologian and missiologist.
* Rameshwar Patidar, 82, Indian politician, MP (1977–1979, 1989–1999), heart attack.
* Jean-Guy Pilon, 90, Canadian poet.
* Karuna Shukla, 70, Indian politician, MP (2009–2014), COVID-19.
* Pedro Soto, 70, Spanish politician, deputy (1996–2000), stroke.
* Charles Strum, 73, American journalist (The New York Times) and author, glioblastoma.
* Thamira, 53, Indian film director (Rettaisuzhi, Aan Devathai), COVID-19.
* Chittoor Venugopal, 93, Indian military officer, cardiac arrest.
* Rory Young, 48, Irish conservationist, shot.
* Franklin Zielski, 80, Canadian Olympic rower (1960).
28
* Mara Abrantes, 86, Brazilian-Portuguese singer and actress (A Canção da Saudade, Malandros em Quarta Dimensão).
* Thomas R. Berger, 88, Canadian politician and jurist, MP (1962–1963) and British Columbia MLA (1966–1969), cancer.
* Michael Collins, 90, American astronaut (Apollo 11), assistant secretary of state for public affairs (1970–1971), cancer.
* Toni Dalli, 88, Italian musician and restaurateur.
* Madeline Davis, 80, American LGBT activist and historian.
* Celso Dayrit, 69, Filipino fencer and sports executive, COVID-19.
* Anish Deb, 69, Indian writer, COVID-19.
* Joseph Pokossy Doumbe, 88, Cameroonian politician, deputy (1970–1973).
* Hussein Faris, 85, Israeli politician, member of the Knesset (1988–1992).
* François Fédier, 85, French philosopher and translator.
* Miguel Ángel Furones, 71, Spanish writer and creative director (Leo Burnett Worldwide, Publicis), COVID-19.
* Eknath Gaikwad, 81, Indian politician, MP (2004–2014) and Maharashtra MLA (1985–1995, 1999–2004), COVID-19.
* Janardan Singh Gehlot, Indian sports administrator, founder of the International Kabaddi Federation.
* Karl Ingebrigtsen, 85, Norwegian politician, deputy MP (1973–1981).
* Claude Jasmin, 90, Canadian journalist, broadcaster, and writer.
* Anthony Johnson, 82, Jamaican politician, diplomat, and economist, MP (1980–2008).
* Clyde Leon, 37, Trinidadian footballer (Arima Fire, W Connection, national team).
* Jason Matthews, 69, American author (Red Sparrow), complications from corticobasal degeneration.
* Min Guirong, 87, Chinese thermophysicist and space technologist, Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation award winner (1996).
* Jim Monachino, 91, American football player (San Francisco 49ers, Washington Redskins).
* Steve Perks, 58, English footballer (Shrewsbury Town).
* Louis Pierna, 88, French politician, deputy (1988–1997).
* El Risitas, 65, Spanish comedian, internet meme and actor (Torrente 3: El protector, Ratones coloraos), complications from vascular disease.
* Federico Salas, 70, Peruvian politician, prime minister (2000), COVID-19.
* Kesar Singh, 64, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), COVID-19.
* Liuwe Tamminga, 67, Dutch organist and harpsichordist.
* Chelato Uclés, 80, Honduran footballer (Atlético Español) and coach (Real España, national team), heart attack.
* Samisoni Viriviri, 67, Fijian rugby union coach.
29
* Riyaz Ahmad, 62, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–1985, 1990–1991, 2002–2017), COVID-19.
* Mangashti Amirian, 85, Iranian Olympic weightlifter (1960).
* Amris, 63, Indonesian general and politician, COVID-19.
* C. Aranganayagam, 90, Indian politician, Tamil Nadu MLA.
* Hans van Baalen, 60, Dutch politician, MP (1999–2009) and MEP (2009–2019), president of the ALDE Party (since 2015), cancer.
* Rajendrasingh Baghel, 75, Indian politician, Madhya Pradesh MLA (1985–1990, 1993–1998, 2003–2008), COVID-19.
* Mahinda Balasuriya, 67, Sri Lankan police officer, inspector general (2009–2012).
* Kunwar Bechain, 78, Indian poet, COVID-19.
* Martin Bookspan, 94, American music broadcaster (Live from Lincoln Center) and author.
* Hafid Bouazza, 51, Moroccan-Dutch writer, cirrhosis.
* Frank Brogan, 78, Scottish footballer (Celtic, Ipswich Town, Halifax Town).
* Anne Buydens, 102, German-born American philanthropist.
* R. S. G. Chelladurai, 84, Indian actor (Maari, Theri).
* Allan Cosio, 79, Filipino artist, COVID-19.
* Johnny Crawford, 75, American actor (The Rifleman, Village of the Giants, The Space Children) and singer, complications from Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19.
* Hassan Dardir, 82, Saudi Arabian actor.
* Mantfombi Dlamini, 68, Swazi royal, queen regent of the Zulu people (since 2021).
* André Evrard, 85, Swiss painter.
* Roger Fauteux, 97, Canadian artist.
* Michael W. Friedlander, 92, South African-born American physicist and skeptic.
* Pierce Fulton, 28, American disc jockey and record producer, suicide.
* Laxman Giluwa, 56, Indian politician, MP (2014–2019), COVID-19.
* Ronnie Govender, 86, South African playwright.
* Michael Greenwood, 86, English footballer (Bishop Auckland, national team).
* Terry Groom, 76, Australian politician, member of the South Australian House of Assembly (1977–1979, 1982–1993).
* Courtney Hall, 52, American football player (San Diego Chargers).
* Cate Haste, 75, English author and historian.
* Billie Hayes, 96, American actress (H.R. Pufnstuf, The Black Cauldron, Transformers: Rescue Bots).
* John Hinch, 73, British drummer (Judas Priest, Bakerloo).
* Kazimierz Kord, 90, Polish conductor.
* Pete Lammons, 77, American football player (New York Jets, Green Bay Packers), drowned.
* Libertad Leblanc, 83, Argentine actress (Harassed, La endemoniada, Deliciously Amoral).
* Michel Lejeune, 74, French politician, deputy (2002–2012) and mayor of Forges-les-Eaux (since 1995).
* Caleb Maduoma, 70, Nigerian Anglican prelate, bishop of Ideato (2004–2020) and archbishop of the Province of Owerri (2013–2020).
* Tony Markellis, 68, American bassist (Trey Anastasio Band).
* Willy Mckey, 40, Venezuelan poet and writer, suicide by jumping.
* Frank McRae, 80, American actor (*batteries not included, Licence to Kill) and football player (Chicago Bears), heart attack.
* Roy McWeeny, 96, English physicist and academic.
* Will Mecum, 48, American rock guitarist and songwriter (Karma to Burn, Year Long Disaster), fall.
* Filippo Mondelli, 26, Italian rower, world champion (2018), bone cancer.
* Kazuo Oka, 73, Japanese voice actor (Tsuki ga Kirei, Naruto, Romeo × Juliet).
* Panama Red, 76, American musician and songwriter.
* Andrew J. Reck, 93, American philosopher.
* Mary E. Rice, 94, American invertebrate zoologist.
* Onésimo Silveira, 86, Cape Verdean politician and writer, MP (2006–2011).
* Prince Muhammad bin Talal, 80, Jordanian royal.
* David B. Wake, 84, American herpetologist.
* Zhang Enhua, 48, Chinese footballer (Dalian Wanda, Grimsby Town, national team).
* Bogdan Žižić, 86, Croatian film director (The House, Don't Lean Out the Window, Early Snow in Munich) and screenwriter.
* Nell Znamierowski, 89, American textile artist.
30
* K. V. Anand, 54, Indian cinematographer (Thenmavin Kombath) and film director (Kana Kandaen, Anegan), cardiac arrest from COVID-19.
* Claudia Barrett, 91, American actress (A Life at Stake, The Happy Years).
* Aleksei Bespalikov, 73, Russian politician, Novosibirsk Oblast MLA (2005–2010) and senator (2010–2014).
* Eli Broad, 87, American philanthropist, art collector, and museum co-founder (The Broad).
* William Cain, 85, Manx lawyer, First Deemster (1998–2003).
* Kom Chuanchuen, 63, Thai actor (Heaven's Seven) and comedian, COVID-19.
* Hugh Coflin, 92, Canadian ice hockey player (Chicago Blackhawks).
* Dick Davis, 83, American football player (Dallas Texans).
* Kęstutis Glaveckas, 72, Lithuanian politician, deputy (2000–2012).
* Flemming Hansen, 81, Danish politician, minister of transport (2001–2007) and Nordic cooperation (2002–2005).
* Chris Heintz, 82, French-Canadian aeronautical engineer.
* John Dee Holeman, 92, American Piedmont blues guitarist, singer and songwriter.
* Khelan Ram Jangde, 74, Indian politician, MP (1984–1989, 1991–1996), cardiac arrest.
* Mišo Juzmeski, 55, Macedonian writer.
* Neltje Doubleday Kings, 86, American artist and philanthropist.
* Jagdish Lad, 34, Indian bodybuilder, COVID-19.
* Mark Lancaster, 82, English artist and set designer.
* Ling How Doong, 85, Singaporean politician, MP (1991–1997) and leader of the opposition (1993–1996).
* Anthony Payne, 84, English composer (Symphony No. 3).
* Azad Rahimov, 56, Azerbaijani politician, minister of youth and sports (since 2006).
* Ray Reyes, 51, Puerto Rican singer (Menudo, El Reencuentro), heart attack.
* Rohit Sardana, 41, Indian journalist (Zee News, Aaj Tak), complications from COVID-19.
* Sanjay Kumar Seth, 63, Indian judge, chief justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court (2018–2019), COVID-19.
* Soli Sorabjee, 91, Indian jurist, attorney general (1989–1990, 1998–2004), COVID-19.
* Takashi Tachibana, 80, Japanese journalist, acute coronary syndrome.
* Chandro Tomar, 89, Indian sharpshooter, COVID-19.
* Jevgeni Tomberg, 72, Estonian politician, MP (1999–2003), COVID-19.
* Pio Vittorio Vigo, 85, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Monreale (1997–2002) and Acireale (2002–2011), COVID-19.
* Yusnan Yusof, 52, Malaysian politician, Kelantan MLA (since 2013).
* Jalal Yousef, 41, Venezuelan nine-ball pool player. (death announced on this date) | WIKI |
Eighth-graders learn to think like engineers
Eighth-graders may seem a little old for toys, but at Batchelor Middle School, the students were hooked on a project to make a pull toy for their introduction to engineering class.
From a flying tank to a ship, a race car, a train and even an all-terrain vehicle, 24 eighth-grade students in teacher Rob Freese's Project Lead the Way class got creative and thought like engineers to make a toy that would use a mechanism to transfer energy.
"It's a project where it uses mechanisms so the motion of the wheels compels the moving of something else in the project. We spent a good deal of time learning about mechanisms like gear trains and chain drives and cam and followers, and this was a way of combining all of that into a real world scenario," Freese said.
As the students pulled on the toy's string, the wheels were set in motion. Then, a propeller or chain would start moving as the toy glided across a surface. It may sound like a simple task, but getting all the mechanisms to work together to get the tank or car to move presented challenges.
In some cases, the students had to go back to the drawing board and redesign their toy. They spent a lot of time researching, brainstorming and understanding how engineers develop products.
Each student worked with a partner, and even though they hit a few bumps in the road, figuring out how to get their pull toy moving was fun.
"They had a blast doing it," Freese said. "It wasn't just any old boring assignment."
The pull toys were on display in his classroom for weeks and caught other students' attention.
"I've been getting an overwhelming response from kids who aren't in the class, too," he said.
Freese suspects the pull toy project may have encouraged others to take the introductory engineering course. Freese not only teaches the Project Lead the Way class, he's also an art teacher, and he's eager to try out the pull toy assignment again.
"I really like this project a lot because I think it ties in with my strong suits as an art teacher as well," he said.
Designing a toy was a chance for the students to learn about engineering as well as be creative. The best part was taking a crack at an activity that directly applies to the work professional engineers do each day.
"It was a really nice way to kind of tie in real world scenario and everything we've learned so far this year about what engineers are and do." | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Women Who Work (book)
POV
ALL the reviews cited in the article are from liberal media outlets and there isn't a single positive review that is cited here. This should include both positive and negative sources, otherwise the conservative media will accuse Wikipedia of being biased again. - C HAMPION (talk) (contributions) (logs) 10:52, 9 May 2017 (UTC)
* I tried my best to find not just individual reviews but articles summarizing the critical reception, from the most high-profile sources I could find. The BBC, for example, considered the AP review (which I cited WaPo for) rather positive; The Atlantic and The Independent (the latter of which again is British, not American) say the majority critical reception is negative. If you know of sources that say the book received more positive reviews than I gave it credit for, by all means present them. It is, however, not Wikipedia's fault if the book was widely panned, and it would be not neutral to scrape up every positive review we can find just to make the critical reception look more balanced than it is. If conservative media accuse Wikipedia of being biased because it accurately summarizes the facts, so be it. Huon (talk) 21:10, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
* Since no evidence of significant omitted viewpoints has been presented, I have removed the maintenance tags. Huon (talk) 19:39, 16 May 2017 (UTC)
* Now the article has been tagged because, quite the opposite, it supposedly gives too much weight to some (which?) "ideas, incidents, or controversies". I don't see it. It's an accurate summary of what reviews, and review aggregators, have said about the book. There aren't even any controversies mentioned, unless the fact that critics mostly didn't like it is supposed to be controversial. Since - despite this talk page discussion which predates the newest tagging - no specific shortcomings of the article have been pointed out, I'll remove the tag. Huon (talk) 01:07, 5 June 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Montelukast
Montelukast, sold under the brand name Singulair among others, is a medication used in the maintenance treatment of asthma. It is generally less preferred for this use than inhaled corticosteroids. It is not useful for acute asthma attacks. Other uses include allergic rhinitis and hives of long duration. For allergic rhinitis it is a second-line treatment.
Common side effects include abdominal pain, cough, and headache. Severe side effects may include allergic reactions, such as anaphylaxis and eosinophilia. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. Montelukast is in the leukotriene receptor antagonist family of medications. It works by blocking the action of leukotriene D4 in the lungs resulting in decreased inflammation and relaxation of smooth muscle.
Montelukast was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the fourteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 30million prescriptions.
Medical uses
Montelukast is used for a number of conditions including asthma, exercise induced bronchospasm, allergic rhinitis, and urticaria. It is mainly used as a complementary therapy in adults in addition to inhaled corticosteroids, if inhaled steroids alone do not bring the desired effect. It is also used to prevent allergic reactions and asthma flare-ups during the administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. It may also be used as an adjunct therapy in symptomatic treatment of mastocytosis. It is taken by mouth, as a tablet, chewable tablet, or as granules.
Pharmacology
Montelukast is in the leukotriene receptor antagonist family of medications. It works by blocking the action of leukotriene D4 in the lungs resulting in decreased inflammation and relaxation of smooth muscle.
Montelukast functions as a leukotriene receptor antagonist (cysteinyl leukotriene receptors) and consequently opposes the function of these inflammatory mediators; leukotrienes are produced by the immune system and serve to promote bronchoconstriction, inflammation, microvascular permeability, and mucus secretion in asthma and COPD. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are sometimes colloquially referred to as leukasts.
Two genes of interest are ALOX5 and LTC4S, which catalyze two major steps in the biosynthetic pathway of leukotrienes.
Montelukast may affect nerve remyelination in combination with Pexidartinib and this may cause clinical benefits or side effects.
Adverse effects
Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, mild rashes, asymptomatic elevations in liver enzymes, and fever. Uncommon side effects include fatigue and malaise, behavioral changes, paresthesias and seizures, muscle cramps, and nose bleeds. Rare (may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people taking montelukast) but serious side effects include behavioral changes (including suicidal thoughts), angioedema, erythema multiforme, and liver problems.
In 2019 and 2020, concerns for neuropsychiatric reactions were added to the label in the United Kingdom and United States where the most frequently suspected were nightmares, depression, insomnia (may affect between 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000 people taking montelukast); aggression, anxiety and abnormal behaviour or changes in behaviour (may affect between 1 in 1,000 and 1 in 10,000 people taking montelukast).
In 2024, following reports of night terrors, uncontrollable aggression, intrusive thoughts, depression and rare cases of hallucinations and suicidal behaviour in children, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) was reviewing the risks of montelukast after identifying "further concerns".
FDA investigation
In June 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded a review into the possibility of neuropsychiatric side effects with leukotriene modulator drugs. Although clinical trials revealed only an increased risk of insomnia, post-marketing surveillance showed that the drugs were associated with a possible increase in suicidal behavior and other side effects such as agitation, aggression, anxiousness, dream abnormalities, hallucinations, depression, irritability, restlessness, and tremor.
In September 2019, the Pediatric Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee met to discuss a pediatric-focused safety review of neuropsychiatric events with montelukast.
In March 2020, the FDA required a boxed warning for montelukast to strengthen an existing warning about the risk of neuropsychiatric events associated with the drug in the wake of an increase in case reporting of neuropsychiatric events around the time of the initial communications about the concern from FDA in 2008. The boxed warning advises health care providers to avoid prescribing montelukast to patients with mild symptoms, particularly those with allergic rhinitis, because there are many other allergy medicines that can safely and effectively manage this condition.
In the FDA's data analysis, in comparison to case reports that based on people's self-reports, the propensity of developing neuropsychiatric disorders after montelukast use did not outpace that of inhaled corticosteroids; and there were no statistically significant risks of new-onset neuropsychiatric disorders among males, females, patients 12 years and older, patients with a psychiatric history, or after the 2008 FDA communication and prescribing information changes that first publicized the concern. In addition, the FDA's analysis summary of its findings said "exposure to montelukast was significantly associated with a decreased risk of treated outpatient depressive disorder and the decreased risks were seen among patients with a history of a psychiatric disorder, in patients 12 to 17 years as well as 18 years and older, and in both females and males." "Treated outpatient depressive disorder" refers to patients who sought treatment specifically for depressive disorders in outpatient psychiatric settings.
Drug interactions
Montelukast is an inhibitor of the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP2C8, part of the cytochrome P450 system. Therefore, it is theoretically possible that the combination of montelukast with a CYP2C8 substrate (e.g. amodiaquine, an anti-malarial drug) could increase the plasma concentrations of the substrate. However, clinical studies have shown minimal interactions between montelukast and other CYP2C8 substrate drugs, which is most likely due to the high plasma protein binding exhibited by montelukast.
Patents
Singulair was covered by U.S. Patent No. 5,565,473 which expired on 3 August 2012. The same day, the FDA approved several generic versions of montelukast.
The United States Patent and Trademark Office launched a reexamination of the patent covering Singulair on 28 May 2009. The decision was driven by the discovery of references that were not included in the original patent application process. The references were submitted through Article One Partners, an online research community focused on finding literature relating to existing patents. The references included a scientific article produced by a Merck employee on the active ingredient in Singulair. A previously filed patent had been submitted in the same technology area. Seven months later the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office determined that the patent in question was valid based on the initial reexamination and new information provided, submitting their decision on 17 December 2009.
Use with loratadine
Schering-Plough and Merck sought permission to market a combined tablet with loratadine and montelukast. However, the FDA has found no benefit from a combined pill for seasonal allergies over taking the two drugs in combination, and in April 2008, issued a not-approvable letter for the combination.
Brand names
The Mont in montelukast stands for Montreal, the place where Merck (MSD) developed the drug.
Montelukast is sold under a variety of brand names including Monalast (Ziska Pharmaceuticals Ltd) Montenaaf (NAAFCO Pharma) Montelon-10 (Apex), Montene (Square), Montair-10, Montelo-10, Monteflo, and Tukast L in India, Reversair (ACI Bangladesh), Monas, Miralust, Montiva, Provair, Montril, Lumona, Lumenta, Arokast and Trilock in Bangladesh, Ventair in Nepal, Montika in Pakistan, Montelair in Brazil, Zykast in the Philippines though combined with levocetirizine, Desmont, Levmont, Aircomb and Notta in Turkey, Topraz and Monte-Air in South Africa, AirOn in Venezuela, and AirFast in Saudi Arabia. | WIKI |
How a Governor on a Briggs & Stratton Engine Works
What a Governor System Is
The governor system on a Briggs & Stratton engine is designed to keep the engine that it is attached to from operating at too high of a speed. This prevents excess fuel usage, unnecessary engine wear and can also help to prevent accidents and injuries that can result from a lawn mower or other component using a Briggs & Stratton engine accelerating at too high of a speed.
Red lawn mower on grass.
Red lawn mower on grass.
Video of the Day
How a Governor System Works
There are two types of governors used for Briggs & Stratton engines, a pneumatic "Air Vane" governor that monitors air speed from the flywheel fan and the mechanical governor which uses gears inside the crankcase to monitor the engine speed. Both governor system types are able to adjust engine RPMs as needed to control engine speed. When the governor system is in use, RPMs are held at a steady level to maintain a constant engine speed even if the engine itself is under a heavy load.
Man adjusting knife on lawnmower to help the governor.
Man adjusting knife on lawnmower to help the governor.
Problems Associated with a Faulty Governor System
A faulty governor system on a Briggs & Stratton engine can result in the engine running either too fast or too slow. An engine that runs too slow may have trouble starting or may stall when it begins to idle, while an engine that runs too fast may suffer from excess heat and a shortened lifespan. Both pneumatic and mechanical governor systems can be adjusted by mechanics or at home to bring the RPMs back in line with engine specifications.
Man in suit mowing lawn slowly.
Man in suit mowing lawn slowly.
References
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User:IrateSpecialist
Hey, my name is IrateSpecialist. That's my Wu-Tang Clan name from the now-defunct Wu-Tang Clan name generator. It's popularly known as the source of Donald Glover's rap stage name, Childish Gambino.
I am an MDWiki contributor. I translate their pages from English to French. Currently, the 5th best translator in terms of articles translated, having translated 9.
I'm currently pursuing an undergraduate degree at McMaster University in Biochemistry, with a minor in Economics.
Two of my interests are game development and amigurumi.
I am a big fan of Nicky Case's work. I like how they use models and simulations to explain ideas. It's why I decided to pursue a minor in Economics. I'd really love to see these concepts applied in the field of Biochemistry in the future. In one of their Explorable Explanations, Case describes how fireflieswork
I've come here to learn more about how Wikipedia works behind the scenes. | WIKI |
Should You Buy Onion Global After Its Busted IPO?
Onion Global (NYSE: OG) has been one of the worst tech IPOs of 2021. The Chinese e-commerce company went public at $7.25 per share in early May, closed at $7 on the first day, and is now only worth about $3.80.
Investors' turn from growth to value stocks amid inflation fears and a focus on reopening plays this year, regulatory headwinds for Chinese stocks in both China and the U.S., and the previous failures of other small Chinese e-commerce companies all cast a dark cloud over Onion's IPO. A disappointing earnings report earlier this month exacerbated that pressure.
But at its current market cap of a meager $340 million, Onion trades at less than one times last year's sales. Are investors too skeptical about Onion's prospects, or should they continue to avoid this busted IPO?
Image source: Getty Images
What does Onion do?
Onion dubs itself a "next-generation lifestyle brand platform that incubates, markets and distributes the world's fresh, fashionable and future brands to young people in China and across Asia." Onion's online platform hosted over 4,000 brands as of the end of 2020. It directly works with 86 brand partners and sells 21 private-label brands. It relies on an army of over half a million active social media influencers -- which it calls KOCs (key opinion consumers) -- to draw shoppers to its platform.
It operates two first-party marketplaces: O'Mall and CosyFans. O'Mall, which generates most of its revenue, sells lifestyle products and household goods. It's available as both a stand-alone app and a Mini Program within Tencent's WeChat -- China's largest mobile messaging platform with 1.24 billion monthly active users. The platform is heavily integrated with KOC-submitted videos, and it encourages users to become KOCs themselves to earn incentives through product recommendations.
CosyFans, which was initially launched in Malaysia, is a smaller platform that sells products from Onion's brand partners, third-party suppliers, and private label brands outside of China. Onion also sells some of its inventories to third-party retailers, and it opened two brick-and-mortar stores -- one in China and another in Japan -- last year.
How fast is Onion growing?
Onion's revenue rose 34% to 3.81 billion yuan ($584 million) in 2020, and its total number of orders increased 53% to 15.8 million. Its net income more than doubled to 208 million yuan ($32 million), thanks to its ongoing reduction of fulfillment expenses over the past two years.
But in the first quarter of 2021, Onion's revenue declined 6% year over year to 668.9 million ($102 million) as its net income tumbled 84% to 8.9 million yuan ($1.4 million).
It attributed those declines to three main challenges. First, it sold fewer cleaning products after the pandemic ended in China. Second, it struggled to sell more household essentials because consumers stockpiled too many of those products in the earlier days of the pandemic. Lastly, its cross-border sales fell as Chinese shoppers traveled overseas again to make "surrogate purchases" for domestic buyers who were willing to pay markups. Travel-related disruptions to that practice during the pandemic had generated tailwinds for Onion's cross-border business.
The company didn't offer any guidance for the rest of the year, but those headwinds will likely persist over the next few quarters.
Onion's problems are easy to see
As we peel away the layers of Onion's business, we'll spot some significant problems. Onion is much smaller than Alibaba (NYSE: BABA) and JD.com (NASDAQ: JD), the two largest e-commerce companies in China, but it's already growing at a much slower rate.
Analysts expect Alibaba's revenue to rise 31% this year, and for JD's revenue to grow 27%. Neither company cited similar challenges as Onion in their latest quarters.
Alibaba's marketplaces and JD also fulfill most of their domestic deliveries within 24 hours. It still takes Onion one to four days to fulfill its domestic orders, and about ten days for overseas orders.
Onion's KOC platform resembles a multi-level marketing scheme. Instead of recruiting social media celebrities, it encourages each shopper to become a KOC and earn a cut of each sale they promote by buying an invitation from a higher-ranked KOC called an O'Partner.
KOCs can become O'Partners after gaining enough followers, submitting an application, then paying a whopping one-time fee of 12,000 yuan ($1,856). Each O'Partner can then invite up to 40 other people to become KOCs, collect their invitation fees, then pay additional fees to gain more invitations.
Onion claims these KOCs drive its growth, but its average GMV per KOC on O'Mall fell 15% in 2020. Furthermore, only 75% of its KOCs were active during the year -- down from 78% in 2019 and 82% in 2018.
Those lower engagement rates, along with Onion's abrupt slowdown in the first quarter, indicate its business won't last much longer in China's cutthroat e-commerce market. Going public right before it posted those ugly numbers suggests it simply wanted to make a quick buck with its IPO.
Buy Alibaba or JD instead
There's little reason to buy Onion when Alibaba and JD are both profitable, have brighter growth prospects, and trade at reasonable valuations. Like Onion, JD trades at about one times this year's sales -- but it can be more accurately valued with its forward P/E ratio of about 50.
I think Onion is more likely to suffer the same fate as Secoo, Mogu, and other forgotten Chinese e-commerce underdogs which never recovered from their broken IPOs -- instead of outperforming the market leaders over the long haul.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
New constructions of nonseparable tight wavelet frames
Youngmi Hur, Zachary Lubberts
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
We present two methods for constructing new nonseparable multidimensional tight wavelet frames by combining the ideas of sum of squares representations of nonnegative trigonometric polynomials with the coset sum method of generating nonseparable multidimensional lowpass filters from univariate lowpass filters. In effect, these methods allow one to select a univariate lowpass filter and generate nonseparable multidimensional tight wavelet frames from it in any dimension n≥2, under certain conditions on the input filter which are given explicitly. We construct sum of hermitian squares representations for a particular class of trigonometric polynomials f in several variables, each related to a coset sum generated lowpass mask τ in that nonnegativity of f implies the sub-QMF condition for τ, in two ways: for interpolatory inputs to the coset sum method satisfying the univariate sub-QMF condition, we find this representation using the Fejér–Riesz Lemma; and in the general case, by writing f=xPx, where x is a vector of complex exponential functions, and P is a constant positive semidefinite matrix that is constructed to reduce the number of generators in this representation. The generators of this representation of f may then be used to generate the filters in a tight wavelet frame with lowpass mask τ. Several examples of these representations and the corresponding frames are given throughout.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)13-35
Number of pages23
JournalLinear Algebra and Its Applications
Volume534
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2017 Dec 1
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Elsevier Inc.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Algebra and Number Theory
• Numerical Analysis
• Geometry and Topology
• Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics
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Dive into the research topics of 'New constructions of nonseparable tight wavelet frames'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
January 13, 2021
Causes of tooth decay in toddlers
Tooth decay is a wide spread health issue, impacting almost 4billion people worldwide. It has also ranked among the most common diseases in American children. According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, approximately 42% of children between the ages of 2 and 11 have had dental caries in their primary teeth. This is why it's essential for parents to understand the causes of tooth decay in toddlers and know the accompanying symptom and forms of prevention.
What is Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay (often referred to as “cavities” or “caries”) is the destruction of the enamel (outer surface) of a tooth that causes holes in the teeth. Unfortunately, once these areas start to decay, you cannot reverse it; the damageis permanent. That’s why prevention is so important.
Everyone is at risk for tooth decay, as we all have bacteria in our mouths. These bacteria produce acids that erode the enamel of our teeth. Cavities tend to occur more so in the molars (back teeth). These harder-to-clean teeth have many crevices where food particles can get stuck. If they are not brushed and flossed regularly, these teeth can hold onto the particles and become a breeding ground for bacteria and decay.
If you have a little one running around at home, you may be wondering what causes tooth decay in toddlers?
What Causes Tooth Decay?
Tooth decay is caused by the formation of plaque, a transparent film that covers the surface of your teeth. Plaque develops when a person eats many sugary and starchy foods without brushing their teeth as often or as thoroughly as needed. These sugars and starches remain on the teeth, causing bacteria to feed on them, thus forming plaque.
Once plaque makes its home on your teeth, it can begin to harden on your gums and materializes into a harder-to-remove substance called tartar. This tartar protects the bacteria in your mouth, making plaque harder to eliminate and creating an opportunity for more decay.
Children who have abnormal saliva flow, eat diets high in sugars and starches, and havepoor oral hygiene habits are at a greater risk for developing cavities.
Symptoms of Tooth Decay
Keep in mind that some people may not experience any symptoms, especially during the early stages of a cavity. Be sure to regularly examine your child’s teeth, looking for any spots or areas of concern. The following symptoms could indicate that your child may be experiencing a decaying tooth:
· Tooth ache
· Tooth sensitivity
· Pain while eating or drinking sweet, hot, or cold foods or beverages
· Noticeable brown, black, or white spots on teeth
· Pain when biting down
How to Prevent Tooth Decay in Your Baby
Although tooth decay is a prominent dental condition, there are many things you can do to prevent early childhood cavities. Here are several dental hygiene tips you can use in your child’s prevention plan:
1. Brus hand floss your child’s teeth or watch your toddler brush their teeth at least twice per day with a small, soft-bristled tooth brush and a pea-size amount of fluoride tooth paste. Also, ask them how their teeth are feeling; you know they’ll be honest!
2. Avoid feeding your child snacks that are high in sugars and starches throughout the day. These foods can cling to your teeth and are among the leading causes of cavities. Some of these particularly harmful snacks include:
· Candy
· Soda
· Cake
· Cookies
· FruitJuice
· Yogurt
· Milk
· IceCream
· DryCereals
· DriedFruit
· Chips
3. Encourage your toddler to drink plenty of water and limit the number of sugary juices and drinks they consume. Drinking water naturally flushes out bacteria and washes away leftover food particles while diluting bacteria-produced acids that damage teeth.
4. Give your toddler specific foods and beverages that have been proven to strengthen teeth and prevent decay. These can include raw or cooked vegetables, fruits,tea, and sugar-free gum.
Schedule Recurring Dental Appointments for Your Toddler
The most concerning part about cavities is that they can go on undetected for an extended period without causing any symptoms. That’s why it’s critical to schedule regular appointments with your child’s dentist, as they can discover cavities early and prevent further teeth damage using sealants and other cavity-specific treatments. They can also provide more insight into the different causes of tooth decay in toddlers and advise you according to your child’s specific situation. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Worker - Canonical link in header not working and urls with parameters
I am trying to add the following link html element in header for the following pages through workers:
Though, I don’t know why, the element isn’t added in head: Blog Monsieur Chalets.
p.s. I have another question about workers, how would you apply the following link to all urls that have Blog Monsieur Chalets? conditions. What do you think about the screenshot under?
HI @raphael3
pathname will never start with a ?. If you test new URL('https://example.com/blog?p=1').pathname pathname will only equal /blog. Anything from the ? is part of search so if you test new URL('https://example.com/blog?p=1').search you’ll see ?p=1.
I’ve been able to make it work @the on the Blog Monsieur Chalets url though not on the following url: #1 en chalets à louer haut de gamme au Québec!.
How would you make it work?
As I mentioned previously, pathname will never contain a ?. E.g.
{
hash: ""
host: "www.monsieurchalets.com"
hostname: "www.monsieurchalets.com"
href: "https://www.monsieurchalets.com/blog?p=comment-faire-pour-louer-son-chalet"
origin: "https://www.monsieurchalets.com"
password: ""
pathname: "/blog"
port: ""
protocol: "https:"
search: "?p=comment-faire-pour-louer-son-chalet"
searchParams: URLSearchParams { p → "comment-faire-pour-louer-son-chalet" }
username: ""
}
You need to check search, i.e.
if (url.search.startsWith('?'))
// or
if (url.search !== "")
// or
if (url.search)
However as the pathname is the same in both cases (as below) checking the existence of a search string is probably not necessary unless you are looking for a specific string
{
hash: ""
host: "www.monsieurchalets.com"
hostname: "www.monsieurchalets.com"
href: "https://www.monsieurchalets.com/blog"
origin: "https://www.monsieurchalets.com"
password: ""
pathname: "/blog"
port: ""
protocol: "https:"
search: ""
searchParams: URLSearchParams(0)
username: ""
}
Oh great.
So basically, I would need to be checking for 2 conditions for this one @the ?
I would need to be checking the following conditions: url.pathname.startsWith(“/blog”) AND
if (url.search.startsWith('?'))
// or
if (url.search !== "")
// or
if (url.search)
. If those are applied, inject tag, correct? @the
To make sure that only the links with /blog? have tags added
As I wrote previously
This means
new URL('https://example.com/blog')
// and
new URL('https://example.com/blog?p=123')
will have the same pathname value of /blog, so checking the search string (i.e. search.startsWith('?')) is pointless.
However,
new URL('https://example.com/blog')
// and
new URL('https://example.com/blog/some-blog-post')
will have entirely different pathname values: /blog vs /blog/some-blog/post.
This topic was automatically closed 3 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
WordPress at a glance
Главная Functions APIs
Category: APIs
Rewrite API (Clean URLs)
add_permastruct()
Add permalink structure.
add_rewrite_endpoint()
Add an endpoint, like /trackback/.
add_rewrite_rule()
Adds a rewrite rule that transforms a URL structure to a set of query vars.
add_rewrite_tag()
Add a new rewrite tag (like %postname%).
flush_rewrite_rules()
Remove rewrite rules and then recreate rewrite rules.
remove_permastruct()
Removes a permalink structure.
remove_rewrite_tag()
Removes an existing rewrite tag (like %postname%).
Settings API
add_settings_error()
Register a settings error to be displayed to the user
add_settings_field()
Add a new field to a section of a settings page
add_settings_section()
Add a new section to a settings page.
do_settings_fields()
Print out the settings fields for a particular settings section
do_settings_sections()
Prints out all settings sections added to a particular settings page
get_settings_errors()
Fetch settings errors registered by add_settings_error()
register_setting()
Register a setting and its data.
settings_errors()
Display settings errors registered by add_settings_error().
settings_fields()
Output nonce, action, and option_page fields for a settings page.
unregister_setting()
Unregister a setting.
REST API
get_rest_url()
Retrieves the URL to a REST endpoint on a site.
register_rest_route()
Registers a REST API route.
HTTP API
status_header()
Set HTTP status header.
wp_get_http_headers()
Retrieve HTTP Headers from URL.
wp_remote_get()
Retrieve the raw response from the HTTP request using the GET method.
wp_remote_head()
Retrieve the raw response from the HTTP request using the HEAD method.
wp_remote_post()
Retrieve the raw response from the HTTP request using the POST method.
wp_remote_request()
Retrieve the raw response from the HTTP request.
wp_remote_retrieve_body()
Retrieve only the body from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_cookie()
Retrieve a single cookie by name from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_cookie_value()
Retrieve a single cookie's value by name from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_cookies()
Retrieve only the cookies from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_header()
Retrieve a single header by name from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_headers()
Retrieve only the headers from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_response_code()
Retrieve only the response code from the raw response.
wp_remote_retrieve_response_message()
Retrieve only the response message from the raw response.
wp_safe_remote_request()
Retrieve the raw response from a safe HTTP request.
Cron API
wp_clear_scheduled_hook()
Unschedules all events attached to the hook with the specified arguments.
wp_cron()
Run scheduled callbacks or spawn cron for all scheduled events.
wp_doing_cron()
Determines whether the current request is a WordPress cron request.
wp_get_schedules()
Retrieve supported event recurrence schedules.
wp_next_scheduled()
Retrieve the next timestamp for an event.
wp_schedule_event()
Schedule a recurring event.
wp_schedule_single_event()
Schedules an event to run only once.
wp_unschedule_event()
Unschedule a previously scheduled event.
wp_unschedule_hook()
Unschedules all events attached to the hook. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Options For No-Hassle Methods Of Water Soluble Cbd
It isn’t a secret any longer – CBD is a substance with many well being benefits. As of late, cannabidiol is the topic of many different studies – every little thing from it getting used to treat psychosis 2 all the best way to cancer therapy aspect impact aid It’s a hot matter” – that is why you should be further careful when searching for the most effective water-soluble CBD oils, since there are lots of firms that are trying to capitalize on it.
Water-soluble CBD provides you the flexibility to measure a consistent dose. The small molecules mix consistently by the water. With a number of good shakes, you should have the exact amount of CBD that you just count on in every dropper or sip. The results of this course of is an off-white, ‘water-soluble,’ micro-encapsulated, full-spectrum, CBD hemp extract that the producers claim increases the bioavailability of the oil, making it more simply absorbed into the bloodstream.
Hemp-derived water-soluble emulsIon is produced from compounds that have been decreased using a specific methodology, to make them sufficiently small for the body to process. This implies it can be taken instantly by mouth or added to drinks. Because water soluble cbd near me of the best way the Hemp Derived water soluble is absorbed, the effects may be up to 10 times more practical than regular products. It’s because your body is able to soak up nearly 100% of the cannabinoids.
CBD can nonetheless supply benefits when administered as an oil. For those who desire their supplements in a extra familiar form, CBD oil will doubtless eternally hold attraction, although it does not have the bioavailability of water-soluble CBD. It’s seemingly, nonetheless, that the pattern will continue in the direction of extra CBD merchandise that utilize the nano-emulsification process.
No-Fuss Products In Best Water Soluble Cbd Oil – What\’s Needed
Corporations centered on holding their costs low and creating merchandise as quickly as potential will use oil-based mostly emulsifiers to provide find out here now water-soluble CBD. Emulsifiers can cause problems with inflammation and gastrointestinal issues. Avoid water-soluble CBD that includes lecithin, liposomes with micelles or phospholipids, or polysorbate.
As much as 90% of CBD is wasted when it’s ingested in an oil-based mostly form. That signifies that for those who swallow 50mg, as little as 5mg will truly make its way into your bloodstream. Ultrasound is used to create vacuum bubbles in the CBD molecules, which causes them to implode, hit surrounding bubbles, and break into smaller droplets. Water-soluble CBD is usually either ready as a liposome, nanoemulsion, or a microemulsion.
Quick Programs Of Cbd Isolate Water Soluble For 2019
CBD in its natural state is fats-soluble, not water-soluble. This means that in case you had been to take CBD isolate and drop it into water, it will not dissolve. As an alternative, it would clump and keep on the surface of the water. The concept behind water-soluble CBD is to create a one thing that mimics water solubility, moderately than reworking it into something that’s truly water-soluble.
Thinking About Swift Programs For Water Soluble Cbd Reviews
Water solubility means that a substance dissolves when added to water. Since CBD is oil, it does not blend into water on a molecular stage. So technically, it cannot become water-soluble in any approach. Nevertheless, when CBD oil is damaged into droplets smaller than a virus, it turns best water soluble cbd oil into far more appropriate” with water. That is called a nanoemulsion formation. Thus, water-soluble CBD is technically a nanoemulsion. It is a liquid consisting of water, surfactant (the substance that permits emulsion), and tremendous-small cannabidiol particles.
Comments are closed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume III/Theodoret/Letters/Letter 1
————————————
I. To an Unknown Correspondent.
In the words of the prophet we find the wise hearer mentioned with the excellent councillor. I, however, send the book I have written on the divine Apostle, not as much to a wise hearer as to a just and clever judge. When goldsmiths wish to find out if their gold is refined and unalloyed, they apply it to the touchstone; and just so I sent my book to your reverence, for I wish to know whether it is what it should be, or needs some fining down. You have read it and returned it, but have said nothing to me on this point. Your silence leads me to conjecture that the judge has given sentence of condemnation, but is unwilling to hurt my feelings by telling me so. Pray dismiss any such idea, and do not hesitate to tell me your opinion about the book. | WIKI |
Daniel Loeb's Third Point buys shares of Dover Corp
Daniel Loeb's Third Point added industrial conglomerate Dover Corp. in the third quarter, according to an investor letter obtained by CNBC. The hedge fund's Offshore Fund is up 14.5 percent this year, topping the market, according to the letter. "During the third quarter, we invested in Dover, an industrial conglomerate with a $15 billion market capitalization," Loeb wrote. "Dover has leading share in several highly consolidated end markets, including retail fueling, industrial printing, retail refrigeration equipment, and artificial lift for U.S. onshore energy production." Loeb said the company's shares have "materially" underperformed its industrial peers during the last three years. "We have been engaged in a constructive dialogue with management regarding several compelling value creation opportunities," he said. Dover shares jumped nearly 5% Friday after the position was revealed. Loeb shared his three recommendations for the company to create shareholder value: 1. "Separate the Energy Segment." 2. "Address Underearning in Core Industrial Portfolio." 3. "Optimize Capital Allocation." He noted that the company's stock has rallied on its recent announcement that it is considering "strategic alternatives" for its energy business. "While Dover shares have started to appreciate since these announcements, we still see significant upside with shares trading at 14x 2019 estimated free cash flow versus the broader multi-industrial peer group that trades at 18x 2019 consensus free cash flow," the letter said. Third Point declined to comment. — With reporting by CNBC's Scott Wapner | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Solenoid (mathematics)
Is this correct?
The article describes its construction of an embedding of the p-adic solenoid in R3 as follows:
"Take a solid torus T in R³ and choose an embedding α: T → T such that α acts on the fundamental group of T as multiplication by p; that is to say, α maps T onto a solid torus inside T which winds p times around the axis of T before joining up with itself. Then . . . [t]he intersection (in R³) of the smaller and smaller toruses T, αT, α(αT), etc., is a p-adic solenoid inside T, hence in R³."
But I am unconvinced that it is sufficient to express the embedding of one solid torus in the next solely in terms of homotopy. (E.g., what if a knot were introduced into the image of α without changing its homotopy class???)
Can anyone point to a proof that the quoted conditions on α are actually sufficient?
It is safe to say, however, that if -- in addition to the homotopy condition -- the embedding α carries each 2-disk fibre of the domain T = D2 x S1 (that is, each D2 x {p}) into the interior of a 2-disk fibre D2 x {q} of the codomain T = D2 x S1, then we can be sure that the inverse limit is indeed homeomorphic to the intended solenoid.Daqu (talk) 21:51, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
This is not correct, either!
The article presents the following as the geometric construction of a solenoid:
"''Each solenoid may be constructed as the intersection of a nested system of embedded solid tori in R3.
"Fix a sequence of natural numbers {ni}, ni ≥ 2. Let T0 = S1 × D be a solid torus. For each i ≥ 0, choose a solid torus Ti+1 that is wrapped longitudinally ni times inside the solid torus Ti. Then their intersection . . . is homeomorphic to the solenoid constructed as the inverse limit of the system of circles with the maps determined by the sequence {ni}."
But this construction does not give enough detail to ensure that the resulting intersection is in fact "homeomorphic to the inverse limit of the system of circles with the maps determined by the sequence {ni}", or to ensure that it is in fact a solenoid at all. For example, there is nothing to prevent the intersection of the Ti, i=0,1,2,3,..., from having an interior point in R3.Daqu (talk) 14:52, 4 February 2012 (UTC)
If we define the "thickness" of Ti to be the maximum of d(x,R3 \ Ti) over all x in $Ti then as long as the thickness goes to 0 as i goes to infinity, then we do get the solenoid. Is there a way to say this without defining something new? (Has "thickness" already been defined, perhaps under a different name?) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:51, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
Certain terms can be ambiguous / have no reference
The page starts with:
In mathematics, a solenoid is a compact connected topological space (i.e. a continuum) that may be obtained as the inverse limit of an inverse system of topological groups and continuous homomorphisms
* $$f_i: S_{i+1} \to S_i \quad \forall i \ge 0$$
where each $$S_i$$ is a circle and fi is the map that uniformly wraps the circle $$S_{i+1}$$ for $$n_{i+1}$$ times ($$n_{i+1} \geq 2$$) around the circle $$S_i$$.
However what is a circle in this context? Is it $$S^1$$, is it just a set of points with no topology? And what does "uniformly wraps" mean in this context? Someone that's not familiar with the topic, but can be familiar with the necessary mathematics to understand it, may not be able to understand the definition. Average complainer (talk) 20:07, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
Group structure
There are almost no details about the group structure of the solenoid.
It would be a worthy addition to this article if someone knowledgeable about the subject introduced a section showing a coordinate system for (at least) the dyadic solenoid, and how to calculate a) addition and b) inversion, in those coordinates.
This can't be right
The section about symbolic dynamics contains this clause:
"Viewed as a set, the solenoid is just a Cantor-continuum of circles".
But the circle cannot embed topologically in the solenoid.
So there is something seriously wrong with this statement.
I hope it can be corrected by someone knowledgeable about the subject. | WIKI |
SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
Keywords:
• Action control;
• fMRI;
• Saccades;
• Schizophrenia;
• Volition
Abstract
Slowed initiation of volitional but not visually guided saccades indicates impaired volitional action control in schizophrenia patients (SZ). The present study aimed at identifying neural correlates of this specific deficit. Fourteen SZ and 13 healthy control participants (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing volitional and visually guided saccades. SZ showed increased latencies in volitional but not in visually guided saccades. Brain activation during volitional saccades compared to visually guided saccades was increased in SZ compared to HC in several areas: the supplementary eye fields, suggesting inefficient production of volitional saccades; the prefrontal cortex, pointing to altered top down control on complex eye movements; and the left middle temporal area, suggesting changes in early sensory and attention processing during the volitional control of saccades in SZ. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Szilard Magyar Szilard Magyar - 2 years ago 51
Javascript Question
jquery iterating collection with
I have a post index page.
On clicking the a given post's show comment button, the comments of the post get visible. This is easy since I can use
this
then
find
based on the click location.
//open hidden post comments and replies in post thread
$(document).on('click', '.open-all-post-comments', function (event) {
var post_id = $(this).data('pid');
var all_replies = $('#post_' + post_id).find('.post-comment-replies:has(.post-comment-reply)');
all_replies.show();
$(this).closest('.open-all-post-comments-row').hide();
});
Now, on page load I'd like to make the the edit dropdown visible for the posts where the post author is the current user. I can't figure out how to go thru all the posts on the page, check if the given data attr equals the current user's id then and make the dropdown visible if so.
Here is the code I have at the moment. How should I change it to make it work?
//checking all posts on the page and show the dropdown if user is the post author
$(document).on("page:change", function() {
if ($('.post-container').length > 0) {
if ($('.edit-post-dropdown-button').data('postauthorid') == $('#bodycurrentuser').data('currentuserid')) {
$('.edit-post-dropdown-button').removeClass('hidden');
};
};
});
_post partial (single post's html)
<div class="panel panel-default post-panel" id="post_<%= post.id %>">
........
<li class="dropdown edit-post-dropdown-button hidden" data-postauthorid ="<%= post.user_id%>">
......
</li>
</div>
Answer Source
Try to iterate through each post.I could not test it but something like this should work:
$( '.post-panel' ).each(function( index ) {
if ($(this).find('.edit-post-dropdown-button').data('postauthorid') == $('#bodycurrentuser').data('currentuserid')) {
$(this).find('.edit-post-dropdown-button').removeClass('hidden');
}
});
Recommended from our users: Dynamic Network Monitoring from WhatsUp Gold from IPSwitch. Free Download | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
have been casting their lines off the coast of the north east of Scotland
for many centuries. From the shorelines
of the Moray Firth down the eastern seaboard to the town of Stonehaven
and beyond, communities of fisher folk lived and worked for many generations
in isolation of the larger world yet bound together in commonality of
their hazardous occupation.
Despite this commonality, each of the old fisher towns were unique and
distinct communities, holding themselves separate from other fishing villages.
Each village had its own customs and social lore; many had their boat
building and fishing techniques; marriage outside the village, while not
unknown, was uncommon; each village shared the same few surnames and despite
their proximity to each other, had their own individual ideas and beliefs,
and rivalry between the villages was not always friendly!
the 19th century, and probably even earlier, white fish throughout the
length and breadth of Scotland, were caught by baited hook and line. The
boats used were wooden and un-decked and usually measured between twenty
five and forty feet in length.
Each boat normally had a crew of around six men;
four to pull the oars, one to set the lines and one to land the catch.
A mast and sail were sometimes used to free up the oarsmen to assist in
the onboard work.
There were two types of line fishing. The “Great Line” fishing
took the boats as far as forty miles offshore necessitating a few uncomfortable
nights at sea in all weathers, whereas the "Small Line" fishing
took place much closer to shore and usually allowed the men to return
home during the same day. The lines that were used in both types of fishing
were of similar construction and any variations between them were slight.
The main line (the Back) consisted of a thick piece of brown backed string
cord and would vary in length, although an average size would be a line
of approximately sixty fathoms length.Attached to this string were snoods
- shorter pieces of thinner cord
spaced at intervals of approximately
forty inches along the line. To the snoods were fixed horse hair “tippings”
around ten inches in length onto which the hook was whipped with strong
thread. The snood was bent onto the line with a knotted clove hitch and
sufficient end was left to turn back around to form a kind of plait which
prevented ravelling and twisting. Some lines could carry as many as one
thousand individual hooks. The head of the line went over the side first,
shot across the tide so that the snoods would drift away from the main
line, and this was anchored to the sea bed by a plain unhooked line (a
Tow), which was held in place by a heavy stone or anchor. A
buoy marked the position of the Tow on the surface. The boat was then
allowed to drift for a time before hauling in the line to be stowed in
a wicker scull or basket. The fish that were targeted and caught were
mainly cod, haddock, ling and plaice. This method of fishing was quite
labour intensive, particularly in the preparation of the lines prior to
putting out to sea which involved the “redding” and “sheillin-and-baiting”
of the lines, tasks that, invariably, were performed by the local women-folk.
The pillars of the fishing communities were the women who were the stalwarts
behind their men and at the fore in all business and domestic matters.
They gathered the bait, baited the lines, carried
creels and fishing gear, brought the fish to market which was usually many
miles away and did the selling. On occasions it was the men who replaced
the creels on the women’s backs! This was not exploitation but a necessary
act because the men may have had to spend days at sea, and exposure to the
elements in wet clothes heightened the risk of illness which was something
that no fisherman wanted. The men had to stay dry because illness meant
no fishing and without any fishing there was no income so this meant that
had the onerous task of carrying the men on to their boats! On top of all
this hard work, the women also had families to rear and children to look
By the end of the 1800’s the tide was turning in the white fishing
industry. The perils and dangers of working from small boats from primitive
harbours and the subsequent loss of life was one influential factor that
was turning the younger population away from the industry and the coastal
villages, but perhaps more significantly the arrival of the trawler and
deep sea fishing was a more influential factor.
Soon a vessel was built which was specially designed for trawling. This
was the North Star, built and launched in Aberdeen in September 1883. In
less than eight years she had landed over £46000 worth of fish. The
trawling revolution was well under way and the death bell was tolling in
respect to the line fishing and the small coastal villages that relied on
that form of fishing to make a living. The introduction of steam power to
the fishing industry was the catalyst that doomed the old methods and ways
of life. Initially steam was used merely to power the capstan for pulling
the nets however it later replaced the sail as well. The small village boats
with their oars and occasional sails were being consigned to the history
books, although remarkably a few of them clung to life into the 1900’s.
transformed fishing from craft industry to modern industry, and encouraged
growth and development in major ports. Trawlers became the norm, and the
great distant water trawler fleets from Aberdeen and Peterhead, owned by
fishing companies and worked by hired deckhands, were soon established.
These new, highly capitalised methods were not welcome everywhere. Tradition
dictated that white fish should only be taken by hook and line; since vessels
catching white fish in other ways threatened the survival of whole communities
these vessels sometimes found themselves being pelted by stones if they
tried to land their catch at “tradition-bound” harbours. So
strong was the feeling over this, that effigies of “the capitalists”
who threatened tradition and communal survival were burnt in a number of
As this reality set in, some of the independent fishers from up and down
the east coast would have realised that resistance was futile and they upped
sticks and moved to the larger fishing towns, possibly suffering the degradation
of signing on as hired
deckhands on steam
trawlers after many years
of freedom and working | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:Farmer - Slang and its analogues past and present - Volume 5.pdf/53
1768. Ross, Helenore, 126. Frae your ain uncle's gate was nipt awa' That bonny bairn, 'twas thought by Junky Fa.
3. (common).—To go. To nip along = to move with speed; to nip in = to slip in, etc.
1885. Daily Telegraph, 2 Jan., 2, 2. I nipped out of bed.
1892. Milliken, 'Arry Ballads, 66. Managed to nip in first-class.
1892. F. Anstey, Voces Populi, 'At the Tudor Exhibition.' Jove—my Aunt! Nip out before she spots me.
4. (common).—To take a dram.
1888. Rolf Boldrewood, Robbery Under Arms, xxiv. You never saw a man look so scared as the passenger on the box-seat, a stout, jolly commercial, who'd been giving the coachman Havana cigars, and yarning and nipping with him at every house they passed.
1896. The Lancet, No. 3452, 863. In the homes alike of rich and poor the women have learned the fatal habit of nipping, and slowly but surely become confirmed dipsomaniacs.
5. (old).—See quot., nip, verb., sense 1, nip-cheese, and nip-louse.
c.1696. B. E., Dict. Cant. Crew, s.v. Nip. To pinch or sharp anything.
6. (old).—To taunt; to wring.
1599. Stowe, Hist. Lond., 55. There were some, which on the other side, with epigrams and rymes, nipping and gripping their fellowes.
1581. Riche, Farewell. These cogitations did so nippe him, that he could not so well dissemble his grief.
7. (thieves').—To arrest; to pinch (q.v.).
1851-61. Mayhew, Lon. Lab., iii., 147. They'd follow you about, and keep on nipping a fellow.
Nip and tuck, adv. phr. (common).—Touch and go; neck and neck; equality or thereabouts. Also nip and tack, nip and chuck, &c.
1847. Porter, Quarter Race, &c., 17. It will be like the old bitch and the rabbit, nip and tack every jump.
1869. Putnam's Mag., Jan. It was nip and tuck all along, who was to win her.
1888. Detroit Free Press, 20 Oct. We had some pretty running. It was nip and tuck. We kept about an equal distance apart.
To nip in the bud, verb. phr. (old: now recognised).—See quot.
c.1696. B. E., Dict. Cant. Crew, s.v. Nip. To nip in the bud. Of an early Blast or Blite of Fruit; also to crush anything at the beginning.
1725. New Cant. Dict., s.v.
Nip-cheese, subs. (old).—1. A miser. Also Nip-squeeze and Nip-farthing.—Grose (1785).
1566. Drant, Horace, Sat. 1. I would thee not a nip-farthing, Nor yet a niggard have.
2. (nautical).—See quots. 1785, 1842, and 1867.
1785. Grose, Vulg. Tongue, s.v. Nip Cheese, a nickname for the purser of a ship, from those gentlemen being supposed sometimes to nip, or diminish the allowance of the seamen, in that and every other article.
1834. Marryat, Jacob Faithful, xx. (1873), 156. It's some of old Nipcheese's eights, that he has sent on shore to bowse his jib up with, with his sweetheart.
1842. Marryat, Percival Kerne, xiii. 'That's a nipcheese.' 'Nipcheese! 'Yes; nipcheese means purser of the ship.'
1867. Smyth, Sailors' Word Book, 477, s.v. Nipcheese. The sailors' name for a purser.
Nip-louse, subs. (common).—A tailor. Also pricklouse. See Snip.
Nip-lug, subs. (Scots').—A teacher; a schoolmaster. | WIKI |
Satoshi Tsumabuki
Satoshi Tsumabuki (妻夫木聡) is a Japanese actor. His breakthrough film was Waterboys for which he was nominated for the 'Best Actor' award at the Japanese Academy Awards, and won the 'Newcomer of the Year' prize. He is also the bassist and lead singer of the Japanese band Basking Lite.
Puppetry
* Sherlock Holmes (2014) as Jefferson Hope (voice)
Personal life
Tsumabuki announced through his agency that he has married actress Maiko on August 4, 2016. The two have been in a relationship for over four years, and they met back in 2012 when they co-starred in the Fuji TV drama "Keigo Higashino Mysteries."
Tsumabuki and his wife welcomed the birth of their first child in December 11, 2019, and their second child on September 13, 2022. | WIKI |
Felipe Gil de Mena
Felipe Gil de Mena (1603 Antigüedad, Palencia, Spain – 1673), was a Spanish baroque painter.
Biography
Gil de Mena was born in Antigüedad (Palencia). Around 1619 he moved to Valladolid where he became an apprentice of Diego Valentín Díaz (1586-1660), the most important artist in the city at that time. In his Lives, Palomino states that the artist went to the court in Madrid where he met Juan van der Hamen. Although this information seems no more than anecdotal, there is certainly an evident influence of Van der Hamen's work on Gil de Mena's paintings and it is known that his master owned various still lifes by that artist, with which Gil de Mena must have been familiar. His style has also been associated with the work of another Valladolid artist, Antonio de Pereda (1611-1678), although again there is no documentary proof of contact between them. In 1640 he received one of the most important commissions of his career, to decorate the cloister of the monastery of San Francisco in the city, for which he painted 32 works on the saint's life. Gil de Mena consequently became one of the most sought-after artists in the area, primarily painting for the religious communities. He combined this activity with the production of altarpieces for numerous churches in towns and villages in the area. | WIKI |
Luke Hobson
Luke Hobson (born June 25, 2003) is an American swimmer and 2024 Summer Olympics team member for the United States. Hobson qualified at the 2024 US Olympic Swimming Team Trials where he placed first in the 200m freestyle.
He holds the US Open and American records in the 200-yard freestyle. | WIKI |
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