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蓝黄色盲的鉴别诊断？蓝黄色盲的鉴别诊断：1.全色盲属于完全性视锥细胞功能障碍，与夜盲(视杆细胞功能障碍)恰好相反，患者尤喜暗、畏光，表现为昼盲。七彩世界在其眼中是一片灰暗，如同观黑白电视一般，仅有明暗之分，而无颜色差别。而且所见红色发暗、蓝色光亮、此外还有视力差、弱视、中心性暗点、摆动性眼球震颤等症状。它是色觉障碍中最严重的一种，患者较少见。2.红色盲又称第一色盲。患者主要是不能分辨红色，对红色与深绿色、蓝色与紫红色以及紫色不能分辨。常把绿色视为黄色，紫色看成蓝色，将绿色和蓝色相混为白色。曾有一老成持重的中年男子买了件灰色羊毛衫，穿上后招来嘲笑，原来他是位红色盲患者，误红色为灰色。早年还有过报道，一红色盲患者当了火车司机，因看错了信号而造成火车相撞。3.绿色盲又称第二色盲，患者不能分辨淡绿色与深红色、紫色与青蓝色、紫红色与灰色，把绿色视为灰色或暗黑色。一美术训练班上有位画画得很好的小朋友，总是把太阳绘成绿色，树冠、草地绘成棕色，原来他是绿色盲患者。临床上把红色盲与绿色盲统称为红绿色盲，患者较常见。我们平常说的色盲一般就是指红绿色盲。4.全色弱又称红绿蓝黄色弱。其色觉障碍比全色盲程度要低，视力无任何异常，也无全色盲的其它并发症。在物体颜色深且鲜明时，则能够分辨;若颜色浅而不饱和时，则分辨困难。患者也少见。5.部分色弱有红色弱(第一色弱)、绿色弱(第二色弱)和蓝黄色弱(第三色弱)等，其中红绿色弱较多见，患者对红、绿色感受力差，照明不良时，其辨色能力近于红绿色盲;但物质色深、鲜明且照明度佳时，其辨色能力接近正常。色盲(弱)患者生来就没有正确的辨色能力，并且以为别人也和自己一样，故不能自觉有病，许多色盲患者眼部检查也无异常发现。如何确定色盲和色弱?色盲和色弱的检查大多采用主觉检查，一般在较明亮的自然光线下进行，常用检查方法如下。假同色图：通常称为色盲本，它是利用色调深浅程度相同而颜色不同的点组成数字或图形，在自然光线下距离0.5m处识读。检查时色盲本应放正，每一图不得超过5秒。色觉障碍者辨认困难，读错或不能读出，可按照色盲表规定确认属于何种色觉异常。色线束试验：是把颜色不同，深浅不同的毛线束混在一起，令被检者挑出与标准线束相同颜色的线束。此法颇费时间，且仅能大概定性不能定量，不适合于大面积的筛选检查。颜色混合测定器：是nagel根据红+绿=黄的原理，设计出的一种光谱仪器，它可以定量地记录红绿光匹配所需的量，以判定红绿色觉异常，此法既能定性又能定量。 |
药流没成功再做人流伤害大不大？一般来说，堕胎手术的最佳时间是怀孕50天以内。堕胎前，你应该做b超检查，看看妊娠囊的大小和月份，然后根据自己的情况选择合适的堕胎方法。人工流产后的注意事项:注意术后营养，多吃高蛋白和易消化的食物；避免刺激食物，如辣椒、生姜、生大蒜、浓茶和咖啡。避免吃热食。如羊肉、牛肉、狗肉和海鲜等。；保持外生殖器清洁；手术后一个月内禁止做爱和洗澡。注意休息，避免过度劳累。术后出血量超过平时月经量、出血超过一周或下腹疼痛时，请及时与医生联系或随诊；定期复查。所谓的人流手术就是清宫手术，就是用吸引器把胚胎从子宫内吸出来。操作过程中，对子宫内膜肯定是有一定的伤害，但是子宫内膜是完全可以通过修复的。药流不成功就必须清宫。保持外阴清洁，以防生殖系统炎症。无痛人流费用会因为手术难度、人流方式的不同影响到价格也会有所偏差。但人流手术的价格一般相差不会很大，不同的人流技术会引起上下有所浮动。只有人流手术做得成功，才能将人流对身体的危害降至最低，才能不影响以后的生育，才能保全今后做母亲的权利。应多吃鱼、肉、蛋、豆类、富含蛋白质的食物和富含维生素的新鲜蔬菜，半个月内不要从事繁重的体力劳动，避免接触冷水。为了加速身体恢复。药物流产和人工流产一样，也是最后的手段。它不能被视为避孕的“常规”，也不能被误认为是完美的治疗方法。对于已经堕胎的妇女来说，最好在堕胎前听取医生的建议。他们必须服从医生的否决。他们不能自以为是。健康和安全是第一要务。 |
分散式布拉格反射器或分佈式布拉格反射器（distributed Bragg reflector，縮寫DBR）是在光波導中使用的反射器，由多層折射率不同的材料所疊構而成。當光經過不同介質時在介面的地方會反射，反射率的大小會與介質間折射率大小有關，因此如果我們把不同折射率的薄膜交互週期性的堆疊在一起，當光經過這些不同折射率的薄膜的時候，由於各層反射回來的光因相位角的改變而進行相长干涉(Constructive Interference)，然後互相結合再一起，得到強烈反射光。
如果多膜層數變的非常多，而薄膜折射率 n1、n2、n3…. 的差變得非常小時，光就如同在同一個介質裡前進，反射係數變得非常小。由於光的多重干涉而造成干涉效果十分明顯，因此對於波長的選擇變非常敏銳，在使用類似光柵情形時，這樣的周期性結構就被稱為分布式布拉格反射器（Distributed Bragg reflectors）。
這種現象常運用在單眼相機的鏡頭上，雖然對於理想狀態下的鏡片而言，光線能夠完全透過鏡頭，並正確的在底片或 CCD 上完全聚焦。然而，事實上，任何物體都會對光線反射，即便是透明玻璃也是如此，所以為了增加光通量，我們常會在鏡頭上鍍膜，於是利用分布式布拉格反射器，可以使光線在一定波長的範圍內減少反射，增加通光量。
參考文獻
光学现象
光学仪器 |
烏克梅爾蓋是立陶宛的城市，位於首都維爾紐斯西北78公里的什文托伊河畔，由維爾紐斯縣負責管轄，海拔高度64米，面積20.45平方公里，2011年人口26,000。
外部連結
The official page of the Municipality of the Ukmerge Region
The original coat of arms from 1792
History of Ukmergė
Nuclear missile sites near Ukmergė
立陶宛城市
立陶宛猶太人大屠殺地點 |
学生青春痘治疗方法？青春痘也叫痤疮，好发于青春期的男女，是皮肤科常见病，青春期由于皮脂腺的发育和分泌功能都直接受雄性激素的影响，引起皮脂分泌旺盛，堵塞毛囊口，从而形成粉刺，加之细菌感染，出现丘疹、脓疱、结节和囊肿。治疗上要少食甜食和油腻食物，多吃蔬菜水果，常用温水洗脸。药物使用抑制皮脂腺功能的异维A酸，口服和外用抗生素，此外，红、蓝光和果酸、强脉冲光治疗等。青春痘又叫痤疮，是毛囊皮脂腺的慢性炎症。治疗方法需要根据病情而定，病情轻的，局部治疗就可以，比如可以每天先用热水肥皂洗脸，用含硫磺药物肥皂更佳，但注意如果皮肤出现干燥就不要再用了，个别炎症显著损害的可以做热敷，应用5%-10%过氧化苯甲酰溶液或者2.5%-10%凝胶对丘疹、脓疱性痤疮疗效较佳。全身治疗可以选用四环素类药物，对丘疹、脓疱性痤疮有效，对粉刺无效。饮食注意辛辣食物少吃。青春痘的治疗方法有很多，具体需要依据患者的实际病情制定治疗方案，通常可以使用药物。如果痤疮伴有脂溢性皮炎的，也可以使用其他药物，还有口服药物。当然，也可以使用中成药。1、青春痘治疗总结为：一个原则：清热泄肺、凉血解毒。二个步骤：消痘阶段、控痘祛斑阶段。三种治法：内服、外用、倒膜。2、青春痘的治疗基本分两个阶段：第一步是消痘阶段，达到抑制痘痘的目的。第二步是控痘、祛除色斑阶段，一方面控制痘痘发作，同时逐渐消除色斑。倒膜一个疗程为六次，同时服用中药，基本可以控制痘痘，然后重点转为消除色素沉淀。但有的患者热毒较重，或者病程过长，治疗时间可能延长。不过病情肯定在好转，患者应该树立信心，坚持治疗。忌食热性、辛辣、油腻食物，如火锅、辣椒、油炸、羊肉等食品。 |
Victoria Park is in Church End in Finchley in the London Borough of Barnet. It covers seven hectares (17 acres). It is on the east side of Ballards Lane and fairly close to Finchley Central and West Finchley tube stations.
History
Much of the park was originally part of Colby's Farm, where Charles Dickens wrote part of Martin Chuzzlewit. In 1887 Henry Stephens proposed converting the area to a park to commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, but it was not opened until 1902, a year after Queen Victoria's death. It was the only public park in the former Borough of Finchley until 1914.
The park is mainly grassland, with playgrounds, fine trees and ornamental gardens, playing fields, six public tennis courts, Finchley Victoria Bowling and Croquet Club with two lawns and a clubhouse, and a café open seven days a week.
There are entrances on Ballards Lane, Long Lane, Etchingham Park Road and Park View Road.
Awards
Victoria Park achieved a Green Flag Award for 2009-2010. The Green Flag Award Scheme is run by The Civic Trust and is intended to be the benchmark against which the quality of public parks and green spaces can be measured. It also recognises the diversity and value of green space to the local community.
Gallery
References
External links
Victoria Park described on the London Borough of Barnet website
London Gardens Online, Victoria Park
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barnet
Finchley |
槐角丸成分或处方？当归、地榆、防风、槐角、黄芩、枳壳。 |
Pocillopora is a genus of stony corals in the family Pocilloporidae occurring in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. They are commonly called cauliflower corals and brush corals.
Description
Cauliflower corals are widespread and can be identified by the presence of wart-like growths on their surface. The colonies can be dome shaped or branching and are very variable in colour and shape depending on the species and the environmental conditions. Species situated on shallow reefs pounded by the sea tend to be stunted whilst those in deep calm water are often thin and open. Each individual polyp has tentacles but these are normally extended only at night.
Biology
The polyps are hermaphrodite, possessing four sets of male and four sets of female gonads. Pocillopora can reproduce asexually via fragmentation. They also reproduce sexually and the larvae develop inside the polyps rather than free floating in the water. When they are mature, the larvae are released and can remain free-swimming for several weeks before settling on the substrate.
Pocillopora corals contain microscopic symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) living within them. Through photosynthesis, these algae produce energy-rich molecules that the coral polyps can assimilate. In return, the coral provides the algae with protection and access to sunlight. The polyps also feed by capturing tiny particles using their tentacles. These corals are widespread because they sometimes attach to floating objects and can be carried far afield by currents and wind.
Species
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following species in the genus:
Pocillopora acuta Lamarck, 1816
Pocillopora aliciae Schmidt-Roach, Miller & Andreakis, 2013
Pocillopora ankeli Scheer & Pillai, 1974
Pocillopora bairdi Schmidt-Roach, 2014
Pocillopora brevicornis Lamarck, 1816
Pocillopora capitata Verrill, 1864
Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pocillopora effusus Veron, 2002
Pocillopora elegans Dana, 1846
Pocillopora fungiformis Veron, 2002
Pocillopora grandis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860
Pocillopora indiania Veron, 2002
Pocillopora inflata Glynn, 1999
Pocillopora kelleheri Veron, 2002
Pocillopora ligulata Dana, 1846
Pocillopora mauritiana Brüggemann, 1877
Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846
Pocillopora molokensis Vaughan, 1907
Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis and Solander, 1786)
†Pocillopora vitiensis Hoffmeister, 1945
Pocillopora woodjonesi Vaughan, 1918
Pocillopora zelli Veron, 2002
Non exhaustive gallery of symbionts
References
Pocilloporidae
Scleractinia genera
Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean
Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck |
杜什诺克（匈牙利语：），是匈牙利南部巴奇-基什孔州所辖的一个村，总面积57.47平方公里，总人口3396，人口密度59.09人/平方公里（2005年）。地理坐标为46.383°N 18.966°E。
参考
巴奇-基什孔州居民地 |
卡拉瓦德（Kalavad），是印度古吉拉特邦Jamnagar县的一个城镇。总人口24857（2001年）。
人口
该地2001年总人口24857人，其中男性12516人，女性12341人；0—6岁人口2831人，其中男1519人，女1312人；识字率68.03%，其中男性为73.37%，女性为62.61%。
参考
古吉拉特邦城镇 |
1994年美國職棒大聯盟球季是美國聯盟和國家聯盟共同存在後的第94個賽季。大聯盟在勞資協商未完全談判完成的情況下進行賽季，最後導致球員工會在8月11日發動罷工，導致球季硬生生地被迫提前結束。
大聯盟在這年新增美聯中區和國聯中區，同時也是第一次由兩支國聯球隊在夜間舉行開幕戰，不過後來這個模式在1996年後變成傳統。
罷工
由於球員發動集體罷工，因此大聯盟球季在8月11日提前結束。這也導致該球季沒有季後賽，也是繼1904年以來首次沒有舉辦世界大賽。超過260名球員的補償金預計超過100萬美元，而小聯盟賽季沒有受到罷工事件影響，依舊繼續進行。
獎項
例行賽排名
9月14日，球員發動罷工34天後，大聯盟主席Bud Selig宣布剩餘球季(含季後賽)全面取消。
全明星賽
1994年全明星賽於7月12日在匹茲堡海盜的主場三河體育場舉行。
數據統計排行榜
美國聯盟
打擊
投球
國家聯盟
打擊
投球
單月獎項
單月表現最佳球員
單月表現最佳投手
事件
2月7日，籃球明星麥可·喬丹以小聯盟約加盟白襪隊，並受邀參加大聯盟春訓。
4月4日，小熊隊的圖非·羅茲在開幕戰敲出3轟，成為大聯盟史上首位在開幕戰前三打席皆開轟的球員。
4月4日，勇士隊的Kent Mercker面對道奇隊投出無安打比賽。而道奇隊推出朴贊浩先發，使他成為第一位登上大聯盟的韓國人。
7月28日，遊騎兵隊的肯尼·羅傑斯面對天使隊投出完全比賽，為大聯盟第14場。
8月12日，大聯盟球員開始發動罷工，小聯盟賽季不受影響。
9月14日，大聯盟主席Bud Selig宣布大聯盟剩餘比賽加季後賽全面取消。這也是大聯盟繼1904年來第一次沒有世界大賽。
電影
(電視影集)
參考資料
外部連結
1994 in baseball history from ThisGreatGame.com
1994 Major League Baseball season schedule at Baseball Reference |
泰扎米河是格魯吉亞的河流，屬於庫拉河的右支流，處於首都第比利斯西北面50公里，河道全長51公里，流域面積404平方公里，河口處在卡斯皮以西。
參考資料
Statistical Yearbook of Georgia: 2020 , National Statistics Office of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2020, p. 12.
格魯吉亞河流 |
Ipik Gandamana (30 November 1906 – 1979) was an Indonesian politician and civil servant who served as the Minister of Home Affairs under Sukarno between 1959 and 1964, and as the Governor of West Java between 1957 and 1959. He began his career as a colonial civil servant in 1926, and had also served as regent and later resident in Bogor and Priangan before his governorship.
Early life and career
Gandamana was born in Purwakarta on 30 November 1906. He was educated at the colonial elementary school (Europeesche Lagere School), and studied for one year at a regular colonial middle school (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs) before moving to a civil servant preparatory school () instead. He had been active within Jong Java. By 1926, he had been accepted as a colonial civil servant, beginning his career as an aide posted in Bogor. Prior to the Japanese invasion, he was reassigned several times to different colonial offices throughout West Java and Jakarta. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, he was appointed to become the camat (district head) of .
Government career
Following the proclamation of Indonesian independence, Gandamana was appointed as assistant regent (wedana) of , and then as regent of Bogor. He was arrested by Dutch forces following Operation Product, and was exiled to the rural regions of Bogor Regency where he reestablished the regency's republican government. After the end of the revolution and the handover of sovereignty, he was appointed as the Resident of Bogor, and then reassigned to be Resident of Priangan in 1951. During this period, he became part of an Indonesian study delegation to the United States, staying there for three months after departing in September 1953. After returning to Indonesia, Gandamana published Melawat ke Negara Dollar ("A Visit to the Dollar Country"), a report on his visit. The report compared problems of democracy in Indonesia with those of the United States, and also of the government structure of the United States.
On 1 July 1957, he was appointed to become the Governor of West Java. He encouraged elected local officials favorably over central government bureaucrats. Gandamana viewed the bureaucrats' role as training the less experienced local officials. During his tenure as governor, he also headed a committee which established Padjadjaran University.
Gandamana was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs within Sukarno's First Working Cabinet on 10 July 1959. As the cabinet was explicitly created to be a non-party cabinet, Gandamana joined several other appointed ministers in resigning from his political party, the League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence. He remained in this post until 27 August 1964, when he was reassigned to become Minister of Rural Development. After Gandamana's tenure as Home Affairs Minister, no other civilian would serve in the post until 2009 when Gamawan Fauzi was appointed to the office.
Later career
Following the 30 September movement, Sukarno conducted a cabinet reshuffle, and removed Gandamana from his ministerial post on 21 February 1966. Under Suharto, he joined the Supreme Advisory Council between 1968 and 1973.
He died in Bandung in 1979, and was buried at the Cikutra Heroes' Cemetery in the city. He had a wife and four children. A street in Purwakarta is named after him.
References
1906 births
1979 deaths
Governors of West Java
Mayors and regents of places in West Java
Indonesian civil servants
Interior ministers of Indonesia
People from Purwakarta Regency |
宫颈息肉手术一个月后出来黑黑的是什么？宫颈息肉是慢性宫颈炎表现的一种，在已婚妇女中比较多见。宫颈息肉的手术可分为两种，第一种就是传统的钳夹摘除宫颈息肉，而第二种就是在宫腔镜下的宫颈息肉电切或者摘除，后者采取宫腔镜下进行手术，能够看清宫颈息肉的根部，能降低宫颈息肉的复发率，避免宫颈息肉的复发。宫颈息肉手术一个月后出来黑黑的东西，可能是宫颈息肉手术之后，伤口部位轻度感染，或者结痂脱落引起的。大型的息肉或突入颈管的息肉，易继发感染、坏死，而引起不规则出血及恶臭的血性分泌物。其发生的主要因素多与慢性炎症的长期刺激引起的宫颈内膜增生的堆集。宫颈息肉属宫颈内膜诱发的柱状上期增生堆集，有部分的宫颈息肉的患者，多发生于宫颈阴道部的鳞状上皮部位，此种类型的息肉一般没有较细的蒂，呈舌状突出，质地比较坚实，不易出血，表面被覆鳞状上皮，色泽呈黑棕色。宫颈息肉手术后注意事项：1、注意饮食，在手术以后，在食物的选取上应该是以清淡为主，可以吃一些比较容易消化的食物，比如是粥、汤水之类的，这样比较利于身体的营养吸收。而在食材的选用上，就应该要挑选一些蛋白质比较丰富的肉类，纤维素、维生素丰富的蔬菜水果类，在手术以后就要学会忌口，一些辛辣刺激的食物不要吃。2、注意用药，在手术以后一般来说是要按照医生所分配的药物来服用，有些患者在手术几天以后可能会觉得身体上并没有什么不适，于是就擅自停药，还不回医院复诊，这很有可能对身体产生很大的隐患，所以一定要遵循医生的治疗，定时回去医院复诊检查手术后的身体有无隐形的不适。3、注意卫生，其实不论是在平时还是在手术以后，个人的卫生都应该要注意的，特备是在手术以后，因为术后如果不注意卫生，就很有可能导致术后的细菌感染，因此一定更勤换内衣裤，还要对内裤进行热水杀菌，而且在这段时间就应该停止性行为，预防伤口感染。 |
Billy Taylor (born July 6, 1956) is a former professional American football player who was selected by the New York Giants in the fourth round of the 1978 NFL Draft. A 6'0", 215-lb. running back from Texas Tech, Taylor played for five NFL seasons as a running back and kick returner. He spent his first three seasons as a member of the Giants, and spent his final two split between the Giants, the New York Jets, and the Los Angeles Raiders. As the starting running back for the Giants, he led the team in rushing in 1979 and 1980. His best season was in 1979, when he started all 16 games, carrying the ball 198 times for 700 yards and catching it another 28 times for 253 yards with 11 total touchdowns. The Jets picked him up after the Giants waived him in 1981, but they cut him three weeks later when they needed to add a defensive lineman to replace the injured Marty Lyons. Taylor then played two seasons for the Washington Federals of the USFL, amassing 171 rushes for 757 yards and 5 touchdowns along with 64 receptions for 523 yards and 2 touchdowns in 1983. In 1984, Taylor rushed 142 times for 499 yards while also collecting 51 receptions for 387 yards and a touchdown.
Taylor went on to become a corporate trainer for Hunter Douglas, and involved with charities. Billy Taylor was a successful broadcast journalist after playing football. This included stints with TV and radio. Most notably he co-hosted with Larry Hardesty on WLIB a talk show which had good success as the only minority talk show in New York City Area.
References
Living people
1956 births
American football running backs
African-American players of American football
National Football League announcers
New York Giants announcers
New York Giants players
New York Jets players
Los Angeles Raiders players
Players of American football from San Antonio
Texas Tech Red Raiders football players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
有脂肪肝的人饮食注意什么？脂肪肝，是指由于各种原因引起的肝细胞内脂肪堆积过多的病变。脂肪性肝病正严重威胁国人的健康，成为仅次于病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病，已被公认为隐蔽性肝硬化的常见原因。脂肪肝是一种常见的临床现象，而非一种独立的疾病。其临床表现轻者无症状，重者病情凶猛。一般而言，脂肪肝属可逆性疾病，早期诊断并及时治疗常可恢复正常。脂肪肝的饮食，要注意以下几点的地方：一、热量控制：以清淡平和、营养丰富均衡为宜，食物中的蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等要保持相应比例。适当吃些酸的、性味甘甜的食物，避免多吃油腻、油炸、辛辣食物，以免加重肝脏和胃肠负担。二、最好禁烟。三、低脂低糖低盐饮食：选用脱脂牛奶，烹调时尽量选用植物油，少食动物内脏、肥肉、鱼子、脑髓等含脂肪高、胆固醇高的食物，少食煎、炸食物，少吃甜食，每天盐的摄入量控制在5克之内。四、保证充足蛋白质的摄入：如鱼、虾、瘦肉、海米等。五、多食用含维生素、纤维素多的食物，如蔬菜、水果、粗粮等。六、少食刺激性食物，如葱、姜、蒜、辣椒、胡椒、芥茉等。七、少吃不洁、半生水产品。进食不干净的海鲜，容易感染急性甲型或戊型肝炎。预防脂肪肝的措施：1.拒绝饮酒，如若喝酒，必须限量：酒精对于肝脏的损伤比较大，酒精摄入的越多，对于肝脏的损伤也就越大，所以，对于每一个人来说，能不喝最好不喝，就算要喝酒，也必须要限量，男性摄入酒精每日摄入不超过25克，女性摄入酒精每日不超过15克。2.保持健康体重，合理减肥：饮食控制、能量把控对于脂肪肝至关重要，脂肪肝本身是一种消化系统疾病，所以，生活中要注意吃动平衡，每日保证适当运动量，拒绝肥胖，合理预防脂肪肝。3.调节饮食，少吃油炸食品和高脂肪类食物：饮食当中刻意注意，对于容易诱发脂肪肝的食物，请谨慎并刻意减量食用，比如您最爱的油炸食品、肥肉、猪油。 |
黑顶钝头蛇（学名：）一种分布于中华人民共和国云南省西部高黎贡山地区的蛇，隶属于钝头蛇科钝头蛇属。
形态特征
黑顶钝头蛇体长约为40～50厘米，少数能超过60厘米。背面为赤黄色或红褐色，分布有规则的黑色椭圆条纹或长条纹，腹部呈淡黄色，泛有绿色光泽。头部顶端有一个较大的黑色椭圆形斑纹，是本种主要的鉴别特征。
参考文献
钝头蛇属
云南爬行动物
2009年描述的動物 |
BNC Bank was a bank based in High Point, North Carolina, United States. In 2014 its parent company BNC Bancorp () had $4.05 billion in assets, 38 branches in North Carolina and 13 in South Carolina. Its latest acquisition gave BNC $6.8 billion in assets and 87 branches, 48 in North Carolina, 29 in South Carolina nine in Virginia, and one in Haiti.
Pinnacle Financial Partners Inc. of Nashville, Tennessee took over BNC Bancorp as of June 16, 2017 with BNC branches changing to Pinnacle on September 25, 2017.
History
The bank opened in Thomasville, North Carolina on December 3, 1991 (as Bank of North Carolina) in a temporary location in a trailer, moving to its permanent home in Fall 1992.
On December 29, 2001, the Bank of North Carolina and Kernersville-based Independence Bank announced their merger. Bank of North Carolina had $211 million in assets and $171 million in deposits, and Independence Bank had assets of $59 million and deposits of $52 million.
On August 1, 2003, BNC Bancorp began trading on NASDAQ. At the time it had added branches in Archdale, Lexington and Oak Ridge.
After fifteen years of operation, BNC had expanded to 14 branches and $1 billion in assets, doubling its size in 30 months. It was the ninth community bank in the Piedmont Triad to reach that milestone. A 15,000-square foot administrative office was planned in High Point. Only one of the Harrisburg branches had opened. The move to High Point happened in 2007.
In May 2011, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office approved a trademark for BNC Bank, after having used a BNC mark since 1995.
On September 7, 2012, BNC announced plans to move from its 10,000-square-foot Eastchester Drive headquarters to 22,500 square feet in Premier Center. The company planned to keep a portion of its existing space and move some operations from Thomasville.
During the first quarter of 2014 BNC opened branches in Raleigh, North Carolina and Greenville, South Carolina. This is in addition to buying 11 banks since 2010.
As Bank of North Carolina, BNC used the name BNC Bank in South Carolina and Virginia, and the bank had planned to change to BNC Bank everywhere. However, BNCCORP of North Dakota, which operated as BNC National Bank, protested this change. BNCCORP had filed for BNC Bank trademarks and sent BNC a warning letter in late 2014. BNC protested the trademark request, and BNCCORP sued BNC in September 2015 in federal court, at which time BNC countersued. The BNCCORP suit was dismissed in December 2015 with prejudice. In June 2016, a federal judge denied a restraining order and injunction by BNCCORP. On November 1, 2016, Bank of North Carolina rebranded to BNC Bank across their entire footprint. This included a new logo with a flying cardinal which represented "momentum, vision and growth".
On January 22, 2017, Nashville, Tennessee-based Pinnacle Financial Partners, parent company of Pinnacle Bank, announced it was acquiring BNC Bank. The deal completed June 16, 2017 gives Pinnacle operations in four states. At this time, the BNCCORP suit was dismissed without prejudice. BNC Bancorp changed its name to Pinnacle on September 25, 2017.
Acquisitions
In a $36 million deal announced February 6, 2006, BNC Bancorp purchased SterlingSouth Bank & Trust of Greensboro, started in 2000, with assets of $148 million, two Greensboro branches and plans for a third. BNC had also opened a branch in High Point and a loan office in Winston-Salem. The deal would give BNC Bancorp ten branches and about $743 million in assets. In addition, BNC planned one branch in Welcome and two branches in Harrisburg outside Charlotte.
Other acquisitions included Regent Bank in Greenville, South Carolina, and KeySource Commercial Bank in Durham. BNC also bought two branches of The Bank of Hampton Roads in the Triangle.
On April 9, 2010, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina-based Beach First National Bank was the first South Carolina bank to fail in over ten years. It was started in 1996 and had seven branches in the Grand Strand area and in Hilton Head, and $585.1 million in assets and $516 million in deposits. On April 12, 2010, in a deal arranged by the FDIC, Beach First branches reopened as Bank of North Carolina, giving the bank its first operations in South Carolina.
Blue Ridge Savings Bank of Asheville, started in 1978, had 10 branches including one in South Carolina when it was closed October 14, 2011 by the state's commissioner of banks, with "essentially all" its $160.1 million in assets sold to BNC, which assumed $158.7 million in deposits. It was the fourth state-chartered bank to fail since 1991.
In April 2012, BNC opened a Charlotte branch on Carmel Road. In a $35 million deal announced June 4, 2012, BNC Bancorp announced the purchase of First Trust Bank of Charlotte, adding three branches and $374 million in deposits for a total of $589 million in Charlotte-area deposits.
On June 8, 2012, BNC took over the failed Carolina Federal Savings Bank of Charleston, South Carolina.
On May 31, 2013, BNC announced a $10.4 million deal to buy Randolph Bank & Trust, an institution with $302 million in assets, three branches in Asheboro, and one branch each in Burlington, Mebane, and Randleman.
On December 18, 2013 BNC announced two deals. The $24.2 million purchase of Community First Financial Group, Inc., parent company of Harrington Bank of Chapel Hill, started in 1999, would add 3 branches and $228.5 million in assets. The $23.7 million purchase of South Street Financial Corp, doing business as Home Savings Bank, would add four locations in Albemarle and Stanly County, and $274.1 million in assets. The Albemarle bank was over 100 years old and would likely consolidate some branches. The deals would give BNC over $3.4 billion in assets and 40 branches. The South street purchase was completed April 1, and the Community First purchase was completed June 2, 2014.
On November 17, 2014 BNC announced its first acquisition in Virginia, Valley Financial Corporation of Roanoke, started in 1995. The $101.3 million deal, the bank's largest yet, would add nine branches in Roanoke and Salem, $857 million in assets (21 percent of BNC's assets before the deal), and $682 million in deposits. The deal was completed July 1, 2015.
On December 1, 2014 BNC announced the completion of a $50.6 million stock deal to buy Harbor Bank Group Inc. of Charleston, South Carolina, started in 2006. BNC would add $325 million in assets, $267 million in deposits and four branches, three in Charleston and one in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, along with mortgage offices in Mount Pleasant, Greenville, South Carolina and Hilton Head Island. BNC would have the ninth-largest share of the Charleston market.
On August 14, 2015, BNC said it was buying Southcoast Financial Corp. of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina in a $95.5 million deal which would add $506 million in assets, putting the bank over $6 billion when the deal was completed, and giving BNC the number 5 ranking in the Charleston area.
On October 19, 2015, BNC completed its purchase of 7 CertusBank branches with $284 million in deposits, giving the bank 19 branches in South Carolina.
On November 1, 2016, BNC completed its largest deal ever, the $141.3 million purchase of High Point Bank & Trust, started in 1905, with $795 million in assets. Three branches were to close and move their operations to nearby locations.
See also
References
External links
Pinnacle web site
Banks based in North Carolina
Banks established in 1991
1991 establishments in North Carolina
Banks disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in North Carolina
Defunct banks of the United States
2017 mergers and acquisitions
High Point, North Carolina |
The 1994 FIVB Volleyball World League was the fifth edition of the annual men's international volleyball tournament, played by 12 countries from 6 May to 30 July 1994. The Final Round was held in Milan, Italy.
Pools composition
Intercontinental round
Pool A
Pool B
Pool C
Final round
Venue: Forum di Assago, Assago, Italy
Pool play
Pool winners of Intercontinental Round will play against runners-up from other pools.
Final four
Semifinals
3rd place match
Final
Final standing
Awards
Most valuable player
Andrea Giani
Best spiker
Kim Se-jin
Best setter
Shin Young-chul
Best blocker
Jan Posthuma
Best server
Lyubomir Ganev
Best receiver
Park Hee-sang
Best digger
Akihiko Matsuda
External links
1994 World League Results
Sports123
FIVB Volleyball World League
FIVB World League
Volleyball
1994 in Italian sport |
刘建宁，南京大学分子医学研究所所长，教授。长期从事心脏血管疾病的机制与治疗以及蛋白质工程方面的研究。中华人民共和国教育部第三批“长江学者”特聘教授。在国际一流刊物发表论文数十篇。申请多项中国国家专利，获得中国国家自然科学二等奖等奖项。兼任中国国家自然科学基金评审委员会委员、美国多肽学会会员等职。
1993获得塔夫茨大学病理学/分子生物学专业博士学位。后在哈佛大学医学院做博士后、副教授等职，并在贝斯以色列-狄更尼斯医学中心心血管实验室担任研究员与副主任。1996年起在南京大学任职，现任南京大学分子医学研究所所长，教授。
参考资料
塔夫茨大学校友
哈佛大学校友
南京大學教授
刘姓
长江学者特聘教授 |
宫颈粘连住院手术严重么？宫颈粘连带给女性的危害是非常多的，因此严重的情况是需要通过手术来治疗的，并且术后最好住院或者多卧床休息。那么关于宫颈粘连是指由于宫颈管黏膜受损伤后粘连致颈管狭窄或闭锁。由于粘连程度与范围不同，可引起宫腔分泌物或经血流通不畅甚至完全受阻，导致宫腔积液、经血潴留，从而发生痛经、隐性闭经，继发感染可致宫腔积脓。患者腹痛（有的呈周期性腹痛)，可有体温升高及血白细胞增多。宫颈管粘连病程短者宜用宫颈扩张术恢复通畅；不能用宫颈扩张器分开粘连，须切开分离粘连。宫颈粘连的表现症状有以下几点1、继发性不孕或反复流产、早产。由于宫腔粘连子宫内膜受到破坏，子宫容积减少，影响胚胎正常着床而至不孕，即使受孕也影响着床后的胚胎，胎儿生长发育，以至流产与早产。2、闭经或月经过少。子宫腔内完全粘连者可以出现闭经，约占60%—90%，时间可持续很长。用雌激素、孕激素治疗不引起撤退性出血。宫腔部分粘连者宫腔粘连症状为月经稀少，月经周期正常。3、周期性腹痛。一般在手术后1个月出现突发性下腹部疼痛宫腔粘连症状，肛门坠胀感，重者坐立不安，行动困难，疼痛一般持续3—7天。呈周期性发作;宫颈粘连需要做手术，如果黏连严重是必须住院处理的，怕大出血，感染等发生。建议可以住院行宫腔镜手术，术后给予防黏连药物，如果不用的话，又粘回去，可能会影响以后生育。现在无痛手术非常普遍，一般不会觉得很痛苦。宫腔镜下宫颈粘连分离术，是当前治疗宫颈粘连效果最好的微创技术。术后一个星期多卧床休息，减少运动，这样有利于伤口愈合，对手术创面大，出血多的患者，多在术后放置宫内气囊或导尿管。综上所述，宫颈粘连造成的危害十分严重，尽快手术治疗较好。 |
女式運動裝（playsuit）是女性服裝的一種，一般來說是較短版的，1930年代時在紐約提出，當時是設計為一種時尚的運動服飾，女式運動裝可以是用絲質纖維製成的晚裝，或是或類似材質的輕便夏裝。女式運動裝約流行於1970年代，之後一度不再流行。自2006年起，女式運動裝、連身衣及緊身連衣褲已又重新開始流行。
參考資料
體育服裝
女性服装
连衣裙 |
尖锐疣的症状是什么？尖锐湿疣是一种很常见的性病，起因是由于人们不洁的性生活及乱性而引起的一种疾病，对于该病千万不要小视，因为危害是相当大，所以一定要知道该病的一些早期症状，一旦发生可以及时的治疗。首先尖锐湿疣的早期症状一般表现为为小的淡红色丘疹，后逐渐长大，表面呈凹凸不平的柔软乳头样病变，有的呈菜花状，根部可有蒂，表面湿润，有分泌物浸渍可呈灰白色，污灰色或红色。时间较久者表面可有糜烂渗液，有时因有痒感，而搔抓继发细菌性感染，表面出现脓性分泌物，有臭味和疼痛。不同性别尖锐湿疣初期症状。女性尖锐湿疣症状多发在大小阴唇，肛周，宫颈，阴道口，阴道，尿道，肛门直肠。同性恋尖锐湿疣症状好发于肛门及直肠。其次要注意临床感觉，是指临床上肉眼不能辨认的病变，但用溶液局部外涂或湿敷5-10分钟可在HPV感染区域发白，即所谓醋酸白现象。发现与尖锐湿疣初期症状相似后，应该速到正规医院接受诊断，以免传染给别人。同时在发病期间要注意卫生，并杜绝性生活，不要和别人公用生活用品。尖锐湿疣潜伏期平均为2-3个月，病变发展无自限性，尖锐湿疣是由人乳状瘤病毒感染引起的上皮增生性病变，为重要的性传播疾病之一。温暖潮湿的外阴皮肤粘膜利于其生长繁殖，形成外阴或阴道尖锐湿疣。最后，并非所有的外阴赘生物全为尖锐湿疣，所以临床的病理诊断均需严格掌握标准。尖锐湿疣是性病当中十分严重的疾病，在生活之中一定要提高警惕，学会自我保护，若发现该病的早期症状，务必及时的就医。 |
仲戊醇是指羥基接在仲碳上（二級碳）的二級醇（2°）的戊醇，共有兩種，其中2-戊醇有2個光學異構物。
2-戊醇
(R)-(−)-2-戊醇
(S)-(+)-2-戊醇
3-戊醇
仲醇 |
Shannon Paku (born 23 September 1980) is a former New Zealand rugby union player. He notably played for the Hurricanes in the Super 14 competition, and for the Wellington Lions in the Air New Zealand Cup. Considered a utility back, Paku covered the wing, centre and the fullback positions.
Career
Paku started his career representing Wairarapa Bush and had also played for the Manawatu Under-16s and Secondary School teams.
He played for the Wellington province between 2000 and 2008.
In 2003, he was signed to the Blues. He returned to Wellington and to play for the Hurricanes for the 2004 season.
Paku joined French club US Montauban for the 2008–2009 season.
Paku has also represented the New Zealand Māori rugby union team and was a member of the 2001 New Zealand Under 21 squad that won the International Under 21 tournament, as well as winning the Churchill Cup in 2006 with the NZ Māori.
Shannon had been strongly linked with a move to Leeds Carnegie for the start of the 2010–2011 season after his US Montauban were relegated from the Top 14 league for a punishment due to financial irregularities. This did not happen.
Paku played for the Manawatu Turbos in the 2010 ITM Cup.
Personal
Since retiring in 2011, Paku has become an owner of a milk truck business.
References
External links
Hurricanes profile
1980 births
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
Rugby union players from Masterton
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Māori All Blacks players
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in France
Wellington rugby union players
Manawatu rugby union players
Hurricanes (rugby union) players
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Rugby union wings
People educated at Hato Paora College |
*H₂éwsōs or *Haéusōs (PIE: lit. 'the dawn') is the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European name of the dawn goddess in the Proto-Indo-European mythology.
*H₂éwsōs is believed to have been one of the most important deities worshipped by Proto-Indo-European speakers due to the consistency of her characterization in subsequent traditions as well as the importance of the goddess Uṣas in the Rigveda.
Her attributes have not only been mixed with those of solar goddesses in some later traditions, most notably the Baltic sun-deity Saulė, but have subsequently expanded and influenced female deities in other mythologies.
Name
Etymology
The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European name of the dawn, *h₂éwsōs, derives the verbal root *h₂(e)wes- ('to shine, glow red; a flame') extended by the suffix -ós-. The same root also underlies the word for 'gold', *h₂ews-om (lit. 'glow'), inherited in Latin aurum, Old Prussian ausis, and Lithuanian áuksas.
The word for the dawn as a meteorological event has also been preserved in Balto-Slavic *auṣ(t)ro (cf. Lith. aušrà 'dawn, morning light', PSlav. *ȕtro 'morning, dawn', OCS za ustra 'in the morning'), in Sanskrit uṣar ('dawn'), or in Ancient Greek αὔριον ('tomorrow').
A derivative adverb, *h₂ews-teros, meaning 'east' (lit. 'toward the dawn'), is reflected in Latvian àustrums ('east'), Avestan ušatara ('east'), Italic *aus-tero- (cf. Latin auster 'south wind, south'), Old Church Slavonic ustrŭ ('summer'), and Germanic *austeraz (cf. Old Norse austr, English east, MHG oster). The same root seems to be preserved in the Baltic names for the northeast wind: Lith. aūštrinis and Latv. austrenis, austrinis, austrinš. Also related are the Old Norse Austri, described in the Gylfaginning as one of four dwarves that guard the four cardinal points (with him representing the east), and Austrvegr ('The Eastern Way'), attested in medieval Germanic literature.
Epithets
A common epithet associated with the Dawn is *Diwós Dhuǵh₂tḗr, the 'Daughter of Dyēus', the sky god. Cognates stemming from the formulaic expression appear in the following traditions: 'Daughter of Heaven' in the Rigveda (as an epithet of Uṣas), 'Daughter of Zeus' (probably associated with Ēṓs in pre-Homeric Greek), 'Daughter of Dievas' (an epithet transferred to a Sun-goddess in the Lithuanian folklore). Also in northern Albanian folk beliefs Prende, a dawn goddess, is regarded as the daughter of the sky god Zojz.
Depiction
Eternal rebirth
The Dawn-goddess is sometimes portrayed as un-ageing and her coming as an eternal rebirth. She is ('early-born', 'born in the morning') as an epithet of Eos in the Ancient Greek Iliad, and the Ancient Indian Rigveda describes Uṣas, the daughter of Dyáuṣ, as being born from the harnessing of the Aśvins, the divine horse twins driving the chariot of the sun.
Colours
A widespread characteristic given to the dawn h₂éwsōs is her 'brilliance' and she is generally described as a 'bringer of light'. Various cognates associated with the dawn-goddess indeed derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *bheh₂-, meaning 'to glow, shine'. The Vedic Uṣas is described as bhānty Usásah ('the Dawns shine'), the Avestan Ušå as uši ... bāmya ('shining dawn') and the Greek Ēṓs as φαινόλις ('light-bringing'), φαεσίμβροτος ('shining on mortals'), or λαμπρο-φαής ('bright-shining'), attested in an Orphic hymn to the Dawn.
h₂éwsōs is usually associated with the natural colours of the dawn: gold, saffron-yellow, red, or crimson. The Dawn is 'gold-coloured' (híraṇya-varṇā) in the Rigveda, 'the golden-yellow one' (flāua) in Ovid's Amores, and 'gold-throned' (khrysóthronos; χρυσόθρονος) in a Homeric formula. In Latvian folk songs, Saulė and her daughter(s) are dressed of shawls woven with gold thread, and Saulė wears shoes of gold, which parallels Sappho describing Ēṓs as 'golden-sandalled' (khrysopédillos; χρυσοπέδιλλος).
Ēṓs is also 'saffron-robed' (κροκόπεπλος) in Homeric poems, while Uṣás wears crimson (rose-red) garments and a "gleaming gold" veil. The Hindu goddess is also described as a red dawn shining from afar; "red, like a mare", she shoots "ruddy beams of light", "yokes red steeds to her car" or "harnesses the red cows" in the Samaveda. Saffron-yellow, red and purple are colours also associated with the Dawn by the Latin poet Ovid.
The Baltic Sun-goddess Saulė has preserved some of the imagery of h₂éwsōs, and she is sometimes portrayed as waking up 'red' (sārta) or 'in a red tree' during the morning. Saulé is also described as being dressed in clothes woven with "threads of red, gold, silver and white". In the Lithuanian tradition, the sun is portrayed as a "golden wheel" or a "golden circle" that rolls down the mountain at sunset. Also in Latvian riddles and songs, Saule is associated with the color red, as if to indicate the "fiery aspect" of the sun: the setting and the rising sun are equated with a rose wreath and a rose in bloom, due to their circular shapes.
According to Russian folklorist Alexander Afanasyev, the figure of the Dawn in Slavic tradition is varied: she is described in a Serbian folksong as a maiden sitting on a silver throne in the water, her legs of a yellow color and her arms of gold; in a Russian saying, the goddess Zorya is invoked as a "красная девица" (krasnaya dyevitsa, "red maiden"); in another story, the "red maiden" Zorya sits on a golden chair and holds a silver disk or mirror (identified as the sun); in another, a maiden sits on a white-hot stone (Alatyr) in Buyan, weaving red silk in one version, or the "rose-fingered" Zorya, with her golden needle, weaves over the sky a veil in rosy and "blood-red" colours using a thread of "yellow ore". She is also depicted as a beautiful golden-haired queen who lives in a golden kingdom "at the edge of the White World", and rows through the seas with her golden oar and silver boat.
Movements
h₂éwsōs is frequently described as dancing: Uṣas throws on embroidered garments 'like a dancer' (nṛtūr iva), Ēṓs has 'dancing-places' (χοροί) around her house in the East, Saulė is portrayed as dancing in her gilded shoes on a silver hill, and her fellow Baltic goddess Aušrinė is said to dance on a stone for the people on the first day of summer. According to a Bulgarian tradition, on St. John's Day, the sun dances and "whirls swords about" (sends rays of light), whereas in Lithuania the Sun (identified as female) rides a car towards her husband, the Moon, "dancing and emitting fiery sparks" on the way.
The spread hand as the image of the sun's rays in the morning may also be of Proto-Indo-European origin. The Homeric expressions 'rose-armed' (rhodópēkhus; ῥοδόπηχυς) and 'rosy-fingered Dawn' (rhododáktylos Ēṓs; ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς), as well as Bacchylides' formula 'gold-armed' (khrysopakhús; χρυσοπαχύς), can be semantically compared with the Vedic formulas 'golden-handed' (híraṇyapāṇi-; हिरण्यपाणि) and 'broad-handed' (pṛthúpāṇi-; पृथुपाणि). They are also similar with Latvian poetic songs where the Sun-god's fingers are said to be 'covered with golden rings'. According to Martin L. West, "the 'rose' part is probably a Greek refinement."
Another trait ascribed to the Dawn is that she is "wide-shining" or "far-shining" - an attribute possibly attested in Greek theonym Euryphaessa ("wide-shining") and Sanskrit poetic expression urviyắ ví bhāti ('[Ushas] shines forth/shines out widely').
Dwelling
Another common trait of the Dawn goddess is her dwelling, generally situated on an island in the Ocean, or sometimes in an Eastern house.
In Greek mythology, Ēṓs is described as living 'beyond the streams of Okeanos at the ends of the earth'. A more precise location is given in the Odyssey, by poet Homer: in his narration, Odysseus tells his audience that the Aeaean isle is "where is the dwelling of early Dawn and her dancing-lawns, and the risings of the sun".
In Slavic folklore, the home of the Zoryas was sometimes said to be on Bouyan (or Buyan), an oceanic island paradise where the Sun dwelt along with his attendants, the North, West and East winds.
The Avesta refers to a mythical eastern mountain called Ušidam- ('Dawn-house'). The Yasnas also mention a mountain named Ušidarɘna, possibly meaning "crack of dawn" (as a noun) or "having reddish cracks" (as an adjective).
In a myth from Lithuania, a man named Joseph becomes fascinated with Aušrinė appearing in the sky and goes on a quest to find the 'second sun', who is actually a maiden that lives on an island in the sea and has the same hair as the Sun. In the Baltic folklore, Saulė is said to live in a silver-gated castle at the end of the sea, located somewhere in the east, or to go to an island in the middle of the sea for her nocturnal rest. In folksongs, Saule sinks into the bottom of a lake to sleep at night, in a silver cradle "in the white seafoam".
Vehicle
Carrier
The Dawn is often described as driving some sort of vehicle, probably originally a wagon or a similar carrier, certainly not a chariot as the technology appeared later within the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BC), generally associated with the Indo-Iranian peoples. In the Odyssey, Ēṓs appears once as a charioteer, and the Vedic Uṣas yokes red oxen or cows, probably pictorial metaphors for the red clouds or rays seen at morning light. The vehicle is portrayed as a biga or a rosy-red quadriga in Virgil's Aeneid and in classical references from Greek epic poetry and vase painting, or as a shining chariot drawn by golden-red horses. According to Albanian folk beliefs the dawn goddess Prende is pulled across the sky in her chariot by swallows, called Pulat e Zojës "the Lady's Birds", which are connected to the chariot by the rainbow (Ylberi) that the people also call Brezi or Shoka e Zojës "the Lady's Belt".
Saulė, a sun-goddess syncrethized with the Dawn, also drives a carriage with copper-wheels, a "gleaming copper chariot" or a golden chariot pulled by untiring horses, or a 'pretty little sleigh' (kamaņiņa) made of fish-bones. Saulė is also described as driving her shining car on the way to her husband, the Moon. In other accounts, she is said to sail the seas on a silver or a golden boat, which, according to legend, is what her chariot transforms into for her night travels. In a Latvian folksong, Saule hangs her sparkling crown on a tree in the evening and enters a golden boat to sail away.
In old Slavic fairy tales, the Dawn-Maiden (Zora-djevojka) "sails the sea in the early morning in her boat of gold with a silver paddle" (alternatively, a silver boat with golden oars) and sails back to Buyan, the mysterious island where she dwells.
Horses
The Dawn's horses are also mentioned in several Indo-European poetical traditions. Homer's Odyssey describes the horses of Ēṓs as a pair of swift steeds named Lampos and Phaethon, and Bacchylides calls her 'white-horsed Dawn' (λεύκιππος Ἀώς). The vehicle is sometimes portrayed as being drawn by golden-red horses. The colours of Dawn's horses are said to be "pale red, ruddy, yellowish, reddish-yellow" in the Vedic tradition.
Baltic sun-goddess Saulė's horses are said to be of a white color; in other accounts they amount to three steeds of golden, silver and diamond colors. In Latvian dainas (folk songs), her horses are described as yellow, of a golden or a fiery color. The sun's steeds are also portrayed as having hooves and bridles of gold in the dainas, and as golden beings themselves or of a bay colour, "reflect[ing] the hues of the bright or the twilight sky". When she begins her nocturnal journey through the World Sea, her chariot changes into a boat and "the Sun swims her horses", which signifies that "she stops to wash her horses in the sea". Scholarship points that the expressions geltoni žirgeliai or dzelteni kumeliņi ('golden' or 'yellow horses'), which appear in Latvian dainas, seem to be a recurrent poetic motif.
Although Zorya of Slavic mythology does not appear to feature in stories with a chariot or wagon pulled by horses, she is still described in a tale as preparing the "fiery horses" of her brother, the Sun, at the beginning and at the end of the day.
Role
Opener of the doors of heaven
h₂éwsōs is often depicted as the opener of the doors or gates of her father the heaven (*Dyēus): the Baltic verse pie Dieviņa namdurēm ('by the doors of the house of God'), which Saulė is urged to open to the horses of the son(s) of God, is lexically comparable with the Vedic expression dvā́rau ... Diváḥ ('doors of Heaven'), which Uṣas opens with her light. Another parallel could be made with the 'shining doors' (θύρας ... φαεινάς) of the home of Ēṓs, behind which she locks up her lover Tithonus as he grows old and withers in Homer's Hymn to Aphrodite.
A similar poetic imagery is present among Classical poets, although some earlier Greek source may lie behind these. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Aurōra opens the red doors (purpureas fores) to fill her rosy halls, and in Nonnus' Dionysiaca the Dawn-goddess shakes off her sleep and leaves Kephalos' repose in order to 'open the gates of sunrise' (ἀντολίης ὤιξε θύρας πολεμητόκος Ἠώς).
Other reflexes may also be present in other Indo-European traditions. In Slavic folklore, the goddess of the dawn Zorya Utrennyaya open the palace's gates for her father Dažbog's (a Slavic Sun god) journey during the day. Her sister Zorya Vechernyaya, the goddess of dusk, closes them at the end of the day. In a passage of the Eddas about Dellingr, a Norse deity of light, a dwarf utters a charm or incantation in front of 'Delling's doors' (fyr Dellings durum), which apparently means "at dawn".
According to scholarship, Lithuanian folklore attests a similar dual role for luminous deities Vakarine and Ausrine, akin to Slavic Zoryas (although it lacks the door imagery):<ref>Razauskas, Dainius. "Iš baltų mitinio vaizdyno juodraščių: Aušrinė (ir Vakarinė)" [From rough copies of the Baltic mythic imagery: the Morning Star]. In: Liaudies kultūra'. Nr. 6 (201), pp. 17-25.</ref> Vakarine, the Evening Star, made the bed for solar goddess Saulė, and Aušrinė, the Morning Star, lit the fire for her as she prepared for another day's journey. In another account, they are Saulé's daughters and tend their mother's palace and horses.
Reluctant bringer of light
In Indo-European myths, h₂éwsōs is frequently depicted as a reluctant bringer of light for which she is punished. This theme is widespread in the attested traditions: Ēṓs and Aurōra are sometimes unwilling to leave her bed, Uṣas is punished by Indra for attempting to forestall the day, and Auseklis did not always rise in the morning, as she was said to be locked up in a golden chamber or in Germany sewing velvet skirts.
The Divine Twins are often said to rescue the Dawn from a watery peril, a theme that emerged from their role as the solar steeds.
Evidence
Dawn-goddesses
Cognates stemming from the root *h₂éwsōs and associated with a dawn-goddess are attested in the following mythologies:
PIE: *h₂(e)wes-, meaning "to shine, light up, glow red; a flame", PIE: *h₂éws-ōs, the Dawn-goddess,Indo-Iranian: *Hušas,
Vedic: Uṣás (उषस्), the dawn-goddess, and the most addressed goddess in the Rigveda, with twenty-one hymns,Avestan: Ušå, honoured in one passage of the Avesta (Gāh 5. 5), and Ušahina, the special Angel of the time separating midnight from the moment when the stars can become visible.
Hellenic: *Auhṓs,Greek: Ēṓs (), the goddess of the dawn, and Aotis, an epithet used by the Spartan poet Alcman and interpreted as a dawn goddess.
Ancient Greek literature: fragments of works of poet Panyassis of Halicarnassus mention epithets Eoies ("He of the Dawn") and Aoos ("man of the Dawn") in reference to Adonis, as a possible indicator of his Eastern origin;Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Century. Edited and Translated by Martin L. West. London, England; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 2003. pp. 216-217. the name Aoos also appears as a son of Eos;
Mycenaean: the word a-wo-i-jo (Āw(ʰ)oʰios; Ἀϝohιος) is attested in a tablet from Pylos; interpreted as a shepherd's personal name related to "dawn",Nakassis, Dimitri. "Labor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylos". In: Labor in the Ancient World. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Dresden: ISLET-Verlag. 2015 [2005]. p. 605. .Jorro, Francisco Aura. "Reflexiones sobre el léxico micénico" In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017, pp. 307. . or dative Āwōiōi;
Italic: *Ausōs > *Ausōs-ā (with an a-stem extension likely explained by the feminine gender),Roman: Aurōra, whose attributes are a mirror reflection of the Greek deity; the original motif of *h₂éwsōs may have been preserved in Mater Matuta; Eous or Eoös, an obscure poetic term meaning 'east' or 'oriental', is attested in Lucan's Pharsalia, in Hyginus's Fabulae, in the lost epic of the Titanomachy, and as the name given to one of the Sun's horses in Ovid's Metamorphoses,Rose, H. J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. London and New York: Routledge. 2005 [1928]. p. 25. .
PIE: *h₂ws-s-i, locative singular of *h₂éwsōs,
Armenian (Proto): *aw(h)i-, evolving as *awi̯ -o-, then *ayɣwo-,
Armenian: Ayg (այգ), the Dawn-goddess.
Germanic: *Auzi/a-wandalaz, a personal name generally interpreted as meaning 'light-beam' or 'ray of light',
Old Norse: Aurvandil, whose frozen toe was made into a star by Thor,
Old English: Ēarendel, meaning "dawn, ray of light",
Old High German: Aurendil, Orentil; Lombardic: Auriwandalo,
Gothic: auzandil (𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌹𐌻), Morning Star, Lucifer ("light-bringer"),
PIE: *h₂ews-rom (or *h₂ews-reh₂), "matutinal, pertaining to the dawn",
Balto-Slavic: *Auṣ(t)ro,
Baltic: *Auš(t)ra, "dawn",
Lithuanian: Aušrinė, personification of the Morning Star (Venus), said to begin each day by lighting a fire for the sun; Aušra (sometimes Auska), goddess of sunrise, given as the answer to a Baltic riddle about a maiden who loses her keys; and Auštra (interpreted as "dawn" or "northeast wind"), a character in a fable that guards the entry to paradise,
Latvian: Auseklis (ausa "dawn" attached to the derivative suffix -eklis), personification of the Morning Star, and a reluctant goddess of the dawn; female personal names include Ausma and Austra;Palmaitis, M.-L. "Romeo Moses and Psyche Brünhild? Or Cupid the Serpent and the Morning Star?". In: Paris, Catherine (éditeur). Caucasologie et mythologie comparée, Actes du Colloque international du C.N.R.S. - IVe Colloque de Caucasologie (Sévres, 27 - 29 juin 1988). Paris: PEETERS. 1992. p. 181. words ausma and ausmiņa denoting "Morgendämmerung" ('dawn, daybreak');
Slavic: *(j)ȕtro, "morning, dawn",
Polish: Jutrzenka or Justrzenka; Czech: Jitřenka, name and personification of Morning Star and Evening Star,
Polabians: Jutrobog (Latin: Jutry Bog or Jutrny Boh), literally "Morning God", a deity mentioned by German historians in the 18th century, and Jüterbog: a town in east Germany named after the Slavic god,
Historically, the Kashubians (in Poland) were described to worship Jastrzebog and the goddess Jastra, who was worshipped in Jastarnia, from which the Kashubian term for Easter, Jastrë, was derived. These names may be related with Polabian god Jutrobog, be influenced by Proto-Germanic deity *Austrōn (see below), or may come from the word jasny ('bright').
Germanic: *Austrōn, goddess of the springtime celebrated during a yearly festival, at the origin of the word 'Easter' in some West Germanic languages,
Romano-Germanic: matronae Austriahenae, a name present in votive inscriptions found in 1958 in Germany.
Old English: Ēastre, personification of Easter,
Old High German: *Ōstara (pl. Ôstarûn), personification of Easter (Modern German: Ostern),
Old Saxon: *Āsteron, possibly attested in the name asteronhus ('Easter-house').
Epithets
The formulaic expression "Daughter of Dyēus" is attested as an epithet attached to a dawn-goddess in several poetic traditions:
PIE: *diwós dhuǵhatḗr, "Daughter of Dyēus",
Vedic: duhitā́r-diváh, "Daughter of Heaven", epithet of Uṣas, Greek: thugátēr Diós, "Daughter of Zeus", probably a pre-Homeric Greek epithet of Ēṓs, Lithuanian: dievo dukra, "Daughter of Dievas", epithet of the Sun-goddess which likely took the attributes of h₂éwsōs. Poetic and liturgic formula
An expression of formulaic poetry can be found in the Proto-Indo-European expression *h₂(e)ws-sḱeti ("it dawns"), attested in Lithuanian aušta and aũšti, Latvian àust, Avestan usaitī, or Sanskrit ucchāti. The poetic formula 'the lighting dawn' is also attested in the Indo-Iranian tradition: Sanskrit uchantīm usásam, and Young Avestan usaitīm uṣ̌ā̊ŋhəm. A hapax legomenon uşád-bhiḥ (instr. pl.) is also attested.
Other remnants of the root *h₂éws- are present in the Zoroastrian prayer to the dawn Hoshbām, and in Ušahin gāh (the dawn watch), sung between midnight and dawn. In Persian historical and sacred literature, namely, the Bundahishn, in the chapter about the genealogy of the Kayanid dynasty, princess Frānag, in exile with "Frēdōn's Glory" after escaping her father's murderous intentions, promises to give her firstborn son, Kay Apiweh, to "Ōšebām". Ōšebām, in return, saves Franag. In the Yasht about Zam, the Angel of the Munificent Earth, a passage reads upaoṣ̌ā̊ŋhə ('situated in the rosy dawn'), "a hypostatic derivation from unattested **upa uṣ̌āhu 'up in the morning light(s)'".
A special carol, zorile ("dawn"), was sung by the colindători (traditional Romanian singers) during funerals, imploring the Dawns not be in a hurry to break, or begging them to prevent the dead from departing this world. The word is of Slavic origin, with the term for 'dawn' attached to the Romanian article -le.
Stefan Zimmer suggests that Welsh literary expression ym bronn y dyd ("at the breast/bosom of the day") is an archaic formula possibly referring to the Dawn goddess, who bared her breast.
Legacy
Scholars have argued that the Roman name Aurēlius (originally Ausēlius, from Sabine *ausēla 'sun') and the Etruscan sun god Usil (probably of Osco-Umbrian origin) may be related to the Indo-European word for the dawn. A figure in Belarusian tradition named Аўсень (Ausenis) and related to the coming of spring is speculated to be cognate to *Haeusos.
Remnants of the root *haeus and its derivations survive in onomastics of the Middle Ages. A medieval French obituary from the 12th century, from Moissac, in Occitania, registers compound names of Germanic origin that contain root Aur- (e.g., Auraldus) and Austr- (e.g., Austremonius, Austrinus, Austris). Names of Frankish origin are attested in a "polyptyque" of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, containing aust- (sometimes host- or ost-) and austr- (or ostr- > French out-). Germanic personal names in Galicia and Iberian toponyms with prefix aus-, astr- and aust- (> ost-) also attest the survival of the root well into medieval times.Iglesias, Hector. "Aztarna germanikoa Euskal Herriko toponimia historikoan". In: Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et documenta. Institución Príncipe de Viana - Gobierno de Navarra, 2001. p. 328. ffartxibo-00000108 (In Basque)Iglesias, Hector. "Toponymes portugais, galiciens, asturiens et pyrénéens: affinités et problèmes historico-linguistiques". In: Nouvelle revue d'onomastique, n°35-36, 2000. p. 133. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/onoma.2000.1370]; www.persee.fr/doc/onoma_0755-7752_2000_num_35_1_1370
A character named Gwawrdur is mentioned in the Mabinogion tale of Culhwch and Olwen. Stefan Zimmer suggests either a remnant of the Dawn goddess or a name meaning "(with) the color of steel", since gwawr may also mean 'color, hue, shade'. The name also appears in the Canu Aneirin under the variants Gwardur, Guaurud, Guaurdur, (G)waredur, or (G)waledur. All of these stem from the Middle Welsh gwawr ('dawn'; also 'hero, prince'). According to linguist Ranko Matasović, the latter derives from Proto-Celtic *warī- ('sunrise, east', cf. MIr. fáir), itself from the PIE root *wōsr- ('Spring').
In Albanian folk beliefs, Prende, who had been worshiped in northern Albania until recent times, is the dawn goddess, whose name traces back to PIE *pers-é-bʰ(h₂)n̥t-ih₂ "she who brings the light through", from which also the Ancient Greek (Persephatta), a variant of (Persephone), is considered to have regularly descended. In Albanian folklore Prende is also called Afër-dita – an Albanian phrase meaning "near day", "the day is near", or "dawn" – which is used as a native term for the planet Venus: (h)ylli i dritës, Afërdita "the Star of Light, Afërdita" (i.e. Venus, the morning star) and (h)ylli i mbrëmjes, Afërdita (i.e. Venus, the evening star). The Albanian imperative form afro dita 'come forth the day/dawn' traces back to Proto-Albanian *apro dītā 'come forth brightness of the day/dawn', from PIE *h₂epero déh₂itis. According to linguist Václav Blažek, the Albanian word (h)yll ("star") finds a probable ultimate etymology in the root *h₂ews- ('dawn'), specifically through *h₂ws-li ('morning-star'), which implies the quite natural semantic evolution 'dawn' > 'morning star' > 'star'.
Influences
According to Michael Witzel, the Japanese goddess of the dawn Uzume, revered in Shinto, was influenced by Vedic religion. It has been suggested by anthropologist Kevin Tuite that Georgian goddess Dali also shows several parallels with Indo-European dawn goddesses.
A possible mythological descendant of the Indo-European dawn goddess may be Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and lust. Scholars posit similarities based on her connection with a sky deity as her father (Zeus or Uranus) and her association with red and gold colours. In the Iliad, Aphrodite is hurt by a mortal and seeks solace in her mother's (Dione) bosom. Dione is seen as a female counterpart to Zeus and is thought to etymologically derive from Proto-Indo-European root *Dyeus.
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Di Benedetto, Vincenzo. "Osservazioni Intorno a *αυσ- E *αιερι." Glotta 61, no. 3/4 (1983): 149–64. Accessed June 5, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/40266630.
Wandl, Florian (2019). "On the Slavic Word for ‘Morning’: *(j)u(s)tro". In: Scando-Slavica'', 65:2, pp. 263–281.
External links
Proto-Indo-European goddesses
Reconstructed words
Sky and weather goddesses
Proto-Indo-European mythology
Dawn goddesses |
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。
参考资料 |
慢性疲劳症候群的治疗方式为?？目前对于慢性疲劳症候群并无有效的治疗方法，也无有用之检测指针，但中西医学上，仍有许多推断认为这些疗法可能具有疗效或改善病征之效益；在西医学上，有透过补充血清素来改善病征；而在中医学，有采用复方起阳籽来调理身体的阴阳平衡，从而改善患者的体质；又或与一般情绪病一般，透过服用甘麦大枣汤来调理五脏六腑间的问题。另外，针灸与气功疗法也被认为可能具有疗效或改善病征的功用。 |
槭葉牽牛（學名：），又名番仔藤、五爪金龍、掌葉牽牛，旋花科番薯屬，香港、台灣常見的多年生草本纏繞植物。
槭葉牽牛原產於北美洲，在全日照以及排水良好的環境中生長。葉子類似掌狀，花呈淡紫色漏斗狀，大小約4至6釐米，有5個雄蕊，花期以夏季最盛。莖灰綠色，常有小廇狀突起。全草具有藥用，雖有小毒，但可清熱解毒利尿。
参考文献
參見
牽牛
外部連結
Jepson Manual Treatment
五爪金龍 Wuzhaojinlong 藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院)
中草藥
番薯属
入侵植物種
多年生草本植物 |
納姆斯庫甘（）是挪威特倫德拉格郡的市鎮，位於該國中部，面積1,417.16平方公里，2011年人口928，人口密度為每平方公里0.7人。
外部連結
Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
特倫德拉格郡市鎮
挪威城市
北特倫德拉格市鎮 |
Events from the 1280s in the Kingdom of Scotland.
Monarchs
Alexander III, 1249–1286
Margaret, Maid of Norway, 1286–1290 (heir, uncrowned)
Events
19 March 1286 – Alexander III dies after falling from his horse.
November 1289 – the first Treaty of Birgham is signed by the Guardian of Scotland in Salisbury, settling competing claims to the throne and arranging for the passage of Margaret, Maid of Norway to Scotland so that she could be crowned.
Births
Full date unknown
c. 1280 – Edward Bruce (died 1318 in Ireland)
c. 1283 – Edward Balliol (died 1364 in England)
c. 1284 – Thomas de Brus (died 1307)
c. 1285 – Alexander de Brus (died 1307)
c. 1285 – Patrick V, Earl of March (died c. 1369)
Deaths
19 March 1286 – King Alexander III (born 1241)
24 August 1289 – Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar (born c. 1213)
Full date unknown
c. 1282 – Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland
See also
List of years in Scotland
Timeline of Scottish history
References
1280s |
8967 Calandra, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 May 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. It is named after the corn bunting (Emberiza calandra).
Orbit and classification
Calandra is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.4 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,952 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken prior to its discovery.
Survey designation
The survey designation "T-1" stands for the first Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis and Ingrid van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio of astronomers are credited with the discovery of 4,620 minor planets.
Physical characteristics
Rotation period
A photometric lightcurve of Calandra obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory in California in 2011, gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.58 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Calandra measures 8.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.17. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and hence calculates a larger diameter of 10.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.54.
Naming
This minor planet is named for the passerine bird, Miliaria calandra or Emberiza calandra, also known as the corn bunting. It is listed as an endangered species on the European Red List of Birds. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999 ().
References
External links
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
008967
Discoveries by Cornelis Johannes van Houten
Discoveries by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld
Discoveries by Tom Gehrels
4878
Named minor planets
19710513 |
The Chayair Sycamore is a South African autogyro, designed and produced by Chayair of Musina. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction or as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.
Design and development
The Sycamore features a single main rotor, a two-seats-in-tandem open or optionally enclosed cockpit, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a four-cylinder, liquid and air-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition turbocharged Rotax 914F engine in pusher configuration. The Subaru EJ22 is optional.
The aircraft fuselage is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing and mounts a diameter Advanced Kinetics rotor. The tailplane features five vertical tail surfaces for improved directional stability. The enclosed Sycamore Mk 1 version has an empty weight of and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .
Operational history
By December 2012 one example had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration in the Experimental - Amateur-built category.
Variants
Sycamore Mk 1
Enclosed cockpit version
Sycamore Mk 2000
Open cockpit version
Specifications (Sycamore Mk 1)
References
External links
Official Sycamore Mk 1 photos
2000s South African sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher autogyros |
The flag of Tamil Eelam was designated as the national flag of the proposed state in 1990. The tiger symbol of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was created in 1977, differentiating it from the LTTE's emblem by leaving out the letters inscribing the movement's name. In 2005, the LTTE released a guide providing instructions and explaining the correct usage of the Tamil Eelam Flag. The guide written in Tamil specifies the regulations for flying alone or with national flags of other countries, and for general handling of the flag. The flag has four colours: yellow, red, black, and white. It is banned in Sri Lanka and is often seen at protests and functions concerning Tamil Eelam nationalism around the world.
Symbolic meaning
Tiger symbol
The jumping tiger was adopted from the emblem of the Chola Empire, it should reflect the martial history (Veera varalaru) and the national upheaval of the Tamils. The national flag is the symbol of the independent state of Tamil Eelam to be created, rooted in the martial traditions (Veera marapuhal) of the Tamils," LTTE organ Viduthalai Puligal said in its February 1991 issue.
Crossed bayonets and circle
Vellupillai Prabhakaran himself mentioned in a Tamil interview the circle and crossed bayonets represent the armed resistance and were based on the historical shield with crossed swords flag of Pandara Vanniyan. The circle sometimes considered to be a "Uthaya Suriyan" (rising sun) which is a symbol of Sri Lankan Tamils and earlier political movements. The LTTE leader was often compared to Pandara Vanniyan of Vannimai, because both had a similar fate. Pandara Vanniyan was a freedom fighter during the British colonial era in Sri Lanka.
33 bullets
The bullets symbolise the historical 33 years between 1948 - 1981 (oppression the Tamil population by the Sri Lankan government before the outbreak of Sri Lankan Civil War).
11 bullets on the left
11 bullets on the right
11 bullets at the top
total: 33 bullets
Colours
Four aspects of ideals and mission of Tamil Eelam represented by the four colours are detailed in the published guide book.
The yellow signifies that Tamils' aspiration to freely govern themselves in their own homeland is a fundamental political and human right. The colour expresses the righteousness of Tamil struggle and reinforces Tamil Nation's will to uphold moral highground during its path towards freedom.
The red represents the realisation that freedom is not complete by establishment of a separate state of Tamil Eelam. Distinctions of caste and class should be abolished. Egalitarianism should become their spiritual principle. Gender equality should permeate Tamil society. The revolutionary changes necessary to spread social justice represented by these principles are reflected by this colour.
The black reminds that march towards freedom is wrought with dangers, death and destruction, that is filled with pain and misery. It signifies determination and resoluteness vital to withstand the adversities and build the new nation of Tamil Eelam, to provide security and to defend the borders.
The white demands purity, honesty and selflessness from the leaders and citizens of Tamil Eelam.
National anthem
Eruthu Paar Kodi (Look the Flag is Rising) is a Tamil song, written by Puthuvai Rathinathurai, sung at the hoisting of the Flag of Tamil Eelam. As the most widely used song of the Tamils, it was used in the place of a national anthem by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The song was written during the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Lyrics
The song praises the flag and describes the pride of Tamil Eelam army
{| width="100%"
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! (Tamil)
!ēṟutupār koṭi ISO 15919
|- valign="top"
|
|
Symbols of Tamil Eelam
See also
Flags of Tamils
List of Tamil Nadu state symbols, for symbols of the state in India
References
Tamil Eelam
Tamil Eelam
Tamil Eelam
Tamil Eelam
Tamil Eelam |
怀孕六周做药流对身体有什么影响吗？药流危害：流产失败，用药8天后未见胎囊排出，经B超检查证实宫中仍有妊娠物，这种情况必须去医院做清宫手术。失血过多、危及性命，特别是大出血不止，如果不及时清宫、输血，失去了抢救机会，性命难保。药流副作用，服药过程中除可出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等胃肠道反应外，出血时间长、出血多是药物流产的主要副作用，用药物治疗效果差，必要时需清宫。药物流产必须在有正规抢救条件的医疗机构进行。药物流产有很强的适应证，私自买药的人如不了解这些适应证，不适合药物流产的人自己买药堕胎非常危险。药物流产有可能造成：感染。妇女服用药物流产抗孕药物后,子宫腔内的胎囊组织可在当天排出,有时妊娠组织物排出不全,子宫内膜复原欠佳,阴道出血时间较长,可持续2-3周,甚至1-2个月；影响以后妊娠。育龄妇女如反复妊娠、反复药物流产会造成子宫内膜反复受损.由于子宫内膜有损伤,一旦她们需要正常妊娠,易发生前置胎盘,药物流产可引起产前大出血,甚至发生习惯性流产；造成女性月经失调.抗孕药物流产药物可以抑制卵巢的功能,影响卵泡的生长发育甚至干扰排卵.个别妇女药物流产后,可发生月经失调,表现为月经周期缩短或延长,月经量增多。药物流产服药后的反应是很大的,如腹痛,恶心呕吐,阴道大量出血,且有不全流产的可能,如不全流产需要再次刮宫,药流术后出血时间较长,一般在二十天左右,增加感染机会,继发不孕或习惯性流产的机率是最高的。避免攀高,举重或提重物。除医嘱外,避免服用任何药物。鞋类穿著以舒适,行动方便为原则。房事以适度为原则,有腹痛或出血时,应避免之。不宜过度劳累。衣着应宽松舒适,质料以吸汗为宜。需充分休息与睡眠,中午宜小睡片刻.尽量避免长途旅行.此外,最重要的是,要定期做好产前检查。 |
产后盆腔炎怎么引起的？盆腔炎发展可引起弥漫性腹膜炎、败血症、感染性休克，严重者可危及生命；慢性盆腔炎反复发作，可导致不孕、输卵管妊娠，严重影响妇女的健康。1.急性盆腔炎患者体温高，心率快，下腹部有肌紧张、压痛及反跳痛，阴道有大量脓性分泌物，穹隆有明显触痛，子宫及双附件有压痛、反跳痛，或一侧附件增厚。2.慢性盆腔炎主要表现为下腹部坠胀、疼痛及腰骶部酸痛，有时还可能伴肛门坠胀不适，由于盆腔淤血，患者可有白带增多、月经增多、痛经等症状。妇科检查时有宫颈抬举痛。1.急性盆腔炎可能伴寒战、高热、头痛、食欲不振。压迫膀胱可出现尿频、尿痛、排尿困难；压迫直肠可出现里急后重等。2.慢性盆腔炎全身症状多不明显，有时可有低热，易感疲乏，病程时间较长者，部分患者可有神经衰弱症状。产后盆腔炎主要通过药物治疗消除炎症，缓解症状，手术以彻底治愈为原则。日常护理中应保持会阴部清洁、干燥，每晚用清水清洗外阴，专盆专用。如无外阴阴道的炎症，忌用各种消毒剂、清洁剂清洗外阴。应选择棉质、宽松内裤，紧身内裤不易长久穿着。产后盆腔炎饮食调理时应注意注意饮食调护，合理膳食，加强营养。发热期间宜食清淡易消化饮食，对高热伤津的病人可给予梨汁、苹果汁、西瓜汁等饮用。产后盆腔炎患者经过一般治疗可解除症状，患者应放开思想顾虑，增强治疗的信心，增加营养，锻炼身体，注意劳逸结合，提高机体抵抗力，保持良好卫生习惯，树立乐观的态度，积极配合医生治疗产后盆腔炎。 |
阿祖瓦地区西尔丰泰内（）是法国上马恩省的一个市镇，属于绍蒙区（Chaumont）沙托维兰县（Châteauvillain）。该市镇总面积11.61平方公里，2009年时的人口为202人。
人口
阿祖瓦地区西尔丰泰内人口变化图示
参见
上马恩省市镇列表
参考文献
上马恩省市镇 |
蒂格氏樸麗魚，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目隆頭魚亞目慈鯛科的其中一種，被IUCN列為極危保育類動物，分布於非洲維多利亞湖流域，棲息深度2-8公尺，體長可達10.1公分，棲息在泥底質水域，以貝類為食，生活習性不明。
参考文献
擴展閱讀
teegelaari
H |
7岁智力低下的特征？我们知道每个孩子在不同阶段都有不同的表现。孩子的智力发展是否正常对父母来说是最重要的。父母不仅希望孩子的智力正常，还希望他们的孩子智力出众，能在同龄人中脱颖而出。然而，不幸的是，有些孩子有智力迟钝的问题。那么，7岁时智力迟钝的表现是什么？儿童智力迟钝是一种严重危害儿童健康的疾病。与同龄儿童相比，儿童智力低下明显，各方面发育迟缓，发音模糊，言语少，自我表达能力极差，对儿童的健康成长有很大影响。许多人不太清楚儿童的智力迟钝。精神发育迟滞是指智力功能明显低于同龄人群的一组疾病，在发展过程中，智力功能的相同程度伴随着适应性行为缺陷。还有许多方法可以治疗智力迟钝、智力发育不全、智力缺陷、智力迟钝、智力缺陷、智力迟钝、智力迟钝、智力迟钝和精神残疾。儿童智力低下有什么特征？1、精神发育迟滞是一种严重危害全世界儿童身心健康的疾病。这也是一个严重的社会问题，给社会和家庭带来巨大的负担和痛苦。流行病学调查证明，我国儿童智力低下患病率城市地区约为1%，农村地区约为2%，表明儿童智力低下已成为一个不容忽视的问题。2.智力低下的并发症很多，智力低下主要表现在婴幼儿的大动作、精细动作、语言和应对人们整体落后的能力上。它主要表现在学前和学龄儿童跟不上学习进度、学习成绩差、无法与人交流以及社会适应困难。大多数智力低下只是一种简单的认知障碍，并不伴有其他缺陷，但相当数量的智力低下儿童伴有其他功能障碍，智力低下越严重，伴随的缺陷就越多。七岁时智力迟钝的表现是什么？看过以上内容的家长应该清楚知道，如果孩子患有弱智，他们必须高度重视，并及时带孩子到医院检查和治疗，以免错过治疗疾病的最佳时机。早期治疗可以最大限度地减少智力迟钝造成的伤害。 |
Maria Aleksandra Veitola (born 26 February 1973) is a Finnish journalist, screenwriter, talk show host and TV and radio host. She is one of the most prominent figures in Finnish entertainment and has appeared in multiple TV shows on commercial channels MTV3 and Nelonen.
Veitola was born in the small municipality of Eno in Finnish province North Karelia but spent her youth in Imatra in South Karelia. After moving to Helsinki in early 1990s she began her career in 1994 in Radio City as a radio host and continued in Radio Helsinki in 2000. Her first TV program was her own talk show Maria! on Nelonen from 2008 to 2011. From 2016 to 2018 she hosted a talkshow called Enbuske, Veitola & Salminen along with Tuomas Enbuske and Roope Salminen.
She became the director of Radio Helsinki in 2013, a position which she retained until 2016. Since 2015 she has had a popular TV show Yökylässä Maria Veitola ("A sleepover with Maria Veitola") where she spends two days and one night with prominent figures in Finland as a houseguest. Her famous sleepover hosts include Juha Sipilä, Sanna Marin, Antti Rinne, Päivi Räsänen, Vappu Pimiä and Sofi Oksanen, among others. Since March 2020 Veitola has also been one of the panelists in Masked Singer Suomi.
Veitola is an outspoken feminist. She has published two books, Veitola in 2018 and Toisinpäin in 2019.
References
Living people
Finnish radio presenters
Finnish television presenters
Finnish women television presenters
Finnish women radio presenters
Finnish feminists
1973 births |
什么是炎症性胃息肉？炎症性胃息肉是比较常见的一种胃息肉，不仅发病率高，还对我们的身体造成很大的危害。因此，无论是炎症性胃息肉患者还是健康人群，都应该多多了解炎症性胃息肉的相关治疗方法，这样才能知己知彼。下面就让我们一起来了解下炎症性胃息肉怎么治疗。炎症性胃息肉怎么治疗？炎症性胃息肉的治疗方法如下：1、激光法将激光器产生的高能量激光，经内镜活检孔导入的光导纤维照射病变部位，通过光能转变的热能，使其组织蛋白凝固、变性破坏而达到治疗目的。多用于宽蒂或无蒂息肉的治疗。2、微波灼除法利用微波可使极性分子振动产生热效应的原理，而使组织凝固气化进行息肉灼除，且有止血作用，适用于直径小于2cm的无蒂息肉，对较小息肉可1次性灼除，较大者则需多次治疗。3、冷冻法将致冷气体经特制导管通过内镜活检孔直接喷洒在息肉表面，或用特制的冷冻杆对病灶进行接触冷冻，使组织坏死脱落。因此法对单个较大息肉难以1次性治愈，故目前少用。4、射频法射频为一种200～750kHz的电磁波，进入病变组织后，局部产热使其水分蒸发、干燥而坏死达到治疗目的。操作时控制射频治疗仪输出功率为23～25W，工作时间为5～10s，将电极经内镜活检孔导入后，对病变进行治疗。5、酒精注射法内镜下用无水酒精围绕息肉基底部一圈作点式注射，每点0.5ml，见白色丘状隆起为度。一般只用于广基息肉的治疗。对治疗炎症性胃息肉这种疾病是很有效的，对于需要治疗的炎症性胃息肉患者来说，可以多多了解下这些治疗方法，这样才能知道自己适合哪种方法来治疗炎症性胃息肉。 |
番路鄉（）位於台灣嘉義縣東部，北鄰竹崎鄉，東鄰阿里山鄉，西鄰嘉義市東區，南接中埔鄉、大埔鄉，位置上緊臨嘉義都會區，屬同一生活圈；物產上則以出產柿子與柿餅聞名。
歷史
番路之地名由來於本地恰位於通往阿里山鄒族番社的要道之上，故有此稱。
清領時期此地為漢族與原住民交換貨物以及連往諸羅縣與阿里山鄒族之邊陲要衝。
人口
根據嘉義縣竹崎戶政事務所統計，2022年底番路鄉戶數約4.2千戶，人口約1.1萬人，鄉內人口最多與最少的村分別是下坑村與草山村，2022年底兩村人口分別為1,979人與379人。
政治
歷任首長
鄉政組織
番路鄉公所是番路鄉最高層級的地方行政機關，在中華民國政府架構中為鄉自治的行政機關，同時負責執行縣政府及中央機關委辦事項，番路鄉的自治監督機關為嘉義縣政府。鄉長由全體鄉民直接選舉產生，任期為四年，可連選連任一次。番路鄉公所並置鄉政會議，為鄉政最高決策機構，在鄉長之下，設有5課3室等8個內部單位及2個附屬機關。
番路鄉民代表會是番路鄉的最高民意機關，代表番路鄉全體鄉民立法和監察鄉政。鄉民代表由公民直選選出，任期為四年，可連選連任。番路鄉民代表會共有11位鄉民代表，分別為第一選區7席鄉民代表、第二選區4席鄉民代表，主席、副主席由11位鄉民代表互選產生。
行政區
番路鄉區劃11村：大湖村、民和村、番路村、下坑村、江西村、新福村、內甕村、公田村、觸口村、公興村、草山村(由北而南排列)。
大湖村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉東北端，面積：13.005平方公里，聚落有茶科、火燒寮、湖尾、五百恩仔、下坪仔、雙溪、橫路、檳榔宅、紅筆仔壽、石腳桶、棟仔嶺。
民和村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉中部，面積：7.109平方公里，聚落有沈厝仔、客庄、頂客庄、下客庄、半天岩、岩仔腳、岩仔後。
番路村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉中段，面積：4.004平方公里，聚落有番路、頂番路、頂石頭埔、下石頭埔、對厝仔、坑底、後湖仔。
下坑村，位於縣番路鄉西北部，全村面積5.081平方公里，聚落有菜公店、下坑、頂坑、三姓、菁仔宅、竹圍仔、中站、十字路、北勢。
江西村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉西北部，面積5.049平方公里。聚落有江西寮、陳厝、李厝、劉厝、三橋仔、土地公崎、南埤、平畑、柿子腳、烏雅崎、平園、崎腳、頂角子。
新福村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉南端偏西，面積5.006平方公里，聚落有大庄、崁腳、下宅仔、大片田尾、鳳梨園、五虎寮、公館仔。
內甕村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉西南部，全村面積8.102平方公里，聚落有竹山、過溪仔、後坑仔、山腳、凸湖。
公田村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉東部偏北，面積：18.042平方公里，聚落有過龍仔、大路仔、馬厝、魯古石、板仔龍、坔田仔、巃頭、隙頂、厚殼仔、崩山仔、鞍頂、潮州湖。
觸口村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉中部南段，面積：6.061平方公里，聚落有觸口、牛埔仔、埔尾、過溪仔、九寮。
公興村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉東部偏南，面積：20.038平方公里，聚落有牛山溪仔、下路、苦苓橋、龍美、鞍腳、中寮、下寮、小公田、竹湖、外腦寮、內腦寮、頭凍、五越仔、厚殼仔、石鼓盤。
草山村，位於嘉義縣番路鄉最南端，面積：26.029平方公里，聚落有永興、水井仔、鹿窟仔、大吹、半嶺、公田底、山黃麻湖、草山、猴櫥底、交椅背、水笨湖。
警政治安
嘉義縣警察局中埔分局
番路分駐所
觸口派出所
公田派出所
教育
國民中學
嘉義縣立民和國民中學
國民小學
嘉義縣番路鄉民和國民小學
嘉義縣番路鄉內甕國民小學
嘉義縣番路鄉隙頂國民小學
嘉義縣番路鄉大湖國民小學
嘉義縣番路鄉永興國民小學(105.8.1裁撤)
嘉義縣番路鄉黎明國民小學
交通
公車資訊
嘉義客運
7216 嘉義－觸口
嘉義縣公車處
7302 嘉義－奮起湖
7308 嘉義－半天岩
7311 嘉義－埔尾
7314 嘉義－達邦
7317 嘉義－半天岩－大湖
7318 嘉義－埔尾－大湖
7319 嘉義－內埔－番路
7322 嘉義－阿里山
7329 高鐵嘉義站－阿里山
幸福番路1路 菜公店－聖馬爾定醫院
公路
台3線
台18線：嘉義玉山線（阿里山公路、玉山景觀公路）
縣道159號
縣道159甲線：大華公路
文化
信仰中心
番路教會
逐鹿教會
鄒族族群區會事務所
旅遊
逐鹿社區
番路鄉農會柿餅spa工坊
番路農會飲冰柿茶集
阿里山18號愛情絲路
半天岩紫雲寺
觸口龍隱寺
觸口遊客中心
觸口自然教育中心
仁義潭
隙頂雲海
隙頂二延平步道觀雲平台
隙頂嘉義市夜景
情人瀑布(榮華山瀑布區)
三寶山
鳳凰瀑布
大湖尖山
三田瀑布
兄弟瀑布
燕巢瀑布
雙龍瀑布
青潭瀑布
青龍瀑布
梅花谷
葫蘆谷
公田石洞
特產
柿子、「柿餅」、「柿果子冰淇淋」
竹筍、桶裝竹筍、筍干
荔枝
高山茶
參考資料
外部連結
番路鄉公所
嘉義縣行政區劃 |
贝叶斯推断（）是推論統計的一种方法。这种方法使用贝叶斯定理，在有更多證據及信息時，更新特定假设的概率。贝叶斯推断是统计学（特別是数理统计学）中很重要的技巧之一。贝叶斯更新（Bayesian updating）在序列分析中格外的重要。贝叶斯推断應用在許多的領域中，包括科學、工程學、哲學、醫學、體育運動、法律等。在决策论的哲學中，贝叶斯推断和主觀概率有密切關係，常常稱為贝叶斯概率。
贝叶斯定理是由統計學家托馬斯·貝葉-{}-斯（Thomas Bayes）根據許多特例推導而成，後來被許多研究者推廣為一普遍的定理。
貝叶斯定理的簡介
正式的介绍贝叶斯推断
贝叶斯推断將后验概率（考慮相關證據或數據後，某一事件的條件機率）作为先验概率（考慮相關證據或數據前，某一事件不確定性的機率）和似然函数（由观测数据的统计模型（概率模型）推導而得）这两个前因导出的結果。贝叶斯推断根據贝叶斯定理計算后验概率：
其中
表示将某事件成立作为条件（因此表示「假定 B 事件成立下，A 事件發生」）
表示假說，其機率可能會受（以下會稱為證據）影響。一般來說會有許多互相矛盾的假說，任務是要確認哪一個假說可能性最高。
表示證據。证据对应新的數據，也就是還沒用來計算先验概率的數據。
，先验概率，是觀察到數據（目前證據）之前，假說的機率。
，后验概率，是在給定證據 之後，假說的機率，是希望求得的資訊，也就是在有目前證據時，假說的機率。
是假定 成立時，觀察到的機率。在不變時，這是的函數，也是似然函数，指出在給定假設下假說和證據的相容程度。似然函数是證據的函數，而后验概率是假說的函數。
有時會稱為。此係數對所有可能的假說都是定值，因此在判斷不同假說的相對機率時，不會用到這個係數中。
針對不同的數值，只有和（都在分子）會影響的數值。假說的后验概率和其先验概率（固有似然率）和新產生的似然率（假說和新得到證據的相容性）乘積成正比。
贝叶斯定理也可以寫成下式：
其中係數可以解釋成對機率的影響。
非正式的介绍贝叶斯推断
贝叶斯推断最關鍵的點是可以利用贝叶斯定理結合新的證據及以前的先驗機率，來得到新的機率（這和频率学派推断相反，頻率論推論只考慮證據，不考慮先驗機率）。
而且贝叶斯推断可以迭代使用：在觀察一些證據後得到的後設機率可以當作新的先驗機率，再根據新的證據得到新的後設機率。因此贝叶斯定理可以應用在許多不同的證據上，不論這些證據是一起出現或是不同時出現都可以，這個程序稱為贝叶斯更新（Bayesian updating）。
贝叶斯推断的描述
定義
是數據點，可能是一個有許多數值形成的。
是數據點分佈的参数，也就是說。這也有可能是参数形成的向量。
是參數的，也就是說。這也有可能是超参数形成的向量。
，由觀測到的個數據點組成的一組數據，.
，需預測分佈的新數據點。
贝叶斯推断
先驗分布是在觀測資料前的參數分布。
先驗分布可能不容易確認，此時可以用在更新較新的觀測值時，先獲得後驗分佈。
是以觀測資料的條件，其參數的分布。這也稱為似然函数，尤其是視為是參數的函數時，有時會寫成。
（有時也稱為證據）是觀測資料在參數上的边缘分布。
後驗分布是考慮觀測資料後的參數分布。可以由贝叶斯定理確認，也是贝叶斯推断的核心：
若用文字表示，即為「後驗和先驗及似然率的乘積成正比」，有時也會寫成「後驗 = 先驗 × 似然率，在有證據的情形下」。
應用
電腦應用
贝叶斯推断有在人工智慧及專家系統上應用。自1950年代後期開始，贝叶斯推断技巧就是電腦模式识别技術中的基礎。現在也越來越多將贝叶斯推断和以模擬為基礎的蒙地卡羅方法合併使用的應用，因為一些模雜的模型無法用贝叶斯分析得到解析解，因圖模式結構可以配合一些快速的模擬方式（例如吉布斯抽樣或是其他Metropolis–Hastings演算法）。因為上述理由，贝叶斯推断在系统发生学研究社群中來越受到重視，許多的應用可以用同時估測许多人口和进化参数。
歷史
「贝叶斯」是指托马斯·贝叶斯（1702–1761），他證明了一個特例（現在知道是贝叶斯定理的特例），不過皮埃尔-西蒙·拉普拉斯（1749–1827）推導了此定理的一般版本，應用在天體力學、醫療統計學、及法学上。早期的贝叶斯推断是用拉普拉斯所得的均勻先驗，稱為（因為是由觀測值倒推參數的归纳推理，或是從結果倒推到原因）。在1920年代以後，逆向機率很大程度的被另一群稱為的方式取代。
二十世紀時，拉普拉斯的概念往下分支為二派，開始出現主觀贝叶斯方法及客觀贝叶斯方法。客觀贝叶斯方法（或是不提供信息的贝叶斯方法）中，統計分析只依照假設的模型、分析的資料以及給定先驗分布的方式（不同的客觀贝叶斯方法會有不同給定先驗分布的方式）。主觀贝叶斯方法（或是提供信息的贝叶斯方法）中，先驗的規格依信念（也是分析希望要呈現的主張）而定，信念可以由專家整理資訊後總結產生，也可以根據以往的研究等。
1980年代發現了马尔科夫蒙特卡洛方法，讓贝叶斯方法的研究及應用有大幅的發展，除去了許多運算上的問題，也有越來越多人願意參與非標準的複雜問題。不過雖然贝叶斯方法的研究仍在成長，大部份大學本科的教學仍是以為基礎
。不過贝叶斯方法也廣為許多領域接受及應用，例如在机器学习的領域中。
參考資料
相關條目
贝叶斯统计
贝叶斯定理
，ISBA期刊
贝叶斯概率
（ISBA）
（BSTS）
蒙提霍爾問題
貝氏推論 |
请描述疝气的治疗方法？治疝气的中药处方治益气升提或理气散结。 一处方：母丁香适量。用法：研为极细末，装瓶密封。取适量药末填满脐窝，敷固定，2天换药一次。一般4～6次见效。敷药同时，要积消除容易引起腹压增高的致病因素，如咳嗽、便秘、排尿难等。注意休息，减少活动量。 二用法：上药分份，分贴于肚脐部及两足心，上盖棉花，以胶布固定，每半月换贴1次。 三处方：活鲫鱼60～90克尾，伴小茴10克。用法：或蒸或煎汤均可，不放盐，每日1次，连服5～6次。 四处方：大小茴香各3克，荔枝核5个，桔核10克。用法：共研末，每用红糖开水调服6克，每日2次。 五处方：人参4克(党参15克)，黄芪15克，桂圆肉10克，升麻3克，炙甘草2克。用法：水煎服。 六处方：黄芪15克，升麻3克，大枣15克。用法：水煎服。肿物过大，不能回纳腹腔，小儿烦躁哭闹局部肿块明显隆起，紧张、压痛，时间一久，会造成被嵌顿的小肠坏死，要赶快送医院手术治疗。 |
宋憲（），東漢末年武將，早期為呂布部將，隨呂布轉戰各地。呂布被圍於下邳時，宋憲、魏續和侯成投降曹操，促使呂布最終失敗被曹操所殺。
呂布死後，在正史包括《三國志》等之中就沒有宋憲的記錄，《三國演義》中則記述他在官渡之戰時，守衛白馬，被袁紹手下大將顏良陣前斬首。
漫畫
《火鳳燎原》（陳某）:設定同魏續、侯成為華雄部下，華雄死後改隨呂布，在徐州和司馬家約定叛呂投曹時，因魏續為呂布妺夫並私通陳宮，使自己和侯成二人因而被捕，在呂布大勢已去時因魏續而釋放，並與魏、侯二人擒下陳宮、呂布，在欲殺呂布時因奮不顧身營救呂布的高順及帶領「虎豹騎」入城的曹純所阻，在白馬之戰中為顏良殺害。
S宋
S宋
宋姓 |
Hai-Hsin Huang (; born 1984) is a Brooklyn-based Taiwanese artist. She works primarily in painting, drawing, and with publications.
Career
Huang received her BA degree from National Taipei University of Education in 2007 and an MFA from The School of Visual Arts in New York in 2009. Often employing humor and horror in her paintings, Huang explores the chaos to be found in everyday life scenes. She also uses her work to reflect on her cross-cultural experiences and encounters with racism as a foreigner living in the United States.
Her painting series A Museum Show (2016-2017), was formed by her time spent visiting museums in New York, particularly The Met, in search of inspiration and is inspired by her on observations of the tourists, school groups, and other museum-goers.
She has also collaborated on several artist book projects with the Taiwanese independent publishers nos:books, designing and publishing books together from 2014-2019.
See also
Taiwanese art
References
Artists from Taipei
Artists from Brooklyn
Taiwanese painters
American women painters
National Taipei University of Education alumni
School of Visual Arts alumni
1984 births
Living people
Taiwanese women painters
21st-century American women |
Fred Siegfried Hirsch (October 4, 1888 - September 11, 1979) was an American naturopath, entrepreneur, salesman, and author best known for his association with alternative health educator Arnold Ehret. He was the long-term proprietor of Ehret Literature Publishing Company, which published books on dieting, detoxification, fasting, health, naturopathy, longevity, and physical culture. He co-founded Highland Springs Resort in 1927, where he associated with notable figures, including Albert Einstein, Ernest Hemingway, Roy Rogers, Bob Hope, and Elizabeth Taylor.
Association with Arnold Ehret and Ehret Literature Publishing
In “Still Ehret After All These Years,” historian Gordon Kennedy affirms that Fred Hirsch had severe health problems, including necrosis of the Achilles. In order to temporarily prolong his life from the above-mentioned terminal condition, three different bone specialists recommended that Hirsch have both of his feet amputated.
Following Hirsch's diagnosis, he attended a lecture by Professor Arnold Ehret in 1915 in hopes of finding remedy for his illness. After following Ehret's naturopathic healing methods, Hirsch no longer required crutches, was no longer ill, and became Ehret's business manager and publisher.
For 65 years, Fred Hirsch and his wife Lucille published alternative health books, most notably Ehret's Mucusless Diet Healing System and Rational Fasting. Hirsch's own published writings included prefaces, forewords, introductions, and full-length articles on diet and naturopathy.
Hirsch also manufactured and marketed “Prof. Arnold Ehret’s Inner Clean Intestinal Laxative".
On July 1, 1981, Alvin Last took ownership of Ehret Literature Publishing Company, Inc., which included the rights to manufacture the Inner Clean Intestinal Laxative.
Highland Springs Resort
In 1927, Fred and his brother, William Walter Hirsch, bought Dr. Isaac Smith's property in Southern California and developed a vegetarian health resort, Highland Springs Resort – now Highland Springs Ranch & Inn. Fred Hirsch operated a vegetarian restaurant on the property which served produce grown on the land. Hirsch also cultivated and operated a grape vineyard. The resort became known as “The Last Resort” due to those who visited, in search of healing after medical methods didn't work. Among people travelling to Highland Springs for healing purposes, the resort became a location that Albert Einstein regularly visited whenever he went to Caltech in Pasadena. Celebrities, including Ernest Hemingway, Roy Rogers, Bob Hope, and Elizabeth Taylor, were also known to frequent the resort. The Rosin brothers purchased the Highland Springs property from the Hirsch brothers in 1948.
Criticism
On October 14, 1931, Arthur M. Hyde, Secretary of Agriculture, claimed Hirsch's marketing of Professor Arnold Ehret's Innerclean Intestinal Laxative Formula to be “false and misleading”. Hirsch was issued a lawsuit where 125 cartons of Innerclean were seized. The product was released back to Hirsch under the condition that he pay a $4,000 bond and remove the advertisement on the packages, under the supervision of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Legacy
Hirsch's efforts to keep Arnold Ehret’s books accessible influenced other naturopathic leaders, including David Wolfe, Dr. Robert Morse N.D., and Alfredo Bowman (Dr. Sebi). Steve Jobs, founder of Apple Inc. and pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, was inspired by books published by Hirsch, including Arnold Ehret's Mucusless Diet Healing System and Rational Fasting. Hirsch eventually sold Ehret Literature Publishing Company to Alvin Last in 1979.
In a 2018 interview with Woody Harrelson, he mentions "“I think the best book I’ve read was written around 1910 by Arnold Ehret, who was a guy Jack Nicholson mentioned to me...It’s called 'The Mucusless Diet.' And he has another one called “Rational Fasting” and both of those books have so much great information."” In 2020, UFC Hall of Famer Rashad 'Suga' Evans made positive mention of the Mucusless Diet Healing System and Arnold Ehret on the Joe Rogan Podcast.
Natural health advocate Prof. Spira, owner of Mucus-free Life LLC, publishes several of Hirsch's works under his own Breathair Publishing Company, including an annotated, revised, and edited version of Hirsch's edition of Arnold Ehret's Mucusless Diet Healing System.
References
1888 births
1979 deaths
American writers
American publishers (people)
People associated with physical culture |
Gréta Arn (born 13 April 1979) is a Hungarian retired tennis player of Danube Swabian German descent.
She has won two titles on the WTA Tour, the 2007 Estoril Open in Portugal, and the 2011 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, as well as four ITF titles in singles. She reached her career-high singles ranking of world No. 40 on 16 May 2011. She has picked up wins against Mary Pierce at the 2002 Acura Classic and Maria Sharapova at the 2011 ASB Classic.
Personal life
Arn was born in Budapest, Hungary. After playing for Germany with dual Hungarian citizenship for nine years, she chose for the 2008 Fed Cup to compete for Hungary alongside Ágnes Szávay. She also chose to play for her nation of birth full-time.
Career
In 1997, Arn won her first title on the ITF Women's Circuit, winning a $10k event at Stockholm. In 1999, she won her second ITF title at the $10k event at Glasgow. In 2004, at Bad Saulgau, she won her third $10k title.
In 2006, Arn won a $25k event in Fort Walton Beach. In 2007, she won her first title on the WTA Tour as a qualifier ranked No. 176 in the world, becoming the lowest ranked and first qualifier to win a WTA event in 2007. In the Tier IV 2007 Estoril Open final she defeated teenager Victoria Azarenka, saving two matchpoints at 4–5 in the third set.
At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, Arn qualified and reached the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time at the age of 31. In the first round, she beat 34th seed Kateryna Bondarenko before following it up with a win over former top-10 player Alicia Molik. Her run was ended by 2007 Wimbledon finalist Marion Bartoli in the third round. At the 2010 US Open, Arn was pitted against second seeded defending champion Kim Clijsters. She lost in straight sets. Arn qualified for the WTA Premier tournament in Tokyo, by defeating Chan Yung-jan and Elena Baltacha. In the main draw she then defeated fellow qualifier Laura Robson in the first round before losing to top seed Caroline Wozniacki.
In her first event of 2011, at the ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, Arn beat Zuzana Ondrášková. Arn then defeated eighth seed Sofia Arvidsson, saving five match points along the way. She followed it up with the biggest win of her career by defeating top seed and former world No. 1 Maria Sharapova. Arn won her semifinal match against fourth seed Julia Görges in straight sets to book a final berth against defending champion and second seed Yanina Wickmayer for the title. Arn went on to defeat Wickmayer in straight sets to become the 2011 ASB Classic champion and add her second title win.
At the 2012 Australian Open, Arn defeated Rebecca Marino in the first round. In the second round, she won a very tight battle against 17th seed Dominika Cibulková to make her second Grand Slam third round appearance and set up an encounter with Serena Williams, to whom she lost in straight sets. Seeded sixth at the Monterrey Open in February, she advanced to the semifinals before losing to Alexandra Cadanțu.
Arn announced her retirement in January 2014 after no longer being active since the 2013 Wimbledon Championships where she lost in the first round of qualifying.
Almost four years later, at the age of 38, Arn made a comeback on the ITF Circuit. In September 2017, she reached the final of an 25k event in Balatonboglár, Hungary, losing to top-seed Polona Hercog.
Arn's retirement was again announced in January 2021.
Grand Slam performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
WTA career finals
Singles:2 (2 titles)
ITF finals
Singles: 9 (5 titles, 4 runner–ups)
Doubles (4–9)
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Tennis players from Budapest
German female tennis players
Danube-Swabian people
Hungarian female tennis players
Hungarian people of German descent
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players for Hungary |
亞蘭（Aram; אֲרָם or ʾĂrām），亦作亞拉姆，思高本作阿蘭，是《聖經》裡的一個區域名稱，位於敘利亞中部，包括阿勒頗所在的地區。亞蘭的範圍從黎巴嫩山往東過伯拉河，並包括美索不达米亚平原北部。「亞蘭」這名字源自挪亞的孫兒、閃的兒子亞蘭，相傳是亞蘭人的祖先，是希伯來人的兄弟民族。另外，西台人亦曾在這裡生活過。
亞拉姆人在約在公元前12世紀開始移居到亞蘭地區及美索不達米亞，並曾建立過兩個王國：亞蘭大馬士革王國及哈馬王國。此外，在當地還有不少細小的王國及獨立城邦建立過，都在公元前1千年期間存在。於公元前1000年時在巴比倫王國南部生活、曾建立新巴比倫王國的迦勒底人亦被普遍認為是一個源自亞蘭的部族。
當基督徒開始在敘利亞生活時，一種亞蘭語的方言開始出現，並演變成今日的敘利亞語或亞述語。因此，敘利亞語其實與在敘利亞生活的基督徒相關。
今日在同樣的地方，當地居民信奉東方禮天主教會，當中包括馬龍派及皇家希臘天主教會。這些教會現時都在敘利亞及黎巴嫩流傳，與其他天主教會一樣奉羅馬教庭為正宗，但在禮儀方面與採用拉丁禮儀的其他天主教會有所不同。
聖經中的亞蘭
聖經中多次提到亞蘭，亞蘭曾與亞捫組織聯軍要攻打以色列，並被大衛擊敗（撒母耳記下：第10章）。到了所羅門晚年，利遜作了亞蘭人的王（列王紀上11:25），成為了以色列的敵人，以大馬士革為都。
在先知以利亞和以利沙的時期，亞蘭出現的次數很多。以色列的亞哈王曾約同猶大國的約沙法一起出征亞蘭，但戰死沙場。企圖圍攻多坍但被以利沙以神蹟擊敗後，亞蘭軍隊亦曾圍困以色列的首都撒馬利亞而逼使太后耶洗別和約蘭王要派人殺以利沙。
在以色列太后耶洗別和猶大太后亞他利雅死後多年，在猶大國的約阿施當家之時，亞蘭亦曾兵犯猶大，並導致約阿施被刺身亡。
歷史
前853年，亞述帝國的沙爾馬那塞爾三世 發動了夸夸之戰（Battle of Qarqar），為亞述入侵敘利亞揭開序幕。亞蘭王國、哈馬王國和北國以色列組成了聯軍稍為拖延，但仍然無法阻止亞述帝國西進的雄心 。另外，亞蘭王國與以色列並沒有因此和解，反而陷入了長期對抗中。以色列為了擺脫長期對抗而轉向亞述帝國稱臣，特別在耶戶當政的時代。因而以色列成為了亞述遠交近攻的聯盟對象，使亞述最終征服了亞蘭，而以色列亦自始成為亞述的附庸。
參看
亞蘭人 - 亞蘭文
亞蘭大馬士革
參考
摩西五經中的地名
敘利亞歷史
希伯来圣经中的民族 |
氨肽素硫酸锌片药理作用？1、药理 本品中氨肽素是从动物脏器提取的活性物质，能促进血细胞形成，调节机体免疫功能，增强食欲。能参与多种酶的合成与激活，对蛋白质、核酸合成，肠道蛋白的吸收和消化发挥重要生理功能，促进生长发育；通过对味觉素的合成及防止黏膜上皮细胞角化不全，维持正常食欲及味觉。2、毒理 小鼠急性毒性实验，以安肽素3g/kg+硫酸锌1.5g/kg给药7天。未见明显中毒和死亡。大鼠长期毒性实验，以安肽素3g/kg+硫酸锌0.3g/kg给药40天。血象正常；肝、肾功能及主要脏器亦未见异常变化。 |
胡斯尼喬阿拉鄉（），是羅馬尼亞的鄉份，位於該國西南部，由梅赫丁茨縣負責管轄，面積75平方公里，海拔高度251米，2007年人口1,467，人口密度每平方公里20人。
參考資料
Romanian census data, 2002; retrieved on March 1, 2010
羅馬尼亞鄉份 |
Macromia flavocolorata is a species of dragonfly in the family Macromiidae. This species is widely distributed in India, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and China.
Description and habitat
It is a medium sized dragonfly with emerald-green eyes. Its thorax is dark metallic blue, marked with citron-yellow. There is a well-defined humeral stripe, an oblique narrow stripe on the mesepimeron, and a narrow stripe on the posterior border of the metepimeron. Abdomen is black, marked with citron-yellow. The basal half of segment 2 is yellow. Segment 3 has paired dorsal spots apposed to the basal side of jugum, and a baso-lateral triangular spot on each side. Segments 4 to 6 have the paired dorsal spots. Segment 7 has a basal annule occupying about one-third the length of segment. Segment 8 has a large triangular basal dorsal spot and a quadrate spot at the base on each side. Segments 9 and 10 are unmarked. Anal appendages are black.
This species usually found hawking over shallow streams where it breeds.
See also
List of odonates of India
List of odonata of Kerala
References
Macromiidae
Taxa named by Frederic Charles Fraser |
Richard Finch was a merchant in London and a Quaker. In 1746, he wrote a pamphlet entitled The Nature and Duty of Self-Defence: Addressed to the People called Quakers, which argued against Quaker beliefs on pacifism. His opposition to pacifism takes the form of two arguments, one theological and the other not. The theological argument is that man has a right to self-defence which was not abolished by Jesus in the gospels. The second argument draws an analogy between defending against an external aggressor and the right for a government to defend against a civil rebellion or a criminal.
Finch mentions in his pamphlet a number of Quaker soldiers who deserted their duty. Peter Brock supposes that these may have included Joseph Harwood and two of his fellow soldiers. While in hospital, Harwood had slept alongside a soldier who had been raised a Quaker and who lamented his non-adherence to the pacifism of his faith. Harwood and two other soldiers he had influenced were convicted under martial law for laying down his arms during battle. (Harwood and his two companions were later pardoned by King George II.)
Responses to his booklet against pacifism came from a number of Quaker writers including Joseph Besse and from an unknown and anonymous author who wrote a response called A Modest Plea in behalf of the People call'd Quakers.
In 1755, Finch published a second pamphlet recanting his anti-pacifist views titled Second Thoughts concerning War, wherein that great subject is candidly considered, and set in a new light, in answer to, and by the author of a late pamphlet, intitled "The Nature and Duty of Self Defence, addressed to the People called Quakers". In the text, he states that his previous views were due to a period of doubt and unbelief.
The historian Peter Brock draws a parallel between Finch's (albeit later recanted) anti-pacifism and the views of the banker and abolitionist Samuel Hoare Jr who similarly expressed some anti-pacifist beliefs.
References
English Quakers
18th-century English people
English religious writers
Quaker theologians
Quaker writers
English Christian pacifists |
Lissadell House is a neo-classical Greek revivalist style country house in County Sligo, Ireland.
The house was built between 1830 and 1835 for Sir Robert Gore-Booth, 4th Baronet (1784–1835) by London architect Francis Goodwin. Sir Robert left the house and surrounding estate to his son, Sir Henry Gore-Booth, 5th Baronet.
Architecture
Described as "austere in the extreme", Lissadell house is a Greek Revival style detached nine-bay, two-storey over basement mansion, the last one in this style to be built in Ireland. It is constructed of Ballysadare limestone with finely jointed ashlar walling. An entrance front is on the north with a three-bay pedimented central projection, originally open to east and west to form porte-cochere.
Before its sale in 2003, Lissadell was the only house in Ireland to retain its original Williams & Gibton furniture, which was made especially for the house and designed to harmonise with Goodwin's architectural vision.
Lissadell's was the first country house in Ireland to have an independent gas supply piped into the property.
Location
The house is on the south shore of Maugherow Peninsula in northern County Sligo overlooking Drumcliff Bay. It is in the townland of Lissadill, in the Barony of Carbury (formerly the túath of Cairbre Drom Cliabh). The house takes its name from the Irish placename, or O'Dalys Court of the Blind, possibly referring to the Ó Dálaigh school of poetry that existed here in the 13th century.
History
The estate was formed from land granted in the early 17th century to the Elizabethan soldier Sir Paul Gore for his services to the English crown during the Nine Years' War. The land was confiscated from ecclesiastical lands belonging to the monastery of Drumcliff and the Lords of Ó Conchobhair Sligigh and the Ó hAirt (O'Hart) chiefs of the territory. The original seat of the estate was at Ardtarmon Castle, a 17th-century fortified house several kilometres to the west. The present house replaced an earlier 13th century house closer to the shore which was demolished.
The estate was once but now consists of less than , the immediate demesne of the house. The house was the childhood home of Irish revolutionary, Constance Gore-Booth, her sister the poet and suffragist, Eva Gore-Booth, and their siblings, Mabel Gore-Booth, Mordaunt Gore-Booth and Josslyn Gore-Booth. It was also the sometime holiday retreat of the world-renowned poet, William Butler Yeats. He made the house famous with the opening lines of his poem:
The estate was bought by the Cassidy-Walsh family in 2003 for an undisclosed sum. They initiated a programme of restoration of the house.
Controversies
The clearance of Ballygilgan
This controversy occurred just prior to the famine and concerned the clearance of a settlement on the Lissadell estate as part of the "improvement" of the estate by consolidation of small holdings into larger more viable farms through "assisted emigration". The issue was whether these people were forced to go or left by choice.
The Lissadell affair
This controversy centred around the sacking of Gabrielle Gore-Booth by the then Solicitor General amid allegations of mismanagement of the estate, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the heir Michael was made a ward of court. It generated considerable public indignation when it was first told by English journalist Anne Robinson. Gabrielle's counter claim involved the illegal felling of estate timber.
Calls for a public inquiry were followed by an investigation by RTÉ’s current affairs programme Seven Days, re-examining the claim in respect of the timber, which had been dismissed as ‘absurd’.
Judgment was delivered in April 1965 by Justice Davitt who summed up by saying "Neither Gabrielle or her mother or sister have any legal rights whatever to any say in the matter as to how Lissadell is to be managed. They have no legal right even to be at Lissadell. They have been allowed to remain there because of the belief that if Sir Michael Gore-Booth were under no disability it would be his wish permanently to extend the hospitality of his home to his mother and sisters. That belief may or may not be well founded. I do not consider it necessary to direct that felling of timber be discontinued".
Sale in 2004
In 2003, the house was put up for sale by the then owner, Sir Josslyn Gore-Booth (a grand-nephew of the original Josslyn Gore-Booth), for €3 million. The sale was controversial because, as well as being one of Ireland's finest houses, there are many historical associations with the house. It was the home of Constance Markievicz, associated with the poet W.B. Yeats and, because of its links to Markievicz and the 1916 Rising, it can be argued that the house is inextricably linked to the foundation of the state. Many, including Sir Josslyn himself, hoped that it would be purchased by the state stating "Suffice it to say I would welcome an interest on the part of the state".
However, the then Fianna Fáil government under Bertie Ahern waived any interest in the estate, citing a cost report commissioned by Environment Minister Martin Cullen which suggested that the overall cost to the State of purchasing Lissadell and refurbishing it as a major visitor attraction would cost in the region of €28 million, a figure which has been claimed to be inaccurate by many, including Sir Josslyn himself. The state also waived any interest in the auction of the contents of the house.
A consortium was set up consisting of businessmen and politicians to buy the house in trust for the state; however, the house was eventually sold to a private couple, the prominent Dublin barristers Edward Walsh and Constance Cassidy, who began to restrict access through the estate shortly after, citing privacy and safety concerns.
Access dispute 2008 to 2013
Background
Protests over access through the estate began shortly after the sale with the formation of a group called the 'Lissadell Action Group' who campaigned to have public rights of way through the estate confirmed. The protestors claimed that there had been free access through the estate for the previous hundred years and based their claim in part on a statement by Sir Josslyn. In a 1987 interview recorded in the Lissadell Estate papers he said: "This sea drive, or Avenue, then turns inland through the woods to the west of the house, eventually curving round to the north entrance of the house. Today the Avenue is a favourite haunt of picnic and bathing parties but this is not a recent idea; the people of Sligo have been able to use this area for recreation since the beginning of this century.". This assertion glossed over that this part of Lissadell had been sold under the Land Acts, and that Coillte (the Irish State Forestry Commission) owned the sea avenue and land on either side of it.
In 2007, during a visit to the house by Taoiseach Bertie Ahern to open an art exhibition, protestors claimed that "were Countess Markievicz here, she would be protesting with them" to which he replied that "the state can't take over every great house in the country. Lissadell is clearly in very loving hands. The owners have done a wonderful job."
Sligo County Council had by 2008 received 40 submissions from citizens and sought legal advice on access to the land. On a motion put by Councillor Joe Leonard in December 2008, the council voted unanimously to preserve public rights of way that the council contended existed on the estate. This motion began the procedure to vary the County Development Plan to include the four roads through the estate.
In response, the Walshes announced the house's closure on 8 January 2009 due to the dispute with Sligo County Council.
First judgement
The owners instituted legal proceedings against the council claiming that there are no dedicated public rights of way over the estate and the council counterclaimed, asserting public rights of way over the four main avenues. The owners indicated that they would not be reopening Lissadell if the council won the court action.
In Ireland a right of way can be established if there has been a dedication by its owner to the public and secondly, if the public has accepted this dedication. In the absence of an express dedication, one must be inferred from the behaviour of the owner. General rights of way can also be asserted by use "since time immemorial".
In order to infer whether a dedication existed, the case focussed on the erection and subsequent removal of a barrier in 1993 by Sir Josslyn, apparently to keep out New Age Travellers.
The High Court judge (McMahon J) decided on the fact that no objection was made by Sir Josslyn to its subsequent removal by locals, that this showed that he regarded the rights of way as belonging to the public. The 58-day-long hearings ended in June 2010, with judgement upholding the council's claims over the avenues.
Legal costs for both sides at this stage were estimated at €6 million. The grounds remained closed.
Appeal
The Walsh-Cassidys then appealed to the Supreme Court of Ireland. They claimed that Justice McMahon had "made a fundamental error" in his ruling arguing that he "had erred in converting evidence about use since the 1950s of four routes in the 410-acre estate into an effective presumption about, and significant extension of, the law governing rights of way". The case hinged again on whether a dedication of right of way had been intended by the previous owners of Lissadell. This time the 1993 incident was interpreted to imply that Sir Josslyn saw the avenue as his to block and only relented in the interest of public relations.
The Supreme Court issued a 117-page judgement on 11 November 2013 that ruled in favour of the owners, excepting a public right of access along the beach.
On 3 April 2014 the Supreme Court found that Sligo County Council must pay 75% of the costs of the appellants, estimated at 5.25 million, and all of its own costs for the 58 day legal battle. In 2018, the parties reached a settlement on some of the owners' costs, which by then were estimated at about €7 million.
Issues
The case brought up the difficulty of determining whether public rights of way exist, and the bitterness, cost, and duration of the resulting legal actions, against the background of sharply differing notions of sound public policy and history.
Recognition of the implications of a precedent being set by the Lissadell case regarding these underlying issues was expressed by several of Sligo Council representatives while discussing the case, who stated "We are opening a can of worms here. 100 years ago there was a mass path across my land." and "while it was Lissadell House today", "what about [the implications for] ordinary farmers in other places".
The Supreme court ruling has been criticised by advocates of open access to the countryside, including Mountaineering Ireland for "setting the bar too high", effectively making it impossible to assert right of way through long use, instead requiring dedication by the landowner, a position abandoned in most European jurisdictions, including England, as too onerous a proof.
On the other hand, the Supreme court decision has been welcomed by the Irish farmers organisation the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA). The President of the ICMSA, John Comer, said that it was "a victory for common sense" and will help set landowners' minds at ease.
It has been noted that the reliance in the Lissadell case on old English common law precedents inherited by the state and the lack of reference to the Constitution of Ireland in both judgements, highlights the continued reliance of the courts of the Republic of Ireland on English law and precedent, and concomitant upholding of English style property rights, which may or may not be suited to the present situation in Ireland.
Rights of way clashes have also occurred at Ashford Castle in County Mayo in 2011.
Concerts
Westlife - Where We Are Tour: 30 July 2010
Leonard Cohen - Leonard Cohen Tour 2008–2010: 31 July; 1 August 2010
See also
List of works by Francis Goodwin
References
External links
SligoHeritage
Houses completed in 1835
Buildings and structures in County Sligo
Tourist attractions in County Sligo
History of County Sligo
Historic house museums in the Republic of Ireland
Museums in County Sligo
Gardens in County Sligo
Literary museums in Ireland
Gore family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy)
1835 establishments in Ireland |
Mochica (also Yunga, Yunca, Chimú, Muchic, Mochika, Muchik, Chimu) is an extinct language formerly spoken along the northwest coast of Peru and in an inland village. First documented in 1607, the language was widely spoken in the area during the 17th century and the early 18th century. By the late 19th century, the language was dying out and spoken only by a few people in the village of Etén, in Chiclayo. It died out as a spoken language around 1920, but certain words and phrases continued to be used until the 1960s.
It is best known as the supposed language of the Moche culture, as well as the Chimú culture/Chimor.
Classification
Mochica is usually considered to be a language isolate, but has also been hypothesized as belonging to a wider Chimuan language family. Stark (1972) proposes a connection with Uru–Chipaya as part of a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily hypothesis.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Trumai, Arawak, Kandoshi, Muniche, Barbakoa, Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, Mapudungun, Kanichana, and Kunza language families due to contact. Jolkesky (2016) also suggests that similarities with Amazonian languages may be due to the early migration of Mochica speakers down the Marañón and Solimões.
Varieties
"Southern Chimú" varieties listed by Loukotka (1968) are given below.
Chimú - around Trujillo, Peru
Eten - Loukotka (1968) reported a few speakers in the villages of Eten and Monsefú, department of Lambayeque
Mochica - once spoken on the coast of the department of Libertad
Casma - once spoken on the Casma River, department of Ancash (unattested)
Paramonga - once spoken on the Fortaleza River, department of Ancash (unattested)
Typology
Mochica is typologically different from the other main languages on the west coast of South America, namely the Quechuan languages, Aymara, and the Mapuche language. Further, it contains rare features such as:
a case system in which cases are built on each other in a linear sequence; for example, the ablative case suffix is added to the locative case, which in turn is added to an oblique case form;
all nouns have two stems, possessed and non-possessed;
an agentive case suffix used mainly for the agent in passive clauses; and
a verbal system in which all finite forms are formed with the copula.
Phonology
The reconstruction or recovery of the Mochican sounds is problematic. Different scholars who worked with the language used different notations. Both Carrera Daza like Middendorf, devoted much space to justify the phonetic value of the signs they used, but neither was completely successful in clearing the doubts of interpretation of these symbols. In fact their interpretations differ markedly, casting doubt on some sounds.
Lehman made a useful comparison of existing sources, enriched with observations of 1929. The long-awaited field notes of Brüning from 1904 to 1905 have been kept in the Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg, though still unpublished. An additional complication in spellings interpretation of different scholars is the fact that between the 16th and the 19th century the language experienced a remarkable phonological change that make even more risky to use the latest data to understand older material.
Vowels
The language probably had six simple vowels and six more elongated vowels: /i, iː, ä, äː, e, eː, ø, øː, o, oː, u, uː/. Carrera Daza and Middendorf gave mismatched systems that can be put in approximate correspondence:
Morphology
Some suffixes in Mochica as reconstituted by Hovdhaugen (2004):
sequential suffix: -top
purpose suffix: -næm
gerund suffixes: -læc and -ssæc
gerund suffix: -(æ)zcæf
gerund suffix: -(æ)d
Lexicon
Some examples of lexical items in Mochica from Hovdhaugen (2004):
Nouns
Possessed and non-possessed nouns in Mochica:
Locative forms of Mochica nouns:
Quantifiers
Quantifiers in Mochica:
Numerals
Mochica numerals:
Surviving records
The only surviving song in the language is a single tonada, , preserved in the Codex Martínez Compañón among many watercolours illustrating the life of Chimú people during the 18th century:
Quingnam, possibly the same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora, is sometimes taken to be a dialect, but a list of numerals was discovered in 2010 and is suspected to be Quingnam or Pescadora, not Mochica.
Learning program
The Gestión de Cultura of Morrope in Peru has launched a program to learn this language, in order to preserve the ancient cultural heritage in the area. This program has been well received by people and adopted by many schools, and also have launched other activities such as the development of ceramics, mates, etc.
Further reading
Brüning, Hans Heinrich (2004). Mochica Wörterbuch / Diccionario mochica: Mochica-castellano, castellano-mochica. Lima: Universidad San Martín de Porres.
Hovdhaugen, Even (2004). Mochica. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
Schumacher de Peña, G. (1992). El vocabulario mochica de Walter Lehmann (1929) comparado con otras fuentes léxicas. Lima: UNSM, Instituto de Investigación de Lingüística Aplicada.
References
External links
Abstract of Mochica from the Languages of the World series
Chimuan languages
Extinct languages of South America
Language isolates of South America |
Waters of Change is the second album by the Scottish progressive band Beggars Opera, published in 1971.
Overview
With respect to its predecessor Act One, Waters of Change features a rather different sound, which is less derivative of The Nice and Deep Purple MK I, and it is often described as the band's best work.
Track listing
Personnel
Beggars Opera
Ricky Gardiner - lead guitar, vocals, acoustic guitar
Martin Griffiths - lead vocal, cow bell
Alan Park - organ, piano
Gordon Sellar - bass and acoustic guitar, vocals
Virginia Scott - Mellotron, vocals
Raymond Wilson - percussion
with:
Marshall Erskine - bass, flute on "Festival"
Barry Ainsworth, Martin Birch - engineers
References
Beggars Opera albums
1971 albums
Albums produced by Phil Coulter
Albums produced by Bill Martin (musician)
Vertigo Records albums |
50岁女人月经不调怎么办？50岁月经不调的情况是很少见的一类人群，但也或许自己没有弄清楚这个绝经和月经不调的区别在哪里，通常的我们女人在第一次的月经来的时候，要是来月经的年龄很小，那么绝经的岁数就会变小，可能或不到五十岁就绝经了，要是来月经的年龄比较大了，那么就可能会超过五十岁在绝经，这都是看自己的这个月经的年龄的，一般的到了五十岁有月经的，也是会很少的量，或是几个月来一次的，卵巢和子宫已经衰老的不行了，所以50岁月经不调不用去格外的注意的。50岁月经不调其实问题不大的，因为这个50岁也本应是到了这个要绝经的时候了，有的人第一次的月经来的比较早的，差不多在四十八九岁就已经绝经了，要是在五十岁的时候还在偶尔的来着，那么一般就不用叫做是月经不调了，其实这就是绝经前的一些提前的表现了。首先，我们今年要是正好五十岁，那么女性一般多数的绝经是在四十九左右的时候，这样我们五十岁也是绝经的临界的年龄了，即使这个之前都没有出现这个绝经的表现，但是可能从这一次就开始了呢，所以不用担心这个50岁月经不调要怎么办的问题了。其次，要是我们第一次来月经的时候，这个年龄是很小的，那么我们月经走的时候也会是比较年轻的一个年龄的，月经的整个的周期是一样的，这样开始的早，那么月经结束的也就早，那么我们要是开始的晚，那绝经的也就晚了。就算是还没有到这个绝经的时候，但是五十岁的时候，我们的子宫和卵巢都已经很衰老的了，就是还来月经，也就回来的这个量很少了，或者是几个月才能来一次这个月经，其实不能说是月经不调，本身就快没有月经了。总之，50岁月经不调是不需要格外的去治疗这个月经不调的，因为我们的年龄差不多到了这个要结束月经的时候了，就算是还来着月经的，也是会因为这个子宫和卵巢的衰老就来的量会很少的，还会几个月才来一次这个月经的。 |
RM Broadcasting is a United States radio company based in Jupiter, Florida owned and operated by Arnold Ferolito. The company engages in time brokerage agreements, and is primarily known for platforming Russian government programming Radio Sputnik and a legal battle over initially refusing to register as a foreign agent.
The company has received press over selling time to Rossiya Segodnya and playing a part in disseminating pro-Russian propaganda in the United States. Ferolito frequently defended his comportment on the grounds of allowing free speech, and repeated that justification after facing increased scrutiny from the National Association of Broadcasters following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
RM Broadcasting has arranged time brokerage agreements with Alpine Broadcasting and several stations, including KJJZ (formerly KAJR and KLCX), WZHF, KRHQ, and KCXL.
References
Jupiter, Florida
2010 establishments in Florida
Companies based in Palm Beach County, Florida
Radio stations in Florida
Russian propaganda organizations
Russia–United States relations |
闭经后还能生孩子吗？月经是我们维持一个正常排卵的基础，实际上月经的来到就是一个排卵泡生成和脱落的过程。所以说如果没有月经是不可能怀孕，一般正常的女性大约在49岁左右开始陆续的绝经，一旦绝经就没有了生育的可能绝经后卵巢功能已经萎缩，没有卵子排出也就不能怀孕了。怀孕是有很多前提条件的，比如你的子宫内环境是好的，卵巢有排卵功能。女性的闭经发生对于女性的身体影响是很大的，不仅仅会影响到正常的身体健康，同时还会影响到女性的正常分泌功能，肤色、甚至来会影响到下一代的生育，所以月经的异常一定要引起高度的重视。闭经的常见原因有：1、疾病。在生活中，身体多多少少会出现一些疾病，但是有些疾病对身体的影响伤害是非常大的，看似没有什么问题，如贫血、营养不良、特有的内分泌疾病，肥胖等症状，这些疾病的发生都是由于体内的分泌激素不全，肾上腺功能下降，胰腺体功能紊乱造成的，这些因素的发生，长时间没有得到及时的治疗就会导致闭经的情况发生。2、生殖器官的发育不良。生殖器官的发育不良也是会影响到卵巢的正常功能，有些患者是先天性的无卵巢、卵巢早衰、卵巢的发育不良，不能正常的分泌雌性激素以及孕激素，子宫内膜没有周期性的变化，这些都会影响到女性的正常月经，会发生没有月经来潮的情况。3、心理因素。很多人对于月经会形成一种非常紧张的情况，因为有时候痛经的发生，让很多人对于月经的来潮有一种厌误感，月经的平衡轴主要是由于卵巢功能轴、垂体、以及大脑的垂体、神经系统，这些都有着复杂的关系，那么，如果长时间的处于紧张的一种现象，就会导致正常功能异常，导致闭经。4、过度减肥。有些爱美的女士，经常会通过节食来进行减肥，过度的节食，身体最基本的营养都不能保证，长期性的就会导致严重的营养不良，导致女性的内分泌紊乱，影响到下丘脑黄体激素的生成，使体内的分泌激素减少，从而发生闭经。 |
鱼香肉丝是一道常见川菜，上河帮川菜的代表菜色之一。鱼香是川菜主要传统味型之一。成菜具有鱼香味，但其味并不直接来自鱼，而是由醋、泡红辣椒、薑等调味品调制出的。此法源出于四川民间独具特色的烹鱼调味方法，而今已广泛用于川味的熟菜中，具有咸、酸、甜、辣、香、鲜和浓郁的葱、姜、蒜味的特色。
历史
鱼香味的菜肴最早是20世纪初叶以后才有的，首创者为民国初年的川菜大厨。1909年出版的《成都通览》收录了1328种川味菜肴，但却没有鱼香味菜，说明鱼香味菜只能是1909年以后才出现的。
常用材料
鱼香肉丝的主料是猪肉，要选用三成肥、七成瘦的猪肉切丝滑炒，方能使肉丝质地鲜嫩。成菜色红润、肉嫩、质鲜、富鱼香味。主料有猪肉、竹笋或莴笋（北方用水发玉兰片）、木耳。调料是：泡红椒、薑、蒜，以及盐、醋、糖等各适量。
口感：鲜、辣、酸、甜多種味道汇聚舌尖。
鱼香肉丝讲究“见油不见汤”，同鲁菜中的“抱汁芡”，酱汁应该不多不少地包裹在主料上，因此鱼香汁的调料比例要拿捏好。姜蒜要剁碎，同泡椒一起下锅炒到香酥，炒出辛香味，同时让人吃到嘴里后又不觉辛辣。
参考文献
外部链接
參見
魚香茄子
猪肉制品与猪肉菜肴
四川饮食
蓉派川菜 |
小橋停留場（），又稱小橋電車站（），是位於岡山縣岡山市中區小橋町一丁目和小橋町二丁目，岡山電氣軌道東山本線的電車站。車站編號為H07。
歷史
1923年（大正12年）7月9日 西大寺町至東山之間間開通，此站啟用。
電車站構造
由於道路寬度問題，因此此站沒有月台。電車乘車處位於道路上的安全地帶。在附近的電線柱上標示了此站站名。在道路旁設有電車時間表（岡山站方向的時間表在中國銀行小橋分店前。乘車需要在道路旁候車，等候電車到達時才越過馬路乘車。
在2001年（平成13年），此站發生交通意外，一架私家車撞向候車中的高校生，為了防止同類事故發生，計劃在此站加設月台。可是為了確保車站有一個月台，同時計劃把該路段變成單線，後來由於單線化會影響繁忙時間的運作使沒有實現這個計劃。反而進行了以下的改善措施，包括附近增設照明系統，於中國銀行內加設上蓋的候車處。另外，與此站相同構造的中納言停留場停站，於電車內會廣播提醒乘客小心車輛。
電車站周邊
小橋（跨過的橋樑）
「小橋」巴士站
岡山市民文化會堂
內山工業
中國銀行小橋分店
國清寺
巴士路線
「小橋」巴士站
在小橋路口南邊設有「小橋」巴士站。
使用Hareca的乘客可在此站轉乘岡山電氣軌道電車（岡山站前、縣廳通方向）和（平井、沖元、津田、方向），當中可享有轉乘優惠，總車資只計算整個車程。
停靠此巴士站的巴士公司
一般巴士路線
相鄰電車站
岡山電氣軌道
東山本線
西大寺町（H06）－（臨）京橋－小橋（H07）－中納言（H08）
注腳
相關條目
日本鐵路車站列表 Ko
外部連結
岡山電気軌道株式会社 電車事業部（路面電車）
岡山市鐵路車站
bashi
1923年啟用的鐵路車站
東山本線車站
中區 (岡山市) |
什么是色素脱失斑？临床色素减退斑有很多种分类，只是作为一种描述性诊断，其背后是很多病的表现。因此色素脱失斑的治疗也要具体根据具体疾病而定，现将常见的脱失斑做一个介绍。（1）白癜风：表现为无炎症的完全色素脱失斑，一般界限清楚。可单发也可多发。。（2）无色素痣:为出生后或不久发生，损害为大小不一的苍白色局限性色素减退斑，脱色不完全，没有白癜风那么明显，境界模糊不规则，有时边缘呈锯齿状。本病无需治疗。（3）贫血痣：一种先天局限性色素减退斑，出生后出现很少继续扩大，形状不变，用力磨擦后，局部不发红，而周围正常皮肤变红，用玻片压诊后，皮损边缘更模糊不清。本病无需治疗也无特效治疗方案。（4）花斑癣：本病好发于胸背，可表现为色素沉着或色素脱失斑基础上糠状细小脱屑，分布状似花斑。治疗：可局部外涂抗真菌药，严重者可考虑口服伊曲康唑。（5）单纯糠疹：又称白色糠疹，目前病因不清，好发于儿童，颜面部多见，表现为圆形、椭圆形淡白色斑片，其上附着少量鳞屑，界限模糊。治疗：本病可自愈，局部可外用护肤乳对症处理，避免日晒。其他色素脱失斑还有很多，比如老年性白斑，日光性白斑，伊藤痣样色素减退斑，特发性点滴状色素减退症、色素减退型线状苔藓、色素减退性蕈样肉芽肿等，都需要和相关色素减退斑相鉴别。不是所有的白斑都是一种处理手段，还需咨询专科医生。白癜风的发生可能是具有遗传素质的个体在多种内外因素的激发下，诱导了免疫功能异常、神经精神及内分泌代谢异常等，从而导致酪氨酸酶系统的抑制或黑素细胞的破坏，最终引起色素脱失。 |
进行性色素性紫癜性皮病的病因是什么？(一)发病原因本病病因不明。有家族性发病的报道。患者多伴有局部静脉压增高的因素，即下肢静脉曲张或长期站立而致下肢静脉回流不畅。由此推测是末梢血管，特别是毛细血管壁的病变。(二)发病机制由于血管通透性增高，红细胞外溢和崩溃以致含铁血黄素沉着而发病。有关血管通透性增高机制的说法不一。Schamberg等最初认为与高胆固醇血症有关。但是很多病例血胆固醇值并不高，故也难以解释。亦有认为本病与毛细血管扩张性环状紫癜皆可能是血管舒缩神经发生障碍的结果。病理：角层轻度增厚或角化不全，棘层变薄，排列紊乱。基本病变是真皮上部的血管病变，早期见毛细血管，包括乳头层血管内皮细胞肿胀、血管增生、红细胞外溢以及毛细血管周围致密淋巴细胞及少量组织细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。在较陈旧损害处毛细血管扩张，伴血管内皮细胞增生，常可发现不等量的含铁血黄素沉着及噬铁血黄素细胞。 |
耶律牒蜡（），又作耶律牒䗶。字述兰，又作述轧。辽国（契丹）政治人物、軍人。六院夷离堇（军事首领）耶律蒲古只之后。
辽太宗天显年间，任中台省右相。会同元年（938年）七月，耶律牒蜡与临海军节度使赵思温出使后晋，持节册封石敬瑭为英武明义皇帝。会同六年（943年），石敬瑭死，因其子石重贵上表契丹“称孙不称臣”，耶律牒蜡随辽太宗南下伐晋。会同九年（946年）十二月，滹沱河一战，击败后晋二十万大军，俘晋将杜重威。继入汴京（今河南省开封市），石重贵投降，后晋灭亡。大同元年（947年），相州抗辽，他领兵镇压。辽太宗驾崩，他拥立辽世宗即位，被偏将朮者诱捕，执送述律太后，至述律后处逃归世宗。天禄二年（948年）十月，封燕王，为南京留守。天禄五年（951年）六月，与枢密使高勳奉使北汉。对刘崇行册礼，封其为大汉神武皇帝。九月，随辽世宗南下攻打后周，至祥古山（今河北省宣化县）。他和泰宁王耶律察割趁世宗酒醉，入帐杀世宗，拥立耶律察割。耶律璟围攻耶律牒蜡，耶律牒蜡被擒不降，牒蜡以胁从罪，被穆宗耶律璟凌迟处死。
延伸阅读
参考资料
《辽史》卷113 列传第四十三 逆臣中
Y
Y
Y
D |
人流后初次来例假要注意什么？一个月左右例假来潮。但有少数女性在人工流产后出现经期延长、周期长短不一、闭经等例假失调现象。这种情况一般在两三个月后恢复正常，少数人持续时间较长。蛋白质是抗体的重要组成成分，如摄入不足，则机体抵抗力降低。人工流产后半个月之内，可多吃些鸡肉、猪瘦肉、蛋类、奶类和豆类、豆类制品等。人工流产手术后，身体虚弱，常出汗。因此补充水分应少量多次，减少水分蒸发量;应多吃新鲜蔬菜、水果，也有利于防止便秘。在正常饮食的基础上，适当限制脂肪。忌食刺激性食品，如辣椒、酒、醋、胡椒、姜等，这类食品均能刺激性器官充血，也应忌食螃蟹、田螺、河蚌等寒性食物。不吃生冷辛辣的东西和喝酒，平时要增加营养，以清淡的，蛋白质丰富的食物和富含维生素的新鲜蔬菜为主饮食为主；其次，在性事上一个月内不要同房，容易感染。过后应采取避孕措施，以免再次受苦，再次怀孕要在半年以上；另外，在卫生上注意下体清洁，防止造成妇科感染；最后在保健上适当保暖。对于人工流产后的第一次月经，应注意不要劳累，熬夜，不要做剧烈运动和繁重的体力劳动。月经期间不允许合住房间。饮食应该清淡，不要吃生冷辛辣刺激的食物。自己应该注意休息，保持情绪稳定和快乐，保持会阴清洁卫生，经常更换内裤，每天用温水清洗外阴，养成良好的卫生习惯。这种情况证明子宫恢复正常。月经期间，自己可以像正常人一样生活。没有特殊要求。只要自己不感冒，注意以下卫生。月经期间，尽量不要吃冷饮，熬夜，保持充足的睡眠。是否不会引起内分泌紊乱并不重要。 |
松果蜥（學名：），又稱為松果尾石龍子，是一種棲息於澳洲，短尾且移動速度緩慢的藍舌蜥蜴。4種亞種中，有3種僅發現於西澳州，被當地人稱呼為「Bobtail」（意思為短尾巴）。另外常見的俗名為「Shingleback」（意思為礫石般的背部），通常用於稱呼唯一發現於澳洲東岸亞種東部松果蜥（T. rugosa asper）。
除了Bobtail及Shingleback之外，松果蜥在澳洲不同省分也有不同稱呼，包括「Stump-tailed skink」（短尾蜥蜴）、「Bogeye」、「Boggi」、「Pinecone lizard」（松果蜥，同中文名）及「Sleepy lizard」（疲倦蜥）。澳洲的努恩嘎族則稱呼松果蜥為「Yoorn」。
松果蜥具有粗厚的鱗片及多樣化的體色，包括深棕色至奶油色。牠們粗短的尾巴外型與頭部相似，用以困惑掠食者，同時尾巴也用來儲存脂肪，可於冬天時消耗。松果蜥為雜食性，以蝸牛及植物組織為食，時常能於路旁或鋪砌區看到有個體在曬太陽。
分類學
松果蜥最早由約翰·愛德華·格雷於1825年以學名「Trachydosaurus rugosus」進行發表，不過現在已重新分類至巨柔蜥屬下並更改學名為「Tiliqua rugosa」。部分兩棲爬行動物學家認為松果蜥為所有蜥蜴中擁有最多俗名的物種。
亞種
目前已知松果蜥具有4種亞種：
松果蜥 T. r. rugosa：西澳州
東部松果蜥 T. r. asper：澳洲東岸
羅尼島松果蜥 T. r. konowi：西澳州羅特尼斯島
鯊灣松果蜥 T. r. palarra：西澳州鯊魚灣
棲息與分布地
松果蜥廣泛分布於澳洲西南部乾旱或半乾旱地帶，範圍自鯊魚灣開始，橫跨大部分澳洲南部地區（包括沿岸），至東岸的昆士蘭為止，並包括羅特尼斯島。松果蜥也能於東岸的維多利亞省、新南威爾斯州發現，但棲息地區不包括沿岸地區。
松果蜥棲息的環境包括、荒漠草原及沙丘。牠們偏好於開闊地帶曬太陽，常出沒於路旁或無植被的地區發現。單一個體的領地範圍約為4公頃，一天可移動約。
描述
松果蜥具有粗厚的鱗片及多樣化的體色，包括深棕色至奶油色；吻肛長（吻端至肛門直線距離）為；比起同體長的蜥蜴，具有明顯更為粗壯的軀幹。
松果蜥具有三角形的頭部以及亮藍色的舌頭，其粗短的尾部形狀與頭部相似，可以用來困惑掠食者，也因此有個俗名稱呼牠們為「two-headed skink」（意思為雙頭石龍子）。牠們的尾部也能用來儲存脂肪，於冬天時提供能量。和其他石龍子不同的是，松果蜥並不具有自割行為且無法自行斷尾。
野生個體年齡可達50歲。
食性
松果蜥為雜食動物，以蝸牛、昆蟲、腐肉、植物及花朵為食。主要的掠食者原本包括澳洲野犬、地氈蟒與澳洲原住民。如今主要的掠食者則來自，包括狐狸及貓。
松果蜥也會以人類的食物為食，例如香腸或是雞肉；另外也會以部分水果如香蕉、百香果為食。
人工飼養
松果蜥為十分常見的寵物蜥蝪，性格溫順且十分容易餵食與飼養。在某些地區飼養松果蜥會需要許可。
繁殖
松果蜥為胎生石龍子，一次可產下1-4隻幼體。繁殖季節為每年的九月至十一月，和其他蜥蜴不同的是，松果蜥採單配偶制，固定的雌雄個體每年會於繁殖季節時找到對方並進行交配，配偶關係可持續終身。
剛生下的幼體會吃下牠們的胞衣，牠們會跟隨父母數個月後才離開獨立生活(一出生已可獨自進食)，但是親子個體之間多半會繼續維持親密關係，形成松果蜥群落。
雄性個體在照顧子代時傾向於進食較少食物，並主要負責警戒周遭環境。
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
澳洲爬行動物
约翰·爱德华·格雷命名的分类单元 |
17th century
1650
England – Whickham, County Durham. Two boys die when they are run over by a wagon on a wooden coal train way. While such tramway accidents are not generally listed as rail accidents (note the lack of accidents listed for the next 163 years) this is sometimes cited as the earliest-known railway accident.
1810s
1813
February – United Kingdom – A 13-year-old boy named Jeff Bruce is killed whilst running alongside the Middleton Railway tracks. The Leeds Mercury reports that this would "operate as a warning to others".
1815
15 July – United Kingdom – Thirteen or sixteen people, mainly spectators, are killed, and 40 are injured by the boiler explosion of the experimental locomotive "Brunton's Mechanical Traveller" on the Newbottle Waggonway at Philadelphia, County Durham.
1818
28 February – United Kingdom – The driver is killed on the Middleton Railway in Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire when Salamanca's boiler explodes, as a result of the force of the explosion, he was "carried, with great violence, into an adjoining field the distance of one hundred yards." "This was the result of the driver tampering with the safety valves."
1820s
1821
5 December – United Kingdom – David Brook, a carpenter, is walking home from Leeds, Yorkshire along the Middleton Railway in a sleet storm when he is run over, with fatal results, by the steam engine of a coal train.
1827
United Kingdom – An unnamed woman from Eaglescliffe, County Durham, England (believed to have been a blind beggar woman) is "killed by the steam machine on the railway". This is said to be the first case of a woman being killed in a railway collision.
1828
19 March – United Kingdom – The boiler of Stockton and Darlington Railway locomotive No. 5 explodes at Simpasture Junction, County Durham. One person is killed.
July 1 – United Kingdom – The boiler of Stockton and Darlington railway locomotive Locomotion No. 1 explodes at station, County Durham. One person is killed.
1829
4 September – United Kingdom – "A poor fellow incautiously placed himself in the way of a locomotive engine, which was driving waggons on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in Salford, when the wheel went over one of his legs, which was literally cut off. He was carried to a surgeon's in the neighbourhood, but no effectual aid could be given to him, nor the bleeding staunched, and he died."
1830s
1830
15 September – United Kingdom – William Huskisson becomes the first widely reported passenger train death. During the ceremonial opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, while standing on the track at Parkside, he is struck and fatally injured by the locomotive Rocket. (Locomotives did not yet have whistles.)
1831
8 February – United Kingdom – William Tewburn was a guard on an overnight goods train of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, pulled by the Twin Sisters locomotive which arrived at Liverpool Road, in Manchester at 2 am, where the unfortunate victim got aboard the tender unbeknownst to the engineer, who started moving the locomotive to take on coke and water, one of these short lurching trips caused the benumbed guard to lose his grip, and he fell under first the tender and then the locomotive, virtually cutting him in half.
17 June – United States – After the pressure safety valve is tied down by the train's fireman, the locomotive Best Friend of Charleston suffers a boiler explosion at Charleston, South Carolina, killing him, scalding the engineer, and injuring three others. The locomotive was the first engine of the South Carolina Canal and Railroad Company.
21 October – United Kingdom – On the Warrington & Newton Railway. Mr. Kitchingman had a garden that backed onto the railway at Dallam-brook. He was on the train with a friend and decided to jump out at his house, but was dragged under the wheels of the following coach, which mangled his leg, which had to be amputated. He later succumbed to his injuries and expired.
1833
1 February – United Kingdom – At Parr Moss, west of Newton-le-Willows on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, an eastbound train is stopped by the bursting of a fire tube in the locomotive. Passengers get off to see what has happened, and some of them stand on the westbound track where the escaping steam blocks them from seeing (or being seen from) a train approaching from Bolton. Four are run over by the westbound train, three of them killed instantly and the fourth reported as unlikely to survive.
8 November – United States – Hightstown rail accident – The carriages of a Camden & Amboy passenger train derail in the New Jersey countryside between Spotswood and Hightstown when an axle breaks on a car due to an overheated journal. One car overturns, killing two people and injuring fifteen. Among the injured is Cornelius Vanderbilt, who will later head the New York Central Railroad. Uninjured in the coach ahead is former U.S. President John Quincy Adams, who continues on to the nation's capital the next day.
1834
12 February – United Kingdom – A boiler explosion on a Middleton Colliery locomotive at Hunslet, Yorkshire kills one person.
1836
2 October – United States – A broken axle of a Cincinnati-bound train throws a woman and a child onto the track where they are both dragged and run over. The woman perishes, but the child manages to survive, though seriously injured.
11 October – France – An employee of the line from Saint-Étienne to Lyon falls on a track and is decapitated by a train. The first train accident in France.
1837
11 August – United States – The first head-on collision to result in passenger fatalities occurred on the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad near Suffolk, Virginia, when an eastbound lumber train coming down a grade at speed rounded a sharp curve and smashed into the morning passenger train from Portsmouth, Virginia. The first three of the thirteen stagecoach-style cars were smashed, killing three daughters of the prominent Ely family and injuring dozens of the 200 onboard returning from a steamboat cruise. An engraving depicting the moment of impact was published in Howland's Steamboat Disasters and Railroad Accidents in 1840.
1838
7 August – United Kingdom – A ticket inspector, Thomas Port, falls from a moving London and Birmingham Railway passenger train at Harrow, Middlesex. Both his legs are amputated following the accident.
October – United Kingdom – A collision involving an experimental engine which Dionysius Lardner is allowed to operate on the Great Western Railway kills a "pupil" of Lardner.
1839
2 February – United Kingdom – Charlotte Carrad was killed by a train heading for Slough on the Great Western Railway, eight months after this section, the first of the GWR, had opened. She was trying to cross the track at Langley to pick turnip tops in a field. She had seen the train, Hurricane, with three carriages, coming at about but hurried down the public footpath to get across the track. She reached the further rail when the engine struck her on the shoulder. Her friend, who was with her, found her in the ditch on the other side of the track. There was a little sign of life, but she died a minute or two later, her neck vertebrae having been dislocated.
1840s
1840
4 May – United States – One passenger was killed and several others injured when a lattice bridge over rain-swollen Catskill Creek collapsed under the weight of a Canajoharie and Catskill Railroad train en route from Catskill, New York, to Cairo, New York.
7 August – United Kingdom – Howden rail crash, Five passengers are killed when a casting falls from a wagon and derails the carriages of a Hull and Selby Railway passenger train.
September – United Kingdom – A North Midland Railway passenger train is derailed between South Wingfield and , Derbyshire. Two passengers are killed.
September – United Kingdom – An Eastern Counties Railway passenger train is in a rear-end collision with another at Old Ford, Essex. One person is killed.
10 November – United Kingdom – Two employees of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway lose their lives when the boiler of the 2-2-0 steam locomotive Surprise explodes at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire.
11 November – United Kingdom – A York and North Midland Railway luggage train is in a rear-end collision with a passenger train at Taylor's Junction, Yorkshire. Two passengers are killed.
1841
5 October – United States – Two Western Railroad passenger trains are in a head-on collision between Worcester, Massachusetts and Albany, New York. A conductor and a passenger are killed and seventeen passengers are injured.
24 December – United Kingdom – Sonning Cutting railway accident: a Great Western Railway Paddington to Bristol train including goods wagons and open passenger wagons runs into a landslide in a cutting. Nine passengers are killed and sixteen are injured, leading to calls for better protection for passengers.
1842
8 May – France – Versailles rail accident: Following the King's fete celebrations at the Palace of Versailles, a train returning to Gare Montparnasse, Paris derails at Meudon, Hauts-de-Seine due to a broken axle on the leading locomotive. The wreckage catches fire, killing between 52 and 200 people, including the explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville.
1843
6 January – United Kingdom – A collision between two North Midland Railway trains at Barnsley, Yorkshire killed one person. The only passenger to be killed travelling by train in the United Kingdom that year.
10 March – Netherlands – During a test drive a locomotive derailed on a incompletely closed railway bridge near Warmond. One person was killed. This was the first railway accident in the Netherlands.
United Kingdom – A locomotive boiler explosion on the Hartlepool Railway kills one person, a member of the public travelling illegally on the footplate.
1844
1 May – United Kingdom – The boiler of Newcastle and Carlisle Railway locomotive Adelaide explodes at Carlisle, Cumberland. Two people are injured.
December 11 – United Kingdom – The boiler of South Eastern Railway locomotive No. 78 Forrester explodes as it hauls a freight train near , Surrey. Both crew are killed.
1845
28 January – United Kingdom – The boiler of Newcastle and Carlisle Railway locomotive Venus exploded whilst it was hauling a freight train.
28 January – United Kingdom – The boiler of Manchester and Leeds Railway locomotive No. 27 Irk explodes at Miles Platting, Lancashire.
28 July – United Kingdom – A passenger train is run into by a steam locomotive at , Kent, injuring about 30 people.
1846
20 January – United Kingdom – A bridge over the River Medway between and , Kent, England, collapses while a South Eastern Railway freight train is passing over it. The driver is killed.
9 July – United Kingdom – A Clarence Railway engine standing in a branch line of the Stockton and Darlington Railway suddenly began to move down the incline and collided with some waggons of another Clarence engine. Four men were crushed between the carriages and were severely injured. One died at the scene.
20 November – United Kingdom – During the construction of the Blackburn, Darwen and Bolton Railway, the boiler of ex-Stockton and Darlington Railway locomotive No. 18 Shildon explodes at , Lancashire.
23 November – United Kingdom – Elizabeth Coleman, aged eleven years, was killed on the Eastern Counties Railway. The deceased was, it appeared, endeavouring to cross the line at a point near the Roydon station where the Lockroad crosses the line on a level when she was struck by the buffer of a Cambridge train and killed upon the spot. The jury returned a verdict of "Accidental death."
1847
24 May – United Kingdom – Dee bridge disaster – Five people are killed and nine are injured when the carriages of a -to- train falls into the River Dee following the collapse of a bridge. One of the supporting cast-iron girders had cracked in the centre and given way. The locomotive and tender manage to reach the other side of the bridge, which was engineered by Robert Stephenson. The accident causes his reputation to be questioned. The collapse led to a re-evaluation of the use of cast iron in railway bridges; many bridges have to be demolished or reinforced.
28 June – United Kingdom – A North Union Railway locomotive suffers a boiler explosion, injuring one person.
1848
25 April – United Kingdom – The boiler of a North Midland Railway locomotive explodes at Normanton, Derbyshire, scalding three people.
20 May – United Kingdom – Six passengers are killed, and thirteen are injured at , Berkshire when a Great Western Railway express train runs into two wagons on the line. The horse-box and cattle van had been pushed onto the main line by two porters to free a wagon turntable. Although the locomotive was undamaged, the side of the leading carriage was torn out.
1849
Whitsuntide – United Kingdom – An East Lancashire Railway passenger train is in a rear-end collision with an excursion train. Despite efforts to protect its rear, another excursion train is in a rear-end collision with the passenger train.
27 June – United Kingdom – The boiler of Great Western Railway locomotive Goliah explodes whilst it is hauling a freight train on the South Devon Railway at Plympton, Devon. One person is killed.
1850s
1850
2 February – United Kingdom – The firebox of a York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway locomotive collapses whilst the locomotive is hauling a freight train near Darlington, County Durham. Two people are killed.
26 March – United Kingdom – The boiler of a London and North Western Railway locomotive explodes at Wolverton, Buckinghamshire due to tampering of the safety valves. One person is injured.
June – United Kingdom – The boiler of a Midland Railway locomotive explodes at Kegworth, Derbyshire.
1 August – United Kingdom – When three Scottish Central Railway excursion trains are scheduled to arrive in rapid succession at Cowlairs, Lanarkshire, the second one stops on a crossover and must reverse to clear it; but although time interval working is in use, no one goes back to protect it and the third train crashes into it, killing five people.
United Kingdom – A Great Western Railway excursion train collides with a horsebox that had escaped from a siding at , Wiltshire. Following this accident, The Great Western Railway provides trap points and scotch blocks at all sidings exiting on to main lines.
United Kingdom – A Midland Railway train is in a rear-end collision with an excursion train at station, Yorkshire because a signal is lit at night.
United Kingdom – The boiler of a York and North Midland Railway locomotive explodes at Staddlethorpe, Yorkshire, derailing the locomotive. Two people are injured.
1851
21 January – Germany – The was the first German rail accident with several fatalities and the worst rail accident at that time point. Three people died.
30 April – United Kingdom – Sutton Tunnel railway accident: A Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway passenger train runs into the rear of another inside Sutton Tunnel, Cheshire. The train that was run into was pushing another in front of it; both had stalled. Six people are killed and "a great number" are injured.
6 June – United Kingdom – A London, Brighton and South Coast Railway train is derailed on a bridge between Brighton and Lewes by a sleeper placed across a rail, killing five people.
1852
12 July – United Kingdom – Burnley railway accident – A 35-coach school excursion train from Goole arrives at Burnley on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, where it is far too long for the platform track. The engines are detached and the train left coasting slowly downhill into a long siding. As the station is understaffed, two friends of the staff have been asked to help out. One of them briefly lets go of a set of weighted points, misrouting the train into the dead-end platform track, where it crashes into the buffers before it can be braked. Of 800 people on board, four are killed.
29 July – United Kingdom – On the London and North Western Railway, a locomotive is brought into Shrewsbury shed for a minor repair, but the steam is still engaged when the fire is dropped. After the engine is repaired and fired up, it is left unattended for 20 minutes at a shift change. It runs away onto the main line and later collides with a standing train at Donnington, Shropshire, killing one passenger.
3 August – United Kingdom – The ashpan of the locomotive falls off a Rugby-to-Birmingham train at Hampton on the London and North Western Railway, derailing a van and one coach, which collide with a train on the other track. Two passengers are killed and several injured.
September 25 – United Kingdom – the boiler of an Eastern Counties Railway locomotive explodes.
4 October – United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway passenger train is derailed between and , East Sussex, England, when the formation is flooded and washed away. Both engine crew are injured.
25 November – United Kingdom – A Great Western Railway train hauled by locomotive Lynx is derailed at Gatcombe, Gloucestershire.
1853
6 January – United States – A train carrying President-elect Franklin Pierce, his wife Jane and their son Benjamin derailed and toppled off an embankment near Andover, MA. Franklin and Jane suffered minor injuries, but their son Benjamin was killed.
4 March – United States – A train carrying emigrants near Mount Union, Pennsylvania, is rear-ended by a mail train; boilers rupture, scalding seven people to death and having the highest death toll in the United States in that time. The engineer of the mail train was reportedly asleep when the collision occurred.
4 March – United Kingdom – A Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway train derails on a deteriorated section of track near Dixon Fold, killing the driver and five passengers.
6 March – United Kingdom – The boiler of a London and North Western Railway locomotive explodes at Longsight, Lancashire. Six people are killed, and the engine shed is severely damaged.
17 March – United Kingdom – The boiler of a London, Brighton and South Coast Railway locomotive explodes at , East Sussex.
25 April – United States – A collision near Chicago results in the deaths of 15.
6 May – United States – Norwalk rail accident – The first major American railroad bridge disaster occurs when a New Haven Railroad engineer neglects to check for an open swing bridge signal. The locomotive, four cars, and part of a fifth car run through the open bridge and plunge into the Norwalk River, Connecticut. Forty-six passengers are crushed to death or drowned, and about 30 others are severely injured.
9 May – United States – A cornfield meet in the New Jersey Meadowlands results in the deaths of two people. One of the engineers was not forewarned about the change in time schedule which resulted in this.
12 August – 1853 Providence and Worcester head-on collision – United States – Two Providence and Worcester Railroad passenger trains are in a head-on collision at Valley Falls, Rhode Island. Thirteen people are killed and 50 are injured. This is believed to be the earliest wreck photographed, with the daguerreotype taken by a Mr. L. Wright of Pawtucket forming the basis for an engraving a fortnight later in The Illustrated News of New York.
September – United Kingdom – An Eastern Counties Railway freight train comes to a halt near , Suffolk due to a locomotive failure. The driver of another freight train deliberately ignores a red signal and consequently his train is in a rear-end collision with the first train.
5 October – Ireland – 1853 Straffan rail accident – A Great Southern and Western Railway express passenger train fails south of , County Kildare due to a broken piston rod on the locomotive. The train is run into by a following freight train due to the failure of the guard to act to protect the line to the rear of the broken-down train. Eighteen people are killed.
United Kingdom – The boiler of a Midland Railway locomotive explodes near Bristol, Gloucestershire whilst the locomotive is hauling a freight train.
1854
24 August – United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway excursion train is in a rear-end collision with a light engine at Windmill Bridge, Croydon, Surrey. Three passengers are killed.
27 October – Canada – Jeannette's Creek train wreck – A Great Western Railway passenger train runs into the rear of a gravel train at Baptiste Creek, Ontario. Fifty-two people are killed, and at least 48 people are injured.
1855
February-March – United Kingdom – On Monday 12 February 1855 large portions of the South Devon Railway sea wall were washed away. Despite repair work starting promptly four days later more of the sea wall and a long section of line were also washed away. Passengers were obliged to leave their trains and carry their luggage some distance to join another. A temporary viaduct was constructed by the resident engineer, Mr. Margery, and was in operation within a couple of weeks which allowed the through operation of coaches, pulled by hand and rope, although some nervous passengers still alighted and walked.
29 August – United States – A southbound Camden and Amboy Rail Road passenger train, backing up on a single track near Burlington, New Jersey, to make room for a northbound express, hit a horse-drawn carriage. The rearmost passenger car derailed, and the succeeding cars crashed into it, derailed, and plunged into a ditch. All four passenger cars were demolished. Twenty-four people died, and between 65 and 100 were injured.
1 November – United States – Gasconade Bridge train disaster – A bridge over the Gasconade River at Gasconade, Missouri collapses under a Pacific Railroad excursion train during the celebrations of the line's opening. Thirty-one people are killed, and hundreds are seriously injured.
12 September – United Kingdom – A light engine is dispatched from on the wrong line and is in a head-on collision with a South Eastern Railway passenger train. Four people are killed, and many are injured.
15 December – United States – The boiler of the New York Central Railroad locomotive Dewitt Clinton explodes, killing the engineer and fireman.
United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway train is derailed at Bricklayers' Arms Junction, Surrey, when a pointsman moves a set of points under it.
1856
6 May – Panama – 1856 Panama Railroad accident- A train with over 500 passengers derailed near Aspinwall in Panama. Thirty to forty people were killed and 70 to 80 were injured.
29 May – Germany – The Jupiter locomotive crashed into the Potsdamer Havel during a test run due to a swing bridge that was not closed.
21 June – United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway passenger train derails between and , Kent, killing the driver and injuring the fireman and a passenger.
17 July – United States – Great Train Wreck of 1856 – Two North Pennsylvania Railroad passenger trains are in a head-on collision at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, including a train on an excursion from a Sunday school at St. Michael's Catholic Parish in Philadelphia. Fifty-nine people are killed in the crash and subsequent fire, with over 100 people injured, some of whom consequently die. The engineer of one of the trains commits suicide the same day, although he is later absolved of any responsibility.
10 August – Netherlands – Schiedam train accident
6 October – United Kingdom – Accident at Salisbury resulted in 2 deaths and 1 injury.
1857
12 March – Canada – Desjardins Canal disaster: A bridge over the Desjardins Canal collapses when the axle of a Great Western Railway passenger train from Toronto to Hamilton breaks as the train is passing across it. Fifty-nine people are killed by trauma or drowning after being thrown into the frozen canal.
27 June – United Kingdom – 1857 Lewisham rail crash: A South Eastern Railway passenger train runs into the rear of another at Lewisham, Kent due to an error by the signalman at , Kent. Eleven people are killed, and 30 are injured.
1858
6 May – United Kingdom – A passenger train from Plymouth on the just-opened Cornwall Railway derails just before the Grove Viaduct near St Germans and the engine and two cars plunged toward the water. Three railwaymen are killed.
11 May – United States – A bridge some from Utica, New York gave way when two trains, including a New York Central, express bound for Cincinnati, passed over it. Nine passengers died, including some who drowned, and fifty were injured.
15 May – United States – A Lafayette & Indianapolis Railroad train accident on a bridge over Potato Creek, about south-east of Lafayette near Colfax, Indiana. The engineer, Jacob Beitinger (Beidinger), the fireman, Patrick Maloney (Moloney), and conductor James W. Irwin were killed.
30 June – United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway passenger train is derailed at , Kent. Three people are killed.
11 August – United Kingdom – A passenger train runs into the buffers ar station, Kent. Twenty people are injured.
23 August – United Kingdom – Round Oak rail accident – An Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway passenger train becomes divided following a coupling failure. The rear portion runs away and collides with a following passenger train at station, Stourbridge, Worcestershire. Fourteen people are killed. There are 50 serious injuries and 170 minor injuries.
6 September – France – On the Chemin de fer de Paris à Saint-Germain, a 10-car atmospheric railway train is returning by gravity with about 300 festival-goers from Saint-Germain-en-Laye to Le Vésinet, where it will couple to a steam locomotive to continue to Paris. Due to a combination of errors, it runs away and crashes into the locomotive's tender. A crew member and two passengers are killed, and at least 40 people are injured.
1859
28 June – United States – South Bend train wreck – At South Bend, Indiana, the Springbrook Bridge collapses as a Michigan Southern Railroad express passenger train passes over it. The locomotive and two carriages smash into the mudbank below. Forty-two people are killed and 50 are injured.
August – United Kingdom – An axle of the engine of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway fractures at Stanford-le-Hope, Essex. One male passenger is killed.
1860s
1860
20 February – United Kingdom – The tyre of an Eastern Counties Railway locomotive breaks as it hauls a passenger train through Tottenham station. The train is derailed, killing seven people.
16 May – United States – On the Florida, Atlantic and Gulf Central Railroad about west of Jacksonville, Florida, a train encountered a drove of cattle which threw the train off track. Lumber, logs trunks and passengers were "heaped up in almost inextricable confusion." Nearly every person on board was more or less injured. Three people were killed in the crash.
6 September – United Kingdom – Helmshore rail accident – A Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway excursion train becomes divided at Helmshore, Lancashire. Sixteen carriages run away and crash into the following train. Eleven people are killed.
26 September – United Kingdom – Bull bridge accident – A cast iron bridge collapses under a Midland Railway freight train at Bullbridge, Derbyshire.
16 November – United Kingdom – A London and North Western Railway mail train overruns signals and crashes into the rear of a cattle train at Atherstone, Warwickshire. Ten people are killed; mostly Irish drovers asleep in the brake van at the rear of the cattle train.
1861
January – United Kingdom – A London Chatham and Dover Railway passenger train was derailed at , Kent. One person was killed.
11 June – United Kingdom – Wootton bridge collapse: A cast iron bridge near Kenilworth, Warwickshire collapses under a London and North Western Railway freight train. Both crew of the locomotive are killed.
4 July – United Kingdom – As the westbound Irish Mail approaches Easenhall bridge, past Rugby, at about , its 2-2-2 LNWR Bloomer Class locomotive is completely destroyed in an explosion due to badly corroded boiler plates. Luckily no passengers are even injured, but of the railwaymen and postal crew on board, one is killed and three are injured.
25 August – United Kingdom – Clayton Tunnel rail crash: A London, Brighton and South Coast Railway excursion train crashes into the rear of another inside the Clayton Tunnel, West Sussex due to a combination of driver's, signalman's and operating errors. Twenty-three people are killed, and 176 are injured in what was then the deadliest railway accident in the United Kingdom.
29 August – United Kingdom – A South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway excursion train returning from Windermere to Darlington derails west of Bowes, injuring a number of passengers. The injured driver and fireman are trapped beneath the locomotive for several hours till rescued. The driver died on September 8, 1861, from his injuries.
2 September – United Kingdom – Kentish Town rail accident: A North London Railway excursion train collides with a London and North Western Railway freight train at Kentish Town, Middlesex due to a signalman's error. Sixteen people are killed, and 317 are injured.
3 September – United States – Platte Bridge Railroad Tragedy: A Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad train is wrecked after bushwhackers sabotage the supports of a bridge over the Platte River in Missouri. At least seventeen people are killed, and about 100 are injured.
December – United Kingdom – A London, Chatham and Dover Railway train hauled by locomotive Eclipse is derailed at Teynham, Kent due to the elongation of the gap at a rail joint in cold weather.
1862
May – United Kingdom – A London, Chatham and Dover Railway passenger train is derailed at , Kent due to defective track. Three people are killed.
13 October – United Kingdom – Winchburgh rail crash – Two Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway passenger trains are in a head-on collision at Winchburgh, Linlithgowshire due to a pointsman's error. Fifteen people are killed and 35 are injured.
1863
19 February – United States – Chunky Creek train wreck: The Hercules on the Southern Rail Road crashes into the Chunky River in Newton County, Mississippi. The train was headed for Vicksburg where Confederate forces were in need of reinforcements. The Hercules derailed on a damaged bridge and fell into the cold, murky depths. At least 40 passengers were killed. Some victims were rescued by soldiers from the 1st Choctaw Battalion who were camped nearby.
1864
5 May – United Kingdom – At Colne on the Midland Railway, a 0-6-0 engine being prepared to work a goods train to Leeds suffers a boiler explosion, killing the driver and badly injuring the fireman. A woman is struck by a fragment in her home away.
9 May – United Kingdom – At Bishop's Road station on the Metropolitan Railway — a 0-6-0 locomotive borrowed from the Great Northern Railway suffers a boiler explosion. Nobody is killed but the station suffers major damage and injuries extend to a passenger in another train two tracks away.
29 June – Canada – St-Hilaire train disaster – An immigrant train fails to stop at a danger signal and attempts to cross an open swing bridge and falls into the Richelieu River at Beloeil, Quebec. Ninety-nine people are killed and 100 are injured. , this still stands as the rail accident with the largest death toll in Canada.
15 July – United States – Shohola train wreck – An Erie Railroad passenger train carrying Confederate prisoners-of-war is in a head-on collision with a coal train near Shohola Township, Pennsylvania due to a dispatcher's error. Between 60 and 72 people are killed (official toll is 65 killed).
16 August – United States – An Erie Railroad freight train runs into the rear of a passenger train between Turner's Station and Sloatsburg, New York. A third train runs into the wreckage. Seven people are killed.
21 September – United States – A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train runs into the rear of a stopped freight train at Thompsontown, Pennsylvania. The wreckage then catches fire. At least six people are killed and thirteen are injured.
16 December – United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway ballast train becomes divided inside Blackheath Tunnel, Kent. An express passenger train runs into the rear portion, killing five people, with two others dying later and many injured.
1865
12 May – United Kingdom – An accident occurred on the Irish North Western railway near Enniskillen. A goods train left Derry and ran off the rails. The engine driver, J. McCabe, and the stoker, C. Craven, were killed. Some bullocks in a waggon were also killed.'
7 June – United Kingdom – Rednal rail crash – A Great Western Railway excursion train is derailed at Rednal, Shropshire due to excessive speed on track under maintenance. Thirteen people are killed and 30 are injured.
9 June – United Kingdom – Staplehurst rail crash – A South Eastern Railway boat train is derailed on a bridge over the River Beult at Staplehurst, Kent after track workers misread a timetable and remove a rail. Ten people are killed, and 49 are injured. Author Charles Dickens is amongst the survivors.
1866
30 April – United Kingdom – A South Eastern Railway passenger train collides with some goods wagons at Caterham Junction, Surrey due to a signalman's error. Four people are killed.
10 June – United Kingdom – Welwyn Tunnel rail crash: A Great Northern Railway freight train is stopped in Welwyn North Tunnel due to a burst fire tube. A Midland Railway freight train following it in the same direction crashes into it, and a third freight train going the other way crashes into the wreckage. All three trains are totally destroyed by fire, but the only deaths are two of the crew members.
27 August – United States – A boiler explosion on the Petaluma and Haystack Railroad at Petaluma Station kills the engineer and three others and wrecks the railroad's only locomotive.
19 December – United Kingdom – During the construction of the new Smithfield Market building adjacent to an open-air section of the Metropolitan Railway in London, a girder falls onto a passing train and three passengers are killed. This is the first fatal accident on an underground train.
1867
29 June – United Kingdom – Warrington rail crash – A London and North Western Railway passenger train is in collision with a freight train at Walton Junction, Warrington, Cheshire due to a signalman's error. Eight people are killed and 70 are injured. Lack of interlocking between signals and points is a major contributory factor in the accident.
9 August – Ireland – A bridge collapses under a passenger train at Bray, County Wicklow. Four people are killed and twelve are injured.
18 December – United States – Angola Horror – The Buffalo-bound New York Express of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern derails its last coach, and it plunges off a truss bridge into Big Sister Creek just after passing Angola, New York. The next car is also pulled from the track and rolls down the far embankment. Stoves set both coaches on fire and 49 are killed. The cars were relatively easy to derail because they were "compromise cars" designed to run on slightly different track gauges, a practice soon afterwards prohibited.
1868
1 February – United Kingdom – An embankment on the approach to the Caersws Railway Bridge on the Cambrian Railway is washed out by flooding, derailing a mail and goods train running from Shrewsbury to Aberystwyth. The two enginemen are killed.
20 August – United Kingdom – Abergele rail disaster: A London and North Western Railway freight train is being shunted at , Denbighshire. During shunting operations, six wagons run away downhill towards , where they collide with an express passenger train. Five of the wagons are carrying paraffin, which explodes and sets the wreck of the passenger train on fire. Thirty-three people are killed, the driver of the express is severely burned.
5 November – United Kingdom – Great Western Railway locomotive Rob Roy crashes into the rear of a cattle train at Awse Junction, near Newnham, Gloucestershire and is derailed.
1869
23 April – United States – Hollis, New York: A Long Island Rail Road passenger train is derailed by a broken rail. The rail curls into a "snakehead" and rips out the bottom of one of the cars. Six people are killed, and fourteen injured.
14 November – United States – San Leandro, California: An errant switchman and poor visibility due to fog led to a head-on collision between an eastbound passenger train from Oakland, with a sleeper car, on the Western Pacific Railroad and an Alameda-bound Alameda Railroad passenger train. Among the fourteen killed was Judge Alexander W. Baldwin of the U.S. District Court of Nevada.
1870s
1870
21 June – United Kingdom – Newark rail crash: The axle of a wagon of a Midland Railway freight train breaks at Newark, Nottinghamshire, derailing the train. The derailed wagons foul an adjacent line. An excursion train collides with the debris. Eighteen people are killed and 40 are injured.
14 September – United Kingdom – Tamworth rail crash: A London and North Western Railway mail train is diverted into a siding at station, Staffordshire due to a signalman's error. The train crashes through the buffers and ends up in the River Anker. Three people are killed.
26 November – United Kingdom – An express train crashed into a stationary freight train at Harrow and Wealdstone station on the London and North Western Railway, killing eight people.
6 December – United Kingdom – A collision between two North Eastern Railway trains at Brockley Whins claims five lives and injures 37 people. The cause is a pointsman's error made possible by the lack of interlocking between points and signals.
12 December – United Kingdom – Stairfoot rail accident: Due to errors while shunting, ten waggons from a Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway freight train run away and collide with a passenger train at , Yorkshire. Fifteen people are killed, and 59 are injured.
United Kingdom – A North Eastern Railway freight train overruns signals and is in collision with a London and North Western Railway mail train at St. Nicholas Crossing, Carlisle, Cumberland. Five people are killed, many more are injured. The driver of the North Eastern Railway train was intoxicated.
1871
6 February – United States – A freight train on the Hudson River Railroad, carrying both crude and refined oil, suffers a broken axle. Because the crew have not threaded the required rope for communication from caboose to locomotive, the engineer is unaware, and the train keeps moving until it derails at the Wappinger Creek drawbridge, New Hamburg, New York. They and the drawbridge tender try to warn the following Pacific Express passenger train, but they are not in time, and the collision and resulting fire kill 22 people.
9 August – United States – A bridge collapses under a Maine Central Railroad Company passenger train at Bangor, Maine. One person is killed and 30 are injured.
26 August – United States – Great Revere train wreck of 1871: A series of dispatching errors allow the Eastern Railroad's Portland Express to run into the rear of a stalled local train at Revere, Massachusetts. The wreckage catches fire; 29 people are killed and 57 are injured. Several prominent Boston citizens are killed, bringing much national publicity to the accident.
1872
2 October – United Kingdom – Kirtlebridge rail crash – A Caledonian Railway express passenger train collides with a freight train performing shunting operations at Kirtlebridge, Dumfriesshire. Twelve people are killed and fifteen are injured.
24 December – United States – Two passenger cars of a Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train fall off a bridge in Portland, New York due to a "broken flange on the tender". Thirty people are killed and at least eighteen are injured.
1873
30 March – United Kingdom – A Great Northern Railway excursion train collides with two carriages at Bourne, Lincolnshire. No one was seriously injured, but the carriages and crossing gates were destroyed.
19 April – United States – A passenger train is derailed at Meadow Brook, Rhode Island, near Wood River Junction, due to a bridge being washed away in a dam collapse. Nine passengers are killed.
6 May – Austria-Hungary – A passenger train is derailed at Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal. Twenty-six people are killed.
2 August – United Kingdom – Wigan rail crash – A London and North Western Railway passenger train derails at Wigan North Western station, possibly due to excessive speed over facing points. Thirteen people are killed and 30 are injured.
12 August – Italy – A Società per le strade ferrate romane passenger train in service between Rome and Florence derails near the town of Orte (Lazio) after hitting two cattle standing on the tracks. Two people are killed and more than 40 injured.
2 December – United Kingdom – At Menheniot on the Cornwall Railway, a porter-signalman named Pratt instructs a down goods train to proceed by calling out "Right away, Dick" to its guard, Richard Wills. Unfortunately, an up goods train is also at the station and its guard, Richard Scantlebury, thinks the instruction is for him; by the time Pratt realizes this, Scantlebury has already told his driver to start. Their train collides with another down goods before reaching St Germans, injuring several crewmen and killing one.
1874
27 January – United Kingdom – Bo'ness Junction rail crash – A North British Railway express passenger train collides with a freight train at Bo'ness Junction, Stirlingshire. Sixteen people are killed and 28 are injured.
10 September – United Kingdom – Thorpe rail accident – Two Great Eastern Railway passenger trains are in a head-on collision at Thorpe St. Andrew, Norfolk, due to irregular dispatching procedures. Twenty-five people are killed and more than 100 injured. The accident leads directly to the introduction of automatic control systems to manage traffic on single-track railways.
24 December – United Kingdom – Shipton-on-Cherwell train crash – A Great Western Railway passenger train is derailed by a fractured wheel at Shipton-on-Cherwell, Oxfordshire. Thirty-four people are killed, and 69 are injured. Poor communications and the lack of continuous brakes exacerbate the disaster.
1875
6 July – Chile – A bridge collapses beneath the overnight train between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile, killing nine people.
28 August – United Kingdom – A passenger train overruns signals and is in a rear-end collision with an excursion train at Kildwick, Yorkshire. Seven people are killed and 39 are injured.
15 November – Sweden – Lagerlunda rail accident – Unclear signalling leads to a head-on-collision between two passenger trains near Lagerlunda, Östergötland. Nine people are killed.
18 November – United Kingdom – Two London, Chatham and Dover Railway trains collide at , London.
1876
21 January – United Kingdom – Abbots Ripton rail accident: A Great Northern Railway express passenger train passes a signal jammed in the clear position during a blizzard and is in a rear-end collision with a freight train at Abbots Ripton, Huntingdonshire, and a train in the other direction then collides with the wreckage. Thirteen passengers are killed and 59 people are injured.
14 April – United Kingdom – A Great Northern Railway express train runs into a mail train at Corby, Northamptonshire because signals are jammed in a clear position in a blizzard.
16 June – United States – A trestle bridge collapses under a Blue Ridge Railroad train bound from Belton, South Carolina, to Anderson Court House, South Carolina. All five people on board are killed.
7 August – United Kingdom – Radstock rail accident – A variety of errors lead to two Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway passenger trains being involved in a head-on collision at Radstock, Somerset. Fifteen passengers are killed.
23 December – United Kingdom – A Great Northern Railway express train overruns signals and crashes into a number of wagons at Arlesley Sidings, Bedfordshire. Six people are killed.
29 December – United States – Ashtabula River railroad disaster: A bridge collapses under a Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway passenger train at Ashtabula, Ohio. The train falls into the frozen creek below. A fire is started by the car stoves. Dozens of people are killed, but sources disagree as to how many—perhaps as many as 92. The famous hymn-writer Philip Bliss and his wife are believed to be amongst an estimated 19 to 25 unidentified victims.
1877
25 March – United Kingdom – An express passenger train is derailed at , Northumberland due to faulty track.
27 March – United States – A train on the Jackson, Lansing, and Saginaw Railroad, fatally injures one.
4 October – United States – A mixed train of the Pickering Valley Railroad falls from a washed-out embankment near Kimberton, Pennsylvania, killing seven and injuring dozens.
1878
11 January – United Kingdom – Great Northern Railway – The Flying Scotsman is in a collision with a freight train at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, after which a local passenger train collides with the wreckage.
21 May – United States – A Kansas Pacific R.R. Freight train is caught in a bridge washout at Kiowa Creek, Colorado; 3 killed.
31 August – United Kingdom – A London, Chatham and Dover Railway passenger train collides with goods wagons at , Kent due to errors by a shunter and the two guards of a freight train. Five people are killed.
8 October – United States – Wollaston disaster – A train in Quincy, Massachusetts carrying over 1,000 passengers runs over an open switch resulting a serious derailment.
1879
15 January – United Kingdom – Two hounds from the Pytchley Hunt were killed and a number injured while chasing a fox near the Kilsby Tunnel on the London and Birmingham Railway, when a train ran through the pack.
18 (or 25) January – Belgium – Two passengers and the engine driver were killed when the express train from Brussels to Lille and Calais left the line at Bassilly.
22 January – United Kingdom – A heavy goods train from Glasgow was travelling too fast on the Tay Rail Bridge and a number of carriages left the track when the guard applied the brakes. The same bridge would be the scene of a much worse accident less than a year later (see below).
22 January – United Kingdom – Three carriages left the line after a collision between trains from Farringdon Street and Aldersgate Street at Snow-Hill, on the London, Chatham and Dover Railway.
5 (or 12) February – United Kingdom – A cattle train ran into a ballast train near Widnes Junction on the London and North Western Railway. The driver and stoker jumped out as the cattle train engine ran down the embankment.
4 April – United Kingdom – A goods train ran off the Highland Railway line, near Perth, destroying of track.
17 May – United Kingdom – An express train from Glasgow came off the line when it collided with a goods train near Dunfermline railway station on the North British Railway. The driver of the express died.
13 June – United Kingdom – A train carrying show cattle from the Royal Cornwall Show was hit by a Plymouth-to-Penzance goods train at Truro railway station. One van was "smashed to pieces", there was one minor injury to the goods train driver, and none to the cattle.
26 July – United Kingdom – Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. The 7:30 train for Warrington failed to stop and hit a Rainford train at Wigan Station. Several third-class carriages were knocked off the rails.
July/August – France – An accident between Nancy and Paris killed five people and injured eleven.
16 August – France – A passenger train and a goods train collided near Montséret killing fifteen and injuring thirty-six.
29 August – United Kingdom – The Scottish mail train derailed between Hendon and Mill Hill due to the track subsiding following heavy rain. The driver and fireman both severely injured.
24 September – United Kingdom – A Great Western Railway train from Plymouth to Tavistock derailed outside Marsh Mills railway station.
27 September – United Kingdom – London, Brighton and South Coast Railway B1 class 2-4-0 locomotive 174 Fratton suffered a boiler explosion at , East Sussex while hauling a passenger train. The accident was due to the incorrect setting of its safety valves. One person killed and two injured.
12 October – United Kingdom – The 10:10 am passenger train from Derby ran into seven empty carriages at Nottingham station, resulting in eight injured and considerable damage to the rolling stock.
1 December – United Kingdom – North Liverpool Extension Line. The train from Walton hit an engine at Brunswick Dock, Liverpool. One man killed and four injured.
28 December – United Kingdom – Tay Bridge disaster – The Tay Rail Bridge collapses in a violent storm while a North British Railway passenger train is crossing it. There were no survivors, with the total estimated at seventy-five lives lost, although the real total was fifty-nine. The subsequent investigation concludes that "the bridge was badly designed, badly constructed and badly maintained" and lays the major blame on the designer, Sir Thomas Bouch. William McGonagall produces his epic poem The Tay Bridge Disaster to commemorate the event. The disaster shocks engineers into creating an improved crossing both on the Tay, as well as the famous Forth Bridge.
See also
List of London Underground accidents
Rail transport
References
Sources
External links
Rail accidents 1880
19th-century railway accidents |
A plum tomato, also known as a processing tomato or paste tomato, is a type of tomato bred for sauce and packing purposes. It is generally oval or cylindrical in shape, with significantly fewer locules (seed compartments, usually only two) than standard round tomatoes and a generally higher solid content, making them more suitable for processing into paste. Plum tomatoes are also sometimes favored by cooks for use during the tomato off-season, as they are generally considered more amenable to handling and are therefore available in a state closer to ripe than other supermarket tomatoes.
Varieties
Varieties commonly available in United States markets include Roma VF and San Marzano (semi-determinate; a signature tomato of Italian cuisine), though there are many other varieties, such as the short-season Ropreco Paste and the larger Amish Paste and Big Mama. Five hybrid cultivars grown in California constitute over 60% of total production of processing tomatoes.
Small plum tomatoes (similar in size to cherry tomatoes) are known as grape tomatoes.
See also
Canned tomato
List of tomato cultivars
References
Tomato cultivars |
便秘饮食注意什么？便秘是一种常见的临床复杂症状，而不是一种疾病，主要是指排便次数减少，粪便减少，粪便干燥和排便困难。长期便秘可引起或加重直肠疾病，如直肠炎，肛裂，痰等，伴有失眠，烦躁，多梦，抑郁，焦虑等精神和心理障碍。首先，我们必须吃更多含有膳食纤维的食物，如芹菜和韭菜。其次，我们要吃一些水果，比如香蕉，火龙果，我们的饮食上还有一些油腻的东西，比如这种花生，什么样的种子？糯米粒等是这种食物中含有核仁的食物多吃，这会促进泻药。增加粗纤维食物的摄入量，如蔬菜，水果，麦麸等，可以增加肠道内水分的积累，促进肠胃蠕动;正常人每天排便1~2次或排便2~3天，便秘患者每周排便次数少于2次，且排便费力，粪便硬结小，且量少。便秘患者应注意饮食，如油炸，辛辣和酒精。为了配合成分，除了吃粗纤维外，还可以吃一些韭菜;患有菌群失调的患者，但吃一些调节肠道菌群的食物，如酸奶，香蕉，杂粮都是不错的选择......多吃调节肠道菌群的食物，如酸奶，乳酸菌，必要时口服双歧杆菌，地衣芽孢杆菌药物，可以调节肠道粪便中细菌的比例;喝温水，蜂蜜水;少吃辛辣，油腻的食物。偶尔便秘。需要一次服用50片，他能够排便。在这种情况下，他是一个长期的应用程序。一开始吃一片就足够了，然后一片不能吃。后来，多吃，多吃，多吃，你需要一次吃50片。这种情况会使这个，因为它是一种药物，它必须是有毒的。因此，有必要注意治疗便秘的策略。除此之外，尝试使用一些非药理学方法，包括我们养成的习惯，定期排便，包括我们。食物，包括多吃，含有较多的纤维素，吃一些粗粮，吃一些水果和蔬菜，是可以的，一旦便秘发生，它不能太紧，有些人，其实他有这个问题不严重，但他是紧张，这次排便越来越严重，所以中医也有一种说法，叫做秘密的心脏，有时候他想要更多地思考这种排便，有时候他不能得到更多，这次，它是一种心理情绪。以上是对便秘和肠胃炎患者的意见和建议。早期调理可以帮助减缓病情。 |
李·巴里·卡特摩尔（，）出生於英格蘭蒂斯塞德（Teesside）的蒂斯河畔斯托克（Stockton-on-Tees），是一名足球運動員，司職中場，現時已退役。
生平
米杜士堡
卡特摩尔出身於於米杜士堡青訓系統，於2006年1月2日在東北部泰恩-蒂斯打吡（Tyne-Tees derby）對紐卡素在英超處子上陣，踢足全場而雙方2-2平手終場。4月2日作客對曼城一箭定江山兼取得個人首個英超入球。5月7日年僅18歲的卡特摩尔成為米杜士堡歷來最年輕的隊長，帶領球隊在煞科戰作客對富咸，比賽餘下5分鐘，年達39歲的哥連·谷巴（Colin Cooper）後補上陣，進行退役前最後一次露面，卡特摩尔自動將隊長臂章交給哥連·谷巴作為對老隊員的尊敬，而這場亦是領隊麥卡倫轉教英格蘭前最後一場在英超領導米杜士堡，雖然以0-1落敗，但這場比賽米杜士堡的正副選合共16名隊員中有15名在河畔球場（Riverside Stadium）約30英里內出生，卡特摩尔是其中之一。5月10日歐洲足協盃決賽對西維爾，卡特摩尔於比賽末段入替維杜卡，米杜士堡以0-4落敗屈居亞軍。
2006年8月23日米杜士堡主2-1擊敗英超衛冕冠軍車路士，卡特摩尔於下半場後補入替，雖然足踝剛傷癒，隨即與對方中場鐵漢馬基利尼硬碰，其勇猛踢法使他在上季僅24場比賽已累計接到7面黃牌。10月20日卡特摩尔續約四年直到2010年。2007年1月13日作客對查爾頓，卡特摩尔完半場前扳平1-1，最終米杜士堡反勝3-1。3月10日在足總盃半準決賽主場對曼聯，卡特摩尔再於完半場前扳平1-1，曼聯僅憑基斯坦奴·朗拿度的十二碼追平2-2，重賽作客再失十二碼而負0-1被淘汰。在他的首個完整球季中，於39場比賽中累積多達12面黃牌。
2007年8月18日作客對富咸，卡特摩尔完場前兩分鐘射入鎖定2-1勝局，為球隊帶來新球季的首場勝仗。但在新任領隊修夫基（Gareth Southgate）麾下卻不獲重用，整季只有28場上陣機會，大部分更是於比賽末段才獲派後補上場，沒有取得入球卻仍有7面黃牌。
韋根
2008年7月29日卡特摩尔轉投韋根，身價據稱達到350萬英鎊，簽約三年。他於8月16日首次披甲作客出戰韋斯咸，以1-2敗陣而回。踢法勇悍的卡特摩尔在第四場為韋根上陣主場對新特蘭時領取個人在英超首面紅牌，於完場前5分鐘侵犯泰尼奥接獲第二面黃牌被驅逐離場。停賽後復出首場比賽，於9月24日在聯賽盃第三圈作客對葉士域治，卡特摩尔先拔頭籌兼射入加盟以來首個入球，協助球隊輕勝4-1過關。
2008年11月15日深夜卡特摩尔與兩名友人在米德爾斯伯勒（Middlesbrough）一家夜總會外因妨害公共秩序（public order offence）被捕，其後被罰定額罰款了事。12月13日主場3-0擊敗布力般流浪，卡特摩尔射入「埋齋」的一球而在英超「開齋」，這場敗仗直接導致對方領隊保罗·因斯被炒。
卡特摩尔在新年前已累計6黃1紅，其紀律比另一員中場悍將柏拉西奧斯的7面黃牌還要差，他過勇的攔截令人聞風喪膽；先在2008年11月15日於開賽後僅15分鐘即因一次50-50的硬朗攔截將紐卡素中場硬漢祖爾·巴頓踢傷離場，祖爾·巴頓因而缺陣長達兩個月；在拆禮物日再戰紐卡素，卡特摩尔上半場38分鐘的一記攔截又踢斷比耶（Habib Beye）的足踝韌帶，令後者養傷長達三個月；2009年2月21日重返河畔球場對母會米杜士堡，卡特摩尔全場被主場球迷喝倒彩，於上半場23分鐘與對方防守中場迪加特（Didier Digard）碰撞後，迪加特需用擔架抬離場，迪加特雙腳均受傷，需缺席三個月而提早「收咧」；2009年3月4日主場對爭逐英超第七位的韋斯咸，球證出示兩紅八黃以控制雙方過激的球員，下半場尼爾向卡特摩尔作出一記恐怖的攔截而僅被罰黃牌，數分鐘後卡特摩尔向柏加（Scott Parker）作出一次魯莽攔截而被直接罰紅牌驅逐離場，是本季領取的第二面紅牌而需停賽4場，加上累積9面黃牌再加停兩場。
2009年7月10日已轉投新特蘭的布魯士出價要求收購卡特摩尔增強中場截擊力，但韋根以他為「非賣品」而予回絕。
新特蘭
2009年8月12日卡特摩尔以600萬英鎊成功轉投新特蘭，簽約四年，與布魯士重聚。
2010/11年度英超球季開始前，領隊布魯士任命卡特摩尔為新隊長。但卡特摩尔於其頭三場比賽有兩場於上半場已領兩黃一紅被遂出場，而領隊向傳媒透露並沒有打算更換隊長。
2012年10月29日，新特蘭隊長卡特摩尔與球會簽四年新約留隊至2016年夏季。
國家隊
卡特摩尔曾分別代表英格蘭U16、U17、U18及U19，於2003年首次代表U16在勝利盾（Victory Shield）對威爾斯U16，更獲派擔任U19隊長之職。2006年9月29日卡特摩尔獲時任英格蘭U21主教練的彼得·泰萊首次徵召入伍，備戰下月在2007年歐洲U-21足球錦標賽對德國U21的兩回合外圍賽附加賽，而艾邦拉荷亦同時首度入選。小國腳順利晉級，卡特摩尔入選在荷蘭舉行決賽週的30人初選名單，但因傷落選最終23人大軍。
2009年6月1日卡達莫獲選進入英格蘭U21參加在瑞典舉行2009年歐洲U-21足球錦標賽決賽週最後23人大軍名單，終於可以一嘗大賽滋味。6月15日首戰芬蘭U21，卡達莫接應艾邦拉荷傳中射入先拔頭籌，協助大部分時間10人應戰的球隊險勝2-1完場。
2009年9月4日2011年歐洲U-21足球錦標賽外圍賽作客首戰馬其頓U21，在上屆比賽完結後，大部分主力成員超齡離隊，卡特摩尔成為隊中老大哥，獲委為隊長，不負所托，在完賽前射入十二碼反超前2-1，協助球隊旗開得勝。
參考資料
外部連結
韋根官網：卡特摩尔統計
skysports.com：卡特摩尔統計
英格蘭男子足球運動員
蒂斯河畔斯托克頓足球運動員
足球中場
米杜士堡球員
韋根球員
新特蘭球員
英超球員 |
Twelve Tree Copse Cemetery is a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery containing the remains of Allied troops who died during the Gallipoli campaign. It is located about south-west of Krithia on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
It also contains the Twelve Tree Copse (New Zealand) Memorial, one of four memorials on the peninsula which commemorate New Zealand soldiers killed at Gallipoli but whose graves are not known. The 179 names on it record the names of soldiers killed outside of the ANZAC area.
The cemetery was constructed after the Armistice from graves brought in from isolated sites and small cemeteries dotted around the battlefield. Notable amongst these were Geoghan's Bluff Cemetery which contained 925 graves from the Battle of Gully Ravine which was fought in June–July 1915, Fir Tree Wood Cemetery and Clunes Vennel Cemetery which contained 522 graves.
Special memorials contain the names of 646 British soldiers, ten from New Zealanders and one from Australian buried in the cemetery but whose graves have not been identified.
Notable graves
One of the unidentified bodies is that of Second Lieutenant Alfred Smith who was killed when he flung himself onto a grenade to save his comrades, for which he was posthumously awarded a Victoria Cross.
References
External links
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Gallipoli |
大事記
1月
1月7日，大批防毒面具運抵香港，以備香港可能受二戰戰火波及時使用。
1月21日，深水埗青山道發生致命車禍，一輛貨車失事撞向石柱，一名乘客拋出車外死亡，5名乘客重傷，司機無受傷並離開現場，警方展開通緝。
1月23日，連日天氣寒冷，天文台於本日錄得1936年以來1月最低溫，為攝氏7.2度。
1月26日，豬肉再度漲價，豬欄來貨每擔達39港元。
1月28日，林興因其侄子林祥興因欠租金九元六角而發生衝突，死者因想拿走林祥興的兩個腐乳罌抵債而發生衝突，兩人打鬥間林祥興以利物刺死林興。
1月：
紡織業爆發倒閉潮，百餘間結業，15,000工人頓成失業大軍。
九龍百餘間貧民屋被清拆。
落馬洲警匪大戰，10匪徒中彈，1人逃脫。
2月
2月3日：
深水埗石硤尾木屋區客家村發生大火，災民5,602人，無造成傷亡。
廣東文物展覽會在香港開幕。
2月4日：赤柱監獄78號囚室一名囚犯殺死另一名囚犯。大公報, 1940-05-01 第6頁
2月9日，馬頭圍道發生劫殺案，2名賊人潛入一住宅爆竊，戶主不甘被劫，與賊人糾纏期間終被刺斃，一名女傭亦被刺至重傷，匪徒逃去無蹤，警方懸紅追緝。
2月17日，政府決定將位於窩打老道與彌敦道交界的九龍殮房搬遷至油麻地海邊，以免滋擾民居，並會新增冷氣設備防止屍體腐爛，當時只有瑪麗醫院殮房設冷氣設備。
2月19日，匯豐銀行每股派息2磅10先令。
2月20日，當局委任約翰·懷亞特為戰時情報組專員。
2月25日，今年截至本日共192人感染天花病毒，當中152人喪生。
2月26日，鶴園發電廠落成啟用。
2月：
2月底，一名漁民在糧船灣洲捕魚期間遇劫，該漁民與3名賊人糾纏，混亂中漁民向賊人投擲魚砲，將3匪徒炸斃，漁民後來被警方拘捕，漁民辯稱因自衛而殺人，並申請保釋。
當局估算香港人口為184萬人。
港府頒布《修正取締屋宇條例》。
中國第一夫人宋美齡抵達香港，與美國駐華大使納爾遜·詹森交換意見。
中華電力完成在九龍擴建新發電廠，供電擴展至新界。
3月
3月2日：
為適應戰時需要，當局限制商店於每晚8時必需停止營業，以節省煤電，酒店及酒樓除外。
大埔孤兒院落成啟用。
3月5日，中華民國中央研究院院長暨首任教育總長蔡元培於香港逝世，終年72歲。
3月7日，中日雙方於香港舉行秘密會談。
3月10日，蔡元培在香港出殯，5,000人夾道送別。
3月12日，國父孫中山病逝15週年，各界2,000餘人於利舞台舉行隆重紀念大會。
3月13日，軒尼詩道300號廣生行化妝品有限公司貨倉發生大火，火勢猛烈火場廣闊，消防總監摩利士親自到場指揮救火，貨倉損失達百萬港元，幸無傷亡。
3月17日，長洲海面2枚水雷發生巨大爆炸，長洲全島震動，遠至九龍塘一帶民房亦受震盪。
3月20日，立法局通過《戰時稅收條例》。
3月22日，西貢榕樹坳發生兄殺弟案。香港華字日報, 1940-05-02 第8頁
3月23日，中環擺花街一幢舊樓的廚房倒塌，壓傷3人。
3月25日，民國革命家蔡元培的追悼大會在香港大學舉行，各界千餘人出席。
3月：
港府開始大量徵集防空隊員。
55年來罕見冰雹襲港。
香港華人組建「防癆會」。
4月
4月1日，《戰時稅收條例》開始生效。
4月8日，日軍轟炸香港邊界附近，在深圳大鵬灣鯊魚涌投彈8枚，炸傷數十人。
4月10日，因應二次世界大戰德國入侵北歐，港英政府頒布《緊急條例》，管制各國輪船飛機，並扣押挪威及丹麥船隻共14艘。
4月12日，一艘貨船在青山灣誤觸水雷，4人被炸死、1人受傷。
4月13日，日軍再次在香港邊界附近大舉轟炸，在深圳大鵬灣鯊魚涌投彈30餘枚，釀成約30人喪生、70餘人受傷慘劇。
4月20日，政府宣佈在港丹麥僑商仍可照常營業，不以敵人看待。
4月21日，晚上7時，旺角大角咀捷和鋼鐵廠被焚。
4月25日，35艘挪威輪船獲准放行。立法局通過《禁止吐痰條例》。
4月：
當局在赤柱建成一所大型彈藥庫共二十餘座。
5月
5月2日，位於必打街的利威首飾行發生劫殺案，李魁雄和兩同黨在行劫途中槍殺司理刁波士並劫去戒指兩枚。
5月12日，西環羲皇台33號三樓發生3屍4命兇殺案，兇手關麗珍被判處死刑。
5月19日，港督羅富國離港赴鍚蘭（今斯里蘭卡）休養，輔政司史美署任港督。
5月30日，旺角亞皆老街孤軍營內被覊留的孤軍姚輝，被控以刀謀殺同侶黃家仁。
5月31日，銅鑼灣波斯富街一幢唐樓發生沖天大火災，6層樓陷入火海，釀成13人焚斃、17人受傷的慘劇。
5月：
港府為鞏固戰時防衛，公布戒嚴區。
美元狂漲，1港元僅可兌換0.185美元，創空前低位。
當局擴建啟德機場。
6月
6月11日：
港府宣佈香港進入非常時期，徵集英僑入伍，街道要衝堆置沙包。
警方勒令敵僑本日前離港。
因日前義大利站在德國陣營向英國宣戰加入二戰，港府拘禁意大利僑民，封閉意國駐港領事館。
6月12日，佐頓道地一號地下皮具店發生火警，2人死亡。 香港工商日報, 1940-07-13 第6頁
6月14日，港府頒布《戰時維持治安條例》。
6月17日，
干諾道西元安碼頭發生兇殺案。香港華字日報, 1940-06-18 第8頁
塘尾道6號一名菜販被殺。香港華字日報, 1940-06-18 第7頁
6月23日，港府下令徵用民間物資，規定所有水陸交通工具及設備隨時可以總督名義徵用。
6月25日，日軍再度集結深圳，英軍拆毀連接深圳河的橋樑。
6月30日，首批英籍婦孺1,640名撤往澳洲。
6月：
港府搬十萬英磅予英國作二戰開支。
政府在港島及九龍興建大量防空洞，並擴大2年前成立的防空機構。
7月
7月1日，當局頒布《牙醫登記條例》。
7月2日，英國政府稱，英國決心在任何情況下保衛香港。
7月12日，屯門白角發生警匪槍戰。香港工商日報, 1940-07-13 第6頁
7月21日，苦力陳泰到長沙灣道226號何永興什貨店買眉豆，被什貨店的店伴黃璧及陳炳耀誤會偷竊，遭到該兩名店伴毆打，陳泰離店約二尺後氣絕身亡。
7月，再有一批1,800名婦孺撤往澳洲。
8月
8月3日，大埔塌屋釀8死，7人當場死亡，1人留醫兩日後亦不治。
8月5日，九廣鐵路位於大埔滘5號隧道口發生山泥傾瀉，將大批徒步轉車之火車旅客掩埋，造成20餘死10餘傷。
8月6日，
署理港督史美休假離港，由岳桐中將署任。
油蔴地警署的印度人睡房內，印度警員拿沙星及遭到槍擊，腦部及雙手中四槍，當場死亡。
8月21日，颱風靠近珠江口，皇家香港天文台懸掛九號風球近7小時，暴風雨期間中環一名途人被飛墮之磚瓦擊斃。
8月：
港九各區組織自衛團。
警方拘捕一名日本間諜。
當局劃分全港為12個消防區，並增加6個戒嚴區。
9月
9月1日，霍亂肆虐香港，百餘萬居民張符驅魔。
9月17日，德國空軍大規模轟炸英國爆發不列顛空戰，引起香港金融界恐慌。
9月，當局展開食品價格管制。
10月
10月9日，美國駐港領事館正式宣佈撤走美國僑民。
10月10日：
政府委任石智益為戰時情報組專員。
美領事勸2,000多名美僑離港。
10月18日：
署理港督頒令，重新劃分港島及九龍禁區。
市政局會議通過改善酒樓廁所。
11月
11月18日：
香港保衛團成立。
港府設立移民局（亦即今入境事務處的前身），首任局長為富勵士。
11月29日，日軍在香港大量採購日用品。
11月：
港府計劃8個月內修建防空洞60個。
當局奉英廷訓令，撤銷強迫疏散政策。
政府將電稅及油稅提升。
12月
12月4日，位於機利文新街3號的中華書局貨倉發生謀殺案，司數員胡棟朝及售貨員王新嘉被殺。
12月27日，新任遠東英軍總司令樸芳爵士訪港，視察香港防務。
12月，頒布《移民條例》。
本年，霍亂疫潮導致763人受感染，當中499人不治。
出生人物
1月6日，麥高樂，前香港政府官員，1991年至1995年出任最後一位英國藉財政司。
1月17日，陳方安生，曾任香港政府官員及香港立法會直選議員。
2月29日，鄧蓮如， 曾任行政及立法兩局首席非官守議員。
3月25日，馬世民，曾任和記黃埔董事總經理。
4月24日，李鵬飛，前立法會及行政局議員，自由黨首屆主席。
4月25日，林漢強，香港佛教聯合會副會長，1984年至1985年任立法局非官守議員。
5月24日，伍晃榮，香港已故資深電視台體育新聞主播。
6月3日，戴思聰，香港已故歌唱老師。
7月9日，張信剛，曾任香港城市大學校長。
7月24日，龐約翰，曾任匯控主席。
10月16日，何守信，香港電視節目主持人及司儀。
11月27日，李小龍，香港已故國際武打巨星。
本年：
梁乃鵬，前無綫電視榮譽行政主席。
劉家傑，香港電視節目主持人及司儀。
李日新，城巴創辦人，曾任城巴、新巴董事總經理。
潘宗光，前香港理工大學校長。
莊啟程，港區全國政協委員，1990年出任保良局主席，1991年創辦保良局莊啟程預科書院。
王司馬，香港著名漫畫家。
林鳳，1960年代香港電影演員。
陳振華，為1970年代已故無線電視演員。
逝世人物
2月18日，史羅斯夫人，香港大學副校長。
3月5日，蔡元培，前北京大學校長。
6月17日，唐拾義，製藥商人。
7月31日，關麗珍（31歲），因牽涉同年5月12日西環羲皇台一宗三屍四命謀殺案，成為香港第一位女死囚。
8月，簡英甫，華人煙草公司主席。
8月16日，黃耀東，香港商人及慈善家，被稱為「深水埗皇帝」，曾任保良局及東華醫院總理、博愛醫院主席等。
9月27日，黃卓卿，建造行商會主席、香港木業行領袖。
9月，李右泉，香港當舖大王。
本年，漆咸，前香港政府官員，前行政、立法及市政三局議員。
參考文獻
1940年香港
20世紀各年香港
1940年 |
同甲肝潜伏期患者吃饭会传染吗？同甲肝潜伏期患者吃饭是有可能被传染的，因为甲肝病毒是可以通过消化道传播的，最好还是去医院检查看看是否被感染。甲肝是一种由甲型肝炎病毒引起的疾病，具有一定的传染性,传播途径为粪-口传播。也就是携带甲肝病毒的患者粪便中含有甲肝病毒播散到土壤中，土壤中的甲肝病毒会黏附到水果蔬菜中。如果在吃水果蔬菜的过程都没有洗干净，甲肝病毒会经过消化道进入体内。甲肝病毒在日常生活中传播的三个途径有：1、水源传播。甲肝病毒携带者的粪便被排入河道等水源中，喝了被污染的水就有可能被传染甲肝。2、日常接触传播。在接触到被甲肝病毒污染的碗筷、玩具等物体后，有可能被感染。3、食物传播。人体感染甲肝病毒后，通常约有1个月的潜伏期，此时没有症状，之后可出现无其他原因可解释的发烧，乏力，食欲减退，恶心，呕吐和皮肤发黄，有的病人有腹胀或腹泻，尿呈褐色，大便色浅，检查肝脏有肿大和触痛或叩痛的体征，肝功能检查显示谷丙转氨酶（ALT）明显异常，患者血清甲肝抗体呈阳性或滴度明显升高，症状轻重各异，轻症病程1－2周，重症可致数周或更长。人体感染甲肝病毒后，通常约有1个月的潜伏期，此时没有症状，之后可出现无其他原因可解释的发烧，乏力，食欲减退，恶心，呕吐和皮肤发黄，有的病人有腹胀或腹泻，尿呈褐色，大便色浅，检查肝脏有肿大和触痛或叩痛的体征，肝功能检查显示谷丙转氨酶（ALT）明显异常，患者血清甲肝抗体呈阳性或滴度明显升高，症状轻重各异，轻症病程1－2周，重症可致数周或更长。甲肝患者一定要做好必要的隔离措施，将个人物品与他人分开清洗和存放，比如毛巾，碗筷，其他贴身物品。 |
二尖瓣环钙化的临床表现是什么?？决定于瓣坏钙化的程度。轻度者无临床表现：重度病变瓣环增厚且固定，不能随心室收缩而变小，二尖瓣活动受限，可引起二尖瓣返流或狭窄，在心尖区及胸骨左缘下部可听到收缩期杂音向心底部传导。本病常有窦房结及传导系统退行性变同时存在，而出现窦性心动过缓、房室传导阻滞、缓慢室率的心房颤动等，少数患者由于瓣环钙质松落形成栓子，发生不同部位的栓塞，较常见的为脑及视网膜动脉栓塞。 |
排卵日后第八天流乳白色粘稠怎么回事？排卵日后第八天流乳白色粘稠的原因很多，很可能是疾病的因素造成的，霉菌性阴道炎就是常见的一种，导致白带过多，阴道瘙痒等症，由于女性过度频繁的清洗阴道，造成阴道内的菌群失调，导致白带异常，平时要注意个人的卫生，但是不能清洗过度。白带对女性朋友来说已经不再陌生，因为通过白带我们就能够了解自身的健康状况，白带是每天都会与我们相见的，导致白带异常情况的原因是很多，有部分的原因是生理现象，也有因为疾病而导致白带的异常，关于白带异常的情况。首先，白带粘稠像浆糊与疾病有关，霉菌性阴道炎被称为是念珠菌性感染，导致白带过多，阴道搔痒，白带犹如豆腐渣样，阴道膜高度水肿，有部分的人群会产生水样或脓性的无白色片状物。非特异性阴道炎会导致外阴阴道产生下坠和灼热感，白带量过多成脓性或浆液性，产生尿频或尿痛等症。其次，白带粘稠像浆糊与生理性因素有关，女性频繁的使用洗液冲洗阴道，造成乳酸杆菌的减少，破坏阴道内的微生物平衡，造成菌群失调，引起白带异常。由于白带分泌物过多，外阴部处于潮湿的状态，对局部皮肤造成刺激，再加上长期使用不透气的卫生护垫，容易造成感染。如果不注意个人的卫生，不勤换内裤，就会诱发妇科炎症，造成白带异常。最后，白带像浆糊的情况需要尽快的医治，如果是因为疾病所造成的，就要尽快的选择治疗，针对不同的病原菌采取不同的治疗方案，平时要注意个人的卫生，勤换内裤，注意饮食调节，如是因为霉菌性阴道炎导致的异常白带，需要夫妻同时接受治疗。女性朋友在平时的生活当中要注意个人的卫生，注意饮食方面的调理，根据自身的情况来选择适合的食疗方法，如果自身患有疾病导致白带异常，最好是夫妻同时接受治疗，避免会导致交叉感染，治疗期间不能发生性关系。 |
白带黄稠是什么炎症？白带，是由阴道黏膜渗出物、宫颈腺体渗透物及子宫内膜腺体渗透物混合而成，内含阴道上皮脱落细胞、白细胞、乳酸杆菌。分为生理性白带和病理性白带。生理性白带为白色稀糊状或蛋清样，无腥臭味，量多少不等，与雌激素程度高低相关，芳华期卵巢渐渐发育并渗透雌激素时，开始有阴道渗透物排挤，普通在月经中期即接近排卵期时，由于宫颈内膜腺细胞渗透兴旺，宫颈黏液占要紧成分，这时白带增多、清晰透明，淡薄似鸡蛋清，排卵2～3天后，白带又造成混浊黏稠而量少，对妇女健康无不良影响；病理性白带为生殖道出现炎症，特别是阴道炎和宫颈炎或发生癌变时，白带的色、质、量均有发生转变。症状起因（一）生理性白带（二）病理性白带1、非炎症性白带2、炎症性白带（1）细菌性阴道病（2）滴虫性阴道炎（3）霉菌性阴道炎（4）暮年性阴道炎（5）淋病性阴道炎（6）慢性宫颈炎或宫颈糜烂3、异物刺激性白带4、癌瘤性白带5、其余经阴道排挤物。白带的日常护理：首先应留意观察白带量、性质、有无气味、有无外阴瘙痒等环境。阴道排液量多时，可刺激外阴惹起瘙痒、红肿，乃至糜烂，故还需指导或赞助患者清洗外阴，经常更换会阴垫，削减渗透物对外阴的刺激。当外阴有红肿或糜烂时，可予清洗外阴后扑粉，使外阴部干燥、滑爽，从而使患者感到舒服。如为生殖道炎症惹起阴道排液量多，则还需做好坐浴、阴道清洗以及阴道塞物的指导。此外，还应做好消毒隔离事情。患者保持会阴洁净干燥，避免穿紧身衣或是尼龙内裤，而应该穿纯棉内衣和裤袜。白带黄稠是妇科炎症。 |
東方匯財證券國際控股有限公司，簡稱東方匯財證券國際控股、東方匯財證券國際和東方匯財證券（，），在1999年，當時由張俊英和孔慶倫，於香港（總部）成立前身「Trading Guru Securities Limited」。
2000年，由Orient Securities Holdings持有的林樹松（主席）、林昇宏和黃君諾（已退任）進行收購。
股份在2014年1月15日於港交所創業板上市，配售價格為0.8港元，配售股份為75,000,000股，集資額為6000萬港元，主要用作營運資金。於2016年1月,該公司市值大約為4億元。
業務在香港經營證券交易及股票孖展服務。
2019年12月，東方匯財證券被聯交所要求除牌。
參考
連結
orientsec.com.hk/
1999年成立的公司
香港金融公司
香港上市金融公司
O |
The Tajuasohn language, also known as Tajuason, Tajuoso, and Tajuosohn, is a Kru language of the Niger–Congo language family. It is spoken primarily in Sinoe County in eastern Liberia by members of five local clans.
In 1991, Tajuasohn was spoken by 9,600 people.
See also
Languages of Africa
References
Kru languages
Languages of Liberia |
头孢克肟干混悬剂的副作用（不良反应）？头孢克肟不良反应大多短暂而轻微。最常见者为胃肠道反应，其中腹泻16％、大便次数增多6％、腹痛3％、恶心7％、消化不良3％、腹胀4％；发生率低于2％的不良反应有皮疹、荨麻疹、药物热、瘙痒、头痛、头昏。实验室异常表现为一过性ALT、AST、ALP、LDH、胆红素、BUN、Cr 升高，血小板和白细胞计数一过性减少和嗜酸性粒细胞增多，直接Coombs试验阳性等。 |
椎体严重楔形变并伴小关节半脱位的诊断是什么？X线片、CT扫描及MRI检查，能确诊骨折，骨块移位及脊髓神经情况。 |
生血康合剂的用法用量？注意：同种药品可由于不同的包装规格有不同的用法或用量。本文只供参考。如果不确定，请参看药品随带的说明书或向医生询问。 口服，一次10毫升生血康与此1片补血片同服，一日2次。6岁以下儿童酌减或遵医嘱。 |
辛义乡，是下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
行政区划
辛义乡下辖以下地区：
。
参考资料 |
鵝卵石行動（）開始於1944年1月22日，是第二次世界大戰義大利戰役時，盟軍在義大利中部的安濟奧與內圖諾地區對軸心國軍進行的兩棲登陸行動；行動由少將統領及意圖包抄冬季防線以切斷德軍退路和進攻羅馬；這場戰鬥亦被稱為安濟奧戰役（Battle of Anzio）。
背景
1943年底，入侵義大利後，盟軍的進攻在古斯塔夫防線前受阻，這是一條橫貫義大利南部全境以鞏衛羅馬的德軍防線，義大利中部的地形已非常有利於防守，而德國空軍元帥阿爾貝特·凱塞林充分利用這一方面的優勢。盟軍提出好幾個打破僵局的作戰方案，但溫斯頓·邱吉爾提出的鵝卵石行動開始時被美國參謀長聯席會議主席喬治·馬歇爾上將輕視，因為馬歇爾認為應集中力量進行諾曼地登陸而不是邱吉爾提議的兩棲作戰方案，後來由於邱吉爾向美國總統富蘭克林·羅斯福及蘇聯領袖約瑟夫·史達林提出請求才被接納，其中史達林對於任何能減輕東戰場壓力的盟軍作戰提議都樂於贊成，根據計畫，由馬克·韋恩·克拉克陸軍中將指揮的美國第5軍團從南面發起進攻，把駐守在羅馬周圍及從羅馬到海邊中間山區的德軍引出來；同時配屬於第5軍團的由約翰·P·盧卡斯指揮的美國第6軍突然在安濟奧與內圖諾地區登陸及迅速向阿爾班山地前進，切斷德軍聯繫，以及威脅由弗里多林·馮·森格爾·翁德·埃特林指揮的德國第14裝甲軍的後方。
計畫
參謀人員爭論說如果凱塞琳（在義大利的德軍最高指揮官）將軍隊從古斯塔夫防線撤退，盟軍將有機會突破防線；如果凱塞琳不將軍隊從古斯塔夫防線撤退，鵝卵石行動中的盟軍將攻佔羅馬及切斷在古斯塔夫防線上的德軍，如果德軍有足夠增援同時防守羅馬及古斯塔夫防線，盟軍覺得該行動不會產生大的作用及登陸部隊可用於其它更需要的戰線上，該行動在1943年12月18日被正式取消，但是，它之後被再重新選擇及執行。
克拉克將軍不覺得在南面戰線有足夠兵力進行任何的突破，其計畫因此依賴於南面的進攻能吸引凱塞琳的後備部隊南下及提供機會給在安濟奧的部隊一個向內陸突破的機會，但是他給盧卡斯的書面命令沒有真正反應出這樣：盧卡斯在進攻阿爾班山地時在安濟奧一帶建立及確保一個橋頭堡...，這是克拉克經歷在薩來諾灘頭的惡戰及盧卡斯在戰役中缺乏經驗所產生的謹慎而做成的謹慎結果。
盧卡斯對其上級及行動計畫均缺乏信心，在進攻開始前幾天，他在日記中寫到：「除非我們得到我們所希望的，否則行動將是鋌而走險的，在我自己個人意見講，這不應該去嘗試的。」及「該行動有很強的加里波利之戰的意味及表面上仍然是同一個門外漢在同一個後備席上。」這個門外漢是指溫斯頓·邱吉爾，是第一次世界大戰中災難性的加里波利登陸的設計師及鵝卵石行動的提倡者。
海軍力量的有效性
計畫中的一個問題是登陸艦隻的有效性，美國指揮官特別強調沒有任何其他事可推遲諾曼地登陸及其附屬的在法國南部的登陸，鵝卵石行動將要求使用一些將會用於這兩次登陸的艦隻，最初鵝卵石行動需要在1月15日前將這些艦隻交回，但由於一些問題，羅斯福總統容許它們可被使用至2月5日。
坦克登陸艦（LST）最初的數量只夠給在鵝卵石行動中的1個師登陸用，在邱吉爾的堅持之下，數量夠給2個師登陸用，盟軍的情報顯示在該區內駐有5或6個德軍師，但美國第5軍團當時的情報嚴重低估了德國第10軍團的戰鬥力，而相信很多德軍單位經過從9月份開始的防禦戰後已經疲憊不堪。
戰鬥序列
參與這次進攻之盟軍包括5艘巡洋艦、24艘驅逐艦、238艘登陸艇、62艘以上其它船隻、40,000名士兵及5,000輛以上車輛。
進攻行動分為三個不同方向：
1、英軍部隊（彼得灘頭，Peter Beach）－它們進攻安濟奧以北6英哩（10公里）的海岸。
（部份）
2、西北美軍部隊（黃色灘頭，Yellow Beach）－它們進攻安濟奧海港，計畫本來動用在安濟奧以北進行空降，但該行動被取消。
美軍第93疏散醫院
美軍第95疏散醫院
3、西南美軍部隊（X光灘頭，X-Ray Beach）－它們進攻安濟奧以東6英哩（10公里）的海岸。
美軍第3步兵師
南面的進攻
第5軍團對古斯塔夫防線的進攻在1944年1月16日在卡西諾展開，雖然未能成功取得突破，但進攻仍能達到一部份最初目的，古斯塔夫防線上的指揮官海因里希·馮·菲廷霍夫將軍要求增援及凱塞琳命令第29及第90裝甲擲彈兵師從羅馬調來支援。
戰鬥過程
初步數波登陸戰
登陸行動開始於1944年1月22日。
雖然盟軍預計類似1943年在薩萊諾所遇到的抵抗會再次出現，但最初的登陸行動基本上沒有遇到抵抗，除了德國空軍零星的猛烈攻擊。
凌晨時分，36,000名士兵及3,200輛車輛在海灘上登陸，共有13名盟軍陣亡及97人受傷；大約20名德軍被俘，英軍第1步兵師向內陸握進了2英哩（3公里），蘇格蘭營佔領了安濟奧港、美軍第509傘降步兵團佔領內圖諾及美軍第3步兵師向內陸推進了3英哩（5公里）。
行動的第一天，義大利抵抗運動指揮部與盟軍總司令部舉行了一次會議：抵抗運動向盟軍提議在阿爾班山地作為嚮導，但被盟軍所拒絕。
登陸戰之後
盧卡斯的上級預計他將會發動數波攻勢，而登陸地點的奇襲效果將迫使德軍從冬季防線轉向後方，更進一步逼迫德軍向北面的羅馬撤退，但是，盧卡斯只是（消極地）將更多的兵員及裝備物資派至橋頭堡及加強防守（而非向內陸推進）。溫斯頓·邱吉爾對作戰行動進展表示極其不滿，他說：「我本來希望向海岸投入野貓，但現在我們卻變成了一條擱淺的鯨魚。」
盧卡斯的決定頗有爭議，根據歷史學家約翰·基謹說：「盧卡斯在登陸後第一天有可能到達羅馬，其矛頭可能會到達該城，雖然之後可能被逐回，無論如何，他孤注一擲地向內陸進攻可能更好。」但是，盧卡斯在該行動的戰略計畫階段便缺乏信心，還有，他經常爭論說克拉克將軍對他的命令進行不合理的干預，在兩個師團登陸後將可能面對兩至三倍數量的德軍的預期之下，盧卡斯並不相信灘頭陣地能夠獲得確保，但基謹認為，盧卡斯的消極態度導致了此一非常惡劣的戰略計畫，尤其是在沒有任何敵人（於登陸初期）出現之時，仍命令轄下部隊採取消極行動，盧卡斯後於在2月23日遭解除職務及由盧西亞·特拉斯科特將軍（美軍第三步兵師師長）代替。
軸心國軍事反擊
德軍凱塞琳元帥在1月22日早上3點知悉盟軍已經登陸，因為事出突發，凱塞琳元帥便立即研判盟軍所有可能未來位置並擬訂德軍作戰計畫予以反擊，所有德軍現在之反擊計畫端賴先前早已經把德軍好幾個師，給改造成摩托化、機動化打擊部隊（），德軍這戰略計畫優點是能迅速找出敵軍並派出坦克予以摧毀，也為地方上爭取趕建防禦工事時間。清早5點他命令武裝親衛隊第四警察裝甲擲彈兵師及德軍王牌師赫爾曼·戈林裝甲師所組織的「機動打擊部隊」先派出迎戰，確保安濟奧經由卡姆波萊奧內及奇斯泰爾納到阿爾班山地間所有道路為德軍所控制，並在先鋒部隊作戰同時，於盟軍登陸第1天結束前，再增派20,000名德軍到前線作戰，把盟軍趕下海去，德意志國防軍最高統帥部接受他的建議，已經令自法國、南斯拉夫與德國境內派出三個師趕到義大利前線。早上8點多，元帥打電話命令埃貝哈德·馮·馬肯森上將的德國第14軍團與在古斯塔夫防線上由海因里希·馮·菲廷霍夫將軍的德國第10軍團也增援前線。
早先盟軍登陸的週邊地區德軍數支部隊，都已經被撤招回內陸增援固守古斯塔夫防線； 此時所有在義大利南部可調動的德軍都在路途上加速趕往安濟奧灘頭作戰，部隊包括：德國第3裝甲擲彈兵帥與第71步兵師全副武裝奔跑，以及元帥現在最重視的德國空軍之赫爾曼·戈林裝甲師，凱塞琳元帥最初認為如果盟軍在1月24日之前對德軍發動猛攻，那麼德軍肯定戰敗，但在1月22日結束前，盟軍仍未發動猛攻，凱塞琳不敢相信：盟軍將領竟是庸將不知此時應該猛攻，話雖如此可以略略放心，但是德軍名將阿佛瑞·史科倫仍指揮武裝親衛隊第1裝甲軍在1月22日傍晚率先增援包圍安濟奧灘頭之盟軍，1月23日又有一小批德軍趕到，1月24日，超過40,000德軍已經就防線戰鬥位置。
登陸三天後，德軍已經把灘頭更外圍都包圍，有三支德軍師單位成立防線：第四警察裝甲擲彈兵師在西邊，第3裝甲擲彈兵師在中至阿爾班山地佈防，赫爾曼·戈林裝甲師在東邊。
馬肯森的第14軍團，預定在1月25日就防禦位置在內圍進行首輪進攻，由德軍8個步兵師組成的近10萬兵力之軍團圍住灘頭堡，更可怕的是還有5個師近60,000名德軍還自外地派來增援途中，凱塞琳下令在1月28日開始反攻，但是一些因素令反攻延至2月1日才開始。
盟軍攻擊
之後的軍隊調動包括美軍第45步兵師及第1裝甲師的到達，令灘頭陣地上的盟軍總人數在1月29日增至69,000人、508門火砲、及208輛坦克，同時防守的德軍增加至71,500人，盧卡斯在1月30日發起一次尖端分叉的進攻，當其中一支部隊轉向東進入阿爾班山地前先切斷七號公路，另一路則向東北經阿爾巴諾進至卡姆波萊奧內，經過激烈戰鬥後英軍第1步兵師有些微進展但未能攻佔卡姆波萊奧內及因而形成了一個突出部，在右邊兩個蘇格蘭營向奇斯泰爾納發動了一個果敢的進攻，但在日出後他們被孤立及切斷，第1及第3營的767名士兵中，只有6人回到盟軍戰線，743人被俘。美軍第3步兵師的進攻在闊7英哩的戰線上前進了3英哩，但未能取得突破或攻佔奇斯泰爾納。
德軍反擊
2月3日，德軍向卡姆波萊奧內突出部發動反攻，人數多達100,000人的德軍分為兩個軍，由阿佛瑞·史科倫的德國第1傘兵軍及由特勞戈特·海爾指揮的德國第76裝甲軍，由於戰鬥極為激烈，總數共76,400人的盟軍登陸（包括最近到達的英軍第56步兵師），到2月10日盟軍被趕出了突出部。
2月16日，德軍向阿爾巴諾發動新的進攻「釣魚行動」'，到2月18日，經過激烈戰鬥後，盟軍灘頭陣地的最後防線遭到進攻，但是，盟軍調動第6軍的後備阻擊德軍的進攻，釣魚行動對於雙方來說均筋疲力盡，在釣魚行動期間共有5,400人的傷亡而盟軍共損失了3,500人，雙方自從在第一次登陸後共付出20,000人,死傷的代價。
雖然部隊筋疲力竭，但阿道夫·希特勒堅持由第14軍團繼續進攻，因此一個新的進攻，由第76裝甲軍在奇斯泰爾納附近發起，這次進攻令德軍增加了2,500人死傷代價。
僵持:策劃「皇冠行動」
雙方均知道在春季內不能取得決定性的戰果及轉取守勢包括進行進攻性偵察和砲轟，同時重組戰鬥力量，凱塞琳在春季先發制人，命令準備一條新的防線，凱撒防線，這是一條從沿羅馬以南的台伯河開始沿盟軍灘頭陣地，經比沙里穿越阿爾班山地到瓦爾蒙托內及橫貫義大利到達亞得里亞海邊的佩斯卡拉的防線，駐守在防線的是第14軍團及第10軍團有需要時可撤退到其左邊，，當時，盧西亞·特拉斯科特在2月22日已從第3步兵師師長晉升及代替盧卡斯出任美國第6軍司令，他與其參謀人員共同計畫一次決定性的進攻以配合在義大利的盟軍總司令哈羅德·亞歷山大計畫在5月份發動對古斯塔夫防線的主要進攻行動，皇冠行動（詳見第四次蒙特卡西諾戰役），計畫之目標是用一次全面進攻以吸引凱塞琳的部隊及消滅從義大利撤退的德軍，亦希望通過古斯塔夫防線的盟軍與從安濟奧突破的第6軍合作包圍大部份德國第10軍團。
3月份美軍第34步兵師及5月初美軍第36步兵師分別到達安濟奧，而英軍第56步兵師已被英軍第5步兵師取代，到5月底盟軍在灘頭陣地內的部隊已達150,000人，包括5個美軍師及2個英軍師以面對5個德軍師，德軍已建立了很好的防禦工事但缺乏軍官及士官，同時在5月底盟軍進攻德軍缺乏後備部隊（當時德軍已將大部份增援部隊調往南面應付在古斯塔夫防線上的戰事）。
雖然亞歷山大整個皇冠行動要求第6軍向內陸突破及切斷6號公路，克拉克卻要求特拉斯科特準備其它選擇及準備在48小時內轉換計畫，特拉斯科特準備了4個不同選擇，「布法羅行動」要求經奇斯泰爾納、在山區的空隙穿插及在瓦爾蒙托內切斷6號公路；另一方面「海龜行動」是在阿爾班山地左邊發起主攻以攻佔瓦爾蒙托內、阿爾巴諾及進佔羅馬，5月5日亞歷山大決定實行布法羅行動及命令克拉克實施。
但是，克拉克卻命令第6軍應立即向羅馬進攻，他後來的回憶錄寫到：「我們不單只希望得到攻佔羅馬的榮譽，還覺得應該擁有它...我們不單只希望變成第一支從南面攻佔羅馬的軍隊，亦希望給在羅馬的人們知道這是第5軍團做的事及付出了多少代價做成這事。」他與亞歷山大爭論第6軍沒有足夠力量包圍德國第10軍團，而亞歷山大沒有清楚強調他的要求，他十分調和及只給克拉克知道向羅馬進攻仍然有可能，如果布法羅行動面臨困難，5月6日克拉克通知特拉斯科特說：「...攻佔羅馬是我們唯一的重要目標及準備實施海龜行動以代替布法羅行動。」
特拉斯科特的布法羅行動是一絲不苟的。在左邊的英軍第5及第1步兵師沿海岸進攻及剌入德軍第4傘兵師、第65步兵師及第3裝甲擲彈師的防線，而美軍第45步兵師、第1裝甲師及第3步兵師則發起主攻，包圍德軍第362及715步兵師及攻佔瓦爾蒙托內、維勒特里及奇斯泰爾納，同時美軍第1別動隊則保護美軍進攻之側翼。
突破包圍
1944年5月23日早上5時45分，盟軍1,500門火砲開始砲轟，40分鐘後砲轟停止及步兵和裝甲部隊在空軍密接支援下發起進攻，第一天的戰鬥十分激烈：第1裝甲師損失了100輛坦克及第3步兵師共有955人傷亡，這是第二次世界大戰中美軍所有師團中單日傷亡最高數字，德軍傷亡亦很慘重，第352步兵師損失了百分之五十的戰鬥力。
馬肯森相信盟軍的主要進攻方向是西斯特納，就算英軍在5月23日及5月24日發動猛烈佯攻亦不能說服他，但凱塞琳相信盟軍的目的是奪取6號公路及因此命令赫爾曼·戈林裝甲師從150英哩（240公里）外的里窩那趕往瓦爾蒙托內以幫助第10軍團守衛6號公路，第10軍團正使用該條公路從卡西諾後撤。
5月25日下午奇斯泰爾納最終落入美軍第3步兵師手中，它與不肯撤退的德軍第362步兵師在鎮內逐屋進行作戰，最終在日落前撤退，5月25日完結前第3步兵師領頭進入韋萊特里狹谷，而第1裝甲師的部隊已到達瓦爾蒙托內3英哩（5公里）內與從里窩那趕來的赫爾曼·戈林裝甲師部份單位爆發戰鬥，雖然美國第6軍在3天內的戰鬥中共傷亡超過3,300人，布法羅行動仍然接計畫進行，及特拉斯科特有信心第1裝甲師及第3步兵師在翌日的進攻將令他的部隊切斷6號公路。
5月25日晚上，特拉斯科特收到克拉克發出之命令，要求立即實施海龜行動及將主攻方向向左轉九十度，最重要的是，雖然進攻仍然指向瓦爾蒙托內及6號公路，但美軍第1裝甲師被撤出及準備進行新的進攻，而第3步兵師在第1別動隊支援下繼續向瓦爾蒙托內進攻，克拉克在5月26日早上稍晚時間才通知亞歷山大這個改變，而當時這個命令之改變已經是既成事實。
當時，特拉斯科特大感震驚，後來寫道：「……我被嚇呆了，當時仍不是時候轉向西北推進，因為這方向的敵人仍然強大；我們應該集中力量進入韋萊特裡狹谷以消滅撤退中的德國軍隊，我不會在沒有跟克拉克進行個別討論下遵守命令……[但是]他當時不在灘頭陣地及就算經無線電亦不能到達……這是一個將主要進攻力量從瓦爾蒙托內及消滅德國第10軍團轉變的命令，5月26日該命令被實施。」他亦寫道：「在我角度看克拉克仍然服從亞歷山大的指示，他在5月26日沒有改變我們向西北的進攻方向，安濟奧的戰略目標已經完全達到，首先進入羅馬是對失去這個機會的最差補償。」
5月26日，當第6軍提出調動上困難時，凱塞琳派出4個師進入韋萊特裡狹谷以阻上盟軍對6號公路的進攻，4天內重擊美軍第3步兵師直至5月30日，期間堅守6號公路及給予第10軍團的7個師撤向羅馬以北。
進攻的另一軸線只有少許進展直至5月29日美軍第1裝甲師就位以進攻凱撒防線，無論如何，進攻沒有進展直至5月30日，由弗雷德·威克少將指揮的美軍第36步兵師找到在凱撒防線上德國第1傘兵軍與第76裝甲軍之接合部，在攀登蒙特·卡西諾山上陡峭的山坡後，他們從後方威脅守軍及阻止他們撤退，這是一個主要轉折點，馮馬肯森要求辭職及凱塞琳立即接受。
由於上級不斷增加的壓力，克拉克指派美國第2軍從古斯塔夫防線沿海岸北上，在5月25日與第6軍在阿爾班山地右邊地帶會合及沿6號公路進入羅馬。
6月2日，凱撒防線全面崩潰，第14軍團進行經羅馬撤往北方的戰鬥，同一天，希特勒害怕出現另一個史達林格勒戰役，因此命令凱塞琳宣佈羅馬為不設防城市，3天後後衛部隊完全被撤離及盟軍在6月5日早些時間進入羅馬，克拉克於當日早上事先無準備地在卡比托山的市政府會堂召開新聞會議，他在十字路口站崗以阻止英軍軍事人員進入羅馬以確保這是美國人的戰利品。
結局
雖然有關盧卡斯在行動初期應該更進取的爭論依然繼續，但大部份評論家均認為最初安濟奧的計畫是有缺點的，問題是最初只是兩個步兵師登陸及沒有裝甲部隊支援下是否有足夠力量達成切斷6號公路及抵擋凱塞琳的部隊反攻，但非常明顯的是由於克拉克改變計畫，皇冠行動（當時美國第5軍團及英國第8軍團共有44,000人傷亡）未能達成消滅德國第10軍團及令盟軍從1944年8月至1945年5月在哥德防線的碉堡上需進行殘酷而激烈的戰鬥。
但是邱吉爾保衛了在安濟奧的行動，在他的角度，有足夠的部隊使用，他清楚地利用政治力量以確保獲得一定資源，特別是不只是需要額外的坦克登陸艦以運送第二個師團到達海岸，還有在進攻中取得使用美軍第504傘降步兵旅，他爭論無論該行動的戰術成果如何，該行動可在更廣闊的整個戰爭局面上，取得即時戰略上的好處，在登陸後，德軍最高統帥部暫停了調派凱塞琳手上5個最好的師團前往西北歐，這對即將來臨的大君主行動帶來好處，邱吉爾亦確定了在義大利的英軍支配力量對戰爭的貢獻，尤其是俄國人在東線正付出巨大的損失。
參見
芭芭拉防線
伯恩哈德防線
光榮使命行動
卡西諾戰役
古斯塔夫防線
奇斯泰爾納戰役
註釋
參考文獻
外部連結
U.S. report on German defence Area on the Anzio Front
Anzio by Irwin J. Kappes
William Woodruff, The Battle for Anzio
U.S. Army Center of Military History - Anzio 1944
1944年欧洲战场战役
纳粹德国战役
義大利戰役
第二次世界大战美国战斗
英国戰役
1944年義大利
英國兩棲作戰 |
James A. McDonell (born ) is a Canadian politician. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario who represented the riding of Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry. He has been an MPP from 2011 until his retirement in 2022. He was mayor of the township of South Glengarry, Ontario from 2003 to 2011.
Background
McDonell was born and raised on a dairy farm in South Glengarry, Ontario. He attended Queen's University where he earned a degree in engineering. He worked for Bell Canada for over 30 years in a number of roles. He and his wife Margie live in Williamstown, Ontario, where they raised their three children.
Politics
In 2000, McDonell was elected as a councillor for the township of South Glengarry. In 2003 he was elected as mayor of the township.
In the 2011 provincial election he ran as the Progressive Conservative candidate in the riding of Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry. He defeated Liberal candidate Mark MacDonald by 13,050 votes. He was easily re-elected in the 2014 election.
He served as the party's critic for Government and Consumer Services during his first term and on his second term served as a Member on the Standing Committee on Public Accounts as well as a Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing (Municipal Affairs).
He stood down at the 2022 Ontario general election. He was replaced in the provincial parliament by fellow PC nominee Nolan Quinn.
Electoral record
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Mayors of places in Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
People from the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
Canadian engineers
21st-century Canadian politicians |
The 2019–20 season was Carlisle United's 115th season in their history and their sixth consecutive season in League Two. Along with League Two, the club also participated in the FA Cup, EFL Cup and EFL Trophy.
The season covered the period from 1 July 2019 to 30 June 2020.
Squad statistics
Top scorers
Up
Disciplinary record
Notes:
Pre-season
On 15 June 2019, The Cumbrians announced their pre-season schedule.
Competitions
League Two
League table
Results summary
Results by matchday
Matches
On Thursday, 20 June 2019, the EFL League Two fixtures were revealed.
FA Cup
The first round draw was made on 21 October 2019. The second round draw was made live on 11 November from Chichester City's stadium, Oaklands Park. The third round draw was made live on BBC Two from Etihad Stadium, where Micah Richards and Tony Adams conducted the draw.
EFL Cup
The first round draw was made on 20 June. The second round draw was made on 13 August 2019 following the conclusion of all but one first-round matches.
EFL Trophy
On 9 July 2019, the pre-determined group stage draw was announced with Invited clubs to be drawn on 12 July 2019.
Carlisle United eliminated from EFL Trophy
Transfers
Transfers in
Loans in
Loans out
Transfers out
References
Carlisle United F.C. seasons
Carlisle United |
Stromer is a surname. Notable persons with the name include:
Del Stromer (1930–2003), American politician
Eric Stromer (born 1961), American actor and television host
Ernst Stromer (1871–1952), German paleontologist
Heinrich Stromer (died 1542), German physician
Ulman Stromer (1329–1407), German trader, factory owner and city councillor
See also
Stroma (disambiguation) |
教宗若望五世（；）原名不可考，685年7月23日至686年8月2日在位為教宗。
譯名列表
若望五世：天主教香港教區禮儀委員會：禧年專頁 、香港天主教教區檔案 歷任教宗、《大英簡明百科知識庫》2005年版、國立編譯舘 作若望。
约翰五世：《世界人名翻譯大辭典》1993年版作約翰。
參考文獻
J
亞洲出生的教宗
敘利亞人 |
The Hon. Bazaleel Taft House is a historic house at 240 South Main Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The oldest portion of this now-large house was built c. 1780-90 by Bazaleel Taft, and is a fine regional example of late Georgian architecture. The house was adapted for use as a restaurant in the 1960s, which has since closed. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Description and history
The Bazaleel Taft House is located south of Uxbridge center on Massachusetts Route 122 at the intersection with the northern terminus of Massachusetts Route 146A.
It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a two-level hip roof and clapboarded exterior. Attached to its east and north are a modern addition made as part of the building's restaurant conversion. The house as two primary facades, one facing west and the other south. Each is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a transom window, entablature, and gabled pediment. The lower level of the roof on the west side has three gabled dormers.
The exact construction date of the house is not known. The property on which it stands had a long association with the locally prominent Taft family, beginning with Daniel Taft in the early 18th century. The house is considered locally to have been built around 1790, by Bazaleel Taft, Daniel's grandson. Taft was like his father the town's largest landowner of the period, and was active in local and state politics, serving as a state representative and senator, and on the Massachusetts Governor's Council. Taft's son-in-law, Joseph Thayer, and his daughter Chloe next occupied the house; Thayer was instrumental in furthering construction of the Blackstone Canal, which passed through Taft family land east of the house.
The house was converted into a restaurant in the late 1960s, serving in that role until 2008. The property has since stood vacant.
Local legends
During the restaurant conversion, a Hessian sword was found in one of the walls, supporting a local legend that German mercenaries had visited the property as they marched through the Blackstone Valley during the Revolutionary War. The renovations uncovered a number of 'cubby holes' throughout the mansion, constructed for no apparent reason, which supported another local legend that hiding spots were designed to conceal escaped slaves on the Underground Railroad to Canada.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Uxbridge, Massachusetts
References
Houses in Uxbridge, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Uxbridge, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts |
Landgrave Frederick of Hesse-Eschwege (9 May 1617 – 24 September 1655) was from 1632 until his death Landgrave of the apanage of Hesse-Eschwege, which stood under the suzerainty of Hesse-Kassel.
Background
Frederick was born in Kassel. As the eighth child of Landgrave Maurice of Hesse-Kassel, he was awarded Hesse-Eschwege by a decree of his father, which was imposed on his father by his eldest brother William V shortly before Maurice had to abdicate to avoid an impending bankruptcy. At the instigation of his second wife, Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Maurice set aside a quarter of his country, the so-called Rotenburg Quarter, to be divided among his married sons. Of those, Herman IV received the Rotenburg area, Frederick received Eschwege and Ernest received the former Lower County of Katzenelnbogen, around Rheinfels Castle.
Life
Maurice himself lived with his second family in Eschwege until his death in 1632. His widow then moved to Rotenburg Castle with her children.
The castle and town of Eschwege were pillaged and looted during the Thirty Years' War at Easter 1637. Thus, 20-year-old Frederick likely only moved into his residence at Eschwege after his marriage in 1646 in Stockholm with Eleonora Catherine, the sister of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
Frederick had a successful military career in the Swedish army, where he made it to the Major General. It is unknown whether he was active during the Thirty Years' War. During the Second Northern War, he commanded a Swedish battle group. Due to his military career, he spent much time at the Swedish court and rarely visited Eschwege. His three brothers ruled his share of the Rotenburg Quarter on his behalf. Even so, he cared about his subjects and contributed significantly to the reconstruction after the end of the Thirty Years' War. His wife mostly stayed in Eschwege and his children were born there.
Death and legacy
Frederick died on 24 September 1655 in Costian near Poznań, Poland, during the Second Northern War, in the army of his brother-in-law Charles X Gustav of Sweden. He was buried in the Market Church in Eschwege; it took two years before his coffin arrived there.
Hesse-Eschwege fell to his brother Ernest of Hesse-Rheinfels. The castle in Eschwege was assigned to his widow as dower, but she retreated to her Swedish fief Osterholz near Bremen. She died in 1692 and was buried in the royal crypt in the Market Church in Eschwege. The castle in Eschwege was mortgaged to Brunswick-Bevern in 1667, to raise a dowry for his daughter Christina.
Title
His full title, as immortalized on his coffin, was: Frederick, the brave hero, Landgrave of Hesse, Prince of Hersfeld, Count of Katzenelnbogen, Diez, Ziegenhain, Nidda and Schaumburg.
Marriage and issue
Frederick married on 8 September 1646 in Stockholm with Eleonora Catherine (1626-1692), daughter of the Count Palatine John Casimir of Kleeburg (1589-1652) and sister of the Swedish king Charles X Gustav. They had the following children:
Margarete (b. Erfurt, 31 March 1647 – d. Erfurt, 19 October 1647).
Christine (b. Kassel, 30 October 1649 – d. Bevern, 18 March 1702), married in 1667 to Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern.
Elisabeth (b. Eschwege, 7 April 1650 – d. Eschwege, 27 April 1651).
Juliana (b. Eschwege, 14 May 1652 – d. IJsselstein, 20 June 1693), married in 1680 Johann Jakob Marchand, Baron of Lilienburg (1656–1703)
Charlotte (b. Eschwege, 3 September 1653 – d. Bremen, 7 February 1708), married firstly in 1673 with Prince August of Saxe-Weissenfels (son of Duke August) and secondly in 1679 with John Adolph, Count of Bentheim-Tecklenburg (divorced 1693)
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Eschwege (b. Eschwege, 30 November 1654 – d. Eschwege, 27 July 1655).
Sources and references
Klaus Koniarek: Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege in Who was who in the Thirty Years' War
Chronicle of Wanfried 2006 (unpublished)
Hans-Günter Kielmann: Kleiner Führer durch die Rotenburger Quart 1627-1834 und das Fürstenhaus Hessen-Rotenburg, Rotenburg an der Fulda, 2002,
Kurt Holzapfel: Neues vom 'tollen Fritz'. Zu seinem 300. Todestag, in: Das Werraland, vol. 7, 1955, p. 43-44
Kurt Holzapfel: Landgraf Friedrichs Ende. Gefallen 1655, beigesetzt in Eschwege 1657, in: Das Werraland, vol. 9, 1957, p. 36-39
Landgraves of Hesse
House of Hesse
1617 births
1655 deaths
17th-century German people |
Khamharia is a village in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
References
Villages in Mirzapur district |
蘇燦，浙江钱塘人，清朝政治人物。举人出身。
乾隆四十二年（1777年），擔任清朝廣州府新安縣知縣。后由夏家瑜接任。
参考
清朝廣東新安縣知縣
苏姓 |
Deion Turman is an American professional basketball player, born August 13, 1992. The 6-8, 215-pound center played his high school ball at Mt. Lebanon, where he helped his team to the 2010 Western Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic League class 4A state title. Turman averaged 10.1 points per game and 12.9 rebounds per game while guiding his team to a 25-3 overall record as a high school senior. Deion received a scholarship from Robert Morris for the 2010-2011 season where he contributed 9 points and 15 rebounds. Deion left Robert Morris after his first year to take a scholarship at Wingate University for the remainder of his college career.
In the 2014-2015 season with the Reading Rockets (EBL, UK), Turman received honors for All British EBL Division 1 - Second Team, and All British EBL Division 1 - All Import Team
as well as Reading Rockets team award of MIP.
Wingate Season Statistics:
Notable Honors:
All SAC Honors in 2014, 2013 ·
All-State Honors 2014 ·
SAC Player of the Week 2014, 2013 ·
Monroe Player of the Week, 2014, 2013
All Tournament Player 2011-2012
In July 2014 Deion signed as a professional basketball player with Strategic Sports. In August, he went on to sign with the Reading Rockets (United Kingdom)
References
http://www.eurobasket.com/United-Kingdom/news/403312/Eurobasket.com-All-British-EBL-Division-One-Awards-2015
External links
Reading Rockets web page
Wingate Bulldog's statistics
EBL Division 1 2015 Honorees
Living people
1992 births
Basketball players from Pennsylvania
Robert Morris Colonials men's basketball players
Wingate Bulldogs men's basketball players
American men's basketball players |
拉德莫斯岩（），是南極洲的岩石，位於南奧克尼群島的勞里島北岸，處於戈德斯角西北面0.6公里，在1903年由蘇格蘭探險隊繪入地圖，現時由南極條約體系管理。
參考資料
南極洲岩石 |
为什么多梦感觉很累？睡觉多梦是什么原因?睡醒后全身无力特别累又是为何?想知道睡觉多梦是什么原因，先要了解它是什么。多梦是一种中医病症：睡眠不实，睡眠中梦扰纷乱。而睡醒后全身无力特别累，即醒后乏力，更是影响了一天的状态。某些更年期女性烦躁易怒，与这些睡眠问题也有着不可分割的联系。其实，这些外在的症状反映身体“内在”运行出了问题，有很大的可能是因为阴虚火旺。何谓阴虚火旺?它是中医病症之一，指阴液亏虚，虚火亢旺，阴虚则阳亢并生热化为虚火，以心烦失眠、口干少津、手足心热、盗汗、健忘耳鸣、心悸不安等为常见证候。就失眠而言，还可细分为虚烦不眠、入睡困难、夜寐不安、睡觉多梦、醒后乏力等症。阴虚火旺是怎么影响睡眠的?人的生物钟实际上是根据阴阳规律来运转的，“阳出于阴则悟，阳入于阴则寐”。傍晚时阳气入阴，到了夜晚则潜藏起来，此时人才能入睡。中医认为，抑郁、烦躁等情绪或不良习惯会郁集起来，久之化火，进而灼伤真阴，并引起心火过旺。而心主神明，心静则神安，也就是心健康的人才能睡好觉。现代人因为作息不规律经常熬夜、饮食失节、工作压力大等原因很容易伤肝进而伤心，导致心主神明的功能失调，出现睡觉多梦、醒后乏力的情况。而哪些人群更容易阴虚火旺呢?其实范围一点也不小，你很可能正在其中。比如被更年期综合征困扰的女性、经常加班熬夜的上班族、心理压力大的创业人士和销售人员、压力山大的考研党等等。这下，一些更年期女性“睡觉多梦是什么原因?”“睡醒后全身无力特别累怎么回事”等问题的答案，终于找到了。睡觉多梦，醒后乏力，原因竟是阴阳失衡，调节阴阳平衡是关键“睡觉多梦是什么原因”“睡醒后全身无力特别累怎么办”……如果你也正被这些问题所困扰，希望本文能给你一些帮助。 |
Maria de Taye (died 28 July 1637) was the 25th abbess of Forest Abbey at Vorst in the Duchy of Brabant (now in Belgium) from 29 January 1609 until her death.
She was originally from Gooik. During her time as abbess she overstretched the abbey's finances by purchasing a refugium in Brussels. She also commissioned paintings from Hieronymus van Orley to adorn the abbey church, and commissioned an atlas of the abbey's property from the surveyor Filips de Dijn.
References
1637 deaths
Benedictine abbesses
Belgian Benedictines
Nuns from the Spanish Netherlands |
An acceptability judgment task, also called acceptability rating task, is a common method in empirical linguistics to gather information about the internal grammar of speakers of a language.
Acceptability and grammaticality
The goal of acceptability rating studies is to gather insights into the mental grammars of participants. As the grammaticality of a linguistic construction is an abstract construct that cannot be accessed directly, this type of tasks is usually not called grammaticality, but acceptability judgment. This can be compared to intelligence. Intelligence is an abstract construct that cannot be measured directly. What can be measured are the outcomes of specific test items. The result of one item, however, is not very telling. Instead, IQ tests consist of several items building a score. Similarly, in acceptability rating studies, grammatical constructions are measured through several items, i.e., sentences to be rated. This is also done to ensure that participants do not rate the meaning of a particular sentence.
The difference between acceptability and grammaticality is linked to the distinction between performance and competence in generative grammar.
Types
Several different types of acceptability rating tasks are used in linguistics. The most common tasks use Likert scales. Forced choice and yes-no rating tasks are also common. Besides these classical test types, there are other, methods like thermometer judgments or magnitude estimation which have been argued to be more difficult to process for participants, however.
Further reading
Bross, F. (2019): Acceptability Ratings in Linguistics: A Practical Guide to Grammaticality Judgments, Data Collection, and Statistical Analysis. Version 1.0. Mimeo.
Myers, J. (2009): Syntactic Judgment Experiments. In: Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 406-423.
Podesva, R. J. & Sharma, D. (eds.) (2013): Research Methods in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schütze, C. T. (2016): The Empirical Base of Linguistics. Grammaticality Judgments and Linguistic Methodology. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Sprouse, J. & Almeida, D. (2017): Design sensitivity and statistical power in acceptability judgment experiments. In: Glossa. A Journal of General Linguistics, 2(1), 1-32.
Sprouse, J., Schütze, C. T. & Almeida, D. (2013): A comparison of informal and formal acceptability judgments using a random sample from Linguistic Inquiry 2001-2010. In: Lingua, 134, 219-248.
References
Psycholinguistics
Quantitative linguistics
Linguistic research |
Mike Gillian is an American basketball coach, and formerly served as the head men's basketball coach at Longwood University from 2003 to 2013. Resigning from Longwood on March 14, 2013, he had guided the team in their transition to NCAA Division I play, and into their first season as members of the Big South Conference. Prior to his time at Longwood, he was an assistant coach for seven years under Jim Larrañaga at Bowling Green and George Mason.
On November 7, 2013, Gillian was announced as an assistant coach at Florida International University. Gillian was not retained after FIU hired Jeremy Ballard as head coach in April 2018. As of the 2018–19 season, he is providing color commentary for broadcasts on ESPN platforms.
Head coaching record
References
1964 births
American men's basketball coaches
Bowling Green Falcons men's basketball coaches
George Mason Patriots men's basketball coaches
Living people
Longwood Lancers men's basketball coaches
People from Ayer, Massachusetts
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Massachusetts
Basketball players from Middlesex County, Massachusetts |
重型乙肝的并发症？1.肝性脑病(肝昏迷)： 严重肝病导致代谢紊乱，以意识改变和昏迷为主要表现的中枢神经系统功能紊乱的综合征。 肝性脑病的发病机制尚未完全阐明，一般认为与以下因素有关：A) 氨及多种毒性物质的蓄积，导致中枢神经系统中毒。重症肝病患者肝脏解毒功能减低，肠源性及代谢产生的各种毒性物质(氨、硫醇、短链脂肪酸、酚及中分子物质等等)在体内潴积。B) 氨基酸代谢紊乱和伪性神经传导递质的产生：肝衰竭时，芳香族氨基酸(苯、丙、酪、色氨酸)在血浆含量升高，支链氨基酸(缬、异亮、亮氨酸)在肌肉和脂肪组织内降解，因继发性高胰岛素血症的影响而降解加速，其血浆水平降低。大量芳香族氨基酸(AAA)入脑抑制神经递质的合成，从而影响脑组织正常生理活动。C) -氨基丁酸(GABA)增多：GABA是很强的一种抑制性神经传导递质，主要来源于肠道，经肝脏代谢，肝衰竭时，降解减少，血、脑中浓度明显增高，GABA受体数量增多、活性增强。D) 发生-度肝性脑病时，约86%可伴有脑水肿，慢性肝衰竭尸检病例65.8%有显著脑水肿，脑部病变程度与昏迷持续时间及严重程度有相关性。各种毒性物质可抑制脑组织Na -K -ATP酶活性，导致Na 、K 进入细胞内，重型肝炎病人脑氨及谷氨酰胺增加，后者随Na 进入细胞内，带进一定量水，促进脑细胞水肿，动物实验可见给予谷氨酰胺合成抑制剂则脑水肿不发生。脑缺血、缺氧、能量代谢异常等均可促使脑水肿的发生。临床上将肝性脑病分为急性型和慢性型。急性型多见于急性重型肝炎，临床表现是：严重肝损害、精神、神经症状和体征，少数病人可误诊为精神病。慢性肝性脑病常见于肝硬化病人，特别是门-体静脉分流者，脑病可反复发作。常见诱发因素有消化道出血、感染、高蛋白饮食、低钾、大量利尿、放腹水及便秘等等。根据精神、神经症状、体征，常将肝性脑病的程度分为4度或4级。2.肝肾综合征(HRS):重型肝炎晚期的严重并发症.HRS的发病机制十分复杂，肾脏血流动力学改变、肾血管痉挛、广泛的肾皮质缺血是发生HRS的基本因素。但注意，HRS患者的肾脏组织学完全正常或仅有轻微损害。举个例子，若把死于HRS患者的肾脏移植给慢性尿毒症患者，或把正常肝移植给HRS患者，可使不同患者的肾功能迅速恢复。重型肝炎时HRS的发生率约为30?%～50%，常发生在强力利尿、大量放腹水、上消化道出血、感染或手术后，约30%病人无明显诱因。病死率极高，多在少尿或无尿发生后一周内死于消化道出血、肝性脑病或直接死于HRS。 临床症状：有严重肝病征象，氮质血症前期可有尿量减少，尿钠降低;氮质血症期血钠降低，血尿素氮、肌酐明显增高，氮质血症晚期可出现恶心、呕吐、表情淡漠、昏睡，尿量进一步减少，血钠小于120mmol/L，尿钠低;终末期有严重氮质血症、无尿，可出现消化道出血、昏迷等表现。辨证：A) 少尿或无尿; B) 缓慢发生的氮质血症，血肌酐>133mol/L; C) 初期肾小管功能良好：尿/血浆渗透压比例>1.0、尿/血浆肌酐比例>30、尿钠<10mmol/L; D) 扩容效果不明显。诊断时注意与肾前性氮质血症鉴别，后者经扩容后可迅速纠正;肝病伴有慢性肾炎患者应有显著尿蛋白、管型等改变;急性肾小管坏死时尿比重低而固定，尿常规改变明显，尿钠>20～30mmol/L、尿/血浆肌酐比例<20，尿2微球蛋白含量可高达(32018±8369)g/L，而HRS者仅为(155±42.9)g/L。3.出血：重型肝炎常见而严重的并发症，是导致患者死亡的重要原因之一。重型肝炎发生出血的机制是多方面的，其原因有：A) 凝血因子减少，如凝血因子降低，、V、、、X因子合成减少;B) 血小板数量减少、形态改变(体积变小、出现伪足、空泡形成及浆膜模糊); C) 毛细血管内皮细胞损伤、脆性增加; E) 血清过高; F) TNF及内毒素血症导致多系统损害、肾衰竭、DIC及急性胃粘膜改变; G) 门脉高压症致内脏毛细血管充血、血管扩张、通透性增高、血浆外渗、黏膜水肿、糜烂、溃疡等改变; H) 食管胃底静脉曲张破裂。4.继发性感染：(1)肝衰竭：重型肝炎时免疫功能低下，若此时严重感染又可加重肝脏损害，导致肝衰竭。(2)肺部感染：肺是常见的感染部位，注意革兰阴性菌(如肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠杆菌等)、阳性菌(如肺炎球菌、流感杆菌等)或真菌等的感染。临床症状多不典型，发热或不发热，脉率与体温不相吻合，只有半数病人出现咳嗽、咳痰及肺部啰音，常伴全身状况恶化，如呼吸加快、缺氧征象、黄疸加深、凝血酶原活动度下降。菌血症为末期严重并发症，病死率可达70%以上。(3)原发性细菌性腹膜炎：病原菌大多由于肠道细菌的易位;门脉高压使肠壁淤血、水肿，正常肠黏膜屏障功能减弱，肠壁通透性增高;腹水是细菌良好的培养基;加上患者全身抵抗力下降，肝脏库普弗细胞功能衰竭，对细菌的吞噬过滤作用减退，因此这是重型肝炎时最常见的并发症之一。临床症状常不典型，可有发热，多数为低热，仅半数患者有腹部压痛及反跳痛，便次增加、尿少、腹水增多。实验室检查可见末梢血白细胞数升高、核左移。腹水外观可呈混浊、少数为脓性、血性，比重在1.010以上。黏蛋白定性(Rivalta)试验阳性或阴性，腹水白细胞数30万/L，中性白细胞0.25。腹水细菌培养阳性率有待提高。发生原发性腹膜炎后多使肝功进一步恶化。(4)其他如肠道感染、泌尿道感染及败血症亦较常见。加强基础支持治疗，实施合理的综合疗法，促进肝细胞再生，改善肝内微循环，阻断肠源性内毒素血症及以TNF为核心的细胞因子网络。加强监护，积极防治各种并发症。对于保守治疗预期难以恢复的病例，可采用人工肝支持系统，有条件时进行肝移植。 |
前列腺液培养多长时间出结果？前列腺液培养是诊断细菌性前列腺炎的比较可靠的方法，通过药物敏感试验选择有效抗生素，可以提高临床治疗效果。前列腺液细菌培养的话一般在五天的时间就会出结果的。前列腺培养主要是为了检查前列腺液中含有细菌的类型，细菌学检查可以帮助前列腺炎的分型，可以明确感染的病原体以及对药物的敏感性从而指导临床治疗。还可以评估治疗效果，并作为治愈的标准之一。正常的前列腺液培养后没有发现细菌，当出现异常结果，在细菌培养检查中可以发现致病菌，其中链球菌，淋球双球菌也可以发现，当发现结核杆菌时可提示患者患有前腺结核。正常前列腺液培养是阴性的，前列腺液培养后不应发现菌落。前列腺液的培养应该有以下注意事项：1、在采集前列腺液时应该禁欲至少五天以上，2、检查前应停用抗生素类的药物，一般都应当停药3天后，再进行尿液、前列腺液等标本的采集，以及病原体的常规检查、分离培养。在某些特殊情况下，例如急性前列腺炎或由于其他某些特殊原因不能等待时，也可不必顾及这一点。3、包皮过长可致假阳性。由于在正常男性尿道或前列腺炎患者的尿道口、尿道黏膜以及阴茎皮肤上，常常存在有多种细菌或其它微生物，因此采集的前列腺液等标本，常常可受到这些存在于外生殖器表面的微生物污染。因此，采集标本前一定要注意清洗外阴，检查包皮是否过长，是否存在感染。采集的前列腺液要收集后要及时送检。尿道外口有损伤的患者不宜用直接法采集前列腺液。采集前列腺液之前应该清洗外生殖器，不然可以导致假阳性。 |
Santiago Javier Irala Vera, known as Santiago Irala (born 3 January 1999) is a Paraguayan football player. He plays in Portugal for C.S. Marítimo B.
Club career
He made his Paraguayan Primera División debut for Rubio Ñu on 1 February 2015 in a game against Olimpia.
References
External links
1999 births
Living people
Paraguayan men's footballers
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Club Rubio Ñu footballers
FC Porto B players
Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes players
Paraguayan Primera División players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal |
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