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10,004,000 | Operant conditioning of single unit activity in parietal cortex. | [
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10,004,001 | Two rhesus monkeys were trained to control firing patterns of single neurons in parietal cortex (areas 1, 2, 3, 5, 7) using an operant task previously applied to the study of precentral units. Twenty-four of 56 (43%) postcentral cells were controlled in contrast to 71 of 136 (52%) precentral units from these and 4 other rhesus monkeys. In addition, monkeys were able to drive precentral units to more sustained tonic firing rates than they could parietal units. An analysis of interspike interval (ISI) distributions showed that, in contrast to precentral units with modal ISIs of 25-50 ms, 50% of parietal units have modal ISIs of 2 ms. Such short ISIs may account for fewer postcentral units reaching control criteria for this particular operant task. Other factors that may contribute to the reduced control of postcentral cells are discussed, particularly the more complex afferent connections to parietal units when compared to precentral pyramidal tract neurons. The data indirectly support conclusions from previous studies that imply that operant control of cortical units is peripherally mediated and does not primarily involve a 'central' or 'open loop' system. | [
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10,004,002 | Cross-correlation analysis of interneuronal connectivity in the motor cortex of the monkey. | [
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10,004,003 | Pairs of neurones were recorded within the hand region of the precentral motor cortex of monkeys trained to squeeze a force transducer between the thumb and index finger. Neuronal discharges of a pair of cells, recorded through the same electrode, were first examined for their co-variation with force. The discharges of those pairs with a consistent co-variation were cross-correlated during periods of constant isometric force. Cross-correlograms in the majority of cases had either a sharp peak or trough at latencies suggesting monosynaptic causal relations between the cell discharges. A peak was associated with pairs of cells whose discharges co-varied similarly with force and when a trough was observed, the cell discharges of the pair generally differed in their force co-variation. It is concluded that the action of motor cortical neurones is linked by common and recurrent collateral inputs during isometric co-contraction of finger muscles. | [
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10,004,004 | Neuronal-like features of TE671 cells: presence of a functional nicotinic cholinergic receptor. | [
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10,004,005 | The human medulloblastoma cell line TE671 has been investigated and found to have several 'neuron-like' properties, including the presence of a functional nicotinic receptor. The cell line TE671 is composed of at least 5 stable morphologic cell types. Resting potentials recorded with intracellular microelectrodes were low (-17 mV to -31 mV) but all cell types were capable of generating Na+-dependent action potentials following anode-brake stimulation. Rare spontaneous hyperpolarizing potentials, suggestive of synaptic activity, were also observed. TE671 cells were completely unresponsive to iontophoresed GABA but did respond to acetylcholine (ACh). The most common response to ACh was a depolarization accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. When large amounts of ACh were delivered, depolarization followed by hyperpolarization was frequently observed. Depolarizing responses to ACh are abolished in Na+-free solution while hyperpolarizing responses to ACh were still present following the removal of both Na+ and Cl- from the bathing solution. The depolarization to ACh is mediated through a nicotinic cholinergic receptor. Depolarization was completely blocked in the presence of 10(-6) M alpha-bungarotoxin, 4.4 x 10(-5) M D-tubocurarine, or 10(-4) M decamethonium. Atropine was only 50% effective at 10(-4) M and hexamethonium was ineffective at 10(-4) M. In vitro binding of receptor ligands to membranes prepared from TE671 cells revealed high levels of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) binding sites, in addition to lower levels of other ligand binding sites. [125I]alpha-BuTx bound to a single, saturable high affinity site in either membrane preparations or intact TE671 cells. Binding was potently inhibited by the classical nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists D-tubocurarine and decamethonium. Nicotine and carbamylcholine showed intermediate potencies in inhibiting binding while atropine and hexamethonium showed little ability to inhibit [125I]alpha-BuTx binding. The data obtained from [125I]alpha-BuTx binding studies agree qualitatively with the electrophysiological data on the depolarizing ACh response and together they provide strong evidence that TE671 cells possess a functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. This cell may therefore be useful as a stable source with which to characterize mammalian neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and membrane events related to its activation. | [
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10,004,006 | Oxygen dependence of dopamine-beta-hydoxylase activity and lactate metabolism in synaptosomes from rat brain. | [
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10,004,007 | Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity can be assayed in vitro in suspensions of rat hypothalamic synaptosomes by following tritium release from [2-3H]dopamine in the presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The activity is inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, fusaric acid, amphetamine, reserpine, and desipramine. It is not sensitive to addition of tyrosine at the concentration present in cerebrospinal fluid, to added fumarate or to a rat heart extract known to contain potent inhibitors of the isolated enzyme. The reaction in air follows simple saturation kinetics with respect to variation in dopamine concentration with Km of 0.075 microM. There is reversible inhibition of activity when it is assayed at low oxygen tension. The apparent oxygen affinity is such that the enzyme does not appear saturated with respect to oxygen even at arterial oxygen tensions. Other reactions assayed exhibit less sensitivity to hypoxia: production of lactic acid from glucose becomes stimulated at 10-12 mm Hg; and oxidation of lactic acid is not inhibited at oxygen tensions above 3-4 mm Hg. Comparison of these data with the distribution of oxygen tensions present in brain suggests a basis for classifying oxygen dependent neurochemical reactions. | [
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10,004,008 | Electrolytic entorhinal lesions cause seizures. | [
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10,004,009 | The entorhinal cortex is a key site of interneuronal communication between a variety of cortical and subcortical areas and hippocampal formation. Lesioning the entorhinal cortex is commonly used in studies of the hippocampal formation, animal behavior and neuronal plasticity. We have found that electrolytic destruction of the entorhinal cortex consistently produces limbic seizure activity in rats. The propensity of lesions in this area for producing seizure activity may facilitate insights into the normal function of this network of neural connections. This unexpected phenomenon represents a potential confounding variable for all researchers using this method for making brain lesions. | [
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10,004,010 | Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat brain stem nuclei. | [
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10,004,011 | The distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the individual nuclei of the rat brain stem was examined. Highest VIP concentrations in brain stem (greater than 1 ng/mg protein) are confined to dorsal regions, including periaqueductal gray and structures under the fourth ventricle. VIP concentrations are moderately high (0.8-1 ng/mg protein) in gracile nucleus, area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, motor nucleus of the XIIth, locus ceruleus and dorsal tegmental nucleus. Cerebellum and pontine nuclei contained only very low levels (less than 0.2 ng/mg protein) of VIP. | [
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10,004,012 | Muscarinic binding and choline acetyltransferase activity in Parkinsonian subjects with reference to dementia. | [
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10,004,013 | [3H]Quinuclidinylbenzilate ([3H]QNB) binding and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity were studied in post-mortem brains from control and Parkinsonian subjects. CAT levels were reduced in the cortex and hippocampus of Parkinsonians. The apparent affinity of [3H]QNB for the muscarinic receptor was higher in both the caudate nucleus and the frontal cortex. Receptor density increased only in the frontal cortex. These changes are discussed in relation to dementia and mental disturbances following anticholinergic treatment frequently observed in Parkinson's disease. | [
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10,004,014 | The effect of increased CSF pressure on interstitial fluid flow during ventriculocisternal perfusion in the cat. | [
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10,004,015 | Transependymal absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in hydrocephalus is suggested by periventricular edema, but the necessary bulk flow of interstitial fluid (ISF) has not been found. We performed ventriculocisternal perfusions in adult cats using CSF with the extracellular marker [3H]sucrose. CSF pressure was maintained at -5(control), 20 or 40 cm H2O for 2 or 4 h. Some animals had perfusions with isotope for the full experiment while others had an isotope-free perfusion for 2 h followed by a delayed-pulse with isotope. Apparent diffusion coefficients and distribution spaces for sucrose were determined from depth of isotope penetration. White matter apparent diffusion coefficients were statistically increased compared to controls for the 4-h 20 cm H2O and 2-h 40 cm H2O experiments. Apparent diffusion coefficients for delayed-pulse experiments at increased pressure were greater than those of full-pulse. Sucrose distribution spaces were not enlarged at the various pressures. Alteration of ISF transport in periventricular white matter occurred with increased pressure. These time-dependent changes in bulk flow rate indicate either a decrease in normal ISF flow toward the ventricle or reversal of transependymal ISF flow. | [
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10,004,016 | A second forelimb motor area exists in rat frontal cortex. | [
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10,004,017 | Intracortical microstimulation of 40--50 points in the frontal cortex of ketamine-anesthetized rats using perpendicular penetrations has demonstrated a second forelimb area located rostrally near the frontal pole as well as confirming the existence of a more caudally located forelimb area just anterior to bregma. Cortex where neck and/or vibrissae movements were evoked separated the two forelimb areas. The rostral and caudal forelimb areas defined by microstimulation correspond with patches of corticospinal neurons labeled with HRP following injections of this tracer into the cervical enlargement. Digit movements were commonly evoked from the rostral forelimb area but were rarely elicited from the caudal forelimb area. The question of whether the rostral forelimb region is part of primary or supplementary motor cortex is not yet able to be answered. | [
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10,004,018 | Nerve regeneration model and trophic factors in vivo. | [
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10,004,019 | The proximal stump of a transected rat sciatic nerve has been observed to regenerate through a cylindrical silicone chamber across a 10 mm gap to the distal stump. The fluid filling such in vivo chambers contains trophic factors that ensure in vitro survival and growth of at least sensory neurons from rodent dorsal root ganglia--as already demonstrated for fluid generated in vitro from Schwann and other cell cultures. | [
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10,004,020 | The sprouting of septal afferents to the dentate gyrus after lesions of the entorhinal cortex in adult rats. | [
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10,004,021 | The projection of the septum to the dentate gyrus has been demonstrated autoradiographically and the pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining in the dentate gyrus has been mapped histochemically, in a series of normal young adult rats and in a group of animals in which the entorhinal cortex had been ablated or its efferents to the dentate gyrus interrupted, some weeks earlier. It is clear from this material that the normal disposition of the septal projection to the dentate gyrus differs significantly from the pattern of AChE staining; however, in the denervated region of the molecular layer in the experimental animals there is a marked increase in the density of the septal projection which precisely coincides with the zone of intensification of AChE staining. It follows from this that although the distribution AChE does not accurately reflect the organization of the septo-dentate projection in normal animals, the intensification of AChE staining provides a good indication of the reorganization which occurs in this pathway following entorhinal deafferentation. | [
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10,004,022 | Decreased synaptic areas on Purkinje spines in the cerebellar cortex of the mutant Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. | [
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10,004,023 | 'Dark frayed feather nervous disorder' (dn) is a neurological mutation in quails in which the cerebellar cortex is abnormally organized. Purkinje cells are not aligned in a single row and show hypoplasia of the dendrites. The synapses between the parallel fibers and the spines of the Purkinje cell dendrites were examined with the technique of serial sections in electron microscopy. The postsynaptic thickenings were obviously decreased in the mutant quail despite the same density and size of dendritic spines of Purkinje cells. In addition, ectopic spines and postsynaptic differentiations free of parallel fibers were not found on the dn Purkinje cell. Because of the poor dendritic arborization, the total number of spines and the total synaptic area are, therefore, reduced in the dn Purkinje cell. According to the results obtained the dn mutant genetic locus is considered to affect primarily Purkinje cells. | [
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10,004,024 | Sensorimotor cortical projections to the marginal zone of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. | [
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10,004,025 | An ultrastructural investigation of the marginal zone (lamina I) of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus caudalis was carried out in 7 adult cats at 30 h through 7 days after ablations of face area of the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. Corticofugal boutons were observed to undergo electron-dense degeneration in the marginal zone beginning 4 days after the cortical lesion. These boutons were small (1--2 micrometers), widely dispersed and made synaptic contacts onto small dendrites or dendritic spines. These new observations indicate that cortical inhibition and facilitation of ascending orofacial sensation may be mediated in part by a direct pathway to the marginal zone. | [
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10,004,026 | Cutaneous receptive field alterations induced by 4-aminopyridine. | [
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10,004,027 | The hemispheric dominance of cortical cells in the absence of direct visual pathways. | [
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10,004,028 | Unit recording was carried out in the visual cortex of split chiasm and optic tract-sectioned adult cats. From the proportions of the visually responsive and unresponsive cells found in each hemisphere of the operated cats it was concluded that the indirect pathway via the corpus callosum becomes visually inactive under these conditions. However, the direct geniculocortical pathway remains visually active. Thus, it was assumed that unilateral or bilateral elimination of the decussating pathway has a crucial effect on the amount of interhemispheric callosal transfer of basic visual functions. | [
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10,004,029 | Differential effects of exposure to an imprinting stimulus on 'spontaneous' neuronal activity in two regions of the chick brain. | [
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10,004,030 | Young chicks were placed in running wheels and exposed for a total of 3 h to an imprinting stimulus: a rotating flashing red light. Revolutions made towards the stimulus minus revolutions made away from it were totalled and are referred to as approach counts. After exposure, chicks were anaesthetized and two vertical electrode penetrations were made, one through the visual projection area, hyperstriatum accessorium (HA), and one through the intermediate and medial part of hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV), a region which has been implicated in the imprinting process. 'Spontaneous' impulse activity was recorded from neurones in these areas. In some of the chicks, after penetrating through HA, discharges evoked by diffuse retinal illumination were monitored and the zona hyperstriatum intercalatus/hyperstriatum dorsale (HI/HD) below HA was classified as being a visually responsive lamina (VRL) if responses were obtained to greater than or equal to 20 consecutive light flashes. In HA there was a positive correlation between spontaneous activity and approach counts in those chicks with a VRL; there was no significant correlation in those chicks without a VRL. In contrast, for IMHV the correlation between spontaneous activity and approach counts was negative and appeared to be independent of the presence or absence of a VRL. | [
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10,004,031 | Restricted daily feeding does not entrain circadian rhythms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. | [
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10,004,032 | Neural activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in male albino rats was recorded under restricted daily feeding schedule. Circadian rhythm in multiple unit activity from the SCN showed essentially no interference with daily food cyclicity, while significant re-distribution of motor activities occurred during such a schedule. Since the central pacemaker is presumed to be unaffected by food availability, these results provide more support to the widespread notion that the SCN is an anatomical locus of the circadian pacemaker in rodents. | [
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10,004,033 | Species difference in circadian [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake by suprachiasmatic nuclei. | [
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10,004,034 | Hamsters exhibited a circadian variation in metabolic activity determined by [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, as has been previously reported for rats. The 13-line ground squirrel, a diurnal rodent, did not show a circadian variation in metabolic activity. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a basic difference in the functional organization of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in nocturnal and diurnal animals. | [
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10,004,035 | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on culture glia cells. | [
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10,004,036 | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (76 fmol/mg protein) were detected on cultured glia cells (astroblasts) from embryonic chicken brain by specific [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) binding at physiological conditions. The QNB binding (Kd = 9.5 x 10(-11)) to the intact cells seems to be cooperative (nH = 1.98) as shown by graphical methods. | [
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10,004,037 | Developmental loss of a smooth muscle muscarinic receptor population. | [
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10,004,038 | The radioligand [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate has been used to examine the muscarinic receptor population of the chick expansor secundariorum muscle during its post-hatch development. At hatch the muscle bound 0.165 fmol of the ligand, but during the following two weeks binding decreased rapidly. Further reduction in ligand binding to the adult stage was observed, but at a much slower rate. The developmental loss of binding sites within this tissue corresponds to previously demonstrated reduction in acetylcholine sensitivity. | [
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10,004,039 | Release of GABA from the guinea-pig neocortex induced by electrical stimulation of the 'locus coeruleus' or by norepinephrine. | [
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10,004,040 | GABA release from the cortical surface was measured in freely moving guinea-pigs using collecting cups and a mass-fragmentographic method. Stimulation of the locus coeruleus caused a prolonged sedation of the animals and a 60% increase of GABA output from their cerebral cortex. Similar results were obtained after intraventricular injections of norepinephrine. Phentolamine antagonized these effects. The results suggest that the noradrenergic innervation of the cortex modulates the function of cortical GABA neurons. | [
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10,004,041 | Evidence for dopamine as a transmitter in dorsal hippocampus. | [
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10,004,042 | Intrahippocampal distribution of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), was studied along with those of noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats. DA concentration in the dorsal part of the hippocampus was found to be 4--10 times higher than in other parts. A study of metabolite distributions produced similar results, showing a higher concentration in the dorsal part of the hippocampus. A ratio of NA/DA had a value similar to that of the hypothalamus in which apparent dopaminergic innervation has been reported. Haloperidol decreased the DA level, whereas it increased the concentration of metabolites, in whole and dorsal hippocampus. The ratio HVA/DOPAC increased after haloperidol treatment. These findings strongly suggest the presence of dopaminergic innervation in at least the dorsal part of the hippocampus. | [
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10,004,043 | Morphine administration in the amygdala or periaqueductal central gray depress serum levels of luteinizing hormone. | [
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10,004,044 | The ability of morphine to depress serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) directly at extra-hypothalamic sites was examined in male rats with guide cannulae implanted bilaterally in either the amygdala or the periaqueductal central gray (PAG). While no alterations in serum levels of LH in blood sampled via a chronic jugular catheter were observed following the microinjection of morphine, naloxone or artificial CSF in the amygdala or the PAG of intact males, serum levels of LH were significantly depressed in castrated rats following intracranial administration of morphine bilaterally in the cortical amygdala or the PAG. The intracranial administration of naloxone bilaterally in the PG likewise significantly elevated serum levels of LH in castrated rats. These data further establish the amygdala and the PAG as extrahypothalamic sites which can directly mediate the opiate-induced effects on LH. | [
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10,004,045 | Comparative effects of estrogens and prolactin on nigral and striatal GAD activity. | [
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10,004,046 | The comparative effects of a 10 day estrogen treatment and estrogen independent hyperprolactinemia on nigral and striatal glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) activity were investigated in male rats. Data obtained show that estrogen treatment decreases GAD activity in substantia nigra, while an increase was observed in conditions of hyperprolactinemia induced by adenohypophysis homograft or acute and chronic sulpiride injection. The possibility of an opposite modulation of strio-nigral GABAergic system by estrogens and prolactin is suggested. | [
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10,004,047 | Nitriphenol compound induces Ca-dependent exocytotic secretion of catecholamines by a direct effect on the plasma membranes of the adrenal medullary cells. | [
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10,004,048 | 2,4-Dinitrophenol induced Ca-dependent secretion of adrenaline from the perfused adrenals of the rabbits. Secretion of adrenaline was accompanied by that of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase showing the exocytotic nature, 2,4,5-Trinitrophenol, which is devoid of uncoupling activity, and other nitrophenol compounds were also effective in inducing secretion, suggesting that secretion by nitrophenol compound is due to increased Ca entry through its direct effect on the plasma membrane. | [
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10,004,049 | Effects of iontophoretically applied (+)- and (-)-naloxone on rat hypothalamic and septal neurons. | [
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10,004,050 | The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible independent actions of both (+)-and (-)-naloxone on individual neurons in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) and septal area (SA) of the rat brain. Morphine and (-)-naloxone were applied to 31 neurons in the SA (n = 11) and the POAH (n = 20). Morphine depressed the spontaneous activity in 19 of 31 neurons. (-)-Naloxone at currents less than 10 nA did not influence these neurons. However, (-)-naloxone applied in excess of 10 nA reduced spontaneous activity in 28 of 29 neurons. This effect of (-)-naloxone was stereospecific; (+)-naloxone did not alter the spontaneous rate in 12 of 14 cells when alternately applied with (-)-naloxone at the same current intensity. Application of (+)- and (-)-naloxone at supramaximal currents produced a diminution of spike amplitude and an increase in the duration of the action potential. The results of this study indicate that naloxone reduces spontaneous activity via two mechanisms. One involves a direct stereospecific action, and a second produces a non-specific reduction in spike amplitude and a prolongation of spike duration. | [
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10,004,051 | Raphe unit activity in freely moving cats: effects of phasic auditory and visual stimuli. | [
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10,004,052 | The effects of phasic auditory or visual stimuli upon the single unit activity of serotonergic neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) were studied in freely moving cats. The predominant response to auditory stimulation (86% of the cells) was excitation, with a mean latency of 40 +/- 3 ms (S.E.M.) and a mean duration of 64 +/- 4 ms. This was typically followed by a longer period (206 +/- 32 ms) with unit activity below the baseline level. This did not appear to be a stimulus-induced inhibition of unit activity, however, since its duration closely corresponded to the normal interspike interval for that particular neuron. The response to repetitive auditory stimulation showed no evidence of habituation and was even present during sleep. A similar response, although generally of lesser magnitude, was evoked by a phasic visual stimulation in 64% of the cells tested. The mean latency for the response to visual stimulation was 53 +/- 4 ms, the mean duration of excitation was 76 +/- 7 ms, and the mean duration of the subsequent suppressed period was 239 +/- 37 ms. The response to the visual stimulus also showed no evidence of habituation. These data indicate that serotonergic neurons of the DRN are driven, with similar temporal characteristics, by stimuli in two different sensory modalities. We hypothesize that these similar effects are attributable to a common excitatory input. | [
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10,004,053 | Membrane depolarization and prolongation of calcium-dependent action potentials of mouse neurons in cell culture by two convulsants: bicuculline and penicillin. | [
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10,004,054 | The convulsant compounds bicuculline (BICUC) and penicillin (PCN) are antagonists of GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition. In addition, we have shown that BICUC and PCN produced membrane depolarization of mouse spinal cord neurons in primary dissociated cell culture by blocking a potassium conductance, a non-synaptic direct effect. Both compounds also prolonged calcium-dependent action potentials of mouse dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord neurons in cell culture. Thus, BICUC and PCN had both synaptic and non-synaptic actions. The possibility that both synaptic and non-synaptic actions of BICUC and PCN are involved in their convulsant mechanism of action is discussed. | [
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10,004,055 | Role of the nucleus parabrachialis in cardiovascular regulation in cat. | [
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10,004,056 | Electrical stimulation of the nucleus parabrachialis (NPB) and surrounding areas of the dorsolateral pons in anesthetized immobilized cats elicits a rise of arterial pressure (AP) and tachycardia: the parabrachial pressor response (PBPR). The most excitable sites were concentrated within the intermediate one-third of the NPB in its medial and lateral subdivisions. The magnitude of pressor responses and their stimulus sensitivity were substantially greater in NPB than in adjacent areas of the dorsal pons including nucleus locus coeruleus and brachium conjunctivum, suggesting that cardiovascular responses heretofore attributed to locus coeruleus may have been due to excitation of the NPB. The PBPR persisted after chronic cerebellectomy, acute transection of the brain stem at the lower midbrain, or acute bilateral lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), the latter abolishing baroreceptor reflexes. Thus the PBPR cannot be attributed to antidromic or orthodromic stimulation or from NTS. Change in blood flow and regional vascular resistances during the PBPR were measured by electromagnetic flow meters placed on the thoracic aorta, superior mesenteric, renal and femoral arteries. When elicited with stimuli 5 times threshold, the PBPR was associated with an 80% increase in AP, 14+ increase in heart rate, 25% increase in cardiac output, and a 42% increase in total peripheral resistance. There was a differentiated vasoconstriction in the order of superior mesenteric greater than renal greater than femoral arteries. The baroreflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve was reduced during stimulation of the NPB. The tachycardia was abolished by bilateral vagotomy, combined with beta-adrenergic blockade. Such treatment attenuated but did not abolish the hypertension which was only eliminated by subsequent alpha-adrenergic blockade. Thus the hypertension caused by stimulation of NPB is a result both of an increase of total peripheral resistance and of cardiac output. The cardiovascular pattern of the PBPR differ from other responses elicited from the dorsal pons, including the defense response, and the response to cerebral ischemia. We conclude that a powerful cardiovascular response pattern is organized within intrinsic neurons of the NPB. This nucleus may play an important role in organization of cardiovascular control by brain. | [
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10,004,057 | Sensory stimuli differentially affect in vivo nigral and striatal [3H]serotonin release in the cat. | [
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10,004,058 | The effect of auditory, visual and peripheral nerve stimulation on in vivo [3H]serotonin release in both caudate nuclei and substantiae nigrae was studied in either awake 'encéphale isolé' or halothane-anesthetized cats. Release of endogenously synthesized [3H]serotonin was estimated in each brain structure, using push--pull cannulae, continuously superfused with [3H]tryptophan. Bilateral and simultaneous application of click noises and light flashes to awake 'encéphale isolé' cats enhanced [3H]serotonin release in both substantiae nigrae but was without effect on striatal [3H]serotonin release. Unilateral, low intensity electrical stimulation of the forepaw of halothane-anesthetized cats diminished [3H]serotonin release in both caudate nuclei and the ipsilateral substantia nigra. No effect was observed in the contralateral substantia nigra. In contrast, high-intensity electrical stimulation of one forepaw increased [3H]serotonin release in the ipsilateral substantia nigra but was without significant effect on release in the other brain areas examined. The results are discussed in light of previously known anatomical data concerning serotoninergic pathways and electrophysiological evidence of the effect of sensory stimuli on serotoninergic neurons. Our findings suggest that serotonin neurons may serve an important function in the integration of sensory information. | [
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10,004,059 | Prospective forebrain-midbrain from axolotl neurulae can be reprogrammed to differentiate as Mauthner cell-containing medulla. | [
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10,004,060 | In premetamorphic amphibians, the Mauthner cells (M-cells), a single pair of large neurons, are present in the medulla at ear level. M-cells are easily identified morphologically. Lability of the major axes of the CNS in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) through midneural plate stages suggests that regionalization of the CNS does not occur prior to that time. Thus, prospective forebrain-midbrain from early midneurulae was unilaterally substituted for prospective hindbrain in hosts of the same stages. Light microscopic examination of feeding larvae showed that the implanted tissue developed as hindbrain and, in addition, produced an M-cell. Proof that the graft itself differentiated as medulla was obtained through implantation of [3H]-thymidine labeled tissue into unlabeled host embryos and through implantation of pigmented tissue into albinos. The competence of prospective forebrain-midbrain taken from early midneurulae to produce medullae as well as M-cells indicates that specification of spatial pattern in the developing CNS has not yet occurred and that very precise regulating factors from the surrounding host tissues can override the original fate of the graft to bring it into accord with the system as a whole. The data also provide the first unequivocal demonstration of the generation of an identified central neuron from foreign tissue in a vertebrate. | [
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10,004,061 | Vestibular axons form synapses on abnormally derived Mauthner cells. | [
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10,004,062 | Reduction of naturally-occurring cell death in the thoraco-lumbar preganglionic cell column of the chick embryo by nerve growth factor and hemicholinium-3. | [
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10,004,063 | A preganglionic cell column (column of Terni, CT) in the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord of avian embryos is first discernible on day 7.5-8. Between days 8 and 10 the number of visceral motoneurons in the thoraco-lumbar CT is reduced by 25-30%. Chronic administration of either nerve growth factor (NGF) or hemicholinium-3 spanning the period of naturally-occurring cell death (day 8 through day 10) increased the number of healthy neurons and decreased the number of degenerating neurons in the thoraco-lumbar CT on day 10. The number of healthy neurons in the corresponding sympathetic ganglia were also increased by NGF. Chronic administration of NGF after day 10 increased the number of healthy neurons in the thoraco-lumbar sympathetic ganglia on day 15 but had no effect on the number of motoneurons in the corresponding CT. | [
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10,004,064 | The role of the noradrenergic system on the formation of synapses in the visual cortex of the rat. | [
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10,004,065 | Cochlear synaptogenesis after sectioning the efferent bundle. | [
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10,004,066 | The effect of electrical stimulation of brachiospinal nerves on protein synthesis in the forelimb regenerate of the newt. | [
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10,004,067 | Regenerating goldfish retinal explants: induction and maintenance of neurites by conditioned medium from cells originated in the nervous system. | [
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10,004,068 | Fiber outgrowth from goldfish regenerating retinas can be induced by conditioned medium of cloned cells which originated in the nervous system, i.e. glioma and neuroblastoma. Dilution of the released factor(s) was required to achieve optimal effect; high concentrations are detrimental. The fibers can be maintained for at least 2 weeks in vitro, and reach a length of several millimeters. This system may provide a means to purify and characterize neurotrophic factors involved in nerve regeneration. | [
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10,004,069 | Factor(s) from goldfish brain induce neuritic outgrowth from explanted regenerating retinas. | [
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10,004,070 | The extensive outgrowth from explanted goldfish retina in vitro stimulated by the axotomy of the optic nerve several days prior to the explantation, enables a more direct examination of the events which accompany optic nerve regeneration. Thus far neuritic outgrowth has been obtained in serum-containing medium. In the present report we demonstrate for the first time that factor(s) from adult goldfish brain can support neuritic outgrowth from retinal explant and replace the serum. This finding suggests that goldfish neuronotrophic factor(s) are active on retinal ganglia cells. Under the same experimental conditions nerve growth factor from submaxillary gland did not exhibit outgrowth stimulatory activity. | [
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10,004,071 | Neuronal discharge patterns in the occipital cortex of developing rats during active and quiet sleep. | [
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10,004,072 | Spontaneous action potentials were recorded at 1 mm depth (layer IV/V) in the occipital cortex of free moving rats between 8 and 60 days of postnatal age. Neuronal firing rates during quiet sleep (QS) increased sharply around day 11-12, parallel with an increase in the amplitude of EEG slow waves. The QS discharge pattern at all ages consisted of intermittent action potentials interspersed with short bursts. Active sleep (AS) from day 11-12 was characterized by longer lasting and more frequent bursts, and by a 2-3 X higher mean neuronal discharge rate than during QS. A peculiarity in 12-day-old rats was the presence of large fluctuations in overall firing rate continuously throughout sleep. Clomipramine completely abolished AS (for several hours) at all ages studied, during which time the cortical firing rates during sleep remained at (or lower than) the QS level prior to drug injection. | [
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10,004,073 | Variations in gene expression during development of the rat cerebellum. | [
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10,004,074 | Prominent variations in the concentration and composition of poly (A)-containing messenger RNA were found to occur during the postnatal development of the rat cerebellum. The concentration of mRNA (microgram/g cerebellar tissue) was determined to be the highest on the tenth postnatal day, at the onset of synaptogenesis. Short non-abundant mRNA chains continuously increase in amount during cerebellar development, while the fraction of long translatable mRNAs decreases. The overall ability of cerebellar mRNA to stimulate the incorporation of [35S]methionine into polypeptides in reticulocyte lysate apparently does not change. The proteins synthesized in vitro by cerebellar mRNA from different developmental stages were therefore analyzed by single and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The diversity of these proteins and the levels of many of them were found to vary with cerebellar development. The newly synthesized brain forms of enolase and creatine kinase were identified by their migration coordinates in the 2-dimensional protein gels, and increase in the abundance of their directing mRNAs was found to accompany the differentiation of cerebellar interneurons. The extent of modification in cerebellar mRNA was determined to be much higher than the consequent changes in the composition of cerebellar proteins. We propose to use the ontogenetic variations in the levels of specific cerebellar mRNA species in normal and malformed cerebellum to identify proteins specific to particular types of cerebellar neurons. | [
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10,004,075 | Morphology of developing cerebral cortical synaptosomal fractions isolated from eu- and hypothyroid rats. | [
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10,004,076 | Synaptosomal fractions isolated from the cerebrum of eu- and of hypothyroid rats during the neonatal period were analyzed by electron microscopy. This analysis revealed 3 main components: presynaptic endings, growth cones and unidentifiable structures that may be dendritic in origin. Since the size and the percentage of presynaptic endings were not altered by hypothyroidism but the size of the fraction in comparison to cerebrum weight was altered on postnatal day 14, it could be concluded that hypothyroidism results in a transient reduced synaptic density. | [
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10,004,077 | Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation of cholinergic telencephalic neurons in aggregating cell cultures. | [
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10,004,078 | The addition of nerve growth factor (2.5S NGF) to serum-free aggregating cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon greatly stimulated the developmental increase in choline acetyltransferase activity. Two other neuronal enzymes, acetylcholinesterase and glutamic acid decarboxylase, showed only slightly increased activities after NGF treatment whereas the total protein content of the cultures and the activity of 2',3'- cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase remained unchanged. The stimulation of choline acetyltransferase was dependent on the NGF media concentrations, showing a 50% maximum effect (120% increase) at approximately 3 ng/ml (10-10 M 2.5S NGF). NGF treatments during different culture periods showed that the cholinergic neurons remained responsive for at least 19 days. The continued treatment was the most effective; however, an initial treatment for only 5 days still caused a significant stimulation of choline acetyltransferase on day 19. The observed stimulation appeared to be specific to NGF. Univalent antibody fragments (Fab) against 2.5S NGF completely abolished the NGF-dependent increase in choline acetyltransferase activity, whereas Fab fragments of control IgG were ineffective. Furthermore, angiotensin II, added in high amounts to the cultures, showed no stimulatory effect. The present results suggest that certain populations of rat brain neurons are responsive to nerve growth factor. | [
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10,004,079 | Spinal cord neuronotrophic factors (SCNTFs): I. Bioassay of schwannoma and other conditioned media. | [
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10,004,080 | We present a procedure for the dissociation and growth in serum-free defined culture medium of 4-day chick embryo lumbar spinal cord (LC4) neurons. LC4 neurons will not survive for even 24 h without the addition of trophic supplements (putative spinal cord neuronotrophic factors, SCNTFs). Serum-free medium conditioned over chick embryo heart and skeletal muscle, mouse Schwann and rat RN22 Schwannoma cell cultures were found to contain SCNTF activity which could be quantitated using a convenient neuronal survival bioassay. RN22 conditioned medium also contains polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factors (PNPFs) which can be physically separated from SCNTF. When SCNTF and PNPF were presented to LC4 neurons individually or in combination (i) SCNTF, but not PNPF, supported neuronal survival whereas (ii) PNPF, but not SCNTF, induced neurite production. When LC4 neurons were grown in SCNTF alone, nearly all of them exhibited a flattened, circular, 'fried-egg' morphology. The subsequent addition of PNPF caused these cells to extend long neurites with characteristic terminal growth-cone-like structures. | [
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10,004,081 | Axolemma-enriched fractions isolated from PNS and CNS are mitogenic for cultured Schwann cells. | [
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10,004,082 | On the species and substrate specificity of conditioned medium enhancement of neuritic outgrowth from spinal cord explants. | [
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10,004,083 | Order in the developing rat trigeminal nerve. | [
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10,004,084 | Cortical binocularity is disrupted by strabismus more slowly than by monocular deprivation. | [
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10,004,085 | Retinocollicular projections in the neonatal rat: an anatomical basis for plasticity. | [
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10,004,086 | The sensitive period for strabismus in the kitten. | [
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10,004,087 | Responses of raphe magnus neurons to systemic morphine in rats. | [
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10,004,088 | The spontaneous firing rate of nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) neurons increased, decreased or were not altered in Wistar rats after various doses of morphine were administered intravenously. Dose-related changes were observed only in neurons which displayed increased firing frequency. Naloxone antagonized the morphine-induced effect more frequently in the excited neuron than in the inhibited one. These results suggest that morphine induced increases in discharge frequency is the more specific pharmacological effect, and that only the excited neuron might participate directly in the descending analgesic system of morphine. | [
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10,004,089 | The central responsiveness of the acute cerveau isolé rat. | [
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10,004,090 | The electrophysiological patterns of the frontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus were studied in the acute cerveau isolé rat. Central and peripheral stimulations were performed in order to modulate these patterns. The results showed that the permanent alternation of high amplitude spindle bursts and low voltage activity in the anterior neocortex of the acute cerveau isolé was influenced neither by olfactory nor by posterior hypothalamic stimulation. In contrast, these two kinds of stimulation easily modulated the continuous low frequency theta rhythm, recorded in the dorsal hippocampus, in terms of amplitude and in overall frequency. This modulation of the theta rhythm in the acute cerveau isolé rat mimics the changes observed when the normal rat comes from the intermediate stage of sleep (as characterized in the the acute intercollicular transected rat by high amplitude spindle bursts at frontal cortex level and low frequency theta activity in the dorsal hippocampus) to rapid sleep. These results further suggest that, during the intermediate stage (as in the cerveau isolé preparation), the hippocampus montonous theta activity appears through a brainstem disinhibitory process releasing the forebrain limbic pacemaker(s). During the following rapid sleep phase, the theta rhythm would be modulated by pontine activity influences acting on the theta generators. | [
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10,004,091 | Chemoreceptors for serotonin (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh), bradykinin (BK), histamine (H) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on rabbit visceral afferent neurons. | [
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10,004,092 | The somata of type 'C' neurons in rabbit nodose ganglion are endowed with receptor sites for 5-HT, BK, ACh, II and GABA. 5-HT and ACh application to type 'C' neurons in the nodose ganglion of rabbits produced a rapid depolarization associated with an increased membrane conductance, most likely to Na+ and K+. BK and H elicited slow depolarizations accompanied by a decreased membrane conductance probably to K+. GABA induced a rapid depolarization associated with an increased conductance to Cl-. In contrast, type 'A' neurons were insensitive to the four algesic agents but responded to GABA. d-Tubocurarine or picrotoxin at relatively low concentrations blocked ACh, 5-HT and GABA depolarizations without affecting membrane properties. Hexamethonium blocked ACh responses but not 5-HT responses. In addition, no desensitization occurred between the substances 5-HT, ACh or BK. The results suggest that the depolarizing effect of these agents on visceral neurons might be exerted via different receptors. | [
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10,004,093 | Effects of peripheral stimulation on the activity of neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and midbrain reticular formation of rats. | [
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10,004,094 | Extracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the substantia nigra, including the zona compacta (SNC) and the zona reticulata (SNR), and the midbrain reticular formation (FOR) of adult female albino rats anesthetized with urethane and chloral hydrate. Based on electrophysiological characteristics the neurons were divided into two types. Type I neurons, with relatively long spike durations and slow discharge rates, were confined to the VTA and SNC. Type II neurons, with shorter spike durations and faster discharge rates, were observed in the SNR and FOR as well as the VTA and SNC. The effects of foot pinch (FP), tail pinch (TP) and stimulation of the vaginal cervix (VC) on the activity of the two types of neurons were investigated. Previously it was demonstrated that FP was aversive, TP elicited locomotion, sniffing and gnawing responses and VC lordosis response, vocalization and immobility. For approximately two-thirds of the neurons the effects of the three peripheral stimuli were similar; either they were activated or suppressed. Approximately 8 percent of the neurons were suppressed by FP and TP and activated by VC whereas a similar number were activated by FP and TP and suppressed by VC. Type 1 and Type II neurons in the VTA and SN were activated and suppressed by the peripheral stimuli with suppression being the most common response to FP and TP. The results are consistent with the view that VTA and SN neurons integrate a number of central and peripheral inputs. | [
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10,004,095 | 5-HT receptors and hyper- or hypothermia: elucidation by catecholamine antagonists injected into the cat hypothalamus. | [
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10,004,096 | Synaptic inputs and action potentials of magnocellular neuropeptidergic cells: intracellular recording and staining in slices of rat hypothalamus. | [
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10,004,097 | Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and action potentials of magnocellular neuropeptidergic cells (MNCs) in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) were studied with intracellular recording in coronal slices of rat hypothalamus. The fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow (LY) was injected intracellularly and the cells were subsequently identified as magnocellular (somata greater than 15 x 15 micrometer). These cells generally had a large cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. In PVN it was frequently possible to trace filled dendrites to the ependyma of the third ventricle, and occasionally dendritic spines could be seen. Electrical stimuli in areas dorsolateral and ventrolateral to the fornix column evoked EPSPs in some anatomically identified MNCs of PVN, which indicates that presynaptic fibers innervating MNCs approach PVN from this region. Short-latency (less than 1 msec) spikes could be evoked in many MNCs of PVN by stimulation near SON, which is consistent with the known projection to the neurohypophysis of many MNCs. Action potentials in MNCs of PVN and SON had significantly longer durations at one-third spike height (mean +/- S.D. = 2.06 +/- 0.6 msec) than hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells (1.17 +/- 0.29 msec). This suggests that neuroendocrine cells in mammals and some lower vertebrates and invertebrates are similar in this regard. | [
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10,004,098 | Dependence of the viability of neurons in hippocampal slices on oxygen supply. | [
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10,004,099 | Hippocampal slices were tested for their viability by recording monosynaptic responses in granule cell and CA3 pyramidal cell layer. Subsequently, they were studied by light and electron microscopy. Cross sections through the slices contained intact cells clustered in the central part, while the rims consisted of swollen neurons. Electrophysiological and morphological findings indicated that a greater number of granule cells than of CA3 neurons was preserved. This difference was not due to different sensitivity of the neurons to hypoxia, since synaptic responses disappeared within 3-5 min in both cell layers, when the slices were incubated in N2/CO2 instead of O2/CO2. The block of synaptic transmission during hypoxia was caused by hyperpolarization, decrease of EPSP/IPSP amplitudes and increase of membrane conductance as revealed by intracellular recording. Synaptic potentials recorded extracellularly recovered even after 20 min of hypoxia. Morphologically these slices were not different from control slices. After 1 hr of hypoxia no recovery of electrical potentials was seen. In cross sections of these slices, swollen neurons outnumbered intact cells. | [
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