Split (1)

train · 200k rows

text stringlengths 1 177k
腹腔淋巴癌晚期症状？病因：一般认为，可能和基因突变，以及病毒及其他病原体感染、放射线、化学药物，合并自身免疫病等有关。症状：包括浅表及深部淋巴结肿大，多为无痛性、表面光滑、活动，扪之质韧、饱满、均匀，早期活动，孤立或散在于颈部、腋下、腹股沟等处，晚期则互相融合，与皮肤粘连，不活动，或形成溃疡；咽淋巴环病变口咽、舌根、扁桃体和鼻咽部的黏膜和黏膜下具有丰富的淋巴组织，组成咽淋巴环，又称韦氏环，是恶性淋巴瘤的好发部位；有的肺部病变表现为弥漫性间质性改变，此时临床症状明显，常有咳嗽、咳痰、气短、呼吸困难，继发感染可有发热；恶性淋巴瘤可侵犯心肌和心包，表现为心包积液，淋巴瘤侵犯心肌表现为心肌病变，可有心律不齐，心电图异常等表现；常见的膈下受侵部位。神经系统表现：如进行性多灶性脑白质病、亚急性坏死性脊髓病、感觉或运动性周围神经病变以及多发性肌病等其他表现。恶性淋巴瘤还可以原发或继发于脑、硬脊膜外、睾丸、卵巢、阴道、宫颈、乳腺、甲状腺、肾上腺、眼眶球后组织、喉、骨骼及肌肉软组织等。治疗：放射治疗：某些类型的淋巴瘤早期可以单纯放疗。放疗还可用于化疗后巩固治疗及移植时辅助治疗。化学药物治疗：淋巴瘤化疗多采用联合化疗，可以结合靶向治疗药物和生物制剂。近年来，淋巴瘤的化疗方案得到了很大改进，很多类型淋巴瘤的生存期都得到了很大提高。骨髓移植：对60岁以下患者，能耐受大剂量化疗的中高危患者，可考虑进行自体造血干细胞移植。部分复发或骨髓侵犯的年轻患者还可考虑异基因造血干细胞移植。手术治疗：仅限于活组织检查或并发症处理；合并脾机能亢进而无禁忌证，有切脾指征者可以切脾，以提高血象，为以后化疗创造有利条件。
忽都不花（），字君美，高昌人，元朝大臣，元惠宗时中书平章政事。至正六年（1346年）八月，忽都不花担任江浙行省右丞，受命和江西行省右丞秃鲁率军镇压福建罗天麟反元起义。至正七年（1347年），入朝担任中书省参知政事。至正八年（1348年）十月，升任为平章政事。参考文献《元史》卷113 元朝中书省官员元朝地方官员元朝色目人
克林特（）是位於美國加利福尼亞州弗雷斯諾縣的一個非建制地區。該地的面積和人口皆未知。地理克林特的座標為，而該地的平均海拔高度為72米（即236英尺）。參考文獻 Clint Clint
雪露紫（英文：La Villosa）是瑞士的一個護膚品牌。該品牌於2004年5月申請註冊，並於2006年進入中國。在進入中國后，最初也一直走高端路線，但其在2015年調整了營銷策略，開始進行全渠道營銷。經營項目其經營項目包括香波、洗面乳、浴液、化妝品、香料、香水、清潔製劑、口紅等。推出產品截至目前，雪露紫共推出了六個產品系列，包括亮肌系列、男士系列等。這些產品在北京、深圳、西安等城市有銷售。同時，其還建立了電商銷售平臺。相关事件 2016年5月7日，雪露紫召開了聽說平臺發佈會，其後還舉辦了主題為“Remay奇幻之旅——When I was a little girl”的酒會。參考資料瑞士品牌护肤品
卵巢包块是宫外孕吗？顾名思义，异位妊娠意味着怀孕不在正常位置，而是转移到其他异常位置。具体而言，受精卵在子宫腔外生长。这种增加称为异位妊娠。最常见的异位妊娠是将受精卵植入输卵管，因此输卵管妊娠是异位妊娠的主要原因。它占异位妊娠总数的90-95％。当妊娠囊植入子宫外时，异位妊娠通常被称为异位妊娠。一些患有外科手术、炎症、不洁性交和宫外孕的人风险很高。宫外孕分为输卵管妊娠，卵巢妊娠，腹腔妊娠，阔韧带妊娠，宫颈妊娠，子宫妊娠，子宫瘢痕妊娠。临床表现有绝经史，阴道流血，下腹痛，死亡风险。需要做B超检查，痰液穿刺等检查。治疗分为医学治疗和手术治疗。怀孕卵子植入子宫腔外的异常妊娠过程。又称“异位妊娠”。输卵管妊娠是最常见的。原因通常是由于输卵管腔或周围的炎症，导致管腔通畅不良，阻碍了孕卵的正常运作，使其留在输卵管，植入，发育，导致流产或输卵管妊娠破裂。在流产或破裂之前通常没有明显的症状，但也有更年期，腹痛和少量阴道流血。2，破裂后，表现为急性剧烈腹痛，反复发作，阴道流血，甚至休克。检查常有腹腔内出血的迹象，子宫附近有肿块，超声检查可以帮助。治疗主要是手术，并且在开腹剖腹手术的同时矫正休克，并且移除患侧的输卵管。如果保留了生育功能，也可以切除输卵管以去除怀孕的卵子。3，临床表现1，阴道出血后胚胎死亡，阴道常有不规则出血，颜色腮红少，一般不超过月经量。少数患者有较多的阴道流血，类似于月经，阴道出血可伴有腱膜碎片的排出。治疗主要是手术，并且在开腹剖腹手术的同时矫正休克，并且移除患侧的输卵管。如果保留了生育功能，也可以切除输卵管以去除怀孕的卵子。手术治疗输卵管切除术适用于内出血和休克的急诊患者，并且没有生育要求。有生育要求的年轻女性可以进行输卵管开窗术饮食应清淡营养，以确保蛋白质摄入。蛋白质是抗体的重要组成部分。如果摄入量不足，身体的抵抗力会降低。
宫颈粘连闭经怎么办？宫颈粘连是很常见的一种妇科病症，宫颈粘连程度与范围的不同，患者也会有不同的临床表现，宫颈粘连的发生原因多是由于宫颈炎症或者是宫颈创伤造成的，宫颈粘连的发生不仅会诱发多种妇科病症，还会影响到女性的生育能力，所以一定要尽早的治疗。宫颈粘连的发生给患者造成很大的伤害，在发生宫颈粘连之后一定要尽早的治疗病症，不可拖延病症，以免病症加重也增加了治疗的难度，宫颈粘连会不会造成永远性的闭经呢以及如何治疗宫颈粘连呢，以下就由小编具体的说一下：宫颈粘连会导致闭经症状发生的，但不会是永远性的，只要治疗好宫颈粘连闭经症状也会随之消失的，患者的月经功能正常，只是由于宫颈粘连经血排不出来，这种也称为假性闭经，如果宫颈粘连拖延不治，影响到了正常的月经功能，可能会出现永久性的闭经。宫颈粘连的治疗方法，可以采用宫颈扩张术来通畅宫颈，在术后可以采用药物涂抹宫颈管，每天1次，坚持一周，预防再次发生粘连，如果有感染情况需要采用抗生素，如果宫颈粘连较长而且粘连紧密或者是不能采用宫颈扩张器分开粘连者，需要手术切开进行分离粘连，将宫颈管内的积液或者是积血排空之后在宫颈管内放置引流管。宫颈粘连是不会造成永久性闭经的，也了解到了宫颈粘连的治疗方法，宫颈粘连的主要症状就是腹痛剧烈、闭经、月经过少、不孕等，如果有这些症状发生时一定要引起警惕，要及时的去医院检查治疗，尽可能的在病症的初期就及时的抑制住病症的发展，尽可能的将病症所带来的伤害降到最低，而且在宫颈粘连期间和治疗期间，一定要避免性生活，以免加重病症，在患病和治疗期间，饮食要以清淡营养为主，避免食用辛辣刺激、发性海鲜等类的食物，正确的饮食护理也能够缓解到病症。
亞歷山德里亞是哥倫比亞的城鎮，位於該國北部，由安蒂奧基亞省負責管轄，距離首府麥德林90公里，始建於1886年，面積149平方公里，海拔高度1,650米，2005年人口3,730。哥伦比亚市镇
匈牙利王国，又称阿尔帕德匈牙利王国，是由匈牙利大公阿尔帕德王朝的伊什特万一世于1000年建立的王国。这種算法是從教皇思維二世賜頒王冠起算，存在于1000年（或1001年）-1301年。事實上阿爾帕德王朝乃是895年建國，當時沒有教皇王冠。伊什特万一世实行中央集权，并迫使匈牙利人民皈依基督教。尽管现有的文献强调德意志和意大利的骑士与神职人员对匈牙利语言文字的贡献，但匈牙利语中大部分用于农业、宗教和国家的词汇都来源于斯拉夫语。最初，新生的王国在内战和异教徒起义中风雨飘摇，而神圣罗马皇帝也对其虎视眈眈。经过拉斯洛一世（1077-1095）和卡尔曼（1095-1116）两任国王的统治，匈牙利王国逐渐繁盛起来，并在保证当地自治后於1102年占领了克罗地亚和达尔马提亚。他们的继任者，尤其是贝拉二世（1131-1141）、贝拉三世（1176-1196）、安德烈二世（1205-1235）和贝拉四世（1235-1270）统治期间，王国继续实行扩张政策，将势力延伸至巴尔干半岛和喀尔巴阡山脉以东，使匈牙利逐渐成为一个中欧强权。因其丰富的未开垦土地、银、金和盐矿储备，匈牙利成为德国、意大利和法国移民的首选目标。这些移民主要是农民，但也包括工匠和商人。他们的到来对塑造中世纪匈牙利城市生活方式、习惯和文化起到了关键作用。地处欧亚大陆商贸路线的十字路口，匈牙利塑造了融合多种文化的本土风情。罗曼式、哥特式和文艺复兴时期的建筑物比比皆是，拉丁文书写的文献也从侧面证明罗马天主教对匈牙利文化的影响，但东正教，甚至是非基督教的少数民族社群也存在于此。拉丁语是立法、行政和司法机构的官方语言，但王国内奉行的“语言多元化”保护了包括各种斯拉夫方言在内的许多方言。阿尔帕德王室最初依托广袤的领地保证自身在国内的主导地位，但随着王领的不断分封，匈牙利逐渐产生了出现一种由小封建领主组成的阶层，称为「皇家僕人」。根据弗朗西斯·福山的观点，这一阶层迫使安德烈二世颁布《1222金玺诏书》，限制匈牙利国王的权力。福山认为这一诏书是欧洲史上首份宪政文献。1241-1242年，正在西征的蒙古帝國入侵匈牙利，蒂薩河之戰貝拉四世親率的匈牙利軍隊被速不台的蒙古軍全滅，貝拉四世逃往神聖羅馬帝國的维也納；其后布達和佩斯失陷，蒙古兵在首都燒殺劫掠，王国遭到毁灭性打击。此后，库曼人和雅兹人来到并定居于匈牙利中央平原，摩尔達維亞、波兰王國和其他邻近国家也和匈牙利發生衝突。为防止蒙古人再度来袭，匈牙利国王大兴土木，建造了诸多堡垒，导致王国实际上被国内各强大诸侯分割为半自治的“省”，但同時这些建設有了作用，1285年金帳汗國入侵匈牙利，雖蒙古人又再次兵臨布達和佩斯，但他們只能夠劫掠村莊及小鎮，無法攻陷堅硬的堡壘，在蒙古軍撤退時，匈牙利國王拉斯洛四世在特蘭西瓦尼亞成功擊退金帳蒙古軍。这些诸侯甚至有能力挑战安德烈三世（1290-1301）的权威。1301年，随着安德烈三世无嗣而终，阿尔帕德王朝灭亡。他死后，匈牙利陷入短时间的无政府空位期，直到安茹王朝的查理一世继任为匈牙利国王，是为中世纪晚期匈牙利王国。参见保加利亚和匈牙利的战争鄂圖曼–匈牙利的战争匈牙利君主列表匈牙利王国（1301年－1526年）：阿尔帕德王朝末任国王安德鲁三世死后无嗣，由继任国王的安茹王朝查理一世继承，存在于1301-1526年匈牙利王国匈牙利王国（1526年－1867年）：又称皇家匈牙利，第一次摩哈赤战役后，哈布斯堡王朝兼并的匈牙利王国聖史蒂芬王冠領：1867年奥匈折衷后，存在于1867-1918年的匈牙利王国匈牙利王國（1920年－1946年）：两次世界大战期间，由前奥匈帝国海军上将霍尔蒂担任摄政的匈牙利王国注释参考文献匈牙利王国欧洲历史上的王国
The 29th Independent Spirit Awards, honoring the best independent films of 2013, were presented on March 1, 2014. The nominations were announced on November 27, 2013. The ceremony was hosted by Patton Oswalt. Winners and nominees {\| class="wikitable" !Best Feature !Best Director \|- \| 12 Years a Slave All Is Lost Frances Ha Inside Llewyn Davis Nebraska \| Steve McQueen – 12 Years a Slave Shane Carruth – Upstream Color J. C. Chandor – All Is Lost Jeff Nichols – Mud Alexander Payne – Nebraska \|- !Best Male Lead !Best Female Lead \|- \| Matthew McConaughey – Dallas Buyers Club as Ron Woodroof Bruce Dern – Nebraska as Woodrow "Woody" Grant Chiwetel Ejiofor – 12 Years a Slave as Solomon Northup Oscar Isaac – Inside Llewyn Davis as Llewyn Davis Michael B. Jordan – Fruitvale Station as Oscar Grant III Robert Redford – All Is Lost as Our Man \| Cate Blanchett – Blue Jasmine as Jeanette "Jasmine" Francis Julie Delpy – Before Midnight as Céline Gaby Hoffmann – Crystal Fairy as Crystal Fairy Brie Larson – Short Term 12 as Grace Howard Shailene Woodley – The Spectacular Now as Aimee Finecky \|- !Best Supporting Male !Best Supporting Female \|- \| Jared Leto – Dallas Buyers Club as Rayon Michael Fassbender – 12 Years a Slave as Edwin Epps Will Forte – Nebraska as David Grant James Gandolfini – Enough Said as Albert Lakeith Stanfield – Short Term 12 as Marcus \| Lupita Nyong'o – 12 Years a Slave as Patsey Melonie Diaz – Fruitvale Station as Sophina Mesa Sally Hawkins – Blue Jasmine as Ginger Yolonda Ross – Go for Sisters as Fontayne June Squibb – Nebraska as Kate Grant \|- !Best Screenplay !Best First Screenplay \|- \| John Ridley – 12 Years a Slave Woody Allen – Blue Jasmine Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke, and Richard Linklater – Before Midnight Nicole Holofcener – Enough Said Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber – The Spectacular Now \| Bob Nelson – Nebraska Lake Bell – In a World... Joseph Gordon-Levitt – Don Jon Jill Soloway – Afternoon Delight Michael Starrbury – The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete \|- !Best First Feature !Best Documentary Feature \|- \| Fruitvale Station – Director: Ryan Coogler; Producers: Nina Yang Bongiovi and Forest Whitaker Blue Caprice – Director/Producer: Alexandre Moors; Producers: Kim Jackson, Brian O'Carroll, Isen Robbins, Will Rowbotham, Aimee Schoof, Ron Simons, and Stephen Tedeschi Concussion – Director: Stacie Passon; Producer: Rose Troche Una Noche – Director/Producer: Lucy Mulloy; Producers: Sandy Pérez Aguila, Maite Artieda, Daniel Mulloy, and Yunior Santiago Wadjda – Director: Haifaa al-Mansour; Producers: Gerhard Meixner and Roman Pau \| 20 Feet from Stardom – Director/Producer: Morgan Neville; Producers: Gil Friesen and Caitrin Rogers The Act of Killing – Director/Producer: Joshua Oppenheimer; Producers: Joram Ten Brink, Christine Cynn, Anne Köhncke, Signe Byrge Sørensen, and Michael Uwemedimo After Tiller – Directors/Producers: Martha Shane and Lana Wilson Gideon's Army – Director/Producer: Dawn Porter; Producer: Julie Goldman The Square – Director: Jehane Noujaim; Producer: Karim Amer \|- !Best Cinematography !Best Editing \|- \| Sean Bobbitt – 12 Years a Slave Benoît Debie – Spring Breakers Bruno Delbonnel – Inside Llewyn Davis Frank G. DeMarco – All Is Lost Matthias Grunsky – Computer Chess \| Nat Sanders – Short Term 12 Shane Carruth and David Lowery – Upstream Color Jem Cohen and Marc Vives – Museum Hours Jennifer Lame – Frances Ha Cindy Lee – Una Noche \|- ! colspan="2"\| Best International Film \|- \| colspan="2"\| Blue Is the Warmest Colour (France) – Director: Abdellatif Kechiche Gloria (Chile) – Director: Sebastián Lelio The Great Beauty (Italy) – Director: Paolo Sorrentino The Hunt (Denmark) – Director: Thomas Vinterberg A Touch of Sin (China) – Director: Jia Zhangke \|} Films with multiple nominations and awards Special awards John Cassavetes AwardThis Is Martin Bonner – Writer/Director: Chad Hartigan; Producer: Cherie Saulter Computer Chess – Writer/Director: Andrew Bujalski; Producers: Houston King and Alex Lipschultz Crystal Fairy – Writer/Director: Sebastián Silva; Producers: Juan de Dios Larraín and Pablo Larraín Museum Hours – Writer/Director: Jem Cohen; Producers: Paolo Calamita and Gabriele Kranzelbinder Pit Stop – Writer/Director: Yen Tan; Writer: David Lowery; Producers: Jonathan Duffy, James M. Johnston, Eric Steele, and Kelly Williams Truer Than Fiction AwardJason Osder – Let the Fire Burn Kalyanee Mam – A River Changes Course Stephanie Spray and Pacho Velez – Manakamana Piaget Producers Award Toby Halbrooks and James M. Johnston Jacob Jaffke Andrea Roa Frederick Thornton Someone to Watch Award Newlyweeds – Director: Shaka King The Foxy Merkins – Director: Madeleine Olnek My Sister's Quinceañera – Director: Aaron Douglas Johnston Robert Altman Award (The award is given to its film director, casting director, and ensemble cast) Mud – Jeff Nichols, Francine Maisler, Joe Don Baker, Jacob Lofland, Matthew McConaughey, Ray McKinnon, Sarah Paulson, Michael Shannon, Sam Shepard, Tye Sheridan, Paul Sparks, Bonnie Sturdivant, and Reese Witherspoon Bright Future Award Patrick Creadon – If You Build It References External links 2014 Awards at IMDb 2013 Independent Spirit Awards
淋病怎么样能检查出来？1.前列腺炎和精囊炎如精囊受累，精液中可混有血液。并发前列腺炎时，会阴部疼痛，直肠指诊前列腺肿大、疼痛，精囊腺肿大。2.附睾炎与尿道球腺炎附睾疼痛、肿大及触痛。并发尿道球腺炎时，会阴部可触及肿大腺体，患者感不适或钝痛。并发急性附睾炎时，阴囊红肿、疼痛，附睾肿痛，精索增粗。3.淋菌性包皮龟头炎脓性分泌物的刺激可引起龟头和包皮炎症。④腺性尿道炎、潴留囊肿、淋巴管炎、淋巴结炎及包皮腺脓肿前尿道的隐窝及腺体可受侵犯，称为腺性尿道炎。这些腺体如被堵塞，可形成潴留囊肿，囊肿破裂后可形成尿道周围囊肿。尿道旁腺或尿道周围炎症可向阴茎海绵体扩延，常并发淋巴管炎、单侧或双侧腹股沟淋巴结炎。阴茎系带两侧的包皮腺也可被累及而形成脓肿。1.淋菌性前庭大腺炎前庭大腺开口处红肿、向外突出，有明显压痛及脓性分泌物，严重者腺管口被脓性分泌物堵塞而不能排泄，形成前庭大腺脓肿，有明显疼痛，行动时感困难，可伴发热、全身不适等症状。2.淋菌性尿道旁腺炎挤压尿道旁腺处有脓性分泌物从尿道外口流出。3.淋菌性肛周炎阴道分泌物较多时可引流至肛周和会阴引起炎症。4.淋菌性盆腔炎性疾病包括急性输卵管炎、子宫内膜炎、继发性输卵管卵巢脓肿、盆腔腹膜炎和盆腔脓肿等。少数淋菌性子宫内膜炎可上行感染，发生淋菌性盆腔炎、输卵管炎、卵巢炎、附件炎及宫体炎。可引起输卵管阻塞、积水及不孕。如与卵巢粘连，可导致输卵管卵巢脓肿，一旦脓肿破裂可引起化脓性腹膜炎。多数盆腔炎发生于月经后，主要见于年轻育龄妇女。典型症状为双侧下腹剧痛，一侧较重，发热、全身不适，发热前可有寒战，常伴食欲不振、恶心和呕吐。患者多有月经延长或不规则阴道出血，脓性白带增多等。
1930年奧斯卡金像獎可以指：第2屆奧斯卡金像獎：1930年4月舉辦，獎勵1929年上映的電影第3屆奧斯卡金像獎：1930年11月舉辦，獎勵1930年上映的電影
Melaleuca incana, commonly known as grey honey-myrtle, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia and is naturalised in the south of Victoria in Australia. It is commonly grown as a garden plant and produces large numbers of white or creamy yellow flowers, sometimes highly scented, in spring. Description Melaleuca incana is a shrub or small tree which grows to a height of about and has fibrous or flaky bark. The leaves are in threes, sometimes rings of four along the branchlets, long and wide, linear or very narrow elliptic in shape and tapering to a point. The leaves and young branches are covered with fine, soft hairs giving the foliage a grey appearance. The flowers are arranged in spikes, usually on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. Each spike has between 6 and 55 individual flowers and is up to long and wide, white, creamy white or yellow. The petals are long and fall off as the flower ages. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing between 3 and 11 stamens. Flowering occurs in spring and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules long in cylinder-shaped clusters up to long. Taxonomy and naming This species was first formally described in 1819 by Robert Brown in Edward's Botanical Register. Edwards called the plant "Grizzly Melaleuca" and noted that the plant was ...first observed by Mr. Brown, in King George the Third's Sound, on the south-west coast of New Holland. ... We were favoured with the specimen, for the drawing, by Lady Aylesford ... We are indebted to Mr. Brown for the specific characters, and all we know concerning the plant. The specific epithet (incana) is from the Latin incanus meaning "quite grey", "in reference to the colour of the leaves". In 1992, Bryan Alwyn Barlow described two subspecies and the names are accepted by Plants of the World Online: M. incana subsp. incana occurs on the south-west coast of Western Australia between Albany and Jurien Bay and inland as far as the Dryandra woodland and is naturalised in parts of Victoria. M. incana subsp. tenella occurs on the south coast of Western Australia between Albany and Esperance. Distribution and habitat This melaleuca occurs in the south-west of Western Australia and on the south coast as far east as Esperance in the Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions. It grows on swamp edges, in low woodland and heath in peaty soil and sand. Conservation status Melaleuca incana is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife. Use in horticulture This species, especially the nominate subspecies incana is widely cultivated. It is a hardy plant, fast growing, tolerating a range of soils and conditions after initial establishment and is frost hardy. It is widely available in commercial nurseries and tolerates pruning to form a hedge. It is susceptible to scale insect attack. References incana Myrtales of Australia Rosids of Western Australia Plants described in 1819 Endemic flora of Western Australia
女性肾阳虚的症状有哪些？阳虚指机体阳气虚衰，机能减退或衰弱，代谢活动减退，机体反应性低下，阳热不足的病理现象。主要症状有：畏寒怕冷、四肢不温、完谷不化、精神不振等。男性可出现遗精，女性则白带清稀、易腹泻、排尿次数频繁、性欲减退。平时应该多吃温平补益食物，减少食盐的摄入，忌任何寒凉食物。肾阳虚证，一般是因为全身机能低下，而引起了一些寒症的表现。腰为肾之府，肾又是主骨，如果肾阳不足以后，不能温阳腰腹以及骨骼就会出现腰漆酸软疼痛。如果不能温煦肌肤，就会出现畏寒、四肢怕冷，肾处于下焦，如果阳气不足，阴寒盛于下，所以就会出现脚发冷明显。阳气不足以后心神无力振奋，会出现精神萎靡不振。如果气血运行无力，不能营养面部，会出现面色的㿠白。这是肾阳虚一般的证候表现，不分男女，肾阳虚都会出现这样的症状。对于女子，因为女子的胞宫会因为肾阳虚，不能温蕴，出现宫寒不孕。当然，如果肾阳虚以后，还可以出现脾失健运而引起久泻不止、完谷不化或者是五更泄泻。肾阳不足，膀胱的气化功能障碍，水液内停，可以引起来水肿，腰以下为甚，按之凹陷不起，甚至腹部胀满或者是全身水肿，也可能引起来心悸、咳嗽等症状。阳气不足的人常表现出情绪不佳，要善于调节自己的感情，消除或减少不良情绪的影响；不可在室外露宿，睡眠时不要让电扇直吹；有空调设备的房间，要注意室内外的温差不要过大，同时避免在树荫下、水亭中及过堂风很大的过道久停；要加强体育锻炼；注意劳逸结合，避免从事太重的体育劳动，保持乐观的心态，调整自己的心情。
Mustafa is a common Arabic male given name. Mustafa may also refer to: Locations Mustafa Centre, a shopping mall in Singapore Si-Mustapha, a town in Algeria Fictional locations Mustafar, a fictional exoplanet in the Star Wars universe People Musthafa (actor), Indian film actor Kama Mustafa or Charles Wright (born 1961), former professional wrestler Mustafa Saed (born 1966), American professional wrestler Fictional characters Mustafa (Austin Powers), a character in Austin Powers Mustafa, a character in Ratatouille Mustafa, an Olympic medalist marksman from Syria in American Sniper Film Mustafa (film), a 2008 documentary by Can Dündar Musthaffaa, 1996 Indian film Ghulam-E-Mustafa, 1997 Indian film by Partho Ghosh Music "Mustapha" (Queen song), a song by Queen from their album Jazz An Egyptian multilingual song (also known as "Ya Mustafa") existing in many versions and languages Science Mustafa Prize a grand science and technology award established in 2015 See also Mustafa Pasha (disambiguation)
江勤宏（），江苏武进人，中华人民共和国政治人物，军事人物，中国人民解放军少将军衔。長期任職于解放军第三十一集团军，历任集团军副参谋长、参谋长、副军长等职，后担任福建省军区副司令员兼参谋长，上海警备区司令员及中共上海市委常委等职。参考资料中国人民解放军少将上海警備區司令员中共上海市委常委福建省军区副司令员福建省军区参谋长武進人中国共产党党员 (1971年入党) 中共中央党校校友中國人民解放軍陸軍第三十一集團軍副軍長中國人民解放軍陸軍第三十一集團軍參謀長
香港廉政公署電視劇集系列（簡稱廉署劇集系列）是由香港廉政公署拍攝製作而推出的電視劇集系列，於1976年開始推出，至今共製作了16部電視劇集，每集均以真實個案改編。系列軼聞廉署自《廉政行動1994》起與電視廣播有限公司聯合製作大部分劇集，只是在計劃製作《廉政行動2011》時一宗涉及該公司人員之貪污案已進入司法程序，為免引起利益衝突，該輯改由香港電台電視部負責拍攝，但仍於周末晚上黃金時間於無綫電視翡翠台首播。縱使如此，由於是政府機構關係，為了公平，每輯劇集均是公開招標。然而隨著無綫電視將電視劇集製作工序北移內地及藝員流失之因素，由於籌備中的《廉政行動2024》需要大量資源及人才製作，因此無綫電視已不符合製作條件，而須將該輯改由香港電台電視部製作並改由港台電視31首播。為使全港巿民能收看劇集，廉署只會與本地免費電視台合作，但港台曾安排《廉政行動2011》在收費之Now TV和有線電視播映。此外由於廉署重視的關係，參與演出的演員均被廉署審查，確保他們具有良好品格及廉潔形象，因此不是每一位演員都能參與演出。過去一部分參與演員，當時並不是主力拍攝電視劇，而是主力拍攝電影的電影演員，专门特別參與電視劇演出，如何家駒、黃光亮、郭錦恩、狄龍、林國斌、徐錦江、朱永棠等。無綫電視專為廉署劇集系列所用的音樂由《廉政行動1994》開始一直使用到現在已是第三代。第一代的主題音樂源自羅永暉作曲的1985年《廉政先鋒》（第二輯）主題音樂再由潘漢偉重新編曲而成，而第二代則由潘漢偉作曲並於2001年從《廉政追擊》起作為片頭音樂使用，第三代主題音樂原為片尾音樂，但從《廉政行動2014》開始才正式成為主題音樂。因版權關係，若有廉署劇集並非與無綫電視聯合製作時，相關主題音樂將不會獲得採用，如《廉政行動2011》便採用由張學友主唱之火光為主題曲。參見香港廉政公署；無綫電視自行製作以廉政公署為題材之原創電視劇： 1995年：《廉政英雌》 1996年：《廉政行動組》 1997年：《廉政追緝令》 2023年：《廉政狙擊》參考資料外部連結廉政公署防貪資源 - 電視劇集無綫電視官方網頁 - 廉政追擊無綫電視節目網頁 - 廉政行動2009 香港電台官方網頁 - 廉政行動2011 香港電台節目網頁 - 廉政行動2011 香港電台2011新季度電視節目網頁 - 廉政行動2011 廉政行動2016網頁 1970年代香港電視節目 1980年代香港電視節目 1990年代香港電視節目 2000年代香港電視節目 2010年代香港電視節目 2020年代香港電視節目
The median center of U.S. population is determined by the United States Census Bureau from the results of each census. The Bureau defines it to be: As of the 2020 U.S. census, this places roughly 165.7 million Americans living on each side of a longitude line passing through a location in Gibson County, Indiana, and the same number living on each side of a latitude line through the same point. During the 20th century the median center of U.S. population moved roughly southwest, from a location in Randolph County, Indiana to a location in Daviess County, Indiana. The majority of this southwest shift happened in the second half of the century, as the center shifted within a narrow circular band between 1900 and 1950 – all within roughly of the 1900 starting point in Randolph County. See also Mean center of the United States population Center of population Geographic center of the United States Geographic center of the contiguous United States References Demographic history of the United States Center of population
利普刀和锥切的区别？宫颈锥切术和leep有什么区别：第一：leep刀是宫颈治疗的一种方法。针对宫颈，使用leep刀，可以是做宫颈锥切手术。也可以只做电凝手术。如果没有宫颈癌前变，一般都是做的电凝手术。对宫颈的影响小。第二：leep刀与宫颈锥切手术不一样，利普刀亦称超高频电波刀，主要是高温作用下破坏病灶组织，是一种仪器治疗。而宫颈锥切术，属于子宫颈的一种传统手术，也就是由外向内呈圆锥形的形状切下一部分宫颈病变组织。第三：一般宫颈LEEP术是用于治疗宫颈轻中度不典型增生的患者。这种手术就是创伤小，对以后的生育也不会有太大的影响，不需要打麻药，可在门诊完成，5分钟左右就可以搞定的。宫颈锥切术一般用于宫颈重度不典型增生或是原位癌的治疗。这个相对LEEP术来讲，那就是切除的范围较大，以后可能会影响生育，并且是需要再手术室进行的。在这段期间内，饮食方面注意进食高营养、高蛋白、维生素丰富、容易消化的食物，避免服用辛辣刺激食物。注意休息，避免剧烈活动和重体力劳动，尤其避免性生活。宫颈锥切术后1周病人会有异常白带，如淡血性或淡黄色分泌物，如果无异味、无腹痛、发烧等就是正常。如果出现大量出血或合并腹痛、发烧等，就要及时就诊。异常阴道分泌物可能会持续2周到1个月不等，这段时间要注意保持外阴清洁，禁止性生活，不能盆浴、不能游泳、不能泡温泉等。做完锥切后2-3个月需要到医院检查宫颈创面愈合情况，锥切术后需要长期密切随访。一般建议术后第1年每3个月检查1次，术后第2年每半年检查1次，如果这半年检查都为正常，以后可以如正常人，每年检查1次，连续10-20年，再回归到常规筛查过程。筛查内容是液基细胞学检查加上高危HPV检测，根据这两个检查结果，如果有异常，必要时要做阴道镜检查。
许钊（），男，汉族，中华人民共和国政治人物，中国国民党革命委员会中央委员会原常务委员、新疆维吾尔自治区委员会主任委员，第九、十届全国政协委员。参考资料 Zhao 中國國民黨革命委員會黨員中国国民党革命委员会中央委员会常务委员第九屆全國政協委員第十屆全國政協委員
PChome商店街的前身是PChome Online網路家庭所成立的開店事業部，2010年4月分割設立，主要專注於商店街之網路開店平台服務業務。成立至今已有超過10萬家的中小企業進駐開店，平台陳列商品數目前則超過2億個。 PChome商店街旗下的個人賣場現為台灣物件量最大的免費行動C2C賣場，自2017年轉型推出後，成功吸引大量年輕社群進駐，並於同年7月正式宣布行動拍賣APP服務上線。更曾推出業界首創「無敵折扣券」，不限制單一帳號的使用次數，讓買家只要購買金額到達即可馬上折抵，引起社群媒體高度關注。歷史 2017年7月商店街個人賣場行動拍賣APP服務上線，並同步推出即時通訊軟體「私訊」功能，快速串接社群商務服務。 2017年8月推出不限金額、不限次數超商取貨免運費服務，更是引發網友大量跳槽、業績翻倍成長。 2017年9月推出「無敵折扣券一日快閃活動」，為業界首創不限帳號及使用次數，成功吸引網友大量湧入索取折扣券。 2017年10月與全家便利商店合作，讓超商取貨再添生力軍。 2017年在雙11、雙12兩檔期中，一舉超越同業，更改寫台灣電商超商取貨件新紀錄。 2018年5月商店街市集宣布因台灣法規對募資有諸多限制，決定股票下櫃並同步啟動海外市場發展計畫，最快明年海外IPO。參考資料购物网站
强迫症泛化了怎么办？强迫症的基本症状是强迫观念和强迫动作，可仅有强迫观念或强迫动作，或既有强迫观念又有强迫动作。能充分地认识到这种强迫观念和强迫动作是不必要的，但却不能以主观意志加以控制，因为一旦控制不去做，就会出现紧张、心慌等严重的焦虑表现，为了避免焦虑的发生，只好去想、去做。这个特点称之为有意识的自我强迫和反强迫。由于强迫症状的出现，可伴有明显不安和烦恼。性格不良、家庭不和睦、压力过大等都可诱发强迫症。1.性格不良：强迫症大多有不自信、过度追求完美、胆小自卑的性格倾向和特点，过度在意他人的评价和看法。2．家庭不和睦：如家庭成员间亲密程度低、缺乏承诺和责任、对立和矛盾冲突较多、规范和约束力不够、自我控制力差等都可诱发强迫症。3．压力过大：社会发展迅速，竞争激烈、淘汰率高、压力过大，在此环境下如果内心脆弱、自制力差、急躁或偏执性格、过于完美人格等都容易产生强迫心理，诱发强迫症。对于女性来说主要的压力因素包括怀孕、流产、分娩和家庭冲突等。部分强迫症经过系统药物治疗联合心理治疗是可以治愈的。强迫症的预后一般相对良好，治疗主要包括药物治疗和心理治疗，经过规范系统的治疗，大部分强迫症可以好转和治愈。对症状轻的强迫症，心理治疗疗效就很好；症状严重的患者，心理治疗联合药物治疗为宜，注意强迫症的疗程较长。平时应加强心理疏导，采取各项有效的干预措施，有助于提高强迫症的生活质量。如果强迫症泛化了去正规医院看心理医生，医生会根据病情用药，也可以自我调节。
This article deals with the tanks () serving in the German Army (Deutsches Heer) throughout history, such as the World War I tanks of the Imperial German Army, the interwar and World War II tanks of the Nazi German Wehrmacht, the Cold War tanks of the West German and East German Armies, all the way to the present day tanks of the Bundeswehr. Overview The development of tanks in World War I began as an attempt to break the stalemate which trench warfare had brought to the Western Front. The British and French both began experimenting in 1915, and deployed tanks in battle from 1916 and 1917 respectively. The Germans, on the other hand, were slower to develop tanks, concentrating on anti-tank weapons. The German response to the modest initial successes of the Allied tanks was the A7V, which, like some other tanks of the period, was based on caterpillar tracks of the type found on the American Holt Tractors. Initially unconvinced that tanks were a serious threat, the High Command ordered just twenty A7Vs, which took part in a handful of actions between March and October 1918. They suffered from numerous design faults, and Germany actually used more captured British tanks than A7Vs. As it became clear that the tank could play a significant role on the battlefield, Germany began working on designs for both heavy and light tanks, but only a small number of prototypes were completed by the end of the War. After the Armistice, all tanks in German hands were confiscated. Almost all were eventually scrapped, and the various postwar treaties forbade the former Central Powers from building or possessing tanks. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Although he initially headed a coalition government, he quickly eliminated his government partners. He ignored the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and began rearming, approving the development of many German tank designs he was shown. The German Army first used Panzer I light tanks, along with the Panzer II, but the mainstays were the medium Panzer IIIs and Panzer IVs which were released in 1937. The IV became the backbone of Germany's panzer force and the power behind the blitzkrieg. During the invasion of Russia in 1941, the Germans encountered the famous and technologically advanced Soviet T-34 tanks. This led Germany to develop the Panther or Panzer V in response. Its 75 mm gun could penetrate the new Soviet tanks. Germany also developed the heavy Tiger I, released in 1942. The Tiger was soon joined by the Tiger II, also known as King Tiger, but too few were produced to impact the war in any discernible way. One note of interest was the poor reliability of the German tanks such as the Panther and Tiger; constant mechanical failures meant that German tank divisions were rarely able to field a full complement of tanks and were often diminished below 50% combat readiness. The book The Last Battle by Cornelius Ryan makes mention of the 7 million foreign workers who were forcibly brought into Germany to work in the factories and businesses --- many of them in military assembly lines. Ryan specifically writes about these foreign workers in German tank manufacturing, who sabotaged every part they could and may have contributed to the rate of breakdown of German tanks in the field. This especially affected tanks built later in the war (such as the Panther and Tiger) when forced labor had replaced German manpower in their manufacture. In the Battle of Kursk, when the newly arrived Panther tanks moved into their assembly areas, 45 out of 200 experienced mechanical problems requiring repair. A good example was the Großdeutschland Division, which had a brigade of two battalions of new Panther Ausf. D tanks come under its operational control before the battle. After the launch of Operation Citadel, the new Panthers were plagued by technical problems, suffering from engine fires and mechanical breakdowns, many before reaching the battle, in which the division was heavily engaged. Also, it may have affected the Großdeutschland Division's non-role in the ensuing epic tank Battle of Prokhorovka, in which it was held in reserve, its Panther tanks not engaging as most were broken down by the time the battle started. It also may have been an issue with the Tiger tanks. The Tiger's reliability problems were well known and documented; Tiger units frequently entered combat understrength due to breakdowns. It was rare for any Tiger unit to complete a road march without losing vehicles due to breakdown. The Jagdtiger, built on a lengthened Tiger II chassis, suffered from a variety of mechanical and technical problems and had frequent breakdowns; ultimately more Jagdtigers were lost to mechanical problems or lack of fuel than to enemy action. German factories and industry was devastated by the end of World War II, but by the 1950s, the nation began to look at designing new tanks. The next tank design started as a collaborative project between Germany and France in the 1950s, but the partnership ended, and the final design was ordered by the Bundeswehr, production of the German Leopard 1 starting in 1965. In total, 6,485 Leopard I tanks were built, of which 4,744 were battle tanks and 1741 were utility and anti-aircraft variants, not including eighty prototypes and pre-series vehicles. The Leopard quickly became a standard of European forces, and eventually served as the main battle tank in Germany. It was superseded by the Leopard 2. German design and development German tank development can be traced back to 1911, when Austrian Oberleutenant Gunther Burstyn proposed a design for "motor vehicle gun" ("Motorgeschütz") with a turret. He patented his design in 1912 in Germany but it never progressed beyond paper. World War I After British tanks went into action at the Battle of Flers–Courcelette on 15 September 1916, the German Army immediately demanded their own landships. Following the appearance of the first British tanks on the Western Front, the War Ministry formed a committee of experts from leading engineering companies, answerable to the Allgemeines Kriegsdepartement, Abteilung 7, Verkehrswesen ("General War Department, 7th Branch, Transportation"), The project to design and build the first German tank was placed under the direction of Joseph Vollmer, a leading German automobile designer and manufacturer. He was chosen to design the World War I German tanks A7V, and the Großkampfwagen (K-Wagen). The K-Wagen was a German super-heavy tank, two prototypes of which were almost completed by the end of World War I. The A7V tank which actually got into the war, was known as the Sturmpanzerwagen A7V, named after the committee that oversaw its development. It weighed around 30 tons, capable of crossing ditches up to metres wide, have armaments including cannon at front and rear as well as several machine-guns, and reach a top speed of at least . The running gear was based on the Holt tractor, parts for which were copied from examples borrowed from the Austrian army. After initial plans were shared with the Army in December 1917, the design was extended to be a universal chassis which could be used as a base for both a tank and unarmoured Überlandwagen ("Overland vehicle") cargo carriers. Powered by two Daimler engines, the tank was first demonstrated in the German spring offensive of 1918. Internally, the Sturmpanzerwagen was cramped, smelly and noisy. It required a crew of 18 to man the machine to full potential. With the 57 mm main gun at front, internal operators had access to two 7.92 mm machine guns at the rear along with a further four along the sides - two to a side. Each machine gun needed two personnel per gun - a firer and an ammunition re-supplier. The engine sat in the lower-middle of the design with the main gear components resting under the rear. A crew of two operated the front 57 mm main gun, one to aim and fire while the other loaded it. Two drivers sat in the upper center budge area operating a steering wheel and lever controls. Stowage was allotted for individual crew weapons in the form of rifles. During final design, a rear-facing cannon was removed and the number of machine-guns was increased to six. Grab ropes were provided throughout as the design had plenty of headroom space for the average soldier, though travel made for an uneasy and overall bumpy ride. In theory, the idea of an armored box with a lot of weapons seemed sound. In practice, however, the large design was far from perfect. The vehicle was top-heavy, making it impractical to be used on uneven terrain. It was slow as well, often meaning that it could be outpaced by the very infantry it was to assist. The short tracks of the tractor system also made the vehicle relatively unsafe and uncontrollable in some cases. If the A7V has one saving grace, it was that the all-around armor protection for the crew was second to none - even when compared to the British designs - over an inch in some areas. Twenty of these tanks were produced, and the first of these were ready in October 1917. The A7V was first used at St Quentin on 21 March 1918. Although some of its features, such as the sprung tracks and the thicker armour, made it better than British tanks at that time, the A7V was less successful as a battle vehicle. The main problems concerned its mechanical reliability and the difficulty it encountered crossing enemy trenches. Three of the five tanks committed broke down at St Quentin. At the Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux a British tank disabled one A7V and drove off two more. By the time of the arrival of the Sturmpanzerwagen, the Germans had already successfully developed their own brand of armor-piercing projectile as well. Near the end of the First World War it was clear that the A7V was a failure, being too slow and clumsy in action and slow to build. Therefore, it was decided that a lighter tank was required which could spearhead assaults and which could be mass-produced, and was called the Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien. Thirteen companies bid for the contract and in the middle of 1918 construction of a design by Captain Müller was assigned to the Oberschlesien Eisenwerk of Gleiwitz, which had partially completed two prototypes by October 1918. It was a radical design for a fast-moving, lightly armored assault tank. The Oberschlesien included a track which was placed under the tank and only wrapped around half of it. The design sacrificed armor for the sake of speed and only required a 180 hp engine for the 19-ton body, giving it a projected ground speed of 14 km/h (8.7 mph). The tank featured such advanced features as a main cannon mounted on top of the tank in a central revolving turret, separate fighting and engine compartments, a rear-mounted engine and a low track run. Neither the ordered test models nor the improved "Oberschlesien II" already planned were finished before the end of the war. In the end, time running out on the new designs and the limitations of the A7V design, and being a part of the losing side of a war and fighting on the defensive, all led to a very average first try in the realm of tank design for the Germans. Interwar period The post-World War I Treaty of Versailles of 1919 prohibited the design, manufacture and deployment of tanks within the Reichswehr. The victors pushed for severe restrictions on the country's war-making capabilities and Germany took the brunt of the blame to the west and was forced into signing the Treaty in June 1919. Limitations for the land army included a 100,000-strong infantry army, absolutely no tanks of any kind and just a few armored vehicles for spot duty. The German Army became a shell of its former self. Paragraph Twenty-four of the treaty provided for a 100,000-mark fine and imprisonment of up to six months for anybody who "[manufactured] armoured vehicles, tanks or similar machines, which may be turned to military use". Despite the manpower and technical limitations imposed upon the German Army by the Treaty of Versailles, several Reichswehr officers established a clandestine General Staff to study World War I and develop future strategies and tactics. One such Reichswehr officer, Hans von Seeckt, became Commander-in-Chief. Seeckt took to heart the lessons learned in the Great War and set about in rewriting the foundation of the German Army. Infantry still remained the heart and soul of any planned offensive, but the tank would become the spearhead of actions that could shatter enemy defenses through speed, force and firepower. Tactics involved the splitting up of enemy formations and counteractions involving pincer movements to surround and ultimately decimate the enemy in whole. By 1926, German Army doctrine was all rewritten to fulfill this vision. Although at first the concept of the tank as a mobile weapon of war was met with apathy, German industry was silently encouraged to look into tank design, while quiet cooperation was undertaken with the Soviet Union. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Germans closely co-operated with Russians in the development of armored vehicles, which were tested at Kama tank school, near Kazan in the USSR. There was also minor military cooperation with Sweden, including the extraction of technical data that proved invaluable to early German tank design. As early as 1926 various German companies, including Rheinmetall and Daimler-Benz, produced a single prototype armed with a large 75-mm gun (codenamed Großtraktor, "large tractor", to veil the true purpose of the vehicle). Only two years later prototypes of the new Leichttraktor ("light tractor") were produced by German companies, armed with 37-millimeter KwK L/45 guns. Development of the Neubaufahrzeug started in 1932 when Wa Prüf 6 established design specifications for a new 15 tonne tank to be known as the "mittlere Traktor". It had many connections to the previous Großtraktor, utilizing many of the same components including the engine and transmission. Initially both Krupp and Rheinmetall were asked to submit proposals, but after the end of trials of the Großtraktor prototypes, during which Rheinmetall's vehicle proved superior to others, Krupp would only be awarded a contract for a turret design while Rheinmetall was to design both a chassis and turret. Rheinmetall's turret design had a rounded shape and was armed with a 3.7 cm gun above the 7.5 cm gun, while Krupp's turret was more rectangular and had the 3.7 cm gun mounted beside the 7.5 cm gun. Both turrets were also armed with a co-axial MG 34 machine gun, along with the two sub-turrets at the front and rear of the tank. The Neubaufahrzeug was intended to fulfill the role of a medium tank in Germany's developing armored force, but it proved to have too many problems with its front drive and aircraft engine for this role. But even with all its faults, the Neubaufahrzeug provided insight into tank designing that was valuable to the next German medium tank project, the Begleitwagen ("accompanying vehicle") which would come to fruition as the Panzer IV tank for infantry support. In 1934 Rheinmetall built two mild steel prototypes, one with their own turret design and one with Krupp's. Three more prototypes were built with proper armor and the Krupp turret design in 1936. The Großtraktor was later put into service for a brief period with the 1 Panzer Division; the Leichttraktor remained in testing until 1935. In the late 1920s and early 1930s German tank theory was pioneered by two figures: General Oswald Lutz and his chief of staff, Lieutenant Colonel Heinz Guderian. Guderian became the more influential of the two and his ideas were widely publicized. Like his contemporary Sir Percy Hobart, Guderian initially envisioned an armored corps (panzerkorps) composed of several types of tanks. This included a slow infantry tank, armed with a small-caliber cannon and several machine guns. The infantry tank, according to Guderian, was to be heavily armored to defend against enemy anti-tank guns and artillery. He also envisioned a fast breakthrough tank, similar to the British cruiser tank, which was to be armored against enemy anti-tank weapons and have a large 75-millimeter (2.95 in) main gun. Lastly, Germany would need a heavy tank, armed with a massive 150-millimeter (5.9 in) cannon to defeat enemy fortifications, and even stronger armor. Such a tank would require a weight of 70 to 100 tonnes and was completely impractical given the manufacturing capabilities of the day. In the early 1930s, the German Army called upon a few German firms to put together some funded prototype light and medium tanks. At this time, the Army did not have a formal plan of action in terms of what it realistically needed. Light tanks could be made available in large quantities for a relatively low price while medium tanks afforded firepower but came at a price. At any rate, the German industrial infrastructure - both the post-war limitations and the economical hit caused by the crash of 1929 - meant the development of light tanks to start with. In 1931, Major-General Oswald Lutz was appointed the "Inspector of Motor Transport" in the German Army (Reichswehr) with Heinz Guderian as his Chief of Staff and they began building the German Armored Forces and a program of light training tank to train future personnel of panzer divisions. In 1932, specifications for light (5-ton) tank were made and issued to Rheinmetall, Krupp, Henschel, MAN and Daimler Benz. Soon after rising to power in Germany, Adolf Hitler approved the creation of Germany's first panzer divisions. Simplifying his earlier proposal, Guderian suggested the design of a main combat vehicle which would be developed later into the Panzer III, and a breakthrough tank, the Panzer IV. No existing design appealed to Guderian. As a stopgap, the German Army ordered the preliminary vehicle to train German tank crews. This became the Panzer I. The Panzer I was intended not just to train Germany's panzer troops, but to prepare Germany's industry for the mass production of tanks in the near future: a difficult engineering feat for the time. In July 1932, Krupp revealed a prototype of the Landswerk Krupp A, or LKA, with a sloped front glacis plate and large central casemate, a design heavily influenced by the British Carden Loyd tankette. The tank was armed with two obsolescent 7.92-millimeter (.312 in) MG 13 machine guns. Machine guns were known to be largely useless against even the lightest tank armor of the time, restricting the Panzer I to a training and anti-infantry role by design. A mass-produced version of the LKA was designed by a collaborative team from Daimler-Benz, Henschel, Krupp, MAN, and Rheinmetall, exchanging the casemate for a rotating turret. This version was accepted into service after testing in 1934. Although these tanks were referred to as the La S and LKA well beyond the start of production, its official designation, assigned in 1938, was Panzerkampfwagen I Ausführung. A ('model A' or, more accurately, 'batch A'). The first fifteen tanks, produced between February and March 1934, did not include the rotating turret and were used for crew training. Following these, production was switched to the combat version of the tank. Its debut in combat was during the Spanish Civil War (1936–38). First 32 PzKpfw I along with single Kleiner Panzer Befehlswagen I arrived in October 1936. Only 106 tanks, (102 Ausf A, Ausf B and four Kleiner Panzer Befehlswagen I) saw service with the Condor Legion (Major Ritter von Thoma's Panzer Abteilung 88 also known as Abteilung Drohne) and General Franco's Nationalists. Pz.Abt.88 with its 3 companies was based at Cubas near Toledo, where German instructors trained future Spanish crews, while the unit was used for training duties and combat (e.g. assault on Madrid). Panzer I tanks proved to be outclassed by Soviet T-26 and BT-5 provided to Republican forces. However the Panzer I was also a propaganda tool and as a show piece of the Third Reich and its military might in the years leading to beginning of World War II. Lesson learned from Panzer I provided the German designers and manufacturers with valuable experience in designing and producing next generation of new panzers that were soon to come. Although the Panzer I was not a superb combat tank, it proved to be an excellent training tank and most of the panzer crews were trained on Panzer I until the end of the war or operated it in combat as their first armoured vehicle. The Germans also built the Sd.Kfz. 265 Panzerbefehlswagen the German Army's first purpose-designed command tank, converted from the Panzer I Ausf B, and was the primary German command tank in service at the beginning of World War II. In 1934, delays in the design and production of the Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks were becoming apparent. Designs for a stopgap tank were solicited from Krupp, MAN, Henschel, and Daimler-Benz. The final design was based on the Panzer I, but larger, and with a turret mounting a 20 mm anti-tank gun. The Panzer II came about in a German Ordnance Department requirement enacted in 1934, this time proposing a 10-ton light tank development with 20mm cannon and 7.92mm machine gun armament. As was the case in developing the Panzer I, it became common practice for the new Germany, now wholly under Hitler, to skirt the rules of the Versailles Treaty and develop its systems of war under various peaceful disguises such as farm equipment. As such, this new light tank design fell under the designation of "Landwirtschaftlicher Schlepper 100" (or "LaS 100") under the guise that it was a farm tractor. The Panzer II was around 50% heavier than the I and added a 20 mm Solothurn cannon as main armament as well as increasing maximum armour to 30 mm. Production began in 1935, but it took another eighteen months for the first combat-ready tank to be delivered. It was also sent to Spain from 1937, and the Panzer II proved more capable against light infantry, but no better when faced with capable anti-tank guns or other tanks. Despite these weaknesses production continued until 1941, at the outbreak of war the German Army had 955 PzKpfw IIs and almost 4,000 were built in total. The Panzer II was designed before the experience of the Spanish Civil War showed that shell-proof armor was required for tanks to survive on a modern battlefield as prior to that, armor was designed to stop machine gun fire and shell fragments. Production began in 1935, and by July 1937, the Panzer II was cleared and ready for production and by 1939, some 1,226 Panzer IIs were in circulation. While the Panzer I proved the spearhead of these initial invasion assaults, the Panzer II formed the backbone of such early forays. The plan was to produce a better-armed and armored version of a light tank to shore up the limitations of the Panzer I as well as provide priceless training to tank crews. Underpowered, under-armored and lightly armed, the Panzer II experienced its hardships particularly against anti-tank weaponry at close ranges. Nevertheless, war was on the horizon so time was of the essence and the more lethal Panzer IIIs and Panzer IVs were being developed and soon be mass-produced for the coming battles. World War II The multi-turreted heavy tank Neubaufahrzeuge prototypes were used mainly for propaganda before the war and their role was extended with the German invasion of Norway, when a special Panzerabteilung was formed which took the three armored prototypes with them to Oslo. They saw some combat there, with one being blown up by German engineers when it got stuck in swamps near Åndalsnes. The other prototypes were eventually scrapped. During the war, German tank design went through at least three generations, plus constant minor variations. The first generation included such unbattleworthy prewar vehicles as the Panzer I and II, which were similar to the Russian T-26 and T series and to the British cruiser tanks. Panzer II (Sd.Kfz.121) was larger than Panzer I but also did not prove very effective in combat, although it was the main battle tank of the Panzertruppen until 1940/41. The main armament of 20mm cannon was adequate at the time of its introduction into service but soon proved to be an outclassed weapon. After the Fall of France, due to the poor cross-country performance, some older Panzer II tanks were taken out of service, and an improved and modified version replaced them armed with newer 20mm KwK 38 L/55 cannon. But from then on the Panzerkampfwagen II tanks was phased out and the remaining chassis were used as a base for Marder II (Sd.Kfz.131) tank destroyers and Wespe (Sd.Kfz.124) self-propelled howitzers. Panzer III and Panzer IV The second generation were the more heavily armored Panzer III and Panzer IV medium tanks. Ideally, the tank battalions of a panzer division were each to have three medium companies of Panzer IIIs and one heavy company of Panzer IVs. The Germans began to convert their tank battalions to a majority of Panzer III and IV medium tanks soon after the 1940 French campaign, thereby stealing a march on the Soviets and British, who still possessed obsolete equipment. Panzer III was the first of German Panzers to be equipped with intercom system for in-tank communications. Later on all of Panzers were equipped with this device which, proved to be very effective during combat. Panzer III was designed as platoon commander's vehicle (Zugführerwagen) and was Germany's first true medium battle tank. The Panzer III formed the bulk of the Panzer Divisions’ strength during early years of war. Also, in 1940/41, attempts were made to standardize the production of Panzer III and Panzer IV but soon after further development was halted. Panzer V (Panther) However, the appearance of a few of the new generation T-34 and KV-1 tanks in Russia during 1941 compelled the Germans to begin a race for superior armor and gun power. The third generation included many different variants, but the most important designs were the Panzer V (Panther) and Panzer VI (Tiger) tanks. First encountered on 23 June 1941, the T-34 outclassed the existing Panzer III and IV. At the insistence of General Guderian, a special Panzerkommision was dispatched to the Eastern Front to assess the T-34. Among the features of the Soviet tank considered most significant were the sloping armor, which gave much improved shot deflection and also increased the effective armor thickness against penetration, the wide track, which improved mobility over soft ground, and the 76.2 mm gun, which had good armor penetration and fired an effective high-explosive round. Daimler-Benz and MAN were given the task of designing a new 30- to 35-ton tank, designated VK30.02, which resembled the T-34 hull and turret form. Like the T-34, the DB design had a rear drive sprocket. Unlike the T-34, the DB design had a three-man turret crew: commander, gunner, and loader. But as the planned L/70 75 mm gun was much longer and heavier than the T-34's, mounting it in the Daimler-Benz turret was difficult. The two designs were reviewed over a period from January through March 1942. Reichsminister Todt, and later, his replacement Albert Speer, both recommended the DB design to Hitler but a review by a special commission appointed by Hitler in May 1942 ended up selecting the MAN design. Hitler approved this decision after reviewing it overnight. One of the principal reasons given for this decision was that the MAN design used an existing turret designed by Rheinmetall-Borsig, while the DB design would have required a brand-new turret to be designed and produced, substantially delaying the commencement of production. A mild steel prototype was produced by September 1942 and, after testing at Kummersdorf, was officially accepted. It was put into immediate production. The start of production was delayed, however, mainly because there were too few specialized machine tools needed for the machining of the hull. Finished tanks were produced in December and suffered from reliability problems as a result of this haste. The demand for this tank was so high that the manufacturing was soon expanded beyond MAN to include Daimler-Benz, Maschinenfabrik Niedersachsen-Hannover (MNH) and Henschel & Sohn in Kassel. The initial production target was 250 tanks per month at MAN. This was increased to 600 per month in January 1943. Despite determined efforts, this figure was never reached due to disruption by Allied bombing, manufacturing bottlenecks, and other difficulties. Production in 1943 averaged 148 per month. In 1944, it averaged 315 a month (3,777 having been built that year), peaking with 380 in July and ending around the end of March 1945, with at least 6,000 built in total. Front-line combat strength peaked on 1 September 1944 at 2,304 tanks, but that same month a record number of 692 tanks were reported lost. Panzer VI (Tiger I) The Tiger differed from earlier German tanks principally in its design philosophy. Its predecessors balanced mobility, armour and firepower, and were sometimes outgunned by their opponents. The Tiger I represented a new approach that emphasised firepower and armour. While heavy, this tank was not slower than the best of its opponents. However, with over 50 metric tons dead weight, suspensions, gearboxes and other such items had clearly reached their design limits and breakdowns were frequent. Design studies for a new heavy tank had been started in 1937, without any production planning. Renewed impetus for the Tiger was provided by the quality of the Soviet T-34 encountered in 1941. Although the general design and layout were broadly similar to the previous medium tank, the Panzer IV, the Tiger weighed more than twice as much. This was due to its substantially thicker armour, the larger main gun, greater volume of fuel and ammunition storage, larger engine, and more solidly built transmission and suspension. The development of one of the most famous tanks of World War II was not finished till after the war had started and the first massive Tiger I heavy tank emerged in July 1942. The first production Tigers were ready in August 1942 and from July 1942, 1,355 Tigers were manufactured till as late as August 1944. Tiger's production reached its highest point in April 1944, when 105 were produced. The main reason for the number produced was Tiger's difficult production. Out the entire number produced some 500 saw service with sSSPzAbts. On June 7 of 1943, Japanese ambassador in Germany, General Oshima was shown a Tiger from sPzAbt 502. Single Tiger was then sold to Japan in 1943, but was never delivered due to the war situation and was loaned by Japan to the German Army (sSSPzAbt 101). Tiger I was armed with a powerful 88mm gun (originally developed from 88mm Flak 36 L/56 gun) that made it a very dangerous opponent for any Allied tank, and its thick (but not shot-deflecting) armor made it virtually indestructible. Both the M4 Sherman with its 76mm gun and T-34/85 stood a chance against Tiger only at close range. The rule applied by the British concerning the engagement of Tigers was that five Shermans were needed to destroy a single Tiger, but only one Sherman was to return from the engagement. Tiger I heavy tank originally received the designation of Panzerkampfwagen VI H (8.8 cm) Ausf H1 - Sd.Kfz.182, but then in March 1943, was redesignated to Panzerkampfwagen Tiger (8.8 cm L/56) Ausf E - Sd.Kfz.181. It was commonly referred to as Tiger, Tiger I and PzKpfw VI. Officially there was only one type of Tiger tank produced, but during the duration of production improvements were carried on. Panzer VI (Tiger II) Planning for the Tiger II started as early as May 1941, a year before the Tiger I entered production. By the fall of 1942/January 1943, designers started work on a new heavy tank that would eventually replace the Tiger I. In January 1943, Hitler ordered the new Tiger to be armed with a long 88mm gun and have 150 mm frontal armor and 80 mm side armor. Front and side plates were to be sloped and interlocked, resulting in a design similar to the then-new PzKpfw V Panther (Sd.Kfz.171).It shared many components of the Panzer V Panther and Tiger II production began in January 1944 and ended in March 1945 with only 489 production vehicles. Unfortunately for the Germans, their emphasis on protection and gun power compromised the mobility and reliability of their tanks. German production was also unable to compete with the volume produced by the Allied nations-in 1943, for example, Germany manufactured 11 000 tanks, as compared to 29,497 for the US, 7,476 for Britain, and an estimated 20,000 for the Soviet Union. Cold War After the war, the Germans were given US equipment and the Panzerlehrbataillon armour forces established in April 1956. The Leopard tank project started in November 1956 in order to develop a modern German tank, the Standard-Panzer, to replace the Bundeswehr's United States-built M47 and M48 Patton tanks, which, though just delivered to West Germany's recently reconstituted army, were rapidly growing outdated. Production was set up at Krauss-Maffei of Munich from early 1964 onward, with deliveries of the first batch between September, 1965 and July, 1966. The Leopard was soon being purchased from Germany by a number of NATO members and other allies. After the first batch was delivered the next three batches were the Leopard 1A1 model, which included a new gun stabilization system from Cadillac-Gage, allowing the tank to fire effectively on the move. The 1A1 also added the now-famous "skirts" along the sides to protect the upper tracks, and a new thermal jacket on the gun barrel to control heating. A less important change was to use rectangular rubber blocks fastened to the treads with a single pin instead of the earlier two-pin "shaped" versions. The rubber blocks could be easily replaced with metal X-shaped crampons for movement on ice and snow in the winter. Between 1974 and 1977 all of the machines in the first four batches were brought to the same Leopard 1A1A1 standard, and given additional turret armor developed by Blohm & Voss. The PZB 200 image intensification system was mounted in a large box on the upper right of the gun, creating the Leopard 1A1A2. A further upgrade with SEM80/90 all-digital radios created the Leopard 1A1A3. In mid-1976 a prototype called Leopard 2AV (Austere Version) because it had a simplified fire control system, was assembled and shipped to the USA. It arrived in the US by the end of August 1976, and comparative tests between the Leopard 2 and the XM1 (the prototype name for the M1 Abrams) prototypes were held from 1 September at Aberdeen Proving Ground, lasting until December 1976. The US Army reported that the Leopard 2 and the XM1 were comparable in firepower and mobility, but the XM1 was superior in armour protection. (Today we know this was true as regards a hit by a hollow charge; but against KE-attack the Leopard 2 was almost twice as well protected as the original M1.) In September 1977 1800 Leopard 2 were ordered, and the first batch of five was delivered on 25 October 1979. The Leopard 2 was made in many variations and became very popular for export in the nineties, when the shrinking German army offered many of its redundant Leopard 2s at a reduced price. It became successful enough in Europe that the manufacturer started calling it the Euro Leopard, but with further non-European orders, the name "Global-LEOPARD" is now used instead. However, France, Britain, and Italy all have their own MBTs currently (Leclerc, Challenger 2 and Ariete respectively). Post Cold War In 1984 Germany planned to develop a new MBT called Panzerkampfwagen 2000 (PzKW 2000). In 1988 the requirements for this tank were published, it was designed not as a conventional tank, it should incorporate advanced digital technologies and a new 140 mm gun. For reaching a higher level of armour protection by having the same weight limit as the Leopard 2, the crew of the PzKW 2000 was reduced to only two men, who were located within the hull. For testing this new two men crew concept, two Leopard 1 tanks (called VT-2000) were modified. The PzKW 2000 was canceled due to the political changes during 1989 and 1990. The next German main battle tank project was part of the Neue Gepanzerte Plattform (new armoured platform) programme, which was intended to develop three versions of a common platform: the first for a tank, the second for an infantry fighting vehicle and the last was designed to be used for support vehicles like SPAAGS. The tank would be armed with a 140 mm gun, be manned by only two men and using modular composite armour. Therefore, the weight of this vehicle would be between 55 tonnes and 77 tonnes. The project was canceled in 2001. No real prototypes were created, only one Experimentalträger Gesamtschutz (EGS), an armour test-bed, was built. The SPz Puma is based on some parts of the Neue Gepanzerte Plattform infantry fighting vehicle variant. Combat history World War I The A7V was first used in combat on 21 March 1918. Five tanks under the command of Hauptmann Greiff were deployed north of the St. Quentin Canal. Three of the A7Vs suffered mechanical failures before they entered combat; the remaining pair helped stop a minor British breakthrough in the area, but otherwise saw little combat that day. The first tank against tank combat in history took place on the 24 April 1918, when three A7Vs (including chassis number 561, known as "Nixe") taking part in an attack with infantry incidentally met three Mark IVs (two 'Female' with only machine guns and one 'Male' with two 6-pounder guns) near Villers-Bretonneux. During the battle, tanks on both sides were damaged. According to the lead tank commander, 2nd Lt Frank Mitchell, the Female Mk IVs fell back after being damaged by armour piercing bullets as they were unable to damage the A7Vs with their own machine guns. Mitchell then attacked the lead German tank, commanded by 2nd Lt Wilhelm Biltz, with the 6 pounders of his own tank and knocked it out. He hit it three times, and killed five of the crew when they bailed out. His Mark IV fired at the enemy tanks and moved. He then went on to rout infantry with case shot. The two remaining A7Vs in turn withdrew. As Lt. Mitchell's tank withdrew from action, seven Whippet medium tanks also engaged the infantry. Four of these were knocked out in the battle, one of the A7Vs destroyed one Whippet and damaged three ones (three more Whippets were destroyed by German artillery). Lt. Mitchell's tank lost a track towards the end of the battle from a mortar shell and was abandoned. The damaged A7V was later recovered by German forces. All 18 available A7Vs had been put into action that day with limited results; two toppled over into holes, some encountered engine or armament troubles. After a counterattack, three ended up in Allied hands. One was unusable and scrapped, one used for shell testing by the French, and the third captured by the Australians when the Infantry moved forward and dragged it back to their lines, the Germans still being in a position in sight of the tank and firing at them. The tank name,"Mephisto" of this captured A7V is painted on the end facing of the box-shaped tank chassis serial number 506, as almost all German tanks in WW1 were given individual names. The A7V was not considered a success and other designs were planned by Germany, however the end of the war meant none of the other tanks in development, or planned ones, would be finished (such as the Oberschlesien, K-Wagen, LK I or LK II). The final use in World War I of A7Vs was in October 1918; a number were scrapped before the war ended in November. The extremely limited production of twenty A7Vs made a very limited contribution, and most of the tanks (less than a hundred in total) that were fielded in action by Germany in World War I were captured British Mark IV tanks (Beutepanzer). The British tanks were repaired and overhauled in workshops established at Charleroi and rearmed with 57mm Maxim Nordenfelt guns in place of their 6-pounders. Some French tanks (including Renault FT light tanks) were also captured during the German offensive in November 1918, but no changes are known to have been done. Post World War I After the war, many nations needed to have tanks, but only a few had the industrial resources to design and build them. During and after World War I, Britain and France were the intellectual leaders in tank design, with other countries generally following and adopting their designs. Germany was one of the countries which began to design and build their own tanks. The Treaty of Versailles had severely limited Germany's industrial output. Among the German proponents of mechanization, Gen. Heinz Guderian was probably the most influential. Guderian's 1914 service with radiotelegraphs in support of cavalry units led him to insist on a radio in every armored vehicle. By 1929, when many British students of armor were tending towards a pure armor formation, Guderian had become convinced that it was useless to develop just tanks, or even to mechanize parts of the traditional arms. What was needed was an entirely new mechanized formation of all arms that would maximize the effects of the tank. The German tanks were not up to the standards of Guderian's concept. The Panzer I was really a machine gun-armed tankette, derived from the British Carden-Loyd personnel carrier. The Panzer II did have a 20-mm cannon, but little armor protection. Germany, constrained by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, was not allowed to produce tanks of any kind and only a few armoured cars. In 1926 an unofficial program of tank construction was initiated by Von Seeckt, the commander of the Reichswehr. Built by Rheinmetall-Borsig the first grosstraktor was similar to the existing British Mk II medium tank, 20 tons with a 75 mm gun. This and other designs were tested with Soviet cooperation at a tank school in western Russia. In Germany proper dummy tanks were used in training, apparently at the instigation of then Major, Heinz Guderian, a staff tactical instructor. Guderian had read Fuller, Liddell-Hart and other tank warfare theorists and he had the support of his commanders to develop his theories into reality. In 1931 the German General Staff accepted a plan for two types of tank, a medium tank with a 75 mm gun and a lighter vehicle with a 37 mm gun. While design and then construction work was carried out the German army used a variety of light tanks based on the British Carden-Lloyd chassis. The early tanks were code-named Landwirtschaftlicher Schlepper (La S), a designation that lasted until 1938. The first of these light tanks ran in early 1934, a five-ton Krupp design it was dubbed the LKA1. The new government approved an initial order for 150 in 1934 as the 1A La S Krupp, around 1500 of these light tanks were built. Later German tanks received a new designation, Panzerkampfwagen (PzKpfw or PzKw). The first machine to use this was the two-man PzKpfw I Ausf A, a 5.4-ton machine with a 3.5-litre petrol engine it had 13 mm of armour and was armed with twin 7.92 mm machine guns. The Panzer I light tank design began in 1932 and mass production in 1934. The more common Ausf B was a trifle larger to accommodate a Maybach engine. Both models were sent to the Spanish Civil War for testing, along with other new German weapons. From Spain it quickly became clear that the next generation of tanks would need better armour, greater range and much heavier weapons. Experiences with the Panzer I during the Spanish Civil War helped shape the German armored corps' invasion of Poland in 1939 and France in 1940. The Panzer I's performance in combat was limited by its thin armor and light armament of two general purpose machine guns. As a design intended for training, the Panzer I was not as capable as other light tanks of the era, such as the T-26. The PzKpfw II was around 50% heavier than the I and added a 20 mm Solothurn cannon as main armament as well as increasing maximum armour to 30 mm. In 1934, delays in the design and production of the Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks were becoming apparent. Designs for a stopgap tank were solicited from Krupp, MAN, Henschel, and Daimler-Benz. The final design was based on the Panzer I, but larger, and with the turret mounting the 20 mm anti-tank gun making it a more formidable tank than the Panzer I. Production began in 1935, but it took another eighteen months for the first combat-ready tank to be delivered. It was also sent to Spain from 1937, and the PzKpfw II proved more capable against light infantry, but no better when faced with capable anti-tank guns or other tanks. Despite these weaknesses production continued until 1941, at the outbreak of war the German Army had 955 PzKpfw IIs and almost 4000 were built in total. A major boost to German armour came with the acquisition of Czechoslovakia in 1938, giving the entire Czech arms industry to Germany. The Czechs already had two main tank designs, the Škoda LT vz. 35 and the Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk (ČKD) TNHP (LT vz. 38). The Škoda was a 10-ton machine with a 37 mm main gun and excellent cross-country capabilities; the ČKD was 8.5 tons and also fitted with a 37 mm gun - due to extensive tests it was an extremely reliable machine with a top quality chassis. Both were taken into the German panzer forces, as the PzKpfw 35(t) and the PzKpfw 38(t), and further production was ordered. ČKD was renamed Böhmisch-Mährische Maschinenfabrik AG (BMM) in 1940 and continued production until 1942, providing the Wehrmacht with 1,168 PzKpfw 38(t)'s. In 1940 Czech tanks made up around a quarter of the entire German panzer force. Lighter tanks formed almost the entirety of the German forces, but the heavier tanks were at least in prototype. In 1934 a number of heavy prototypes were constructed, based around either 75 or 105 mm main guns. Designated Neubaufahrzeug (NbFz) and very similar to contemporary Russian and British designs six were built by Rheinmetall and Krupp. Useful for propaganda purposes these tanks did not enter production, their later designations of PzKpfw V and VI were transferred to the production Panther and Tiger types. With the knowledge of the NbFz and the experiences of the lighter tanks in Spain, German designers began to create their own designs. The PzKpfw III was the first German tank capable of firing armour-piercing rounds, although the 37 mm gun was considered underpowered but was used in the interests of standardisation with the infantry. The official German designation was Panzerkampfwagen III (abbreviated PzKpfw III) translating as "armoured battle vehicle", and it was intended to fight other armoured fighting vehicles and serve alongside the infantry-supporting Panzer IV. Limited by existing bridges to a maximum weight of 24 tons, development contracts for the Zugkraftwagen were issued late in 1936. Development work continued until 1938 when the Ausf D went into limited production, a 19-ton machine it was powered by a 12-litre engine, with a top speed of and fitted with 30 mm armour all round. By the outbreak of war around fifty had been completed and some saw service in Poland. Full-scale production did not begin until October 1939 as the Ausf E, around 350 PzKpfw IIIs in D and E variants were ready by the invasion of France. Spanish Civil War On 18 July 1936 the Spanish civil war broke out. After the chaos of the initial uprising, two sides coalesced and began to consolidate their position—the Popular front (the Republicans) and the Spanish Nationalist front. In an early example of a proxy war, both sides quickly received support from other countries, most notably the Soviet Union and Germany, who wanted to test their tactics and equipment. Fifty Soviet T-26 tanks arrived on 15 October; Germany immediately responded by sending forty-one Panzer I's to Spain a few days later - 38 Ausf. A and three Panzerbefehlswagen command vehicles. This was followed by four more shipments of Panzer I Ausf. B's, with a total of 122 vehicles. The first shipment of Panzer I's was brought under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma in "Gruppe Thoma" (also referred to as Panzergruppe Drohne). Gruppe Thoma formed part of Gruppe Imker, the ground formations of the German Condor Legion, who fought on the side of Franco's Nationalists. Between July and October, a rapid Nationalist advance from Seville to Toledo placed them in position to take the Spanish capital, Madrid. The Nationalist advance and the fall of the town of Illescas to Nationalist armies on 18 October 1936 caused the government of the Popular Front's Second Republic to flee to Barcelona and Valencia. In an attempt to gain crucial time for Madrid's defence, Soviet tanks were deployed south of the city under the command of Colonel Krivoshein before the end of October. At this time, several T-26 tanks under the command of Captain Paul Arman were thrown into a Republican counterattack directed towards the town of Torrejon de Velasco in an attempt to cut off the Nationalist advance north. This was the first tank battle in the Spanish Civil War. Despite initial success, poor communication between the Soviet Republican armor and Spanish Republican infantry caused the isolation of Captain Arman's force and the subsequent destruction of a number of tanks. This battle also marked the first use of the molotov cocktail against tanks. Ritter von Thoma's Panzer Is fought for the Nationalists only days later on 30 October and immediately experienced problems. As the Nationalist armor advanced, it was engaged by the Commune de Paris battalion, equipped with Soviet BA-10{{}} armored cars. The 45-millimeter (1.7 in) gun in the BA-10 was more than sufficient to knock out the thinly armored Panzer I at ranges of over 500 meters (550 yd). Although the Panzer I would participate in almost every major Nationalist offensive of the war, the Nationalist army began to deploy more and more captured T-26 tanks to offset their disadvantage in protection and firepower. At one point, von Thoma offered up to 500 pesetas for each T-26 captured. Although the Panzer I was initially able to knock out the T-26 at close range—150 meters (165 yd) or less—using an armor-piercing 7.92 millimeter bullet, the Republican tanks began to engage at ranges where they were immune to the machine guns of the Panzer I. The Panzer I was upgraded in order to increase its lethality. On 8 August 1937 Major General García Pallasar received a note from Generalísimo Francisco Franco which expressed the need for a Panzer I (or negrillo, as their Spanish crews called them) with a 20-millimeter gun. Ultimately, the weapon chosen was the Breda Model 1935, due to the simplicity of the design over competitors such as the German 2 cm FlaK 30. Furthermore, the 20 mm Breda was capable of perforating 40 millimeters of armor at 250 meters (1.57 in at 275 yd), which was more than sufficient to penetrate the frontal armor of the T-26. Forty Italian CV.35 light tanks had been ordered with the Breda in place of their original armament, this order was canceled when it was thought adaptation of the same gun to the Panzer I would yield better results. Prototypes were ready by September 1937 and an order was placed after successful results. The mounting of the Breda in the Panzer I required the original turret to be opened at the top and then extended by a vertical supplement. Four of these tanks were finished at the Armament Factory of Seville, but further production was canceled as it was decided sufficient numbers of Republican T-26 tanks had been captured to fulfill the Nationalist leadership's request for more lethal tanks. The Breda modification was not particularly liked by German crews, as the unprotected gap in the turret, designed to allow the tank's commander to aim, was found to be a dangerous weak point. In late 1938 another Panzer I was sent to the Armament Factory of Seville in order to mount a 45 mm gun, captured from a Soviet tank (a T-26 or BT-5). A second was sent sometime later in order to exchange the original armament for a 37-millimeter Maklen anti-tank gun, which had been deployed to Asturias in late 1936 on the Soviet ship A. Andreiev. It remains unknown to what extent these trials and adaptations were completed, although it is safe to assume neither adaptation was successful beyond the drawing board. Second World War During the initial campaigns of the Second World War, Germany's light tanks, including the Panzer I, formed the bulk of its armored strength. In March 1938, the German Army annexed Austria, experiencing a mechanical breakdown rate of up to thirty percent. However, the experience revealed to Guderian several faults within the German Panzerkorps and he subsequently improved logistical support. Germany also had some other tanks that were to prove useful in the early part of the war. In October 1938, Germany annexed the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, and parts of the remainder of the country in March 1939 to be limited to Bohemia and Moravia. The conquest allowed several Czech tank designs, such as the Panzer 38(t), and their subsequent variants and production, to be incorporated into the German Army's strength. It also prepared German forces for the invasion of Poland. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland using seventy-two divisions (including 16 reserve infantry divisions in OKH reserves), including seven panzer divisions (1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 10., "Kempf") and four light divisions (1., 2., 3., 4.). Three days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany. The seven panzer and four light divisions were arrayed in five armies, forming two army groups. The battalion strength of the 1 Panzer Division included no less than fourteen Panzer I's, while the other six divisions included thirty-four. A total of about 2,700 tanks were available for the invasion of Poland, but only 310 of the heavier Panzer III and IV tanks were available. The Germans held some 1,400 of Panzer Is at the ready during the invasion. Furthermore, 350 tanks were of Czech design—the rest were either Panzer I's or Panzer IIs. The invasion was swift and the last Polish pockets of resistance surrendered on 6 October. The entire campaign lasted five weeks with Poland attacked from the East by the USSR from 17 September. and the success of Germany's tanks in the campaign was summed up in response to Hitler on 5 September: when asked if it had been the dive bombers who destroyed a Polish artillery regiment, Guderian replied, "No, our panzers!" The Poles suffered almost 190,000 casualties (including around 66,300 killed) in the campaign, the Germans around 55,000 (including around 35,000 wounded). However, some 832 tanks (including 320 PzI, 259 PzII, 40 Pz III, 76 PzIV, 77 Pz35(t), 13 PzBef III, 7 PzBef 38(t), 34 other PzBef and some Pz38(t)) were lost during the campaign, approximately 341 of which were never to return to service. This represented about a third of Germany's armor deployed for the Polish campaign. During the campaign no less than a half of Germany's tanks were unavailable due to maintenance issues or enemy action, and of all tanks, the Panzer I proved the most vulnerable to Polish anti-tank weapons. Furthermore, it was found that handling of armored forces during the campaign left much to be desired. During the beginning of Guderian's attack in northern Poland, his corps was held back to coordinate with infantry for quite a while, preventing a faster advance. It was only after Army Group South had its attention taken from Warsaw at the Battle of Bzura that Guderian's armor was fully unleashed. There were still lingering tendencies to reserve Germany's armor, even if in independent divisions, to cover an infantry advance or the flanks of advancing infantry armies. Although tank production was increased to 125 tanks per month after the Polish Campaign, losses forced the Germans to draw further strength from Czech tank designs, and light tanks continued to form the majority of Germany's armored strength. The occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 had provided the German military with large amounts of high quality weapons at no cost, from the arsenal of the Czech military. There was enough equipment for about 40 army divisions. The Germans integrated the Czech industry, mainly the Škoda factories, becoming part of the German military production machine and continued to produce tanks and other weapons for Germany. So when Germany invaded France, three full German Panzer divisions were equipped with Czech tanks. One division was equipped with the Czech type 35 light tank (10 tons) known as Panzer 35(t), and two divisions were equipped with the type 38 light tank (10 tons) renamed Panzer 38(t). The Panzer 35 had a crew of four and carried a Czech 37mm gun (with 72 rounds) and two machine guns, one coaxial and remained in front line service until 1942, when they were converted for other roles. The Panzer 38 had a crew of four and carried a Czech 37mm gun (with 90 rounds) and two machine guns, one coaxial and one in the front (with 2550 rounds). 1400 tanks were produced for the German army in 1939-1942 and many variants used its chassis, including the Hetzer, a tank destroyer with a 75mm gun. Despite its obsolescence, the Panzer I was also used in the invasion of France in May 1940. Of 2,574 tanks available for the campaign, no fewer than 523 were Panzer I's. There were only 627 Panzer III and IV medium tanks. At least a fifth of Germany's armor was composed of Panzer I's, while almost four-fifths was light tanks of one type or another, including 955 Panzer II, 106 Czech Panzer 35(t), and 228 Panzer 38(t). The French Army had up to 4,000 tanks, including 300 Char B1 heavy tanks, armed with a 47-mm (1.7 in) gun in the turret and a larger 75-mm (2.95 in) low-velocity howitzer in the hull. The French also had around 250 Somua S-35, widely regarded as one of the best tanks of the period, armed with the same 47 mm main gun and protected by almost of armor at its thickest point. The French forces also included over 3,000 light tanks, of which 500 were World War one-vintage FT-17s. The two main advantages German armor enjoyed were radios allowing them to coordinate faster than their British or French counterparts and superior tactical doctrine. The last major campaign in which the Panzer I formed a large portion of the armored strength was Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941. The 3,300 German tanks included about 410 Panzer I's. By the end of the month, a large portion of the Red Army found itself trapped in the Minsk pocket, and by 21 September Kiev had fallen, thereby allowing the Germans to concentrate on their ultimate objective, Moscow. Despite the success of Germany's armor in the Soviet Union, between June and September most German officers were shocked to find their tanks were inferior to newer Soviet models, the T-34 and Kliment Voroshilov (KV) series. Army Group North quickly realized that none of the tank guns currently in use by German armor could penetrate the thick armor of the KV-1. The performance of the Red Army during the Battle of Moscow and the growing numbers of new Soviet tanks made it obvious the Panzer I was not suitable for this front. Some less battle-worthy Panzer I's were tasked with towing lorries through mud to alleviate logistics problems at the front. In the Western Desert, the British Operation Compass pushed Italians out of Egypt back into Libya and destroyed the Italian 10th Army; Hitler dispatched aircraft to Sicily, and a blocking force to North Africa. This blocking force was put under the command of Lieutenant General Erwin Rommel and included the motorized 5th Light Division and the 15th Panzer Division. This force landed at Tunis on 12 February 1941. Upon arrival, Rommel had around 150 tanks, about half Panzer III and IV. The rest were Panzer I's and IIs, although the Panzer I was soon replaced. On 6 April 1941, Germany attacked both Yugoslavia and Greece, with fourteen divisions invading Greece from neighboring Bulgaria, which by then had joined the Tripartite Pact. The invasion of Yugoslavia included no less than six panzer divisions, which still fielded the Panzer I. Yugoslavia surrendered 17 April 1941, and Greece fell on 30 April 1941. The Panzer II was the most numerous tank in the German Panzer divisions beginning with the invasion of France, and was used in the German campaigns in Poland, France, the Low Countries, Denmark, Norway, North Africa and the Eastern Front. Originally, Panzerkampfwagen II was the main component of the early Panzer divisions being issued to company and platoon commanders. It was soon after issued to Panzer Battalions and in the Polish Campaign was used as a combat tank. It began to be supplemented in the armoured forces by the Panzer III and IV in 1940/41. Following the reorganization of the Panzertruppen in 1940/41, it was relegated to the role of reconnaissance tank. During the Campaign in the West in 1940 and early stage of the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Panzerkampfwagen II served mainly as reconnaissance but were often used as combat tanks and many were lost to Soviet tanks and anti-tanks. By 1942 a majority were removed from frontline service. Afterwards, it was used to great effect as a reconnaissance tank, and when removed from front-line duty, it was used for training and on secondary fronts. The Panzerkampfwagen II tanks were also used in North Africa, by the German Afrika Korps, with some success as the nature of the battlefield was more mobile and shortages of equipment forced Rommel to use them lacking updated replacements. Despite increasing production of the medium Panzer IIIs and IVs prior to the German invasion of France on 10 May 1940, the majority of German tanks were still light types. According to Guderian, the Wehrmacht invaded France with 523 Panzer Is, 955 Panzer IIs, 349 Panzer IIIs, 278 Panzer IVs, 106 Panzer and 228 Panzer . Around the time of Operation Barbarossa, the Panzer III was numerically the most important German tank. At this time the majority of the available tanks (including re-armed Ausf. E and F, plus new Ausf. G and H models) had the KwK 38 L/42 cannon which also equipped the majority of the tanks in North Africa. Initially, the Panzer III's were outclassed and outnumbered by Soviet T-34 and KV tanks. However, the most numerous Soviet tanks were the T-26 and BT tanks. This, along with superior German tactical skill, crew training, and the good ergonomics of the Panzer III all contributed to a rough 6:1 favourable kill ratio for German tanks of all types in 1941. The Panzer III was used throughout the war and a handful were still in use in Normandy and at Arnhem in 1944, but most were replaced with Panzer IV or the newer Panther. In the early battles of Second World War, German forces had gained notoriety for the rapid and successful invasions of Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, and the Soviet Union, in 1939–41. Although the early-war Panzer II, III, and IV were clearly inferior to some of their French and Soviet counterparts, this blitzkrieg (‘lightning warfare’) was made possible by training and organization, integrated communications with the combined-arms employment of integrated infantry, armoured forces and aircraft. Although the Panzer IV was deployed to North Africa with the German Afrika Korps, until the longer gun variant began production, the tank was outperformed by the Panzer III with respect to armor penetration. Both the Panzer III and IV had difficulty in penetrating the British Matilda II's thick armor, while the Matilda's 40-mm QF 2 pounder gun could knock out either German tank; its major disadvantage was its low speed. By August 1942, Rommel had only received 27 Panzer IV Ausf. F2s, armed with the L/43 gun, which he deployed to spearhead his armored offensives. The longer gun could penetrate all American and British tanks in use in North Africa at ranges of up to . Although more of these tanks arrived in North Africa between August and October 1942, their numbers were insignificant compared to the amount of materiel shipped to British forces. The Panzer IV was the only German tank to remain in both production and combat throughout World War II, and measured over the entire war it comprised 30% of the Wehrmacht's total tank strength. It came into service by early 1939, in time for the occupation of Czechoslovakia, but at the start of the war the majority of German armor was made up of obsolete Panzer Is and Panzer IIs. As the blitzkrieg began to stall on the Eastern Front, and a mobile war pushed back and forth across North Africa, Germany was quickly forced into an arms race in armour and antitank weapons. 88 mm antiaircraft guns were used as antitank weapons, thousands of captured Soviet antitank guns were marshaled into German service as the 7.62 cm PaK 36(r), and new inexpensive self-propelled anti-tank guns Panzerjäger such as the Marder I series were put into production, while the Panzer III & IV tanks & the Sturmgeschütz were hastily up-armoured and up-gunned. A new generation of big tanks, the heavy Tiger, Panther, and King Tiger tanks were developed and rushed into the battlefield. The Panther was a direct response to the Soviet [T-34 and KV-1 tanks. First encountered on 23 June 1941, the T-34 outclassed the existing Panzer III and IV. The Panther tank were rushed to the front in January, 1943 and took part in Operation Zitadelle, and the attack was delayed several times because of their mechanical problems, with the eventual start date of the battle only six days after the last Panthers had been delivered to the front. This resulted in major problems in Panther units during the Battle of Kursk, as tactical training at the unit level, coordination by radio, and driver training were all seriously deficient. During Zitadelle the Panthers claimed 267 destroyed tanks. The Panther demonstrated its capacity to destroy any Soviet AFV from long distance during the Battle of Kursk, and had a very high overall kill ratio. However, it comprised less than seven percent of the estimated 2,400–2,700 total AFVs deployed by the Germans in this battle, and its effectiveness was limited by its mechanical problems. At the time of the invasion of Normandy, there were initially only two Panther-equipped Panzer regiments in the Western Front, and the majority of German panzer forces in Normandy – six and a half divisions, were stationed around the vital town of Caen facing the Anglo-Canadian forces of the 21st Army Group; and the numerous battles to secure the town became collectively known as the Battle of Caen. US forces in the meantime, engaged mainly the Panzer Lehr Division, and the Panther tank proved to be most effective when fighting in open country and shooting at long range—its combination of superior armor and firepower allowed it to engage at distances from which the American M4 Shermans could not respond. The Tiger was first used in action on 23 September 1942 near Leningrad. Under pressure from Hitler, the tank was put into action months earlier than planned. Many early models proved to be mechanically unreliable; in this first action many broke down. Others were knocked out by dug-in Soviet anti-tank guns. In the Tiger's first actions in North Africa, it was able to dominate Allied tanks in the wide-open terrain. The Tiger was originally designed to be an offensive breakthrough weapon, but by the time they went into action, the military situation had changed dramatically, and their main use was on the defensive, and their mechanical failures meant that there were rarely more than a few in each action. Tigers were usually employed in separate German heavy tank battalions (schwere-Panzer-Abteilung) under army command. These battalions would be deployed to critical sectors, either for breakthrough operations or, more typically, counter-attacks. The first time the Tiger saw action was on August 29 of 1942 and September 21/22 at Mga, southeast of Leningrad with 1st company of sPzAbt 502. The unsuccessful engagements ended in the new Tiger being captured by the Soviets, who then examined it and exhibited during the captured equipment exhibition in Moscow's Gorky Park in 1943. The failure of the Tiger was attributed to mechanical problems as well as poor terrain conditions, totally unsuitable for heavy tanks. In December 1942, Tigers from sPzAbt 501, saw action near Tunis in North Africa. During their combat service, Tigers destroyed large numbers of enemy tanks and other equipment, creating the myth of their invincibility and fearsome power - "Tiger-phobia". The Tiger also had tremendous effect on morale of both German and Allied soldiers, Germans felt secure, while the Allies thought that every German tank, especially late model PzKpfw IV was a Tiger. The first combat use of the Tiger II was by the 1st company of the Schwere Heers Panzer Abteilung 503 during the Battle of Normandy, opposing Operation Atlantic between Troarn and Demouville on 18 July 1944; losses were two from combat, plus the company commander's tank which became irrecoverably trapped after falling into a bomb crater made during the simultaneous Operation Goodwood. On the Eastern Front, it was first used on 12 August 1944 by the Schwere Heers Panzer Abteilung 501 (s.H.Pz.Abt. 501) resisting the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. It attacked the Soviet bridgehead over the Vistula River near Baranów Sandomierski. The majority of King Tigers went to Wehrmacht units, while some 150 were assigned to the Waffen SS. The first Tigers II tanks reached schwere Panzer Abteilungen of both Wehrmacht and Waffen SS as early as February 1944. Only two companies of Schwere Heers Panzer Abteilung 503 (s.H.Pz.Abt. 503), equipped with Tiger II tanks (with Porsche turrets), were committed to the fighting in Normandy. Tiger II tanks of schwere Panzerabteilung 506 (s.Pz.Abt. 506), saw combat during the Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands in September 1944. On 15 October 1944 Tiger IIs of s.H.Pz.Abt. 503 played a crucial role during Operation Panzerfaust, supporting Otto Skorzeny's troops in taking the Hungarian capital of Budapest, which ensured that the country remained with the Axis until the end of the war. The Tiger II was also present at the Ardennes Offensive of December 1944, the Soviet Vistula–Oder and East Prussian Offensives in January 1945, the German Lake Balaton Offensive in Hungary in March 1945, the Battle of the Seelow Heights in April 1945, and finally the Battle of Berlin at the end of the war. During the war, the mass of a panzer increased from the 5.4 tonnes of a pre-war Panzer I light tank, to 68.5 tonnes of the Tiger II. In the meantime, the Soviets continued to produce the T-34 by the tens of thousands, and U.S. industry nearly matched them in the number of M4 Sherman tanks built and deployed in Western Europe. Throughout the war, the panzer was a key piece of the combined arms doctrines supporting the German blitzkrieg. The tanks were used in almost every theatre of German involvement. Their largest engagement occurred at the Battle of Prokhorovka, which saw about three hundred panzers pitted against five hundred Soviet tanks. Cold War After the war, West Germany was given United States-built M47 and M48 Patton tanks and in 1956 the Germans began development of the Leopard tank project to build a modern German tank, the Standard-Panzer, to replace the Bundeswehr's outdated tanks. The German Leopard (later known as Leopard 1) tank first entered service in 1965. The Leopard used a German-built version of the British 105 mm L7 gun, and had improved cross-country performance that was unmatched by other designs of the era. The Leopard quickly became a standard of European forces, and eventually served as the main battle tank in over a dozen countries worldwide, but the German Leopards never saw combat. In the German Army, the Leopard 1 MBTs have been phased out in 2003 while Leopard 1-derived vehicles are still widely used. The Leopard 2 MBTs have taken over the MBT role and first entering service in 1979. The Leopard 2 have served in the armed forces of Germany and twelve other European countries, as well as several non-European nations. More than 3,480 Leopard 2s have been manufactured. The Leopard 2 first saw combat in Kosovo with the German Army and has also seen action in Afghanistan with the Danish and Canadian ISAF forces. KFOR The German contingent of the Kosovo Force operated a number of Leopard 2A4s and 2A5s in Kosovo during the NATO-led international peacekeeping force responsible for establishing a secure environment. Also Canadian Leopard C1A1s, served with Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) in the 1999 KFOR mission in Kosovo. Denmark also sent some Leopard 1 tanks, which fought in Operation Bøllebank and Operation Amanda, which are believed to be the first combat engagements of the Leopard 1 tank. List of tanks in the German Army World War I A7V A7V-U K-Wagen (Prototype) LK I (prototype) LK II (prototype) Orionwagen Sturmpanzerwagen Oberschlesien Interwar period Leichttraktor Grosstraktor (prototype) Neubaufahrzeug (prototype) Durchbruchswagen I Durchbruchswagen II (project) World War II Panzer I Panzer I Ausf. C - airborne light tank Panzer I Ausf. F - also known as VK 18.01, 30 built in 1942 Panzerjäger I Panzer II Panzer II Ausf. L "Luchs" Panzer 35(t) Panzer 38(t) Marder I Marder II Marder III Hetzer Sturmpanzer I "Bison" Sturmpanzer II Grille Hummel Wespe Panzer III Panzer IV StuG III StuG IV Jagdpanzer IV Sturmpanzer IV VK 1602 Leopard Pz.Sfl.IVc 10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette "Dicker Max" Nashorn Sturer Emil VK 30.01 (H) (prototype) VK 30.01 (P) (Prototype) VK 36.01 (H) (prototype) Panther Panther II Jagdpanther E-50 Standardpanzer (Blueprints only) Tiger I Tiger (P) Tiger II Elefant Jagdtiger Sturmtiger Geschützwagen Tiger VK 45.02 (P) Panzer VII Löwe (Blueprints) Panzer VIII Maus (2 only made) E-75 Standardpanzer (Blueprints only) E-100 (prototype hull) Karl-Gerät P. 1000 Ratte (Proposed) P. 1500 Monster (Reality unknown) Cold War to present M47 Patton M48 Patton SU-85 (East Germany) SU-100 (East Germany) IS (East Germany) T-34 (East Germany) T-54 (East Germany) T-55 (East Germany) Leopard 1 T-72 (East Germany) TAM (In use also in the Argentine Army) Lince (In use in the Spanish Army) Leopard 2 Spähpanzer SP IC Spähpanzer Ru 251 Jaguar 1 Jaguar 2 Kanonenjagdpanzer Raketenjagdpanzer 1 Raketenjagdpanzer 2 Panzerhaubitze 2000 VT1 See also History of the tank Tanks in World War II Tank classification List of military vehicles List of German combat vehicles of World War II German armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II Comparison of early World War II tanks References Notes Bibliography External links AFV Database Panzer II Types Pictures of Panzer II at battletanks.com Panzer II—Panzer II at the Canada War Museum Surviving Panzer II tanks—A PDF file presenting the Panzer II tanks (PzKpfw. II, Luchs, Wespe, Marder II tanks) still existing in the world Surviving Panzer III tanks - A PDF file presenting the Panzer III tanks (PzKpfw. III, Flammpanzer III, StuIG33B, SU-76i, Panzerbeobachtungswagen III tanks) still existing in the world Production statistics and chassis numbers by month for the Tiger I at the Tiger I Information Center Information about the Pz.Kpfw.Tiger Ausf.B "Tiger II" at Panzerworld Tiger II at the Armorsite Tiger II Ausf. B at Achtung Panzer! AFV Database La Gleize Museum's Tiger II Tiger survivors — Photos of surviving Tiger tanks (Tiger I, Kingtiger, Jagdtiger and Sturmtiger) Pantiger, A Redesigned Tiger (U.S. intelligence report, 1944) Saumur Musée des Blindés picture gallery, Tiger II at the bottom Tigers in the Ardennes Retrieved: 4 March 2010 - Photos and details of operational and captured Tiger IIs Tanks of Germany History of the tank Articles containing video clips
圣伊尔德丰苏（葡萄牙语：）是葡萄牙波尔图区的一个堂区。总面积1.28平方公里，总人口10044人，人口密度7846.9人/平方公里。参见波尔图区堂区列表参考波尔图区堂区
甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液药理作用？本品为硝基咪唑衍生物，可抑制阿米巴原虫氧化还原反应，使原虫氮链发生断裂。体外试验证明，药物浓度为1~2mg/L时，溶组织阿米巴于6 ~20小时即可发生形态改变，24小时内全部被杀灭。浓度为0.2mg/L，72小时内可杀死溶组织阿米巴。本品有强大的杀灭滴虫的作用，其机理未明。甲硝唑对厌氧微生物有杀灭作用，它在人体中还原时生成的代谢物也具有抗厌氧菌作用，抑制细菌的脱氧核糖核酸的合成，从而干扰细菌的生长、繁殖，最终致细菌死亡。甲硝唑对某些动物有致癌作用。
對策（）是为对抗或抵消另一措施或行动而采取的措施或行动。作为一个通常意义上概念，该词多用于指代一些具有精确性的、旨在防止过程中出现不良结果的任何技术或策略上的解决方案或系统。在英语中，“countermeasure”这一术语的首次使用是在1923年。类型在英语中，“对策”存在的应用范围可参考以下科类谱：药品材料工程电磁工程治安信息技术外交安全污染防治航空其中，防御性的对策通常分为“主动”和“被动”两种。主动 “主动”对策是指系统用户或防御者采取主动立场，因为即将发生的事件是已知的，因此系统采取主动方法来处理这种可能的损害。这种方法可能包括为事件建立安全方法或积极尝试阻止或阻止此类损害。被动 “被动”对策意味着系统不知道即将发生的事件或潜在的安全问题。为了减轻任何安全问题的后果，系统设置了一套被动方法，仅在系统遇到安全问题时才激活。通常，“被动”对策包括：安全技术（）这包括有关安全或防御技术的信息，通常是保护系统的一种方法。例如，安全软件或防火墙也可以被视为防御技术的一种方法。这些方法检测潜在的安全问题，并在系统受到某种威胁时向系统报告或保护系统。损害管制（）这意味着系统对安全问题的可能结果具有损害控制。例如，系统可能在远程区域有备份，因此即使当前系统损坏，系统也可以切换到远程备份并无缝工作。防御构造（）这意味着系统设置了一种安全方法来分离系统的核心。这种方法通常用于现代服务器网络，服务器用户必须通过跳转服务器才能访问核心服务器。跳转服务器作为核心服务器与外界隔离的一个防御工事，核心服务器有时不联网，只连接本地网络，所以用户需要访问跳转服务器才能访问核心服务器参考文献战略
便秘的症状有哪些？很多人都便秘的现象都不好意思说，但是便秘的发生很容易在患者的脸色看出，因为便秘一旦发生，患者的脸色就会很差。对于便秘患者来说了解自身便秘症状做好治疗是最为重要的。那么、便秘都会导致哪些症状呢？便秘都会导致哪些症状？便秘的症状一：单纯便秘暂时性单纯便秘症状并不严重，专家指出：这种情况主要是指平时排便顺畅的人，出现暂时性便秘的情形，通常发生于不吃早餐、摄食量过少、偏食等人群。此外，工作忙碌、水分摄取不足也都是便秘的原因。便秘的症状二：下腹部胀痛下腹部胀痛不适也是便秘的症状表现，一般情况下，患者在用力解出坚硬而粗大的粪团后胀痛减轻，多提示为直肠性便秘(排便刺激减弱);左下腹隐痛不适，解出呈栗子状的坚硬粪团后，隐痛缓解，多提示结肠痉挛或肠易激综合征。便秘的症状三：排便不畅排便不畅是便秘的额初期表现，常有肛门直肠内阻塞感，排便不畅。虽频有便意，便次不少，即便费力也无济于事，难有畅通的排便。可伴有肛门直肠刺激症状，如下坠、不适等。便秘的症状四：急性便秘急性便秘是患者比较早期的症状表现，一般情况下，患者在患病后，会伴剧烈腹痛、腹胀及呕吐等症状，这时候应考虑有肠梗阻的可能。肠梗阻时，腹部听诊多可闻及肠鸣音亢进或闻及呈高调的金属音，至晚期可发生肠麻痹。便秘的症状五：排便异常排便异常是早期便秘的常见症状类型，主要的表现为患者的大便次数减少，间隔时间延长，或正常，但粪质干燥，排出困难;或粪质不于，排出不畅。可伴见腹胀，腹痛，食欲减退，暖气反胃等症。便秘的症状六：腹痛便秘患者会感觉到一些腹痛的情况，而且，不少患者排便之前常有轻微左下腹疼痛，多于排便后消失。但若腹痛持续存在，程度重，排便后不消失，提示肠道有阻塞的可能，常由肿瘤、肠道粘连或神经肌肉病变引起。
The women's beach volleyball tournament at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games took place at the Tuần Châu, Quảng Ninh, Vietnam from 15 to 20 May 2022. Schedule All times are Vietnam Standard Time (UTC+07:00) Seeds Teams were seeded is the preliminary round according to the following draw: Results Round robin Knockout round Bronze medal match Gold medal match See also Men's tournament References External links Official Result – AVC Volleyball at the 2021 SEA Games 2022 in beach volleyball
孕期尿道炎犯了怎么办？妊娠尿道炎在孕妇中的发病率也是很常见的，在妊娠疾病中也是发病率较高的一种。一般人患尿道炎，治疗起来并不难，但由于在孕期，无论是症状还是治疗方法都有别于通常情况下的尿道炎，不仅危害孕妇的健康，还会危及胎儿，其危害不容小觑。那么孕期尿道炎犯了怎么办？尿道炎典型的症状为尿频，尿急，尿不尽，尿痛等症状。如果尿道炎比较严重的话，会影响胎儿的正常发育情况，还可能导致流产或是死胎的情况。治疗孕期尿道炎的方法有以下几点：1、女性在怀孕期间如果患上尿道炎，首先不要惊慌，尿路感染，多喝水对尿道有冲洗作用，在一定程度上能缓解尿路感染治疗。也可以药物治疗，在抗炎药物的选择时应避免药物对早孕胚胎的影响。2、孕妇在怀孕期间如果有尿道炎的情况一定要多加注意，不能采取不治疗，如果想到等生完宝宝再治疗，这样的想法是错误的，孕妇在分娩的时候可通过产道将尿道炎感染宝宝。对宝宝健康造成影响。3、怀孕期间本来就会影响排尿、有尿频尿急的现象，最好到医院检查一下，做一个尿常规。如果是尿道炎，孕妇在治疗时，一定要根据医生建议选择用药治疗，必须在专家的指导下进行用药，避免对宝宝造成影响。同时，孕妇不要吃牛、羊肉等刺激性食物，以免加重病情。综上所述，介绍了治疗孕期尿道炎的方法，孕妇日常生活中也要多注意阴部清洁，同时保持良好心态，不要过分紧张。如果得了尿道炎，也要根据医生建议进行相关治疗。防止尿路感染，对保证孕妇和胎儿的健康均有特别的意义。要注意全身治疗，包括卧床休息、增加营养支持。
1981–82 in English field hockey . The principal event for men was the National Inter League Championship which brought together the winners of their respective regional leagues. The Men's championship was won by Slough The Men's Cup was won by Southgate and the Women's Cup was won by Slough. Men's Truman National Inter League Championship (Held at Eastcote, April 24–25) Group A Group B Final Slough Ian Taylor, Paul Barber, Steve Partington, Manjit Flora (Badar Butt sub), Brajinder Daved, John Allen (A Radnedge sub), Ken Partington, Sutinder Singh Khehar, Balwant Saini, Ravinder Laly, Kuki Dhak Cambridge City I Haugh, J Maxey, N Muncey, R Pearson, R Whitworth, S Graves, M Saggers, P Spiers, N Verma, P White, J Wilkenson (T Greaves sub) Men's Cup (Rank Xerox National Clubs Championship) Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final (Mar 28, Walker Memorial Ground, Southgate) Southgate David Owen, James Duthie, Mike Spray, David Craig, Ian McGinn, M Driver, Richard Dodds, Sean Kerly, Steve Batchelor, David Thomas, Andrew Western Slough Ian Taylor, Paul Barber, Mike Parris (Harjinder Singh Dhami sub), Manjit Flora, Brajinder Daved, John Allen, Bhaji Flora, Sutinder Singh Khehar, Balwant Saini, Ravinder Laly, Kuki Dhak Women's Cup (National Clubs Championship) (Durham, April 17–18) Group A Group B Semi-finals *Slough won on penalty strokes Final References 1981 field hockey field hockey 1981 in field hockey 1982 in field hockey
叶恭绍（），女，生于江西九江，籍贯广东番禺，预防医学家，儿童少年卫生专家，九三学社社员、中央委员、顾问，第六、七届全国政协常务委员，曾任北京大学医学院、北京医学院教授。生平 1908年11月7日，叶恭绍生于江西九江一户官僚家庭。叶恭绍籍贯广东番禺，祖籍浙江余姚，是宋代名士叶梦得后人，祖父叶衍兰是咸丰六年（1856年）进士，父亲叶佩玱是光绪十四年（1888年）顺天府举人。起初叶恭绍的父辈不愿女性接受过多教育，后来在二哥叶恭绰的支持下，叶恭绍接收了新式教育。1927年，叶恭绍毕业于天津中西女子中学，考入南开大学。1929年，叶恭绍转入燕京大学医预科学习。1930年，叶恭绍考入北平协和医学院。1935年，叶恭绍从北平协和医学院毕业，获医学博士学位。 1935年10月，叶恭绍和黄祯祥结婚。毕业后，叶恭绍在北平协和医学院任助教、讲师，主讲妇婴卫生课，并在北平第一卫生事务所开展婴幼保健工作。1941年，太平洋战争爆发，叶恭绍担任北平市第一卫生事务所妇幼卫生组长，继而在迁往重庆歌乐山的中央卫生实验院担任实用营养组主任。抗战胜利后，叶恭绍于1946年回到北平，转入中央卫生实验院北平分院，创办了妇婴保健所，并开办了孕妇花柳病门诊。1947年秋，叶恭绍赴美国考察。1948年秋，叶恭绍回国。 1950年，卫生部派叶恭绍到北京大学医学院协助严镜清教授创办卫生系，叶恭绍任副主任。文革期间，叶恭绍被打成反动学术权威，她领导的北京医学院妇幼卫生教研组被解散，科研资料被烧段，叶恭绍本人也被下放到北京密云县农村接受贫下中农再教育。1976年，文革结束，在叶恭绍呼吁下，被下放到甘肃11年的10名研究人员在1980年被调回北京，北京医学院公共卫生系也得以恢复，叶恭绍再任副主任。1982年7月，北京医学院儿童青少年卫生研究所成立，叶恭绍任名誉所长。1998年4月5日18时20分，叶恭绍病逝于北京。成就叶恭绍是中国儿童少年卫生学的奠基人之一，北京大学儿童少年卫生研究所的创始人，为中国预防医学、医学教育和儿童少年卫生学的发展做出了贡献。参见叶衍兰叶恭绰参考资料 Gong 番禺人九江人燕京大学校友北京协和医学院校友九三学社社员九三学社中央委员会委员中国教育学会常务理事中国教育学会副会长中国教育学会顾问第六屆全國政協委員第七屆全國政協委員
Unsane, Insane and Mentally Deranged is the debut album by Murder Squad. It was released in 2001. Track listing Credits Matti Kärki - vocals Richard Cabeza - bass Uffe Cederlund - guitars Peter Stjärnvind - drums Murder Squad albums 2001 debut albums
腰椎间盘突出与腰椎间盘突出症有什么区别？腰椎间盘突出症是较为常见的疾患之一，主要是因为腰椎间盘各部分（髓核、纤维环及软骨板），尤其是髓核，有不同程度的退行性改变后，在外力因素的作用下，椎间盘的纤维环破裂，髓核组织从破裂之处突出（或脱出）于后方或椎管内，导致相邻脊神经根遭受刺激或压迫，那么，腰椎间盘突出与腰椎间盘突出症有什么区别？1、腰椎间盘突出一般只是CT片或是核磁共振片上所显示的结论，而腰椎间盘突出症是指患者有相应的症状、临床体格检查有相应的体征、再结合影像学资料才能诊断。简而言之，腰椎间盘突出只是一种影像学的结论，而不是一种病，而腰椎间盘突出症是一种病，必须有与之相对应的症状、体征再加上影像学资料才能确诊。2、腰椎间盘突出和腰椎间盘突出症二者分别属于两个不同的概念。腰椎间盘突出属于影像学概念，可无临床症状，腰椎间盘突出包括狭义的突出和广义的突出，狭义的突出是单纯的腰椎间盘突出，广义的突出包括腰椎间盘膨出、突出、脱出、脱出且游离。腰椎间盘突出症属于临床概念，是影像学的腰椎间盘突出导致的系列临床症状，包括腰痛、下肢放射痛、大小便异常等。腰椎间盘突出与腰椎间盘突出症有什么区别？通过上述的介绍，相信大家对腰椎间盘突出与腰椎间盘突出症有什么区别有所了解了，希望以上的内容可以帮助大家在生活中，对典型病例的诊断，结合病史、查体和影像学检查，一般多无困难，尤其是在CT与磁共振技术广泛应用的今天。如仅有CT、MRI表现而无临床症状，不应诊断本病。
This is a list of dioceses, deaneries and parishes of Church of Sweden January 1, 2013. There were then 13 dioceses, 130 deaneries and 1,426 parishes. The dioceses, deaneries and parishes are ordered after diocese code, deanery code and parish code. Note: this list only contains parishes of the Church of Sweden. Diocese of Uppsala Deanery of Uppsala Uppsala cathedral parish Helga Trefaldighet parish Vaksala parish Danmark-Funbo parish Gamla Uppsala parish Gottsunda parish Deanery of Oland and Frösåker Frösåker parish Alunda parish Öregrund-Gräsö parish Hökhuvud parish Ekeby parish Skäfthammar parish Dannemorabygden parish Rasbo parish Rasbokil parish Tuna parish Stavby parish Deanery of Eastern Uppland Rimbo parish Husby, Skederid and Rö parish Fasterna parish Närtuna parish Gottröra parish Rådmansö parish Frötuna parish Norrtälje-Malsta parish Länna parish Blidö parish Riala parish Roslagsbro-Vätö parish Almunge parish Knutby-Bladåker parish Faringe parish Häverö-Edebo-Singö parish Väddö parish Björkö-Arholma parish Estuna and Söderby-Karl parish Lohärad parish Edsbro-Ununge parish Deanery of Enköping Veckholm parish Boglösa parish Villberga parish Enköping parish Tillinge and Södra Åsunda parish Sparrsätra-Bred parish Fjärdhundra parish Lagunda parish Deanery of Sigtuna Husby-Ärlinghundra parish Norrsunda parish Skepptuna parish Valsta parish Sigtuna parish Knivsta parish Alsike parish Lagga parish Östuna parish Vassunda parish Husby-Långhundra parish Övergran parish Kalmar-Yttergran parish Skokloster parish Häggeby parish Kungsängen-Västra Ryd parish Bro parish Deanery of Western Uppland Bälingebygden parish Norra Hagunda parish Tensta parish Lena parish Ärentuna parish Björklinge parish Skuttunge parish Viksta parish Balingsta parish Hagby parish Ramsta parish Uppsala-Nä parish Västeråker parish Dalby parish Vittinge parish Västerlövsta parish Enåker parish Huddunge parish Östervåla parish Harbo parish Nora parish Deanery of Örbyhus Tierp-Söderfors parish Hållnäs-Österlövsta parish Älvkarleby-Skutskär parish Västland parish Tolfta parish Vendel parish Tegelsmora parish Deanery of Gästrikland Gävle Heliga Trefaldighet parish Gävle Staffan parish Valbo parish Hille parish Hedesunda parish Hamrånge parish Gävle Maria parish Bomhus parish Ockelbo parish Torsåker parish Hofors parish Ovansjö parish Järbo parish Årsunda-Österfärnebo parish Sandviken parish Deanery of Southern Hälsingland Söderala parish Ljusne parish Mo-Bergvik parish Skog parish Söderhamn parish Sandarne parish Norrala-Trönö parish Bollnä parish Rengsjö parish Arbrå-Undersvik parish Alfta-Ovanåker parish Hanebo-Segersta parish Deanery of Northern Hälsingland Järvsö parish Ljusdal-Ramsjö parish Färila-Kårböle parish Los-Hamra parish Hudiksvall-Idenor parish Delsbo parish Forsa-Hög parish Enånger-Njutånger parish Hälsingtuna-Rogsta parish Bjuråker-Norrbo parish Harmånger-Jättendal parish Gnarp parish Bergsjö parish Ilsbo parish Hassela parish Diocese of Linköping Cathedral deanery Linköping cathedral parish Gottfridsberg parish Linköping Saint Lawrence parish Linköping Johannelund parish Linköping Skäggetorp parish Linköping Ryd parish Linköping Berga parish Landeryd parish Deanery of Motala and Bergslag Motala parish Aska parish Vadstena parish Dal parish Fornåsa parish Borensberg parish Klockrike parish Tjällmo parish Finspång parish Västra Ny parish Godegård parish Deanery of Folkungabygden Skänninge parish Boxholm parish Ödeshög parish Veta parish Viby parish Västra Harg parish Östra Tollstad parish Mjölby parish Väderstad parish Deanery of Norrköping Norrköping Saint Olof parish Norrköping Saint John parish Kolmården parish Norrköping Borg parish Deanery of Söderköping Östra Husby parish Jonsberg parish Västra Vikbolandet parish Söderköping Saint Anna parish Valdemarsvik parish Ringarum parish Östra Ryd parish Åtvid parish Deanery of Tjust Västervik parish Hjorted parish Hallingeberg-Blackstad parish Gladhammar-Västrum parish Törnsfall parish Misterhult parish Gamleby parish Odensvi parish Lofta parish Överum parish Dalhem parish Västra Ed parish Ukna parish Loftahammar parish Deanery of Sevede and Aspeland Vimmerby parish Tuna parish Rumskulla parish Pelarne parish Frödinge parish Locknevi parish Södra Vi-Djursdala parish Hultsfred parish Vena parish Lönneberga parish Mörlunda-Tveta parish Virserum parish Järeda parish Målilla with Gårdveda parish Deanery of Vedbo and Ydre Aneby parish Askeryd parish Frinnaryd parish Lommaryd parish Haurida-Vireda parish Säby parish Linderå parish Adelöv parish Norra Ydre parish Sund-Svinhult parish Västra Ryd parish Eksjö parish Höreda parish Mellby parish Hult parish Edshult parish Norra Solberga-Flisby parish Hässleby-Kråkshult parish Ingatorp-Bellö parish Deanery of Stångå Vreta kloster parish Kärna parish Kaga parish Ledberg parish Skeda parish Slaka parish Åkerbo parish Nykil-Gammalkil parish Ulrika parish Vikingstad parish Vist parish Vårdnä parish Rimforsa parish Kisa parish Västra Eneby parish Tidersrum parish Horn parish Hycklinge parish Diocese of Skara Deanery of Skara-Barne Skara cathedral parish Ardala parish Varnhem parish Eggby-Öglunda parish Axvall parish Vara parish Levene parish Ryda parish Larv parish Vedum parish Kvänum parish Essunga parish Lekåsa-Barne Åsaka parish Främmestad-Bäreberg parish Tengene parish Trökörna parish Fridhem parish Särestad parish Flo parish Deanery of Väne Vänersborg and Väne-Ryr parish Västra Tunhem parish Gärdhem parish Åsaka-Björke parish Vänersnä parish Trollhättan parish Lextorp parish Götalunden parish Fors-Rommele parish Upphärad parish Deanery of Falköping Falköping parish Mösseberg parish Slöta-Karleby parish Åslebygden parish Yllestad parish Stenstorp parish Hornborga parish Dala-Borgunda-Högstena parish Gudhem parish Floby parish Kinneved parish Åsarp parish Deanery of Hökensås Mullsjö-Sandhem parish Habo parish Gustav Adolf parish Brandstorp parish Tidaholm parish Hökensås parish Fröjered parish Valstad parish Varv parish Deanery of Kålland-Kinne Lidköping parish Sunnersberg parish Örslösa parish Kållands-Råda parish Sävare parish Järpå parish Götene parish Kinnekulle parish Källby parish Husaby parish Kleva-Sil parish Ledsjö parish Deanery of Kåkind Hjo parish Mofalla parish Fågelå parish Korsberga-Fridene parish Tibro parish Ransberg parish Karlsborg parish Mölltorp parish Brevik parish Undenä parish Deanery of Vadsbo Amnehärad parish Lyrestad parish Finnerödja-Tived parish Töreboda parish Fredsberg-Bäck parish Fägre parish Hova-Älgarå parish Mariestad parish Ullervad parish Lugnå parish Deanery of Billing Skövde parish Ryd parish Våmb parish Skultorp parish Värsås-Varola-Vreten parish Sventorp-Forsby parish Väring parish Frösve parish Berg parish Götlunda parish Deanery of Redväg Norra Mo parish Ulricehamn parish Timmele parish Hössna parish Norra Hestra parish Redväg parish Södra Ving parish Hällstad parish Åsunden parish Deanery of Ås Borås Caroli parish Borås Gustav Adolf parish Brämhult parish Fristad parish Toarp parish Rångedala parish Äspered parish Sandhult parish Bredared parish Deanery of Kulling Alingså parish Ödenä parish Hemsjö parish Algutstorp parish Lena parish Hol parish Nårunga parish Asklanda parish Bjärke parish Herrljunga parish Herrljunga landsbygdsparish Hov parish Östra Gäsene parish Hudene parish Diocese of Strängnäs Cathedral deanery Strängnäs cathedral parish with Aspö Mariefred parish Vårfruberga-Härad parish Stallarholmen parish Åker-Länna parish Daga parish Frustuna parish Deanery of Oppunda and Villåttinge Katrineholmsbygden parish Västra Vingåker parish Österåker parish Björkvik parish Flen, Helgesta-Hyltinge parish Dunker-Lilla Malma parish Mellösa parish Bettna parish Deanery of Nyköping Kiladalen parish Nyköping Saint Nicolai parish Nyköping Alla Helgona parish Oxelösund parish Stigtomta-Vrena parish Tunaberg parish Rönö parish Tystbergabygden parish Deanery of Södertälje Enhörna parish Hölö-Mörkö parish Södertälje parish Turinge-Taxinge parish Överjärna parish Ytterjärna parish Vårdinge parish Östertälje parish Trosa parish Deanery of Rekarne Eskilstuna parish Torshälla parish Hällby parish with Tumbo and Råby-Rekarne Västra Rekarne parish Husby-Rekarne parish Näshulta parish Kafjärden parish Stenkvista-Ärla parish Deanery of Örebro Almby parish Längbro parish Örebro Nikolai parish Örebro Olaus Petri parish Adolfsberg parish Mosjö-Täby parish Mikael parish Deanery of Glanshammar and Edsberg Axberg parish Glanshammar parish Tysslinge parish Edsberg parish Knista parish Ramundeboda parish Skagershult parish Viby parish Deanery of Kumla and Asker Askersund parish Hallsberg parish Hammar parish Kumla parish Hardemo parish Ekeby parish Lerbäck parish Snavlunda parish Asker parish Lännä parish Sköllersta parish Stora Mellösa parish Gällersta-Norrbyå parish Deanery of Nynäs Grödinge parish Nynäshamn parish Salem parish Sorunda parish Ösmo-Torö parish Diocese of Västerås Cathedral deanery Västerås cathedral parish Västerås Lundby parish Västerås Badelunda parish Skerike-Gideonsberg parish Dingtuna-Lillhärad parish Västerås-Barkarö parish Rytterne parish Kungsåra parish Norrbo parish Tillberga parish Önsta parish Deanery of Southern Västmanland Köpingsbygden parish Malma parish Arbogabygden parish Kungsör parish Hallstahammar-Berg parish Kolbäck-Säby parish Ramnä parish Sura parish Deanery of Bergslagen Fellingsbro parish Linde bergslag parish Guldsmedshyttan parish Näsby parish Nora bergslagsparish Ljusnarsberg parish Grythyttan parish Hällefors-Hjulsjö parish Deanery of Västerbergslagen Norrbärke parish Söderbärke parish Gränge-Säfsnä parish Ludvika parish Järna with Nås and Äppelbo parish Deanery of Northern Dalarna Mora parish Älvdalen parish Idre-Särna parish Orsa parish Malung parish Lima-Transtrand parish Deanery of Tuna Stora Tuna parish Torsång parish Säterbygden parish Hedemora-Garpenberg parish Husby parish Folkärna parish By parish Grytnä parish Avesta parish Deanery of Falu-Nedansiljan Falu Kristine parish Stora Kopparberg parish Aspeboda parish Grycksbo parish Vika-Hosjö parish Svärdsjö parish Enviken parish Sundborn parish Bjurså parish Leksand parish Djura parish Siljansnä parish Gagnef parish Mockfjärd parish Floda parish Ål parish Rättvik parish Boda parish Ore parish Deanery of Northern Västmanland Norberg-Karbenning parish Västanfors-Västervåla parish Skinnskatteberg with Hed and Gunnilbo parish Sala parish, Sweden Norrby parish Möklinta parish Kumla parish Tärna parish Kila parish Västerfärnebo-Fläckebo parish Diocese of Växjö Deanery of Eastern Värend Växjö cathedral parish Hemmesjö with Tegnaby parish Furuby parish Skogslyckan parish Öjaby parish Ör-Ormesberga parish Bergunda parish Öja parish Lammhults parish Teleborg parish Vederslöv-Dänningelanda parish Kalvsvik parish Tävelså parish Växjö Maria parish Tingså parish Väckelsång parish Södra Sandsjö parish Linneryd parish Älmeboda parish Urshult parish Almundsryd parish Hovmantorp parish Ljuder parish Lessebo parish Ekeberga parish Östra Torså parish Nöbbele parish Uråsa parish Jät parish Åseda parish Nottebäck parish Älghult parish Lenhovda-Herråkra parish Sjöså parish Dädesjö parish Söraby, Tolg and Tjureda parish Gårdsby parish Deanery of Allbo-Sunnerbo Göteryd parish Pjätteryd parish Hallaryd parish Traryd parish Hinneryd parish Markaryd parish Berga parish Vittaryd parish Dörarp parish Bolmsö parish Tannåker parish Ryssby parish Tutaryd parish Agunnaryd parish Södra Ljunga parish Ljungby parish Lidhult parish Odensjö parish Vrå parish Annerstad parish Torpa parish Ljungby Maria parish Angelstad parish Skatelöv parish Västra Torså parish Virestad parish Härlunda parish Moheda parish Slätthög parish Mistelå parish Alvesta parish Vislanda parish Blädinge parish Stenbrohult parish Älmhult parish Deanery of Tveta Jönköpings Kristina-Ljungarum parish Jönköpings Sofia-Järstorp parish Rogberga-Öggestorp parish Bankeryd parish Norrahammar parish Månsarp parish Barnarp parish Ödestugu parish Deanery of Vista Gränna parish Visingsö parish Skärstad-Ölmstad parish Lekeryd parish Huskvarna parish Hakarp parish Deanery of Östbo-Västbo Forshedabygden parish Gislaved parish Våthult parish Bosebo parish Reftele parish Å parish Kållerstad parish Anderstorp parish Kävsjö parish Åsenhöga parish Källeryd parish Gnosjö parish Bredaryd parish Kulltorp parish Långaryd parish Unnaryd parish Färgaryd parish Femsjö parish Burseryd parish Södra Hestra parish Gryteryd parish Villstad parish Rydaholm parish Voxtorp parish Gällaryd parish Tånnö parish Värnamo parish Nydala-Fryele parish Tofteryd parish Åker parish Hagshult parish Byarum-Bondstorp parish Svenarum parish Deanery of Njudung Alseda parish Vetlanda parish Näsby parish Björkö parish Nävelsjö parish Lannaskede parish Bäckseda parish Korsberga parish Nye, Näshult and Stenberga parish Norra Sandsjö parish Bringetofta parish Malmbäck parish Almesåkra parish Sävsjö parish Vrigstad-Hylletofta parish Stockaryd parish Hultsjö parish Hjälmseryd parish Nässjö parish Barkeryd-Forserum parish Deanery of Kalmar-Öland Kalmar cathedral parish Kalmar Saint John parish Heliga Korset parish Saint Birgitta parish Två systrar parish Dörby parish Hossmo parish Ryssby parish Åby parish Förlösa-Kläckeberga parish Ljungby parish Arby-Hagby parish Halltorp-Voxtorp parish Karlslunda-Mortorp parish Torslunda parish Glömminge parish Algutsrum parish Norra Möckleby, Sandby and Gårdby parish Mörbylånga-Kastlösa parish Resmo-Vickleby parish Hulterstad-Stenåsa parish Sydöland parish Nordöland parish Köpingsvik parish Föra-Alböke-Löt parish Borgholm parish Gärdslösa, Långlöt and Runsten parish Räpplinge-Högsrum parish Deanery of Stranda-Möre Ålem parish Mönsterå parish Fliseryd parish Döderhult parish Oskarshamn parish Högsby parish Fågelfors parish Långemåla parish Fagerhult parish Söderåkra parish Torså parish Gullabo parish Emmaboda parish Långasjö parish Vissefjärda parish Algutsboda parish Nybro-Saint Sigfrid parish Madesjö parish Örsjö parish Oskar parish Hälleberga parish Bäckebo parish Kråksmåla parish Kristvalla parish Diocese of Lund Deanery of Torna Lund cathedral parish Lund Allhelgona parish Saint Peters cloister parish Dalby parish Södra Sandby parish Torn parish Veberöd parish Genarp parish Helgeand parish Eastern Lund city parish Norra Nöbbelöv parish Deanery of Skytt Vellinge-Månstorp parish Trelleborg parish Höllviken parish Dalköpinge parish Hammarlöv parish Källstorp parish Anderslöv parish Skanör-Falsterbo parish Deanery of Bara Svedala parish Värby parish Burlöv parish Uppåkra parish Saint Staffan parish Lomma parish Bjärred parish Deanery of Vemmenhög, Ljunit, Herrestad and Fär Skurup parish Villie parish Skivarp parish Ljunit parish Ystad parish Sövestadsbygden parish Stora Köpinge parish Löderup parish Blentarp parish Lövestad parish Sjöbo parish Vollsjö parish Deanery of Frosta Västerstad parish Hörby parish Löberöd parish Höör parish Ringsjö parish Reslöv-Östra Karaby parish Östra Onsjö parish Eslöv parish Deanery of Rönneberg Landskrona parish Svalövsbygden parish Billeberga-Sireköpinge parish Häljarp parish Löddebygden parish Kågeröd-Röstånga parish Lackalänga-Stävie parish Västra Karaby parish Dagstorp parish Hofterup parish Teckomatorp parish Kävlinge parish Deanery of Luggude Allerum parish Fleninge parish Välinge-Kattarp parish Väsby parish Viken parish Höganä parish Brunnby parish Farhult-Jonstorp parish Kropp parish Bjuv parish Ekeby parish Deanery of Helsingborg Helsingborg Maria parish Helsingborg Gustav Adolf parish Rau parish Kvistofta parish Filborna parish Deanery of Österlen Kivik parish Borrby-Östra Hoby parish Hammenhög parish Stiby parish Simrishamn parish Saint Olof parish Rörum parish Smedstorp parish Tomelillabygden parish Brösarp-Tranå parish Deanery of Åsbo Björnekulla-Västra Broby parish Kvidinge parish Östra Ljungby parish Klippan parish Riseberga-Färingtofta parish Perstorp parish Örkelljunga parish Rya parish Skånes-Fagerhult parish Deanery of Bjäre Västra Karup-Hov parish Torekov parish Förslöv-Grevie parish Barkåkra parish Hjärnarp-Tåstarp parish Båstad-Östra Karup parish Munka Ljungby parish Ängelholm parish Strövelstorp parish Deanery of Västra Göinge Vinslöv parish Sösdala parish Tyringe parish Röke parish Västra Torup parish Norra Åkarp parish Vankiva parish Vittsjö parish Verum parish Stoby parish Hässleholm parish Hästveda parish Farstorp parish Deanery of Östra Göinge Östra Broby parish Emmislöv parish Glimåkra parish Örkened parish Osby-Visseltofta parish Loshult parish Hjärså parish Knislinge-Gryt parish Kviinge parish Deanery of Villand and Gärd Kristianstads Heliga Trefaldighet parish Norra Åsum parish Ivetofta-Gualöv parish Åhus parish Nosaby parish Oppmanna parish Vånga parish Fjälkinge-Nymö parish Gustav Adolf-Rinkaby parish Bäckaskog parish Näsum parish Västra and Östra Vram parish Linderöd parish Äsphult parish Everödsbygden parish Degeberga parish Vä-Skepparslöv parish Träne-Djurröd parish Köpinge parish Araslöv parish Deanery of Karlskrona-Ronneby Karlskrona admiralty parish Karlskrona city parish Aspö parish Jämjö parish Ramdala parish Sturkö parish Kristianopel parish Torhamn parish Lyckå parish Nättraby-Hasslö parish Fridlevstad parish Rödeby parish Ronneby parish Bräkne-Hoby parish Deanery of Lister and Bräkne Karlshamn parish Asarum parish Ringamåla parish Hällaryd parish Åryd parish Mörrum-Elleholm parish Mjällby parish Gammalstorp-Ysane parish Jämshög parish Kyrkhult parish Sölvesborg parish Deanery of Southern Malmö Slottsstaden parish Limhamn parish Hyllie parish Bunkeflo parish Kulladal parish Tygelsjö-Västra Klagstorp parish Fosie parish Oxie parish Deanery of Northern Malmö Malmö Saint Peter parish Malmö Saint Paul parish Malmö Saint John parish Möllevången-Sofielund parish Eriksfält parish Västra Skrävlinge parish Kirseberg parish Husie and Södra Sallerup parish Diocese of Gothenburg Cathedral deanery Gothenburg cathedral parish German Christinae parish Gothenburg Vasa parish Gothenburg Johanneberg parish Gothenburg Haga parish Gothenburg Annedal parish Gothenburg Masthugg parish Gothenburg Oscar Fredrik parish Deanery of Älvsborg Gothenburg Carl Johan parish Västra Frölunda parish Högsbo parish Älvsborg parish Tynnered parish Askim parish Styrsö parish Näset parish Deanery of Nylöse Gothenburg Saint Paul parish Nylöse parish Bergsjön parish Kortedala parish Härlanda parish Örgryte parish Angered parish Bergum parish Gunnared parish Björkekärr parish Deanery of Hising Lundby parish Backa parish Tuve-Säve parish Öckerö parish Torslanda-Björlanda parish Deanery of Göta Älvdalen Kungälv parish Ytterby parish Romelanda parish Kareby parish Torsby parish Harestad parish Lycke parish Marstrand parish Solberga parish Jörlanda parish Hålta parish Fuxerna-Åsbräcka parish Hjärtum parish Västerlanda parish Starrkärr-Kilanda parish Nödinge parish Skepplanda-Hålanda parish Lödöse parish Deanery of Uddevalla Ljungskile parish Uddevalla parish Lane-Ryr parish Herrestad parish Bäve parish Bokenäset parish Deanery of Stenungsund Stenkyrka parish Klövedal parish Valla parish Rönnäng parish Morlanda parish Tegneby parish Röra parish Stala parish Myckleby parish Långelanda parish Torp parish Spekeröd-Ucklum parish Norum parish Ödsmål parish Deanery of Northern Bohuslän Fo parish Sörbygden parish Svarteborg-Bärfendal parish Bro parish Brastad parish Lysekil parish Lyse parish Skaftö parish Tossene parish Hunnebostrand parish Södra Sotenä parish Kville parish Fjällbacka parish Bottna parish Svenneby parish Tanum parish Lur parish Naverstad-Mo parish Strömstad parish Skee-Tjärnö parish Idefjorden parish Deanery of Partille and Lerum Stora Lundby parish Östad parish Skallsjö parish Lerum parish Partille parish Sävedalen parish Deanery of Mark and Bollebygd Sätila parish Hyssna parish Fritsla-Skephult parish Kinnarumma parish Seglora parish Örby-Skene parish Kinna parish Västra Mark parish Istorp parish Öxnevalla parish Horred parish Torestorp parish Öxabäck parish Älekulla parish Bollebygd parish Töllsjö parish Björketorp parish Deanery of Kind Mjöbäck parish Holsljunga parish Svenljungabygden parish Sexdrega parish Länghem parish Dannike parish Månstad parish Södra Åsarp parish Dalstorp parish Tranemo parish Mossebo parish Ambjörnarp parish Sjötofta parish Kindaholm parish Deanery of Kungsbacka Tölö parish Älvsåker parish Vallda parish Släp parish Onsala parish Kungsbacka-Hanhal parish Fjärås-Förlanda parish Frilleså parish Gällinge parish Idala parish Ölmevalla parish Landa parish Deanery of Varberg Varberg parish Lindberga parish Träslöv parish Himledalen parish Tvååker parish Spannarp parish Sibbarp-Dagså parish Värö parish Stråvalla parish Veddige-Kungsäter parish Deanery of Falkenberg Morup parish Falkenberg parish Skrea parish Vinberg-Ljungby parish Fagered parish Källsjö parish Ullared parish Älvsered parish Gunnarp parish Gällared parish Krogsered parish Vessige parish Okome parish Susedalen parish Torup parish Kinnared parish Drängsered parish Stafsinge parish Deanery of Halmstad and Laholm Getinge-Rävinge parish Harplinge parish Steninge parish Söndrum-Vapnö parish Saint Nikolai parish Martin Luther parish Snöstorp parish Slättåkra-Kvibille parish Enslöv parish Oskarström parish Laholm parish Skummeslöv parish Veinge-Tjärby parish Knäred parish Hishult parish Ränneslöv-Ysby parish Hasslöv-Våxtorp parish Deanery of Mölndal Fässberg parish Råda parish Landvetter parish Härryda parish Kållered parish Stensjön parish Lindome parish Diocese of Karlstad Cathedral deanery Karlstad cathedral parish Norrstrand parish Stora Kil parish Frykerud parish Boda parish Grava parish Forshaga-Munkfors parish Hammarö parish Väse-Fågelvik parish Västerstrand parish Alster-Nyedsbygden parish Deanery of Eastern Värmland Karlskoga parish Degerfors-Nysund parish Kristinehamn parish Ölme parish Visnum parish Visnums-Kil parish Rudskoga parish Filipstad parish Storfors parish Deanery of Fryksdal and Älvdal Sunne parish Östra Ämtervik parish Västra Ämtervik parish Gräsmark parish Fryksände parish Lekvattnet parish Östmark parish Vitsand parish Lysvik parish Ekshärad parish Norra Råda-Sunnemo parish Hagfors-Gustav Adolf parish Övre Älvdal parish Deanery of Jösse Arvika Västra parish Arvika Östra parish Älgå parish Ny parish Gunnarskog parish Köla parish Järnskog-Skillingmark parish Eda parish Brunskog parish Mangskog parish Stavnäs-Högerud parish Glava parish Deanery of Nordmark Holmedal-Karlanda parish Töcksmark parish Östervallskog parish Västra Fågelvik parish Silbodal parish Blomskog parish Trankil parish Sillerud parish Deanery of Nor Nor-Segerstad parish Grum parish Värmskog parish Ed-Borgvik parish Säffle parish Tveta parish Södra Värmlandsnä parish Gillberga parish Kila parish Svanskog parish Långserud parish Bro parish Ny-Huggenä parish Deanery of Northern Dals Steneby-Tisselskog parish Bäcke-Ödskölt parish Ärtemark parish Laxarby-Vårvik parish Torrskog parish Åmål parish Dals-Ed parish Deanery of Southern Dals Holm parish Skållerud parish Ör parish Bolstad parish Frändefors parish Brålanda parish Sundals-Ryr parish Gestad parish Högsäter parish Rännelanda-Lerdal parish Järbo-Råggärd parish Färgelanda parish Diocese of Härnösand Deanery of Härnösand-Kramfors Härnösand cathedral parish Säbrå parish Häggdånger parish Hemsö parish Stigsjö parish Viksjö parish Högsjö parish Nordingrå parish Ullånger parish Vibyggerå parish Nora-Skog parish Gudmundrå parish Ytterlännäs parish Torsåker parish Dal parish Bjärtrå parish Styrnä parish Deanery of Sollefteå Sollefteå parish Multrå-Sånga parish Boteå parish Överlännä parish Långsele parish Graninge parish Helgum parish Ramsele-Edsele parish Ådals-Liden parish Junsele parish Resele parish Ed parish Deanery of Örnsköldsvik Själevad parish Mo parish Björna parish Örnsköldsvik parish Arnä parish Gideå parish Trehörningsjö parish Grundsunda parish Nätra parish Sidensjö parish Anundsjö parish Skorped parish Deanery of Medelpad Skön parish Alnö parish Timrå parish Sundsvall Gustav Adolf parish Skönsmon parish Njurunda parish Selånger parish Hässjö parish Tynderö parish Ljustorp parish Indal parish Sättna parish Liden parish Holm parish Torp parish Borgsjö-Haverö parish Stöde parish Tuna parish Attmar parish Deanery of Östersund Brunflo parish Marieby parish Lockne parish Näs parish Östersund parish Frösö parish Sunne parish Norderö parish Häggenås-Lit-Kyrkå parish Deanery of Bräcke-Ragunda Ragunda parish Fors parish Borgvattnet parish Hällesjö-Håsjö parish Stugun parish Revsund, Sundsjö, Bodsjö parish Bräcke-Nyhem parish Deanery of Krokom-Åre-Strömsund Undersåker parish Kall parish Västra Storsjöbygden parish Åre parish Föllingebygden parish Rödön parish Näskott parish Aspå parish Å parish Offerdal parish Alsen parish Ström-Alanä parish Bodum parish Fjällsjö parish Gåxsjö parish Hammerdal parish Tåsjö parish Frostviken parish Deanery of Berg-Härjedalen Svegsbygden parish Hedebygden parish Tännäs-Ljusnedal parish Ytterhogdal, Överhogdal and Ängersjö parish Berg parish Hackå parish Oviken-Myssjö parish Rätan-Klövsjö parish Åsarne parish Diocese of Luleå Deanery of Southern Västerbotten Nordmaling parish Bjurholm parish Hörnefors parish Vindeln parish Sävar-Holmön parish Vännä parish Holmsund parish Bygdeå parish Deanery of Umeå Umeå landsparish Tavelsjö parish Umeå city parish Ålidhem parish Teg parish Umeå Maria parish Deanery of Skellefteå Skellefteå landsparish Norsjö parish Byske-Fällfors parish Skellefteå Saint Olov parish Skellefteå Saint Örjan parish Kågedalen parish Jörn-Boliden parish Lövånger parish Burträsk parish Bureå parish Deanery of Piteå Piteå parish Älvsby parish Norrfjärden parish Hortlax parish Arvidsjaur parish Arjeplog parish Deanery of Luleå Nederluleå parish Överluleå parish Sävast parish Gunnarsbyn parish Edefors parish Luleå cathedral parish Råneå parish Deanery of Kalix-Torneå Nederkalix parish Överkalix parish Töre parish Haparanda parish Övertorneå parish Pajala parish Deanery of Southern Lappland Lycksele parish Dorotea-Risbäck parish Sorsele parish Stensele parish Vilhelmina parish Tärna parish Malå parish Åsele-Fredrika parish Deanery of Northern Lappland Jukkasjärvi parish Vittangi parish Karesuando parish Gällivare parish Malmberget parish Jokkmokk parish Diocese of Visby Deanery of Nordertredingen Visby cathedral parish Väskinde parish Stenkyrka parish Bunge, Rute and Fleringe parish Fårö parish Forsa parish Othem-Boge parish Dalhem parish Gothem parish Deanery of Medeltredingen Eskelhem-Tofta parish Vall, Hogrän and Atlingbo parish Stenkumla parish Roma parish Björke parish Follingbo parish Akebäck parish Barlingbo parish Endre parish Hejdeby parish Östergarn parish Vänge parish Klinte parish Fröjel parish Eksta parish Sproge parish Sanda, Västergarn and Mästerby parish Hejde parish Väte parish Deanery of Sudertredingen Fardhem parish Linde parish Lojsta parish Levide parish Gerum parish Garde parish Stånga-Bur parish När-Lau parish Alva, Hemse and Rone parish Havdhem parish Hoburg parish Diocese of Stockholm together with the Royal consistory Cathedral deanery Stockholm cathedral parish Kungsholmen parish Saint George parish Adolf Fredrik parish German Saint Gertrud parish Finnish parish Essinge parish Saint John parish Gustaf Vasa parish Saint Matthew parish Deanery of Södermalm Maria Magdalena parish Högalid parish Katarina Parish Sofia parish Deanery of Brännkyrka Hägersten parish Skärholmen parish Brännkyrka parish Deanery of Birka Färingsö parish Ekerö parish Adelsö-Munsö parish Lovö parish Bromma Parish Västerled parish Deanery of Roslags Täby parish Österåker-Östra Ryd parish Vaxholm parish Ljusterö-Kulla parish Vallentuna parish Össeby parish Deanery of Värmdö Värmdö parish Djurö, Möja and Nämdö parish Gustavsberg-Ingarö parish Boo parish Nacka parish Saltsjöbaden parish Deanery of Södertörn Tyresö parish Dalarö-Ornö-Utö parish Västerhaninge-Muskö parish Österhaninge parish Royal consistory Royal parish Deanery of Östermalm Hedvig Eleonora Parish Oscar Parish Engelbrekt Parish Deanery of Enskede Enskede-Årsta parish Vantör parish Skarpnäck parish Farsta parish Deanery of Spånga Spånga-Kista parish Hässelby parish Vällingby parish Deanery of Sollentuna Sollentuna parish Ed parish Hammarby parish Fresta parish Järfälla parish Deanery of Solna Solna parish Danderyd parish Sundbyberg parish Lidingö parish Deanery of Huddinge-Botkyrka Huddinge parish Botkyrka parish Trångsund-Skogå parish Saint Michael parish Flemingsberg parish See also List of municipalities of Sweden References Web sources External links Svenska kyrkans officiella webbplats Kyrksajten.se - Förteckning över Sveriges samtliga parishar Statistiska centralbyrån - Kyrkliga indelningar Sweden geography-related lists Sweden, Dioceses, deaneries and parishes Sweden
四肢发冷的原因是什么？心脏衰弱，无法使血液供应到身体末梢部位。体内血液量不够，血红素和红血球偏低。血管中有阻塞，或发烧、感冒等都会影响大脑中枢神经，导致手脚冰冷。交感神经功能出了问题，使肌肉遇冷无法紧缩，产生热能以耐寒。
Maa Pelliki Randi is a 2000 Indian Telugu-language drama film, starring J. D. Chakravarthy and Sakshi Sivanand, the film had a good run upon release. It's a Telugu remake of the 1999 Tamil hit film Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga directed by Sundar C starring Karthik and Rambha. Cast J. D. Chakravarthy as Kumar Sakshi Sivanand as Anjali Nagesh AVS Brahmanandam Gautam Raju Sudhakar as Rambabu Soundtrack Music by S. A. Rajkumar, who preiovusly worked with the director for Raja (1999). Production The film marks the second collaboration between the director and producer after Priya O Priya. The film's title was changed from 'Maa Pelli Sandadi' to 'Maa Pelliki Randi' . The film was supposed to release in April 2000, but was delayed to 14 July 2000. Release The Full Hyderabad wrote that "Even with all these drawbacks the movie is worth a watch for the laughs, if not for anything else". References External links 2000 films 2000s Telugu-language films 2000 drama films Telugu remakes of Tamil films Indian romantic comedy-drama films 2000 romantic comedy-drama films Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva 2000 comedy films
Hope and Anchor is a pub on Upper Street, in the London Borough of Islington which first opened its doors in 1880. During the mid-1970s it was one of the first pubs to embrace the emergent, but brief, phenomenon of pub rock. With the decline of this movement, the pub went on to become a leading venue in the punk rock movement. Hope and Anchor is still an operational pub and live music venue today, owned and operated by the Greene King brewing company. It is a Grade II listed building. History When The Tally Ho pub in Kentish Town decided to switch from showcasing rock music to Irish music, Hope and Anchor became the venue to go to in north London. The nights grew and developed under the stewardship of managers Fred Grainger and Dave Robinson, both of whom later moved on to other things (Grainger to open a nightclub in Brighton, Robinson to co-found independent record label Stiff Records with Jake Riviera). In January 1976, the venue was acquired by Albion Management and Agency, who installed John Eichler as the landlord. In the light of numerous threats of closure, Eichler organised various benefits in order to keep the pub open, with well-established bands returning to the pub to perform for only expenses. Ian Grant of Albion Management and Agency narrowed down a long list to a final twenty two bands – all of which had played at the pub previously. 'The Front Row Festival', which took place between Tuesday 22 November and Thursday 15 December 1977, featured numerous pub rock, punk, and new wave groups. The recordings were issued as an eponymous live double album, which reached No. 28 in the UK Albums Chart. The Stranglers recorded their album Live at the Hope and Anchor at the pub, also in 1977. The venue was the location for The Damned's "New Rose" video the previous year and later for Madness' "One Step Beyond" video. The demo of "Between You and Me" from the first Graham Parker album, Howlin' Wind, was recorded in the basement. The pub was also featured in the 1980 film, Breaking Glass. References Pubs in the London Borough of Islington Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Islington Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Islington Buildings and structures in Islington Music venues in London
呂道貴（），隋朝济南郡（今山东省济南市）人，隋文帝的舅舅，隋文帝母亲呂苦桃的兄弟，吕永吉的叔叔。呂道貴是济南的平民。父亲吕双周，母亲姚氏。呂道貴性情尤其愚蠢，言词粗俗。开始从乡下征召到长安，隋文帝见到后悲痛哭泣。呂道贵一点没有悲伤的表情，只是连呼文帝的名字杨坚，说：“种从根上一定不能偷换，你太像我的苦桃姐姐了。”这以后多次犯忌讳，动不动就违背顶撞皇帝，皇帝很替他羞耻。于是命高颎给他丰厚待遇，不许接见朝士。拜为上仪同三司，出为济南太守，令即上任，断绝他入朝的机会。吕道贵还到本郡，十分自大，每与别人说话，自称皇舅。多次带领仪卫出入乡里，和故人游玩宴会，官民都吃了很多苦头。后来废除郡这一级，他在家中去世，子孙没有出名的。参考文献《隋书》，卷七十九列传第四十四隋朝太守隋朝外戚济南人 D
腰椎间盘突出症状和腰肌劳损的区别？随着腰椎间盘突出的患者增多，很多人只要一腰痛就以为自己得了腰椎间盘突出，其实并不尽然，常见的腰部疾病如腰肌劳损也会出现明显的腰背痛症状。腰椎间盘突出和腰肌劳损是两个完全不同的疾病，但由于症状都有腰背痛、腰背无力感，故一般人容易混淆，延误治疗。那么腰椎间盘突出症状和腰肌劳损的区别是什么呢？1、看有无腿痛：腰椎间盘突出的疼痛分为3种：一是只有腰痛，二是只有腿痛，三是既有腰痛又有腿痛。腰椎间盘突出患者多有坐骨神经痛，有的从臀部开始，逐渐放射到大腿后外侧、小腿外侧、足背及足底外侧和足趾的腿痛。不同的是，腰肌劳损通常只有腰痛。2、看压痛点在中间还是两边：对于只有腰痛的患者而言，部分腰椎间盘突出患者的棘突或棘间隙有压痛，压痛点主要位于棘突旁，距离中线1.5～3cm，即背部中间有压痛。腰肌劳损患者通常腰椎棘突间无压痛，而腰背肌局部有压痛，即在远离背部中线的腰背两边有压痛。3、看痛感：腰椎间盘源性的腰痛往往表现为隐隐作痛，而腰肌劳损所致的腰痛则是带有酸胀感，甚至是剧烈疼痛。4、看活动是否受限：腰肌劳损患者腰部活动度一般影响不大，通常是早晨起床或久坐起立时，腰背痛加剧，活动开后可明显缓解。但腰椎间盘突出患者往往向前、后、左、右至少一个方向腰部活动困难。综上所述就是对腰椎间盘突出症状和腰肌劳损的区别的介绍。年轻的患者大多有外伤史，中老年患者可以无明确之诱因，但在腿痛发生前多出现过腰痛。视乎出问题的椎间盘位置，影响不同节段的神经，出现的症状也有不同。所以当患者出现问题后，一定要及时就医，有针对性的进行治疗。
李朗站，位於中國廣東省深圳市龙岗区南湾街道，屬於已經停用的鐵路車站。概要此站自廣深鐵路建成後啟用，一向每天每方向只有各一班普通列車停車，直至廣深鐵路電氣化並提升最高營運速度至160km/h後，停止使用。目前厦深铁路在至区间设有李朗线路所，并引出通往平湖站广九线上行方向的平湖联络线。 L 广深铁路车站京九铁路车站广东省铁路废站
小行星1541（1541 Estonia）是一颗绕太阳运转的小行星，为主小行星带小行星。该小行星于1939年2月12日发现。轨道参数小行星1541的轨道半长轴为2.7693860 UA，离心率为0.067。参考文献小行星带天体
联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（简称为“人权高专办”）（，缩写为）是联合国的下属机构之一，其目的和宗旨是保护和保障世界各国人权，总部在瑞士日内瓦联合国日内瓦办事处威尔逊宫，有500多名职员。 1993年，联合国大会确立《》（Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action），联合国人权事务高级专员办事处建立。联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的权限根据：《联合国宪章》第1、13、55章，《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》(联合国大会世界人权会议1993年6月25日第157/23号决议通过)第2部第17、18项，及1993年12月20日的联合国大会决议第48、141条。高級專員参考文献外部链接 United Nations Rule of Law: The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , on the rule of law work conducted by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Who should be the next Human Rights Commissioner? – Discussion site by www.avaaz.org 参见联合国人权理事会联合国发展集团 1993年建立
过敏性皮炎好的征兆？过敏性皮炎是一种由于过敏造成的皮炎。这种疾病会产生剧烈的瘙痒感，一定要积极治疗才能够让这种皮肤病尽快痊愈，当然如果你存在过敏性皮炎。那么你一定要找到过敏源，积极避免与过敏源接触才好。那么过敏性皮炎快好的表现有哪些呢？过敏性皮炎的症状表现也是不尽相同的，因为接触物以及接触的方式不同，所对应的症状和疾病表现也会有比较大的区别，要重视这些区别。如果轻症时，可以先表现为局部红斑，也可能稍有水肿，另外还可能会有大丘疹的出现，要重视不同类型的表现。如果是重症时，可以表现为红斑肿胀明显，而且在这个基础上有多数水疱，如果炎症剧烈时，还可能会有大疱。另外皮炎的部位也是不一样的，这和患者的实际情况有关，而且不少患者会有痒和烧灼感的情况，也可能会有胀痛感，而少数严重病例可有全身反应，特别是可能会有发热、畏寒，以及会有头痛、恶心等症状。过敏性皮炎得到治愈之后，患者的瘙痒、皮肤不适感也会得到非常大的缓解。对于过敏性皮炎的治疗一定要慎重，要了解清楚过敏性皮炎的特点以及知道疾病的危害，通过症状观察来了解到疾病的恢复情况如何，要知道目前可治疗过敏性皮炎的方法很多，只有坚持治疗，长期采取护理方案，思想上引起足够的重视，才能促进过敏性皮炎的恢复。保持愉快、乐观的情绪，保持平和的心态，不能过度的疲劳，不能经常熬夜，要注意休息。平时还应该做一些运动，这样能增强自身的免疫力，对于疾病的恢复也有一定的帮助。积极治疗，对症下药。
安哥拉奧林匹克委員會（）是安哥拉的國家奧林匹克委員會。該組織成立於1979年2月17日，是國際奧委會和非洲國家奧林匹克委員會聯合會的成員。1980年，首次派員參加在蘇聯莫斯科舉行的夏季奧運會。現時，安哥拉奧林匹克委員會的總部設在該國首都羅安達，主席是Gustavo da Conceição。資料來源國家奧林匹克委員會安哥拉體育
The Butte Daredevils were a basketball team in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) that played from 2006 to 2008. They played their home games at the Butte Civic Center in Butte, Montana. The team was named in honor of Butte native Evel Knievel, the famous daredevil. The franchise hosted the 2007 CBA All-Star Game. The team folded in August 2008 via a letter to the Montana Standard newspaper after months of speculation. See also Montana Golden Nuggets Billings Volcanos (basketball) Basketball teams established in 2006 Basketball teams disestablished in 2008 Continental Basketball Association teams Butte, Montana Basketball teams in Montana 2006 establishments in Montana 2008 disestablishments in Montana
服用复方鲜竹沥液须注意的事项？在有效药期内，有少许沉淀并非变质，摇匀即服，疗效正常。
Rosaceous may refer to: The plant family Rosaceae The skin condition rosacea Rose (color)
胃病症状吃什么食物好？留意食用具有营养的食物。多吃些高蛋白食物及高维生素食物，保证机体的各种营养素充足，避免贫血和营养不良，对贫血和营养不良者，应在饮食中增？色的新颖蔬菜及水果，如绿叶蔬菜、西红柿、茄子、红枣等。每餐最好吃2～3个新颖山楂，以刺激胃液的分泌。留意食用酸碱均衡。当胃酸分泌过多时，可喝牛奶、豆浆、吃馒头或面包以中和胃酸；当胃酸分泌减少时，可食用浓缩的肉汤、鸡汤、带酸味的水果或果汁，以刺激胃液的分泌，协助消化，要防止惹起腹部胀气和含纤维较多的食物，如豆类、豆制品、蔗糖、芹菜、韭菜等。宜少指不可过饥再吃东西，且吃东西一次不可过饱，不宜极渴时饮水，饮水一次不宜过多。晚饭宜少。宜精指少吃粗糙和粗纤维多的食物，特别关于有消化不良的病人，请求食物要精工巧作，富含营养。宜温指胃病患者不可过食冷瓜果，也不能因畏凉食而吃热烫饮食，这对食道和胃的损伤也很大。宜洁是指有胃病的人胃抵御力差，应避免食物被污染，并留意食用用具的卫生。宜鲜是指吃适量新颖蔬菜和水果，新颖蔬菜水果可防癌，同时也指吃新颖的食物，不食腐朽蜕变的食物。宜淡指宜吃油腻的素食。淡味是养胃的，油腻素食既易于消化吸收，又利于胃病的恢复，而且可使人短命。新颖蔬菜五谷都为健胃佳品，但食用不可过量。宜软指饭食、蔬菜、鱼肉之品宜软烂，不宜食油煎、油炸、半熟之品及坚硬食物，既难于消化，而且有刺伤胃络之弊端。一般胃病注意不要吃生冷食物，不要吃辛辣食物，不要喝酒，避免暴饮暴食，可以吃稀饭、面条、馒头、蛋类、牛奶、蔬菜等食物，另外可以到医院消化内科就诊做一下胃镜等检查，看具体是那种疾病，根据检查选择药物进行治疗，注意休息，避免劳累。
is a Japanese mixed martial artist who competes in the Lightweight division. He has formerly competed for the UFC, Shooto, DREAM, and Pancrase. Mixed martial arts career Early career Hironaka made his professional mixed martial arts debut in 2001 for the Shooto promotion and compiled a record of 10-2 with notable wins over Nick Diaz, Ryan Schultz, and Renato Verissimo before being signed by the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship Hironaka made his UFC debut at UFC 64 on October 14, 2006 against Jon Fitch. Hironaka lost via unanimous decision. In his next appearance at UFC Fight Night 9, Hironaka defeated Forrest Petz via unanimous decision. Hironaka then fought Thiago Alves at UFC Fight Night 11 and was defeated via TKO in the second round. Hironaka faced Canadian Jonathan Goulet at UFC 83 and was defeated in the second round via TKO. Hironaka was then released from the promotion. Post-UFC In his first fight since his release from the UFC, Hironaka defeated Motoki Miyazawa at Dream 5 via TKO due to a cut. Hironaka then faced Hayato Sakurai at Dream 6 and was defeated via unanimous decision. After the loss to Sakurai, Hironaka dropped down to the Lightweight division and won his next four consecutive fights, capturing the Cage Force Lightweight Championship after it had been vacated by Mizuto Hirota. After dropping two consecutive losses to Katsunori Kikuno and Satoru Kitaoka, respectively, Hironaka bounced back with two consecutive wins, warranting a title shot for the newly vacated Shooto World Lightweight Championship against Kotetsu Boku. Hironaka won via unanimous decision, and then defended his title against Giovani Diniz via first-round TKO. Hironaka then fought at Pancrase: 257 on March 30, 2014 against Isao Kobayashi. Hironaka was defeated via TKO in the third round. Grappling career In 2004, Hironaka fought against Shinya Aoki in a superfight at the Reversal Cup. Hironaka was submitted with a flying armbar that broke his arm, preventing him from competing for several months. Kickboxing record \|- \|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" \| 2013-11-15 \|\| Win \|\|align=left\| Bovy Sor Udomson \|\| Shoot Boxing Battle Summit Ground Zero Tokyo 2013, Final \|\| Tokyo, Japan \|\| KO (right cross) \|\| 2 \|\| \|\| 2-1 \|- \|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB" \| 2011-02-19 \|\| Loss \|\|align=left\| Satoru Suzuki \|\| Shootboxing 2011: Act 1 \|\| Tokyo, Japan \|\| TKO (right hook) \|\| 1 \|\| 1:55 \|\| 1-1 \|- \|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC" \| 2010-02-13 \|\| Win \|\|align=left\| Shinichiro Kuroki \|\| Shoot Boxing 25th Anniversary \|\| Tokyo, Japan \|\| KO (punches) \|\| 2 \|\| 2:24 \|\| 1-0 \|- \|- \| colspan=9 \| Legend: Mixed martial arts record \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 23–9 \| Dong Hyun Ma \| Submission (arm-triangle choke) \| Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 6th \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 2:33 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 22–9 \| Isao Kobayashi \| TKO (punch and soccer kick) \| Pancrase: 257 \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 3:58 \| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 22–8 \| Yoshihiro Koyama \| Submission (armbar) \| Shooto: 4th Round 2013 \| \| align=center\| 4 \| align=center\| 3:46 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 21–8 \| Carlo Prater \| Decision (unanimous) \| Vale Tudo Japan: VTJ 1st \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 20–8 \| Giovani Diniz \| TKO (punches) \| Shooto: 5th Round \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 4:05 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 19–8 \| Kotetsu Boku \| Decision (unanimous) \| Shooto: Shootor's Legacy 3 \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Osaka, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 18–8 \| Takashi Nakakura \| Decision (unanimous) \| Shooto: Shooto Tradition 2011 \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Osaka, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 17–8 \| Kiyonobu Nishikata \| Submission (rear-naked choke) \| GCM: Demolition West in Yamaguchi 2 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:52 \| Osaka, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 16–8 \| Satoru Kitaoka \| Submission (guillotine choke) \| Pancrase: Passion Tour 9 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 4:22 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 16–7 \| Katsunori Kikuno \| KO (punch) \| Dream 13 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 1:26 \| Yokohama, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 16–6 \| Won Sik Park \| TKO (corner stoppage) \| Dream 12 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Osaka, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 15–6 \| Yoshihiro Koyama \| TKO (punches) \| Cage Force \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 4:27 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 14–6 \| Katsuhiko Nagata \| TKO (punches) \| Cage Force \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 3:41 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 13–6 \| Naoyuki Kotani \| Submission (reverse full-nelson) \| ZST \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 2:43 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 12–6 \| Hayato Sakurai \| Decision (unanimous) \| Dream 6: Middleweight Grand Prix 2008 Final Round \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Saitama, Saitama, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 12–5 \| Motoki Miyazawa \| TKO (cut) \| Dream 5: Lightweight Grand Prix 2008 Final Round \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 8:57 \| Osaka, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 11–5 \| Jonathan Goulet \| TKO (punches) \| UFC 83 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 2:07 \| Montreal, Quebec, Canada \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 11–4 \| Thiago Alves \| TKO (punch and knee) \| UFC Fight Night 11 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 4:04 \| Nevada, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 11–3 \| Forrest Petz \| Decision (unanimous) \| UFC Fight Night: Stevenson vs. Guillard \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Nevada, United States \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 10–3 \| Jon Fitch \| Decision (unanimous) \| UFC 64: Unstoppable \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Nevada, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 10–2 \| Renato Verissimo \| TKO (strikes) \| ROTR 9: Rumble on the Rock 9 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 3:03 \| Hawaii, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 9–2 \| Ryan Schultz \| Submission (armbar) \| MARS: MARS \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 1:40 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 8–2 \| Takuya Wada \| Submission (triangle choke) \| GCM: D.O.G. 4 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 4:29 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 7–2 \| Shinya Aoki \| TKO (cut) \| Shooto 2005: 11/6 in Korakuen Hall \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:10 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 7–1 \| Ramunas Komas \| Decision \| Shooto Lithuania: Bushido \| \| align=center\| N/A \| \| Lithuania \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 6–1 \| Mark Moreno \| Submission (neck crank) \| SB 29: SuperBrawl 29 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 2:50 \| Hawaii, United States \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 5–1 \| Nick Diaz \| Decision (split) \| Shooto: Year End Show 2002 \| \| align=center\| 3 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 4–1 \| Yasuyuki Tokuoka \| Decision (unanimous) \| Shooto: Treasure Hunt 11 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 3–1 \| Yuji Kusu \| TKO (swollen eye) \| Shooto: Gig East 10 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 3:47 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Loss \| align=center\| 2–1 \| Hirofumi Hara \| TKO (punches) \| Shooto: Treasure Hunt 9 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 4:34 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 2–0 \| Toru Nakayama \| Submission (triangle choke) \| Shooto: Treasure Hunt 4 \| \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 3:10 \| Tokyo, Japan \| \|- \| Win \| align=center\| 1–0 \| Takayuki Okochi \| Decision (unanimous) \| Shooto: GIG East 6 \| \| align=center\| 2 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Tokyo, Japan \| See also List of current mixed martial arts champions List of male mixed martial artists References External links Living people 1976 births Japanese male mixed martial artists Lightweight mixed martial artists Welterweight mixed martial artists Mixed martial artists utilizing shootboxing Mixed martial artists utilizing judo Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu Japanese male kickboxers Middleweight kickboxers Japanese male judoka Japanese practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu Sportspeople from Yamaguchi Prefecture Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
泰斯盧伊鄉（），是羅馬尼亞的鄉份，位於該國西南部，由多爾日縣負責管轄，面積60平方公里，海拔高度122米，2007年人口2,569，人口密度每平方公里43人。參考資料 Romanian census data, 2002 Retrieved on April 14, 2016. 多尔日县乡份
黄疸肝炎是什么病？黄疸肝炎一般指黄疸性肝炎，黄疸性肝炎就是由于肝炎病毒使肝细胞破坏、肝组织破坏重构、胆小管阻塞，导致血中结合胆红素与非结合胆红素均增高，所引起的皮肤、黏膜和眼球巩膜等部份发黄的症状，从患者开始有症状到出现黄疸这段时间，约为数日至2周。起病时患者常感畏寒、发热，体温38℃左右，少数患者可持续高热数日。黄疸型肝炎的症状：1、发热：病毒性肝炎在黄疸出现前常有低热，少数病例可发生高热。胆管炎发热，般在中等度以上，多伴有寒战，常发生在上腹剧烈绞痛之后，接着出现黄疸。肝癌因癌组织坏死或继发感染常有发热。2、腹痛。肝区隐痛或胀痛时，常提示病毒性肝炎，持续性胀痛见于慢性肝炎及肝癌;胆结石或胆道蛔虫症发作，常有右上腹阵发性绞痛，亦有少数胆石症患者可无明显腹痛史;上腹及腰背痛提示胰头癌。3、消化不良：病毒性肝炎在黄疸前期一周左右常有消化不良。如黄疸发生前已有较长时期的消化不良，特别是在老年患者，首先要考虑肿瘤。长期厌油腻饮食或进油食后易诱发右上腹不适或绞痛者，常见于慢性胆囊疾病。4、皮肤痊痒：阻塞性黄疸常有明显的皮肤癌痒，且持续时间较长;肝细胞性黄疸也可有轻度病痒;溶血性黄疸则无疫痒。5、体重改变：由癌肿所致的胆汁淤积性黄疸，体重呈进行性减轻;肝细胞性黄疸患者，体重减轻相对不显著。预防黄疸型肝炎的措施：饭前大小便后彻底洗手，冲厕所的脏水如果溅到皮肤或衣服上要及时清洗，勤洗澡，勤换洗衣服。经常打开门窗，让室内通风透气，被褥和衣服也要勤换洗和那到阳光下晾晒。同时注意饮食卫生，不喝生水，不吃不卫生或变质的食物，不吃未经彻底煮熟的食物。如果需要进行补牙、打耳洞、照内窥镜等，一定要在正规的医院进行。此外，还可以注射甲肝、乙肝预防针，可以有效预防黄疸型肝炎。
元江毛蕨（学名：）为金星蕨科毛蕨属下的一个种。参考资料 Y Y
This is a list of the gymnasts who represented their country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta from 19 July to 4 August 1996. Gymnasts in two disciplines (artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics) participated in the Games. Women's artistic gymnastics Men's artistic gymnastics Rhythmic gymnasts Individual Group References Gymnastics at the 1996 Summer Olympics Gymnastics-related lists
直肠炎什么症状如何治疗方法？广义而言，发生在直肠的炎症均可称为直肠炎。直肠炎轻者仅黏膜发炎，重者炎症累及黏膜下层、肌层，甚至直肠周围组织；有时只是部分直肠受累，有时直肠全部甚或累及肛门。由于病因不同，临床表现不尽相同。直肠炎什么症状如何治疗方法？直肠炎的症状常常是便秘与腹泻交替，便中含有粘液及血丝，大便时肛门口灼痛。因分泌物刺激，肛门周围表皮脱落，有时成裂口发痒，下腹部胀满不适，食欲不振，体重减轻，全身不适。直肠炎是一种肠粘膜发炎而引起的一种病症，常见的直肠炎病症有提醒急性直肠炎、慢性急肠炎、集合性结肠炎等，因此直肠炎的早期症状还有，因为直肠炎的各种裂变进行治疗，症状是全身会出现发热，看到食物没有食欲，还有少数人会出现肛门里胀痛、烧热、便意频繁、里急后重，治疗时注意补充营养，适当减少饮食里的纤维素成分，吃一些容易消化的食物。心理上要做到放松，不要过度紧张，慢性肠炎症状出现腹泻交替，大便里含有黏液和血丝，大便时肛门会出现灼痛，因为分泌物的刺激，肛门周围表皮还会出现脱落，出现发痒、裂开症状，结核性直肠炎也会出现腹泻交替，随病情发展以腹泻为主，粪便混有脓血、里急后重、下腹痛，急肠炎的治疗有采用稀料疗法，外用或保留灌肠，中药疗法是采用理气、舒肠方进行治疗，也可以口服中成药。以上介绍了直肠炎什么症状如何治疗方法，直肠炎的治疗方法主要有局部用药和全身用药。患者平常应加强锻炼，以增强体质。少吃多餐，避免过饱或过饥，吃易消化的，含足够的热量，蛋白质和维生素的食物，发现问题要及时去正规的医院进行治疗。
斯維亞托申站（, ）是基輔地鐵斯維亞托申-布羅瓦里線的一個車站。斯維亞托申站開通於1971年11月5日，站名取自於基輔的斯維亞托申區。斯維亞托申站是一個淺層地下站。外部連結 Kyivsky Metropoliten – Station description and photographs Metropoliten.kiev.ua – Station description and photographs Mirmetro.net - Description and photos. 斯維亞托申-布羅瓦里線車站 1971年啟用的鐵路車站斯維亞托申區鐵路車站
Driver Historic District is a national historic district located at Suffolk, Virginia. The district encompasses 20 contributing buildings in the crossroads community of Driver in Suffolk. The district includes eight residences, two churches, two school structures, a lodge, an outbuilding, and five commercial structures. They are in a variety of popular 19th and early-20th century architectural styles including Federal, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival. Notable buildings include the Parker House (1820-1840), Norfolk and Carolina Railroad depot and station master's house (c. 1890), Brannon House (c. 1892), Arthur's Store (c. 1925), Randy's Rods, Driver Variety Store, Beech Grove United Methodist Church, Berea Congregational Christian Church (c. 1891), Dejarnette High School (1926), and Harmony Lodge #149 (1938). It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. References Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Federal architecture in Virginia Queen Anne architecture in Virginia Colonial Revival architecture in Virginia Buildings and structures in Suffolk, Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk, Virginia
脂质沉积症的鉴别诊断？脂质沉积症的鉴别诊断：在临床上，脂质沉积症大多有肝肿大和脾肿大，但其胃肠道症状及肝功能损害程度轻重不一。它们所引起的肝脂质沉积症是全身性疾患在肝脏的一种病理过程，过多的脂质主要沉积在单核巨噬细胞而非肝细胞，并且肝脏内沉积的脂质并非以甘油三酯为主。因此，脂质沉积症需要与脂肪肝相互鉴别。1.病史注意发病年龄，家族遗传病史，隐袭性发病，缓慢逐渐进展的起病方式，有无发育迟滞，病后精神状态异常，智力减退，表情淡漠，运动笨或肢体瘫痪，视力障碍，听力障碍，抽搐或去脑强直发作，尿便失控等。2.一般体检注意有无肝、脾及淋巴结肿大，皮肤鱼鳞癣，黄色瘤或丘疹样皮损，有无白内障。检查：1.神经检查应检查视力、视野和眼底，黄斑区有无樱桃红斑点，眼球运动受限，智力障碍或智能反应迟滞，双耳听力下降，言语减少或言语不能，智力减退，白痴或痴呆，共济及构音障碍，肢体瘫痪，肌张力增高或肌强直，双Babinski征(+)，周围型感觉障碍。2.辅助检查周围血常规，血小板，骨骼、颅骨、脊柱X线片，尿17-羟、17酮皮质类固醇含量检查，血浆中植烷酸检查，脑电图、脑CT或MRI、骨髓检查，脑脊液检查，心电图检查。必要时考虑脑活检。
劳拉·科尔斯（，），澳大利亚女子射击运动员。她曾代表澳大利亚参加2014年英联邦运动会射击比赛，获得一枚金牌。她也曾参加2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会。参考资料澳大利亚女子射击运动员 2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會射擊運動員 2014年英联邦运动会射击运动员 2014年英联邦运动会奖牌得主英联邦运动会射击奖牌得主澳大利亚英联邦运动会金牌得主
安巴姆是非洲中西部國家喀麥隆的城鎮，由南部省負責管轄，位於該國南部，毗鄰與赤道畿內亞和加蓬接壤的邊界，距離首都雅溫得220公里，2005年人口1,596。喀麥隆城市
小行星4393（4393 Dawe）是一颗绕太阳运转的小行星，为主小行星带小行星。该小行星于1978年11月7日发现。轨道参数小行星4393的轨道半长轴为3.2142853 UA，离心率为0.130。参考文献小行星带天体
堀越武（，），日本男子举重运动员。他曾代表日本参加1970年亚洲运动会举重比赛，获得一枚金牌。他也曾参加1976年夏季奥林匹克运动会。参考资料日本男子举重运动员日本奥运举重运动员 1976年夏季奥林匹克运动会举重运动员 1970年亚洲运动会举重运动员 1970年亚洲运动会金牌得主亞洲運動會舉重獎牌得主日本亞洲運動會金牌得主
DVD Flick is an open source DVD authoring application for Windows developed by Dennis Meuwissen and released under the GNU General Public License. DVD Flick is capable of importing audio tracks, video files and subtitles, composing a DVD-Video movie and burning it to a disc – or creating an ISO image for later burning. DVD Flick supports 53 container formats, 42 different types of audio codecs and 72 different types of video codecs, including Windows Media formats, RealMedia, QuickTime, AVI, Flash Video and various MPEG-compliant formats. DVD Flick is also capable of importing four subtitle formats, namely SubStation Alpha (.ssa/.ass), MicroDVD (.sub), SubRip (.srt) and SubView. Although DVD Flick does not feature video editing capabilities, it can read and interpret AviSynth scripts and create simple menus. DVD Flick uses FFmpeg to encode DVD-Video. DVD Flick features direct stream copy for DVD-compliant MPEG-2 video streams only, but such a feature is not available for audio streams, meaning audio streams are always re-encoded in the process of DVD creation. PC World has praised DVD Flick, awarding it a rating of 5 out of 5. See also DVD authoring List of DVD authoring applications References External links Menu Creator for DVD Flick Overview Free DVD burning software Software that uses FFmpeg Video conversion software Windows-only free software
李殿英（），字奎垣（又作奎元、魁垣），生於清帝國直隸省淶水縣山後店上村，武術家，擅形意拳，為郭雲深之徒。其徒孫祿堂、馬耀南。生平幼年時擅長小楷字，開始練習拳術，曾從易州許某學習彈腿與八極拳。成年後，以保鏢護院為生，從郭雲深學習形意拳。其弟子孫祿堂。註釋清朝武術家形意拳李姓涞水人
UTC+01:30 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +01:30. History It was used by the then-governments of the Orange Free State, Transvaal and the Cape Colony from 1892 to 1903 in what is now South Africa. This time zone was also used briefly by the former German South West Africa (present-day Namibia). See also History of time zones in Namibia History of time zones in South Africa References UTC offsets Time in South Africa
Refalo is a surname of Maltese origin. People with the surname Anton Refalo (born 1956), Maltese politician Michael Refalo (1936–2015), Maltese politician and diplomat Michelangelo Refalo, Maltese judge Surnames Maltese-language surnames
Bert Aipassa (born 7 December 1969 in the Netherlands Antilles) is a Dutch retired footballer. Career After making 23 league appearances for Utrecht in the Dutch top flight, Aipassa was sentenced to one year in prison for driving from a fatal car accident. Following his release, he played in the Dutch lower leagues for Breukelen and Chabab. References External links Dutch men's footballers Living people Men's association football defenders 1969 births Dutch people of Moluccan descent FC Utrecht players Footballers from Willemstad
绝经期尿失禁的西医治疗？药物治疗(1)-肾上腺素能激动剂：尿道主要受-肾上腺素交感神经系统支配。(2)雌激素替代：对雌激素低下妇女用雌激素替代治疗是很重要的，尤其是绝经后妇女。单用雌激素替代治疗可以缓解10%～30%的绝经后张力性尿失禁症状，还可以减轻尿急等其他泌尿道症状。雌激素治疗可以联合-肾上腺素能激动剂增加治疗效果。阴道内给雌激素比口服给药见效快，但从保持疗效来说，两者是一样的。其他治疗：轻、中度压力性尿失禁患者可考虑非手术治疗，非手术治疗也可用于手术治疗前后的辅助治疗。(1)盆底肌肉锻炼(PFME)：又称为Kegel运动。Kegel首先发现反复收缩耻骨尾骨肌可以增强盆底肌肉组织的张力，减轻或防止尿失禁。方法为做缩紧提肛肌的动作，每次收紧不少于3s，然后放松。连续做15～30min，每天进行2～3次;或每天做Kegel运动150～200次，6周为1个疗程。30%～40%的病人会有不同程度改善，患者的生活质量有不同程度的提高。病人收缩提肛肌的情况可以通过在收缩时将两指尖放在阴道中来评价，指尖受到侧方压力说明肌肉收缩。可以将阴道压力计、阴道重物、球形导管放入阴道的方法提高触觉敏感性，增强盆底运动的效果。Kegel运动的效果与运动的熟练程度有关。盆底运动可将长收缩与短收缩结合起来，锻炼慢收缩与快收缩的肌肉纤维。Elser对181例Kegel运动8周后行尿动力学参数评价，发现对最大尿道关闭压、压力传导率、尿道旋转角度、第一尿感膀胱容量和最大膀胱容量均无影响，认为起盆底肌肉锻炼临床有效，但机制不明。(2)膀胱训练：膀胱训练为指导病人记录每天的饮水和排尿情况，填写膀胱功能训练表，有意识地延长排尿间隔，最后达到2.5～3h排尿1次，使病人学会通过抑制尿急，延迟排尿。此法要求病人无精神障碍。对有压力性尿失禁和逼尿肌不稳定的混合性尿失禁有一定疗效。(3)佩带止尿器：止尿器是由硅橡胶材料制成，形状像帽子，直径3.0cm，高2.5cm，中间乳头直径0.5cm以下。将乳头对准尿道外口，靠乳头产生的微弱负压，并用药膏将外缘密封。其作用是乳头产生的负压将尿道外口黏膜和远端尿道吸入并使之对合，同时对尿道远端组织起稳定及支托作用。文献报道主观治愈率为20%，49%压力性尿失禁病人的症状有明显改善。止尿器也有置于尿道内的，效果优于外置止尿器，但易引发尿路感染。物理疗法-电刺激盆底电刺激通过增强盆底肌肉力量，提高尿道关闭压来改善控尿能力。每次min，一周2次，6周为1个疗程。有效率为30%左右。(1)作用机制：电刺激盆底及尿道周围横纹肌收缩，增加尿道功能长度和尿道壁张力，增加膀胱尿道后角度和缩小尿道内径。并由于盆底肌肉受刺激后的反射作用，能抑制逼尿肌的无抑制性收缩和增加膀胱容量。电刺激作用的过程首先作用于阴部神经，使之兴奋，再使肌肉收缩，并不能直接使肌肉收缩，因此，阴部神经已有损害时，行盆底肌肉电刺激对尿失禁并无治疗作用。(2)适应证：压力性尿失禁，膀胱颈或尿道修复手术后尿失禁，上运动神经性膀胱的尿失禁。(3)禁忌证：绝对禁忌证：上尿路功能不良，严重输尿管反流，膀胱容量小于150ml，残余尿量大于100ml。相对禁忌证：电刺激时尿道压力改变及尿路感染。(4)类型及使用：通过感应电流，使盆底肌肉收缩，电刺激器的电压9V，脉冲20～200min/s，电流强度以病人耐受为度。分为肛门电极、阴道电极、植入电极，对于难治性冲动型尿失禁，神经调节可以产生明显缓解，通过刺激下位骶神经根，刺激电极置于第三骶孔处皮肤，可产生膀胱逼尿肌抑制。这是目前条件下治疗尿失禁相对较新的技术。对于没有明显盆底脱垂、冲动型尿失禁、功能性排空障碍及神经源性膀胱、尿道功能失调的轻、中度SUI患者，物理疗法能达到一定的治疗效果。阴道、肛门电极：启动电源刺激至病人感到肌肉收缩或疼痛为止，有尿意或排便感时关闭。植入电极：适用于阴道、肛门刺激虽有效，但发生以下情况时应用：腹部痉挛、腹泻;病人无法耐受长期使用;未能完全控制尿失禁。(5)疗效：使用6～12周症状改善，6个月达最佳治疗效果，70%～80%患者病情改善;40%～50%患者对治疗结果十分满意，20%患者完全治愈，以压力性尿失禁效果最佳。(6)并发症：局部异物反应、溃疡、穿孔等。手术治疗：根据尿失禁的不同类型选择不同的手术治疗方法。(1)经耻骨后膀胱尿道悬吊术：作用机制：通过恢复膀胱颈及尿道在耻骨后的正常位置，增大尿道后角，伸长尿道，增强尿道阻力，以纠正尿道运动过强所致的尿失禁，这类手术能够纠正中度膀胱膨出，对于重度膀胱膨出的患者，手术后可能导致排尿障碍。手术指征：膀胱颈抬高试验阳性者或膀胱尿道造影在腹压增加时膀胱颈位置低于正常者。膀胱尿道造影仅尿道后角消失的第一型压力性尿失禁或除尿道后角消失外，尿道斜倾角也大于45°的第二型压力性尿失禁者，需伸长尿道者。复发问题：无论采取何种手术方式，复发率都随术后时间的推移而增加，这是由于年龄和影响发病机制的新病理情况的出现所引起的。Demirci对65例的5年前瞻性研究和155例的5年回顾性研究发现，压力性尿失禁患者术后复发除与有前次有纠正尿失禁的手术史有关外，还与不适当的抬高膀胱颈和膀胱稳定性有关(Demirci，1999)。Moore对33例压力性尿失禁手术失败(17例为开腹耻骨后悬吊术、11例为缝针法悬吊术、5例为悬吊带术)行腹腔镜下Burch手术，32例(97%)完全在腹腔镜下完成。3例发生并发症：2例为膀胱损伤，1例肠管浆膜损伤。术后平均随访18.6个月，治愈率为90%。Azam等报道对压力性尿失禁手术失败的67名患者行TVT手术，术后1年治愈率为81%，6%为明显改善，另13%为无效。并未发现严重的并发症和术后病率，认为TVT手术对复发的张力性尿失禁治疗有效。一次手术失败增加了再次手术失败及术后并发症发生的可能性。术者一定要摒弃可以先做简单易行的手术，待失败或复发时再行复杂手术的观点。应在首次手术时即选择可达最优效果的术式。(2)经阴道修补术：作用机制：是治疗压力性尿失禁较早采用的一种手术治疗方法，主要通过尿道折叠增强膀胱颈及尿道后壁的力量，以治疗压力性尿失禁合并膀胱膨出。手术指征：膀胱颈位置正常，尿道长度正常，尿道后角消失的第一型压力性尿失禁或尿道后角消失的尿道倾斜角大于45°的第二型压力性尿失禁并伴阴道前壁膨出者。并发症：与所有的手术治疗一样，悬吊术可产生一些并发症，如出血、感染、深静脉血栓、肺栓塞、膀胱损伤、输尿管与尿道损伤、膀胱不稳定性增加以及输出道不畅导致尿潴留、过度纠正或膀胱颈悬吊过高是常见排尿不畅的原因，耻骨阴道肌悬吊可导致5～10%病例发生长期尿潴留，因此患者术后需作好间歇留置导尿管的准备。人工合成吊索材料的运用，也与较高的感染率及尿道糜烂有关。(3)人工尿道括约肌及尿道周围胶原注射：作用机制：在尿道周围注射膨胀剂以增强尿道厚度，并保持尿道闭合及增加流出道阻力。手术指征：患者具有较低的漏尿腹内压，最好<65cmH2O，并具有正常的膀胱功能及足够的盆底支持。尤其适合于不能耐受或不愿接受手术治疗的老年患者。
雷杰普·切马尔·迈达尼（阿尔巴尼亚语：Rexhep Qemal Meidani，），阿尔巴尼亚固体物理学家，阿尔巴尼亚社会党总书记（1996年9月至2001年6月任）。1997年至2002年任阿尔巴尼亚总统。地拉那人阿尔巴尼亚总统 20世紀物理學家
Fred Perry defeated Jack Crawford 6–3, 11–13, 4–6, 6–0, 6–1 in the final to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1933 U.S. National Championships. It was Perry's first Grand Slam title overall, and the first of three U.S. Championships. Seeds The tournament used two lists of eight players for seeding the men's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Fred Perry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated. Ellsworth Vines (fourth round) Frank Shields (semifinals) Wilmer Allison (fourth round) Clifford Sutter (quarterfinals) Frank Parker (third round) Sidney Wood (fourth round) Lester Stoefen (semifinals) Gregory Mangin (quarterfinals) Jack Crawford (finalist) Fred Perry (champion) Jiro Satoh (fourth round) Harry Lee (fourth round) Ryosuke Nunoi (fourth round) Vivian McGrath (fourth round) Eikichi Ito (second round) Adrian Quist (quarterfinals) Draw Final eight Earlier rounds Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8 References External links 1933 U.S. National Championships on ITFtennis.com , the source for this draw Men's Singles 1933
本表首栏为英文圣人名称。由于天主教会、圣公会、东正教会等在中国及其他使用中文的地区传教时间和途径不同，故对同样的圣人名称有不同的传统译法。兹罗列其各自传统译名如下。有些译名中原为地名者被传统译法译成人名的一部分，并得到广泛使用，为尊重传统计，兹将此等及类似译名列于准确译名后的括号内。参考文献见基督教聖人列表。 Q 基督教圣人列表
Class Z 26500是阿爾斯通公司於2004與2005年間為法國國家鐵路所建造的雙層電聯車。在法國鐵路運輸上，可區分為2或3輛客車的Class Z 24500及4或5輛客車的Class Z 26500。盧森堡阿爾斯通依Clas Z 24500為原型，為盧森堡國家鐵路建造了22組CFL Class 2200電聯車。照片
经常对着电脑怎么去除黑眼圈？当今社会，很多年轻人会利用夜间时间进行通宵达旦的玩手机玩电脑，长期熬夜，不但会对身体健康不利，而且还会产生一些影响自身形象的黑眼圈现象，黑眼圈一旦出现，会让很多人措手不及。经常对着电脑，去除黑眼圈的方法有：可以用热敷的方式来进行去除，用热水将毛巾浸湿后敷在眼部，这样可以增强眼圈周围的血液循环，所以用这种方法可以去除黑眼圈；还可以通过整形手术来进行去除，但是一定要选择正规的医院，因为去黑眼圈的手术做不好的话，会对眼睛的健康有很大影响；黑眼圈也可以用眼部按摩膏或者贴眼贴的方法来进行去除，这种方法虽然不能从根本上去除黑眼圈，但是却可以将黑眼圈明显的淡化；另外，土豆是非常好的去除黑眼圈的食物，可以将土豆切片，然后贴在眼睛周围，一定要注意切的薄一点，这样眼部吸收效果才会更好。黑眼圈的成因：眼周表皮薄，眼睛周围的表皮天生就比较薄，因此肌肤的色素或皮下血管的颜色容易显现出来;当血液流经此处的大静脉时，便会出现蓝黑色的眼圈。血液循环弱，血液循环差、鼻部过敏、眼睛疲劳等情况都会引起黑眼圈。生活习惯影响，自身的生活习惯不好，如经常熬夜、抽烟、喝酒、吃刺激性食物、情绪困扰，还有身体状况差等都会引起黑眼圈。如果本身已经有了黑眼圈，那么情绪会加倍恶化。预防黑眼圈常见的措施如下：使用成分过重的眼霜会令你在清早起来时双眼显得浮肿，所以应选择配方较为轻柔的眼霜或者喱；几片黄瓜或冷藏过的茶包永远是快捷便宜的消肿好帮手；过度疲倦，暴晒或本身微血管功能弱，容易引起血液循环差，导致黑眼圈，充足的睡眠及休息才能对抗黑眼圈产生；眼部肌肤老化，导致眼部产生皱纹，失去弹性，预防黑眼圈，首先要注意外出时擦适当的眼部保养品；预防黑眼圈，记着必须使用适当的眼部卸妆用品，才可以彻底卸除所有眼部化妆，包括防水睫毛液，误用不当的卸妆用品可能会导致双眸敏感不适。
细菌协同性坏疽的鉴别诊断？1.皮肤炭疽病病原菌为炭疽杆菌，感染皮肤初起为奇痒的红斑疹，后出现水泡。病变中央暗紫色，充满血和脓液，破溃后形成溃疡，结黑色干痂。多有较严重的全身症状，引流淋巴结肿大，常可并发严重的败血症，数日内可死亡。2.气性坏疽致病菌主要为产气荚膜杆菌，一般有明显的创伤史，病情进展迅速，以肌肉坏死为主，也可有皮肤的坏死。感染灶周围有“捻发音”，X线片可见到软组织中的气影。3.坏死性筋膜炎亦是多种病原菌的混合性感染。但感染主要侵犯筋膜，除非原发病累及肌肉，一般少有肌肉坏死，此病全身中毒症状出现早、症状重。4.蜂窝织炎为化脓性细菌引起的皮下软组织感染，表面皮肤由于供血中断而坏死，而少有深部肌肉组织坏死，经充分引流、应用抗生素后感染常容易控制。
核盘菌属（学名：Sclerotinia），是核盘菌科下的一个属。下属物种本属包括以下物种： Sclerotinia aconitincola Rehm Sclerotinia angustior J.M. Reade Sclerotinia antarctica Gamundí & Spinedi Sclerotinia arctica M.E. Elliott 细辛核盘菌 Sclerotinia asari Y. Wu & C.R. Wang Sclerotinia atrostipitata Svrček Sclerotinia bifrons Seaver & Shope 北方核盘菌 Sclerotinia borealis Bubák & Vleugel Sclerotinia brevipes (Bosch) Boud. Sclerotinia bryophila Kirschst. Sclerotinia bulborum (Wakker) Sacc. Sclerotinia caricina Velen. Sclerotinia carlinae Velen. Sclerotinia carnea Velen. Sclerotinia carpini Klika Sclerotinia caudata Velen. Sclerotinia chaenomelis E. Fisch. Sclerotinia cirsii-spinosissimi Senn-Irlet Sclerotinia coloradensis E.K. Cash & R.W. Davidson Sclerotinia cylindrica Velen. 德氏核盘菌 Sclerotinia draytoni Buddin et Wakefied Sclerotinia fagopyri Hori Sclerotinia fallax (Sacc.) E.K. Cash & R.W. Davidson Sclerotinia festucae Velen. Sclerotinia filipes (W. Phillips) Sacc. Sclerotinia fredericae Svrček 果产核盘菌 Sclerotinia fructigena Aderh.etRull.= Monilinia fructigena (Aderh.et Rull) Honey 果生核盘菌 Sclerotinia fructicola (Wint)Rehm. = Monilinia fructicola (Wint) Honey 富克尔核盘菌 Sclerotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Fuckel Sclerotinia galeopsidis Velen. Sclerotinia ginseng C.R. Wang, C.F. Chen & J. Chen Sclerotinia glacialis Frank Graf & T. Schumach. Sclerotinia glandicola Velen. Sclerotinia globispora Velen. Sclerotinia hartii (Berk.) Boud. Sclerotinia helvelloidea Henn. Sclerotinia herbiseda Velen. Sclerotinia himalayensis M.P. Sharma & K.S. Thind Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Benn. Sclerotinia hordei Schellenb. 荘生核盘菌 Sclerotinia johnsonii (Ell.et Ev.) Rehm. Sclerotinia juncigena (Ellis & Everh.) Whetzel Sclerotinia kitajimana K. Ito & Y. Hosaka 桃褐腐核盘菌 Sclerotinia laxa (Ehr.)Aderh.et Rull.= Monilinia laxa (Aderh.et Rull.) Honey 桃褐腐核盘菌苹果生理型 Sclerotinia laxa f. mali (Wormala) Harr. Sclerotinia lentiformis Velen. Sclerotinia longisclerotialis Whetzel Sclerotinia luzulae Whetzel 苹果核盘菌 Sclerotinia mali Takahashi Sclerotinia matthiolae Lendn. Sclerotinia menieri Boud. 小孢核盘菌 Sclerotinia microspora Velen. 小核盘菌 Sclerotinia minor Jagger 宫部核盘菌 Sclerotinia miyabeana Hanzawa Sclerotinia moelleriana Henn. Sclerotinia monieri Boud. Sclerotinia muscorum A.L. Sm. & Ramsb. Sclerotinia myrtaceae Rick 烟草核盘菌 Sclerotinia nicotianae Oudem. & Jos. König Sclerotinia nigromarginata Velen. Sclerotinia nivalis I. Saito Sclerotinia nyssogena (Ellis) Rehm Sclerotinia ocymi Voglino Sclerotinia pallida Velen. Sclerotinia paridis (Boud.) Sacc. & Traverso 天竺葵核盘菌 Sclerotinia pelangonii (Roed)Roed Sclerotinia phormii J.V. Almeida & Sousa da Câmara Sclerotinia pocula (Sw.) Boud. Sclerotinia podophyllina (Whetzel) Arx Sclerotinia pseudoplatani Svrček Sclerotinia rathenowiana Kirschst. Sclerotinia richteriana Henn. & Staritz Sclerotinia ricini G.H. Godfrey Sclerotinia riograndensis Rick Sclerotinia salicina Velen. Sclerotinia sativa Drayton & J.W. Groves 参核盘菌 Sclerotinia schinseng Sclerotinia schoenicola Whetzel 核盘菌 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Sclerotinia serica M.A. Keay Sclerotinia solani Vaňha Sclerotinia spermophila Noble Sclerotinia subarctica Winton, Krohn & R.H. Leiner Sclerotinia sulcata (Roberge ex Desm.) Whetzel Sclerotinia tenella (P. Karst.) Boud. 窄胞核盘菌 Sclerotinia tenuispora Velen. 四胞核盘菌 Sclerotinia tetraspora Holst-Jensen & T. Schumach. 三叶草核盘菌 Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. Sclerotinia trillii Y. Harada & Narumi Sclerotinia veratri E.K. Cash & R.W. Davidson Sclerotinia verrucispora Baral Sclerotinia veselyi Pilát & Svrček Sclerotinia vesicaria Giesenh. 威斯康星核盘菌 Sclerotinia wisconsinensis Rehm Sclerotinia xanthorrhoeae'' G.W. Beaton & Weste 参考文献 H H
乳酸司帕沙星片禁忌症是什么？对喹诺酮类药物过敏者、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、18岁以下患者禁用。
家族中有唐氏综合征的人会遗传吗？唐氏综合征也叫21三体综合征，是染色体病，主要表现为智力低下、生长发育迟缓和特殊面容，如鼻梁低、双眼眼距宽、眼裂小、内眦赘皮、常张口伸舌等特殊面容。该病没有特殊治疗方法，可以通过查染色体明确。在治疗时要采用早期的训练与教育，以使宝宝达到智能发育和体能的改善，于高龄产妇较常见。为避免该病的发生，目前在产前孕检可以做筛查，所以，要做好产前筛查和诊断工作。家族中有唐氏综合征是不会遗传的，唐氏综合症并不是遗传性疾病，所以是否有家族史是没有参考意义的，唐氏综合症是一种由于基因突变而引起的先天性疾病，是多了一条21号染色体而引起的，可能是由于在怀孕期间孕妇生病、用药以及接触射线等有害物质而引起的，由于唐氏综合症是基因型疾病，所以目前没有能够治愈的方法。唐氏综合征对一个家庭的打击是很大的，预防措施如下：1、遗传咨询，孕妇年龄愈大，风险率愈高。标准型唐氏综合征的再发风险率为1%。易位型患儿的双亲应进行核型分析，以便发现平衡易位携带者：如母方为D/G易位，则每一胎都有10%的风险率;如父方为D/G易位，则风险率为4%。绝大多数G/G易位病例均为散发，父母亲核型大多正常，但亦有发现21/21易位携带者，其下一代100%罹患本病。2、产前诊断，是防止唐氏综合征患儿出生的有效措施。已有该病生育史的夫妇再次生育时应作产前诊断，即染色体核型分析，取样包括孕中期羊膜腔穿刺作羊水细胞、孕中期胚胎绒毛细胞和孕中期脐带血淋巴细胞等分析。产前筛查血清标志物HCG、AFP测定有一定临床意义，因为它能够减少羊膜穿刺进行产前诊断的盲目性，提示高危孕妇群的存在，使这些孕妇得以作进一步的产前检查和咨询，最大限度地防止唐氏综合征患儿的出生。
《超人/蝙蝠侠：公众之敌》（）是一部2009年录像带首映的原创动画超级英雄电影，改写自DC漫画公司推出的連載《超人/蝙蝠侠》的第一個同名事件。主要敘述超人和蝙蝠侠合作，以阻止一个陨石撞向地球以及對抗當時就任美国总统的雷克斯·路瑟。这部电影是第六部由华纳首映和华纳兄弟动画发布的DC宇宙动画原创电影。雖然本作不是發生在DC動畫宇宙的故事，但本作的配音演员不少都擔任過DCAU。注释这部動畫电影是以下知名角色在动画的首次登場：超能女孩、Major Force、Lady Shiva、Owen Mercer、Nightshade、Shrike和Girder。當两人通过下水道前往蝙蝠洞時，超人提及喜鹊，在超人1986年的個人連載钢铁之躯中，她是第一个由蝙蝠侠和超人联合起来对付的反派。这是一个参考取自早期的图画小说。劇中蝙蝠侠告诉超人“自找的麻烦自己负责”，而超人回答他已经有過一个了，指的是他与毀滅日的第一次戰鬥。超能女孩的配音演员艾莉森·麦克，曾經在CW电视网推出的影集《超人前传》中饰演突出角色克洛伊·苏利文，也是目前唯一一个在影视作品中正式为超能女孩配音的演员。綠光戰警约翰·斯图尔特在漫画也有登場，但并没有出现在电影中。参考文献外部链接 2009年美國動畫電影 DC宇宙动画原创电影基于杰夫·洛布电影 2009年音像版电影蝙蝠俠動畫電影超人動畫電影 2009年錄影帶首映電影劉山姆電影
浅表性胃炎怎么治疗最好？胃炎是因为个人或者疾病引起的一种胃部的炎症病变，就是胃黏膜对胃内各种刺激因素的炎症反应，为最常见的消化系统疾病之一。生理性炎症是胃黏膜屏障的组成部分，但当炎症使胃黏膜屏障及胃腺结构受损，可出现上腹部疼痛、消化不良、上消化道出血甚至癌变的情况。胃炎可以分为很多种，但是比较严重的属于慢性胃炎中的浅表性胃炎是比较严重的一种，可以通过饮食治疗和药物治疗，保守治疗来缓解症状得到治疗，大多数都是可以吃一些专业治疗胃炎的药物，和抑制胃酸生长的药物。但是因为每个病人的病因和病情有所差别，所以要去正规的医院做相关的检查以后，让大夫制定适合病人的治疗方案之后再配合治疗。如果情况比较严重的，也可以配合一些抗身素和消炎药物治疗，还可以去正规的中医院搭配一些中药来辅助治疗。治疗期间还要注意以容易消化的食物为主，不要吃容易上火的食物。因为胃炎的病因也很多，比如生物因素，主要是指各种致病菌及毒素，如沙门菌、大肠菌及金黄色葡萄球菌毒素和肉毒杆菌毒素等。一般进食受到细菌或毒素污染的食物，数小时后即可发生胃炎。此外，幽门螺杆菌是慢性胃炎的主要致病菌，就会导致胃炎的发生。还有可能是物理因素，如过冷或过热食物、粗糙食物、浓茶、浓咖啡、烈酒以及辛辣刺激食物对胃黏膜的长期刺激，可导致胃黏膜反复损伤，也会引起胃炎。通常胃炎的病人还会出现上腹痛、胀满、恶心、呕吐和食欲不振等，重症可有呕血、黑便、脱水、酸中毒或休克，还有一部分比较严重的病人食欲不振、嗳气、反酸、恶心等消化不良的症状。因为胃炎严重影响到了病人的饮食生活质量，所以日常生活中保持一个良好的饮食习惯能有效远离胃炎。
蛋白质与脂类相互作用是指膜蛋白和脂类的相互的物理状态的影响。要了解膜的结构和功能，相關的问题有：内在膜蛋白与脂类是否紧密结合，以及接近蛋白质的脂层的性质如何？膜蛋白对膜脂的动力学和顺序是否有长远影响？脂类如何影響膜蛋白的功能和结构？结合在双分子脂层表面的外周膜蛋白如何与脂类相互作用，并影响它们的行为？双分子层中内在膜蛋白的脂类结合大量的研究工作围绕「蛋白质是否存在对特定脂类的专一性结合位点？」，還有「蛋白质-脂质复合物是否可视作长久耐用物质？」典型的酶变换一次所需时间為10−3秒。现有测定方法是通过使用2H-NMR、电子自旋谐振和荧光标记法实现的。有两个方法来测定特定膜蛋白的脂类结合相对亲和力：在接近膜蛋白时，自旋标记的磷脂运动将受限，结果在ESR光谱上的相应部分将变宽。实验光谱可以分成两个部分进行分析，一部分是在大块脂质相中快速翻转的一种，光谱较窄，而另一部分是接近膜蛋白的运动受限的部分。自旋标记的和溴化的脂类衍生物能够淬灭来自膜蛋白的色氨酸的荧光。淬灭的有效性和脂类衍生物与荧光色氨酸的距离成反比。这些方法要求使用的脂类类似物，可以在重新构造的包含待研究蛋白的磷脂囊泡中找到。由于横向膜蛋白的存在的脂双层的扰动大部分2H-NMR实验都加入氘代磷脂，以证明蛋白质的存在，对双分子层脂类的顺序参数和脂类动力学的影响微乎其微。通观全局，从NMR实验中得出的结论有：第一，边界和自由脂类间的交换速率是迅速的，每秒107次；第二，边界脂类的顺序参数不太可能因为接近蛋白质而受影响；第三，酰基链再定位动力只是在每秒109次的频率范围内减慢；第四，在任何可观的方式下，极性头部的方向和动力，同样不因接近跨膜蛋白而受影响。最近公布的研究结果使用的是非标记的光学方法，如能测定脂类双分子层的双折射（或顺序）的双偏振干涉，这些结果已经被用于展示多肽和蛋白质相互作用如何影响双分子层顺序，尤其是证明在多肽渗入和扰乱双分子层顺序后双分子层和重要多肽聚集的实时联系。膜蛋白的主链和固体链动力学固态核磁共振技术可以提供关于一个膜蛋白中单个氨基酸残基的动力学的详细信息。然而，该技术要求大量（100至200毫克）的用同位素标记过的蛋白质，而且，当应用于可进行光谱分析的小分子蛋白时，产生的信息将最为有效。外周膜蛋白结合的脂类双分子层很多外周膜蛋白主要通过与膜内在蛋白的相互作用结合到膜上，但有很多种蛋白质是直接与脂双分子层表面相互作用，其中有一些蛋白（如髓鞘碱性蛋白）和血影蛋白扮演主要的结构角色。大量的可溶性蛋白能暂时的或是在特殊条件下结合在双分子层表面。结合过程可由两性蛋白二级结构域作为媒介，通过与脂类相互作用诱导和趋于稳定。错误折叠过程通常会把蛋白质的疏水区域暴露出来，它经常与脂膜的自聚和随后的聚合过程有关，也经常表现在神经退行性疾病、神经压力和细胞凋亡上。已经有人在研究抑制这种过程的方法。参见脂类参考资料延伸阅读： Robert B. Gennis. "Biomembranes, Molecular structure and function". Springer Verlag, New York, 1989. H L Scott, Jr & T J Coe. "A theoretical study of lipid-protein interactions in bilayers". Biophys J. 1983 June; 42(3): 219–224. 生物化学蛋白质脂類
The bombard (, ) is a contemporary conical-bore double-reed instrument widely used to play traditional Breton music. The bombard is a woodwind instrument, and a member of the shawm family. Like most shawms, it has a broad and very powerful sound, vaguely resembling a trumpet. It is played as other shawms are played, with the double reed placed between the lips. The second octave is 'over-blown'; achieved via increased lip and air pressure or through the use of an octave key. It plays a diatonic scale of up to two octaves, although contemporary instruments frequently have added keywork permitting some degree of chromaticism. A bombard player is known as a talabarder after 'talabard', the older Breton name for the bombard. The tradition: Sonneurs de Couple Traditional Breton musicians are referred to as Sonerien (in Breton) or Sonneurs (in French). Musicians playing in pairs are also referred to as "sonneurs de couple". While 'Soner' originally referred only to the bombard player, the meaning long ago expanded to also include other traditional musicians. Call-and-response remains a central aspect of Breton music regardless of the instruments used. The paired kan ha diskan vocal tradition, which remains vitally active today, perhaps formed the original basis for all other pairings of Breton musicians. In some parts of Brittany from the late 19th century onwards, the most popular 'sonneurs de couple' were the paired treujenn gaol clarinet and accompanying button accordion. Bombards in their most traditional setting are accompanied by a bagpipe called a biniou kozh ("ancient bagpipe"), which plays an octave above the bombard. The bombard calls, and the biniou responds. The bombard requires so much lip pressure and breath support that a talabarder can rarely play a sustained melody line. The biniou plays the melody continuously, while the bombard takes breaks, establishing the call-and-response pattern. Prior to World War I, a given pair of Soners would typically cover all of the weddings, funerals, and other social occasions within a given territory, which would be jealously guarded from other performers. This duet of bombard and pipes, also occasionally accompanied by a drummer in past centuries, has been practiced for at least 500 years in Brittany in an unbroken tradition and must be considered the heart and soul of this instrument's place in Breton culture. Revival in the bagadoù In the first part of the twentieth century, the number of players of bombards and biniou kozh decreased significantly. In the late '40s, the creation of the Bagad, a specifically Breton ensemble of bagpipes, bombards and drums, by figures such as Polig Monjarret and the organization Bodadeg ar Sonerion (Brotherhood of Musicians), offered a new role to the bombard. Now most towns in Brittany have one or several Bagadoù (plural in Breton for "Bagad"), and they continually compete with each other in a series of annual tournaments and festivals. As the bagad is a Breton take on the Scottish pipe band concept, the music initially performed was typically martial in character. Now the Bagadoù play dance music, traditional melodies and new compositions. The large number of bombard players in the Bagadoù has been a key factor in the successful popularization of the instrument. Another key factor has been the revitalization of the traditional pairing of the bombard and biniou in the 1970s with the Breton cultural revival, thanks to the success of Alan Stivell and the development of "Fest Noz" dances and traditional music competitions. Still evolving: Fest-Noz and beyond "Essentially a shawm or oboe--that is, a pipe with a conical bore, a double reed, and finger-holes...traditional Breton bombardoù are probably very close to the original progenitor of the oboe family." The bombard is an instrument that has been in constant evolution, with many different keys developed as well as sophisticated silver key-work enabling chromatic possibilities. Milder versions in lower ranges such as Youenn Le Bihan's "piston" (an oboe/bombard hybrid, typically based in the key of Re/D) have been developed for use in mixed ensembles. A class of professional musicians and instrument makers has emerged, as well as standardized reeds and commonly available tutorial materials. Today, both the biniou and bombard are played in combination with an unlimited number of instruments (voice, saxophone, piano, organ, clarinet or treujenn gaol, fiddle, flutes, guitar, percussion… ) in fest-noz, groups and ensembles of all styles - from classical to folk, rock, pop, punk, metal - in arrangements of traditional Breton dance tunes or in new compositions. Musicians and instrument makers Some sonerien: Gildas Moal Christian Faucheur Georges Epinette André Le Meut.. Jorj Botuha Christophe Caron Sabine Le Coadou Cyrille Bonneau David Pasquet Josick Allot Eric Beaumin Odran Plantec Jean Baron Mathieu Sérot Stéphane Hardy Serge Riou Yann Kermabon Youenn Le Bihan Ivonig Le Mestre Erwan Hamon Daniel Feon Jil Lehart (Gilles Lehart) Some instrument makers: Hervieux & Glet Jorj Botuha Youenn Le Bihan Axone (Jean-Luc Ollivier) Yvon Le Coant Jil Lehart (Gilles Lehart) Christian Besrechel Éric Ollu Rudy Le Doyen Dorig Le Voyer Some recordings: "Evit Dañsal" Jil Lehart and Daniel Féon "An disput" Gildas Moal and René Chaplain "Plijadur" Jorj Botuha, with Pascal Guingo, Philippe Quillay, Pascal Marsault "Kerzh Ba'n Dañs" Skolvan Films Of Pipers and Wrens (1997). Produced and directed by Gei Zantzinger, in collaboration with Dastum. Lois V. Kuter, ethnomusicological consultant. Devault, Pennsylvania: Constant Spring Productions. Notes References External links Free method for self-learning the Breton Bombard (pdf to download) Breton musical instruments Celtic musical instruments French musical instruments Oboes Single oboes with conical bore
懷特岩（），是南極洲的岩石，位於葛拉漢地的葛拉漢海岸，在1957年由阿根廷政府繪入地圖，在1959年由英國南極名稱諮詢委員會命名，現時由南極條約體系管理。參考資料南極洲岩石
伯纳德·巴鲁克（，），是一名美国金融家、股票投资商、慈善家、政治家。生平 1870年生于南卡罗来纳州卡姆登，毕业于纽约市立学院。曾在美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊和富兰克林·罗斯福手下担任政治顾问。外部链接 Bernard M. Baruch Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University Bernard Baruch writings and speeches, 1919–1958, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Bernard Baruch Portrait Bernard Baruch – Jewish Virtual Library Bernard Baruch Bench Of Inspiration Baruch College of the City University of New York Investment Banking Club – Bernard Baruch College Annotated bibliography for Bernard Baruch from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Brown, Gates: Baruch, Bernard Mannes, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. FBI file on Bernard Baruch FBI file on Bernard Baruch at the Internet Archive FBI files on Bernard Baruch at vault.fbi.gov Hobcaw Barony photos and history 紐約市立學院校友德国犹太裔美国人美国政治顾问美國金融家美国投资者美国犹太慈善家美国犹太政治人物陆军杰出服役勋章获得者冷戰人物美国总统顾问
The was an ideological manifesto issued by the Ministry of Education of Japan during World War II aimed at Japan's domestic audience to explain in clear terms what was expected of them "as a people, nation and race". Origins During the summer of 1941, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe ordered the Minister of Education of Japan to compose a "Bible of the Japanese People", under the title of Shinmin no michi, which was also sometimes called Hito-do (Subject's Way), or Shinja-do (The Way of the Follower). The first edition of 30,000 was issued in August 1941 and distributed to all schools in Japan. The Shinmin no michi offered three chapters which required only a few minutes of reading, explaining how subjects of the Emperor were to behave. It also presented a brief overview of world history from the Japanese viewpoint in the first third of the first chapter. Themes One of the main theme of the book dwelled on the direct descent of Emperor Shōwa from the goddess Amaterasu and the religious characterization of the Kokutai which was identified as a "theocracy" in which "The way of subjects of the Emperor issues from polity of the Emperor, and is to guard and maintain the Imperial Throne coexistent with the Heavens and the Earth." Emperor Shōwa and his war (seisen) were described as "holy". The virtues he embodied were unique and immutable. "The Imperial Family is the fountain source of Japanese nation, and national and private life issue from this. The way of the subject is to be loyal to the Emperor in disregard of self, thereby supporting the Imperial Throne coexistensive with the Heavens and the Earth." Filial piety and loyalty were the supreme virtues of the subjects of the imperial state and the book denounced the "individualism", liberalism, utilitarianism and materialism that imperiled those virtues. "the country was contaminated by perverted thinking and our sacred duty is to clean this and to return to the virtuous customs of our ancestors. It is by working with harmony and cooperation and making manifest our national dignity that the Heavenly Spirits of our Ancestors should be obeyed in a dutiful manner, which, by working in harmony with others, is for the greater glory of the Throne". The Shinmin no michi also argued that the Allied powers had bent on world domination for centuries, and had been quite successful as evidenced by the fact that only a few thousand Europeans now ruled over 450 million Asians. The western values system, based on greed and self-indulgence, was seen as to blame for countless bloody wars of aggression, and for the current world economic crisis. America was singled out for special criticism, with mention made of black slavery and the mistreatment of minorities and immigrants. "the entry of Western countries in all parts of whole world, including the Far East, has given them international domination, and also led them to believe that they themselves possess the right to commit injurious acts against others". Regarding the "holy" war in China: "Viewed from the standpoint of world history, the China Affair is a step toward the construction of a world of moral principles by Japan. The building up of a new order for securing lasting peace of the world will be attained by the disposal of the China Affair as a stepping stone." (...) The China Affair is a bold task for Japan to propagate the ideals of the Empire founding throughout East Asia and the world over (...) Japan is the fountain source of the Yamato race, Manchukuo its reservoir, and East Asia is its paddy field." The United States and Great Britain were accused in the Shinmin no michi of impeding the establishment of a state of general peace between Japan and China. The other sections refer to correct social and moral customs, some racial and eugenic ideas, theology and religion, martial doctrines and other aspects of local customs. Way of the Family The Shinmin no michi (Way of Subjects) was supplemented in 1942 by the Ie no michi (家の道 or formally, 家の道：文部省戦時家庭教育指導要項解説 Ie no michi: Monbushō senji katei kyōiku shidō yōkō kaisetsu), which elaborated on sections of the Kokutai no hongi (国体の本義 "Cardinal Principles of the National Entity") pertaining to traditional hierarchical familial relationships. Family harmony is maintained by having each member fulfill his/her proper function in the family structure, and likewise this principle applies also to the community as a whole, as well as to the State. See also Imperial Rescript on Education Shotouka-Chiri An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Notes References External links Full text Online original text of the Ie no michi　 Empire of Japan 1941 in Japan 1941 non-fiction books Manifestos Propaganda in Japan
吉文巴赫河（），是德國的河流，位於該國西部，流經北萊茵-威斯特法倫州，屬於明斯特舍河的支流，河道全長6.4公里，流域面積6.7平方公里。參考資料 Gewässerverzeichnis Landesamt NUV NRW (pdf; 1,1 MB) 德國河流
前天晚上同房第二天可以做人流吗？妊娠3个月内用人工或药物方法终止妊娠称为早期妊娠终止，也可称为人工流产。用来作为避孕失败意外妊娠的补救措施，也用于因疾病不宜继续妊娠、为预防先天性畸形或遗传性疾病而需终止妊娠者。那么，前天晚上同房第二天可以做人流吗？下面给大家介绍一下。如果没有阴道炎或者其他疾病，人流术前查的血及阴道白带都正常，前天晚上同房第二天是可以做人流的，做人流术时需要消毒外阴和阴道，严格执行无菌操作，一般不会感染。人工流产，又名早期妊娠终止，一般指妊娠3个月采内用人工或药物方法终止妊娠。这个方式是用来作为避孕失败意外妊娠的补救措施，也用于因疾病不宜继续妊娠、为预防先天性畸形或遗传性疾病而需终止妊娠者。临床上流产的最好时间是35-50天内，最晚不能超过70天，因为怀孕时间短，孕囊比较小，从而身体的伤害也就可以降到最低。人工流产，无痛人工流产等，无论是哪一种流产方式，对于你的身体来说都是一种损伤，需要一段时间才能够恢复正常，大概40天到60天。建议，如果是无痛人流术，术前注意事项包括手术前八个小时禁食、水，不能进食任何东西；到医院检查白带，确认没有生殖器炎症、发热或其他急性疾病。如果患者做无痛可视人流，患者需在早晨八点到医院之前憋尿，以减少子宫穿孔的发生。综上所述就是对前天晚上同房第二天可以做人流的介绍。现在的人流技术虽然先进，毕竟那也是一种手术，如果术前术后不注意一些事项，最后还会导致女性的很多后遗症发生。若是需要人流的患者，前一天是不建议同房的，并且手术后七天也是不建议同房的。患者要爱惜自己的身体。
Otola is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żarnowiec, within Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately east of Zawiercie and north-east of the regional capital Katowice. References Otola
半月板囊肿有没有可能是滑膜肉瘤呢？半月板囊肿，指的是位于膝关节的内外侧半月板，由于半月板损伤以后，关节滑液通过损伤的半月板而蓄积在半月板包膜下，或者是在半月板内形成的囊肿。属于临床上引起膝关节疼痛的原因之一。引起半月板囊肿的原因主要有以下几种：第一种，退行性变，随着年龄发生的退变，可以造成局部坏死和黏液退变而成为囊肿。第二种，创伤，其可以造成半月板组织内的挫伤和积血，从而导致黏液样退变。外伤所致的半月板损伤，是半月板囊肿发生的主要原因。第三种，半月板组织内形成的滑膜细胞包涵体，或者组织化生细胞分泌黏液导致囊肿的形成。半月板囊肿出现之后，会导致半月板变脆，非常容易出现损伤，比如在屈膝旋转的过程中，半月板损伤的可能会大大增加。所以现在检查出来了，要看本身半月板囊肿体积大以及目前的症状，都比较明显考虑手术解决。不然以后轻微外力导致半月板再损伤进行手术的话，恢复的效果没有现在好。因为半月板囊肿没有办法通过药物治疗，或者其他的办法愈合，所以有半月板囊肿的问题，达到手术治疗的标准，应该尽可能考虑手术解决，目前有膝关节镜下微创手术，创伤小，效果非常不错。滑膜肉瘤是一种恶性度比较高的肿瘤，主要来源于关节滑膜或是腱鞘滑膜，好发于四肢的大关节部位，也可以发生在前臂、大腿及背部的肌筋膜部位，其早期的表现主要是局部的无痛性肿块，大多是没有临床症状的，多半是无意间发现的，随着病情的进展，可以逐渐出现不同程度的疼痛及活动受限，尤其是晚期的剧烈疼痛，多半夜间疼痛较重，对于这类疾病往往是化疗、放疗及手术治疗综合治疗，治疗的关键在于早发现早治疗。半月板囊肿可能是滑膜肉瘤几率不大的。
Philco Radio Time was an old-time radio radio series starring entertainer Bing Crosby. The series ran over ABC Radio with episodes airing from October 16, 1946–June 1, 1949. The series also was syndicated for a period of time over the Armed Forces Radio Network. The series is also known for being the first pre-recorded radio program aired on the major USA radio networks. For the first season, the shows were recorded on disc, but beginning with the series' second season, the show began using Ampex tape recorders for their broadcasts. The program was usually recorded in Hollywood and was sponsored by the Philco Corporation. Show origins Starting in 1931, singer and entertainer Bing Crosby had had many appearances on radio as a solo performer before Philco Radio Time. In January 1936, Crosby moved from CBS Radio to NBC working as the master of ceremonies for the Kraft Music Hall. In June 1945, with the ensuing accompaniment of much legal wrangling, Bing Crosby terminated his nearly ten-year association with the Kraft Foods Company, leaving himself free to choose another sponsor. He declined other offers in favour of a deal with the Philco Corporation of America which, apart from the financial considerations involved, afforded the appealing convenience of pre-recording his broadcasts. He was obliged to honour an agreement with Kraft which required him to appear in thirteen more shows, the last of which was broadcast in May 1946. On Wednesday October 16th, 1946, ‘'Philco Radio Time' - The Bing Crosby Show’, opened on the ABC network and (according to the publicity of the time), Wednesday, became ‘Bing’s Day’. Seasons One through Three (1946–1949) Season one Philco Radio Time premiered on Wednesday October 16, 1946 on the newly formed American Broadcasting Company. Bob Hope was the program's first guest. The program had an audience rating of 16.1 during the season which made it one of the network's top shows but left it outside the top twenty. Fibber McGee and Molly again topped the Hooper ratings with 30.2 but they had to share the position with The Pepsodent Show starring Bob Hope. The series faced immediate problems during its first season having to do with its recording process. The first season of Philco Radio Time was recorded onto 16-inch diameter lacquer-coated aluminum disks. This made editing the show difficult, but not impossible. The actual broadcast was an edited version of the live performance shipped to radio stations on two discs with detailed instructions on when and how to play them. However, as the season progressed the editing of the recorded show on the disks caused loss of quality, and unfortunately many people complained that the sound quality was inferior to a live broadcast. Sound engineer Mary Howard suggested that part of the problem was the local radio stations: Season two Crosby continued to pioneer in radio broadcasting during Philco's second season. However, the show had to address the poor audio quality of the recordings. During the summer before the show began, Jack Mullin was demonstrating his rebuilt Magnetophon recorders. The Crosby staff heard the quality of his recorders and the ease in which the tape could be edited. They asked him to give a demonstration to Bing Crosby in early August 1947, and Bing asked Jack Mullin to record the first show of the season on 10 August along with the usual transcription recording. The Magnetophon tape recording was far superior to the transcription disk and was used for the show broadcast on 1 October. However, the program was transferred to unedited transcription disks for the broadcast because of the concern of the tape breaking. Beginning with the program's second-season premiere on October 1, 1947, Philco Radio Time pre-recorded all of their programs on to tape. Not only was the audio quality much improved, but tape was more easily edited than disks. Beginning with Season Three Ampex tape recorders based on the Magnetophon design were used with new tape provided by Minnesota Mining (3M). The audience share for the season was 16.8 which enabled the programme to scrape into twentieth place in the Hooper ratings. The Fred Allen Show was in top place with 28.7 and the Kraft Music Hall (with Al Jolson as host) reached eleventh position with 21.4. Season three The third and last season of the program premiered on September 29, 1948. Several "firsts" were made during this season of the program. The first 33rpm long-playing record changer was introduced to the public through this program. Also the first ad for Philco television sets were also broadcast through this program. Finally, the Ampex tape recorders facilitated the first use of canned laughter in radio broadcasting, according to audio engineer John T. Mullin. On show number 93, broadcast February 16, 1949, comedian Bob Burns was getting excessive laughter from some improvised lines. The lines were cut for broadcast, but producer/writer Bill Morrow had Mullin save the laughs and insert them in a later program. Philco Radio Time attained an audience share of 15.7 for the season. It reached nineteenth position in the Hooper ratings. The top evening program was the Lux Radio Theater with 28.6. The last episode of the program aired on June 1, 1949 and in September Crosby started on The Bing Crosby – Chesterfield Show. Sponsors The series went through several different sponsors throughout its three-year run. Below is the list of all the sponsors of the radio program: Philco Radio and Television The Philco Dealers of Charleston, West Virginia (WKNA) The Philco Dealers of Corpus Christi, Texas (KSIX) The Philco Dealers of Long Beach, California (KGER, now KMRO) The Philco Dealers of Reno, Nevada (KWRN) Burgermeister Beer Rainier Brewing Company Krebs Furniture Scott Jewelry Company of Lowell, Massachusetts (WLAW) Armstrong's Supply Company of Lubbock, Texas (KFYO) Beckley Music & Electric Co. of Beckley, West Virginia (WJLS) Cater Furniture of Anniston, Alabama (WHMA) City Furniture Mart of Marion, Ohio (WMRN) Dixie Appliance Company of Bluefield, West Virginia (WHIS) Federal Distributing Company of Wichita, Kansas (KWBW) Grabe Electrical Company of Tucson, Arizona (KTUC—Thursdays at 8:30 pm) Hopkins Brothers' Furniture of Kokomo, Indiana (WKMO) Hubbard Furniture of Blytheville, Arkansas Imperial Furniture Company of El Paso, Texas (KTSM—Thursdays at 9:30 pm) J.C. Johnsen and Son Furniture of Las Vegas, New Mexico (KFUN) Junkin's Furniture of Harlingen, Texas Modern Furniture Company of Laredo, Texas Piedmont Hardware Company in Danville, Virginia (WBTM) Radio & Motor Service, Inc. in Altoona, Pennsylvania (WRTA) Samuel Levi and Company in Portsmouth, Ohio (WPAY) Standard Hardware Company of Gastonia, North Carolina (WGNC) Ward's Incorporated of Billings, Montana (KBMY) Ratings References 1940s American radio programs 1946 radio programme debuts 1949 radio programme endings American anthologies ABC radio programs
格蕾丝·怀特·舍伍德（，）人称“庞戈女巫”，是弗吉尼亚殖民地已知遭巫术罪名定罪的最后一人。她以务农为生，做过助产士，会用草药为他人治病。邻居指控她会变幻成猫，破坏庄稼、导致牲畜死亡。舍伍德多次受到使用妖法的指控，1706年，她被控妖惑伊丽莎白·希尔并导致后者流产。法庭裁决将舍伍德浸入水中来判断她是否有罪，如果沉下去，她就是无辜的，否则就有罪。舍伍德浮上了水面，由此导致牢狱之灾，这也是她最后一次受到巫术罪名指控。格蕾丝生于安妮公主县的庞戈（位於今弗吉尼亚海滩市），她和小农场主詹姆斯·舍伍德于1680年成婚，两人共有3个孩子。1701年丈夫去世后，格蕾丝继承了家产，之后没有再婚。舍伍德于1697年首次受到指控，原告声称她对牛施法令其死亡，双方之后达成协议，案件予以撤销。一年后，又有两位邻居起诉她使用巫术，对猪和棉花作物施法。每次受到这类指控，舍伍德都会反诉对方诽谤，但无一胜诉，她和丈夫还不得不支付庭审费用。1706年，她因巫术罪名成立入狱，直到1714年左右才获释，然后从安妮女王县取回了财产，从此继续在自己的农场生活，直至1740年以80岁高龄去世。 2006年7月10日是舍伍德遭定罪300周年。弗吉尼亚州州长蒂姆·凯恩宣布舍伍德当年遭受了冤狱，并恢复了她的名誉。弗吉尼亚海滩独立大道的森塔拉碧沙医院附近树立起一座舍伍德的雕像，这里距她当年受审的殖民地法院很近。雕像上她身边还站有一只浣熊，代表她对动物的热爱，后面背的筐里盛有蒜和迷迭香，相当于对她在草药治疗领域知识的认可。家族背景格蕾丝生于1660年，父亲叫约翰·怀特（），母亲叫苏珊·怀特（）。约翰有苏格兰血统，以木匠和务农为生，但他是否生于美国这点仍不得而知。苏珊在英国出生，两人的女儿格蕾丝则在弗吉尼亚殖民地出生，具体地点有可能是庞戈。 1680年4月，格蕾丝·怀特嫁给了很有名望的小农场主詹姆斯·舍伍德（），婚礼在林恩海文教区教堂举行。两人共有三个儿子，分别取名约翰、詹姆斯和理查德（）。女儿结婚时，约翰·怀特给了女儿和女婿20公顷土地，并在1681年去世后把剩下的59公顷农场也留给了两人。舍伍德家境贫寒，生活的地方人烟稀少，居住的要么是小农场主，要么就是完全没有土地的穷人。格蕾丝平常除了务农外还会培植一些草药，并且用这些草药来为他人或动物治病，除此以外，她还是名助产士。1701年，詹姆斯·舍伍德去世，格蕾丝继承了财产，之后没有再嫁。由于没有画像现存，因此格蕾丝·舍伍德的具体相貌无法确定，但有记载称她很漂亮，身材高挑，而且有幽默感。她会培养药材，在农场干活时会穿长裤而非裙装，这在那个时代的女性中都很不寻常。据称，她的衣装和美貌常招来有妇之夫的豔羡，他们的太太对此感到不满。贝琳达·纳什（）是舍伍德的传记作者，在她看来，舍伍德的邻居们可能是出于嫉妒而捏造巫术指控，目的是要剥夺并取得她的财产。舍伍德涉及的诉讼至少有12起，有些是她受到使用巫术的指控，有些则是她反诉他人诽谤。巫术和弗吉尼亚殖民地对于美洲殖民地的许多居民们来说，巫师和邪魔都是理所当然存在的，他们认为魔鬼会巫术，还会把行为举止不同寻常的人视为巫师。早在詹姆斯镇创立19年前的1626年，就有大陪审团审议琼·赖特是否是女巫的案件，据称她预测了3名女子的死亡，并且还因他人没有聘请她接生而令对方生病。这一案件的结果没有纪录留存，弗吉尼亚殖民地没有经历过1692到1693年塞勒姆审巫案这样的集体歇斯底里时期，该案导致19人因受使用巫术的指控而被处死，此后还要过很多年，才会有舍伍德首次受到这种指控。教会对弗吉尼亚殖民地法庭的影响要比对新英格兰法庭的影响小得多，新英格兰的神职人员经常参与有关巫术的诉讼和案件审理，相比之下弗吉尼亚则要少得多。新英格兰的清教徒已经在许多城镇定居，由此形成的社会压力使得许多涉嫌使用巫术的人遭定罪。弗吉尼亚殖民地很少有这样的城镇，大部分居民都生活在农场或种植园，相对来说较为地广人稀。弗吉尼亚殖民地的宗教领袖认为，道人长短、诽谤和通奸之类行为会对新殖民地的社会稳定构成威胁，所以有必要设法起诉有这些行为的人来维稳。不过，他们对涉及巫术的诉讼存在分歧，一般会力图避免参与。弗吉尼亚法庭通常不愿意审理巫术案件，并且更不愿意将被告定罪。塞勒姆审巫案中的被告必须证明自己清白无辜，但弗吉尼亚殖民地法庭中此类案件的举证责任由原告承担。此外，弗吉尼亚殖民地法庭通常不会接受那些据称是通过灵异手段取得的证据，相比之下，新英格兰的法庭单凭这类证据就将被告定罪的做法已是众所周知。弗吉尼亚殖民地法庭需要有巫术标识作为证据，或是将被告浸入水中、根据他是下沉还是浮在水面来判断被告是否有罪。法官和裁判官会驳回那些证据不足的巫术诉讼，并且原告接下来还有可能受诽谤罪名起诉。弗吉尼亚历史学会的弗朗西斯·波拉德（）表示：很明显，弗吉尼亚殖民地在很早时就曾尝试减少有关巫术的诉讼，因为这种案件非常棘手。弗吉尼亚殖民地居民对巫术的恐惧一半是源于宗教信仰，另一半则扎根于民俗，不过这两者经常会混杂在一起。弗吉尼亚东南部——即现今的诺福克和弗吉尼亚海滩周边地区（庞戈就属弗吉尼亚海滩地区）——的巫术诉讼比该殖民地其它区域要多。根据莱斯利··纽曼（）的研究，这有可能是因为当地相对而言更为贫困，没有文化精英来制衡这类起诉。弗吉尼亚殖民地这个时代的纪录得以流传下来的很少，但根据已有的研究，这里在17世纪里至少发生过19起巫术案件，只有一起以定罪告终。1656年，法庭裁定一名男子使用巫术罪名成立，判处他鞭刑10计并逐出该县。弗吉尼亚没有以巫术罪名处死过犯人。迟至1736年时，弗吉尼亚的太平绅士仍需视巫术为犯罪，初犯者可能会被判戴上颈手枷并且入狱一年。1745年，奥古斯塔县长老会牧师约翰·克雷格（）在自己的孩子和多头牲畜死亡后断定这是巫术作祟，还试图通过巫术占卜来找到责任人。克雷格没有就此正式提出起诉，受到他指责使用巫术的人也没有诉诸公堂，交给“麻木不仁的裁判官”裁决，不过在弗吉尼亚殖民地以使用巫术指控他人仍然是有可能的。弗吉尼亚已知存在的最后一起巫术诉讼于1802年发生在布鲁克县，这里如今已属西弗吉尼亚州。一对夫妇声称另一名女子是女巫，法庭裁定这纯属污蔑。舍伍德最后一次受巫术罪指控时，法庭决定将她绑起来放到水里，看她是会上浮还是下沉，根据记载，这种审判方式在弗吉尼亚殖民地只出现了这一次。法庭相信，水是纯洁的，所以会排斥巫师，令他们浮在水面，因此被告如果清白无辜，就应该会沉下去。舍伍德所受到的指控 1697年初，舍伍德首次受到使用巫术的指控，这位名叫理查德·卡普斯（）的原告声称她用咒语杀死了自己的牛。法庭没有就这一指控作出裁决，舍伍德夫妇于是起诉对方诽谤，之后双方达成协议，案件撤销。1698年，舍伍德的邻居约翰·吉斯伯恩（）控告她对自己的猪和棉花作物施了邪术。法院也没有裁决这起案件，舍伍德夫妇反诉吉斯伯恩诽谤的案件同样无疾而终。同年，伊丽莎白·巴恩斯（）声称舍伍德变成黑猫钻进了她的家，还跳到床上鞭打并驱赶她，最后从钥匙孔中离开。这起案件和之后的诽谤诉讼同样没有结果。每次诽谤诉讼败诉后，舍伍德夫妇都不得不向法庭支付相关费用。根据理查德·比尔·戴维斯（）有关弗吉尼亚巫术案件的期刊文章记载，“安妮公主县显然已经对舍伍德夫人感到厌烦，觉得她就是个麻烦分子”。1705年，舍伍德与邻居伊丽莎白·希尔发生口角，并且双方还动了手，随后她起诉希尔夫妇侵犯人身权，1705年12月7日，法庭判决希尔夫妇向舍伍德赔偿20先令（相当于1英镑）。1706年1月3日，希尔夫妇以使用巫术的罪名起诉舍伍德，但她没有前去法庭应答指控。1706年2月7日，法庭命令舍伍德出庭，这次她面对的罪名是使用妖法导致伊丽莎白·希尔流产。案件审理希尔起诉舍伍德的案件在1706年3月继续审理，安妮公主县法官打算挑选出两个全部由女性组成的陪审团，其中一组前去舍伍德的家中搜查，看是否能找到蜡黄之类巫师可能会用到的物品；另一组则受命对被告进行检查，看她有没有“魔鬼吮吸的乳头”。由于当地居民对此不是很配合，所以组建陪审团的工作很不顺利，并且之后组建的两个陪审团都拒绝接受这样的搜查或检查任务。1706年3月7日，12名“年长且经验丰富的妇女”组成的陪审团对舍伍德进行检查，看看她身上有没有什么可能代表魔鬼的印记。她们声称在舍伍德身上发现两处“与她们或其他任何女人都不一样的印记”。这个陪审团的主席正是之前曾起诉舍伍德使用巫术的伊丽莎白·巴恩斯。威廉斯堡的殖民当局和安妮公主县的地方法庭都不愿意指称舍伍德是女巫。威廉斯堡政府认为这一指控过于空泛，于4月16日指示地方法庭对案件进行更全面的审查。每次出庭，舍伍德都要从自己位于庞戈的农场走上26公里才能到达法院。 1706年5月2日，县法院的法官指出，虽然舍伍德没有受到具体的邪术指控，但她仍然“大有嫌疑”。随后，安妮公主县警长将舍伍德收押，不过她还是可以凭借良好表现和按时出庭取得假释担保。林恩海文教区教堂执事马克西米利安·布什（）是舍伍德一案的检察官。1706年7月5日，经舍伍德同意，法官下令由水来审判被告是否有罪，但由于下了大雨，潮湿的天气可能会危及她的身体健康，法官下令将审理程序推迟到7月10日。这天舍伍德首先被带入林恩海文教区教堂并坐在板凳上，面对他人责令她为使用巫术祈求饶恕的要求，她回答：“我治病救人，我不是巫师”。 1706年7月10日上午10点左右，舍伍德经一条泥道（即如今弗吉尼亚海滩沉巫点的北沉巫路）被带到林恩海文河河口附近的一个种植园内。弗吉尼亚殖民地四处都有人闻讯而来，还在现场大喊“沉掉那个巫婆！”由水审判是将被告绑住手脚放进水里，如果舍伍德沉了下去，那么她就是清白的，反之则是有罪。另外，即便舍伍德沉入水中也不会淹死，法庭已经下令采取措施保全她的性命。林恩海文教区教堂的5名妇女在河边对舍伍德赤裸的躯体进行检查，确保她身上没有任何可能用来脱身的东西，然后用麻袋把她罩起来。6名法官乘一艘船到达距离岸上约180米处，警长、裁判官和舍伍德则身处另一艘船。据称，舍伍德在从船上被推入河中前曾说：“皇天在上，今天结束前你们都会受到比我更惨的待遇”。她的左手拇指和右脚大脚趾被绳子绑在一起，右手拇指也和左脚大脚趾绑在一起，然后就被“丢进河里”。接下来舍伍德很快浮上水面，警长于是把一本重达5.9公斤的《圣经》绑在她脖子上，舍伍德于是沉了下去，但又解开身上的束缚重回水面，这导致在场的许多人都确信她真的是女巫。据称，舍伍德被拉出水面后下起了倾盆大雨，把围观人士淋成落汤鸡。多位女性随后对被告进行检查并发现了更多的证据，如“私处有两个黑色、类似乳头的东西”，接下来她被继续关押，等待进一步发落。余波由于大部分法庭纪录缺失，这场审判后舍伍德的遭遇已不得而知。她在林恩海文教区教堂旁边的监狱服刑，具体刑期不详，有可能长达7年9个月。法庭下令将她拘押“留待后期发落”，但没有任何记录表明之后案件有经过再审，所以有可能诉讼已在某个时间撤销。1708年9月1日，法庭勒令她向克里斯托弗·科克（）赔偿270公斤烟草，这是当时弗吉尼亚殖民地的通行货币，但现存记录中没有表述这一赔偿的起因，也没有记载舍伍德是否有向科克赔偿。根据记载，她于1714年或之前的某个时间获释。在弗吉尼亚殖民地副总督亚历山大·斯波兹伍德（）的帮助下，舍伍德从安妮公主县取回了自己的59公顷地产，并且1714年就还清了税款，这些地产位于如今的马迪溪路两侧。舍伍德接下来过着与世无争的清静生活，于1740年以80岁高龄辞世，估计死亡时间是在这年的8月或9月。她的遗嘱在1740年10月1日证实，其中表明舍伍德仍然寡居。她给次子詹姆斯和幼子理查德各留了5先令，其他财产全部归长子约翰所有。根据民间传说，舍伍德的儿子将她的遗体放在壁炉旁，然后有一阵风从烟囱中吹下来，她的尸体就化为灰烬消失，留下的只有一个偶蹄印。舍伍德下葬在无名墓中，周围有一些树木，所处位置在如今弗吉尼亚海滩安妮公主路和庞戈轮渡路交叉路口附近。舍伍德去世后很快就有一些有关魔鬼或是灵异风暴将她的遗体带走、或是黑猫在附近游荡的故事流传，当地人为此杀死了他们能够找到的所有猫科动物，这种对猫类的大范围屠杀有可能正是文献记录中安妮公主县1743年老鼠泛滥成灾的重要原因。影响格蕾丝·舍伍德案在很长一段时间里都鲜为人知，这种情况一直持续到1973年，弗吉尼亚海滩历史学家兼作家路易莎·维纳布尔·凯尔（）创作了有关舍伍德的儿童读物《庞戈女巫》（），该书以历史真实事件为依据，搜集了7个当地民间故事，以虚构小说的形式写作。舍伍德的故事之后还在殖民地威廉斯堡改编成法庭剧《惊魂女巫》（）。 2007年4月21日，加利福尼亚州雕塑家罗伯特·坎宁安（）为舍伍德创作的雕像揭幕，雕像位于如今的森塔拉碧沙医院附近，距她当年受审的殖民地法院和掉入水中的地点都很近。雕像上她的身旁还有一只浣熊，代表她对动物的热爱，后面背的筐里盛有蒜和迷迭香，相当于对她在草药治疗领域知识的认可。2002年，距舍伍德雕像约23米的位置树立起弗吉尼亚历史资源部标志“”，她被推入水中接受审判的地点及附近的陆地分别被命名为沉巫湾和沉巫点。弗吉尼亚190号州道是一条南北走向的交通要道，其西侧在14到16号出口间横穿264号州际公路，位于弗吉尼亚海滩境内路段被命名为“沉巫路”。此外，弗吉尼亚海滩还有舍伍德巷和女巫点步道来纪念舍伍德。弗吉尼亚海滩还有传说称，当地生产的所有迷迭香都源于舍伍德装在蛋壳里从英格兰带来新大陆的一株迷迭香。贝琳达·纳什除了为舍伍德撰写传记外，还不辞劳苦地奔走，力图洗清舍伍德的污名。2006年7月10日，弗吉尼亚州州长蒂姆·凯恩在格蕾丝·舍伍德遭定罪300周年之际正式宣布她当年遭受了冤狱，并为她恢复名誉。自2006年起，弗吉尼亚海滩每年都会重演当年将他人手脚捆绑起来沉入水中的审判方式，当然，这一过程中并不会真的把人扔到水里，活动举办地距沉巫湾非常近。据当地居民表示，当年舍伍德被推入水中的沉巫湾上空每年7月都会出现一片奇特而且会动的光，还称这正是舍伍德不得安息的灵魂。 2014年，老捐赠圣公会教堂的香草园里树立起舍伍德的纪念碑，当年舍伍德教区的教堂正是这所教堂的前身。解释说明參見女巫之槌愛麗絲·吉蒂勒参考资料脚注文献 Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings. Note: includes transcripts of legal proceedings. Note: this is a transcript in modern English, with shorthand expanded, of the Burr book. 扩展阅读 Note: Discusses Burr's work 美國農民美国助产士藥草醫生在審巫案中被定罪的人物弗吉尼亚殖民地人士維吉尼亞州歷史
吃什么能排卵怀双胞胎？双胞胎,指胎生动物一次怀胎生下两个个体的情况。双胞胎一般可分为同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎两类。同卵双胞胎指两个胎儿由一个受精卵发育而成,异卵双胞胎是由不同的受精卵发育而成的。全世界双胞胎平均出生率为1∶89。那么，吃什么能排卵怀双胞胎呢?我们一起来详细的了解一下吧。不过牢记在吃药前要先咨询大夫哪些范例的不孕症中药对怀双胞胎有促进作用。那边的女性因一样平常多吃山药而提高了生双胞胎的几率，对你的身领会不会造成伤害，多吃番薯容易生双胞胎番薯含有一种与雌激素类似的成份。有助于生养孩子，而此族人生双胞胎的几率是环球最高的，这个药适不得当你吃。因此若想怀孕生双胞胎可以实行多吃番薯，现在市道市情上利用较多的是克罗米酚。在月经第五天吃这种药排卵可达80%左右，能提高胞胎的受孕几率。不过促排卵药物会对女性的身体带来不良的影响。因此服用促排卵药物时要细致咨询大夫，多吃促排卵食物多吃大葱、豆类、南瓜、大蒜、生姜、栗子、橘子、炖牛肉、鸡肉高汤等促排卵的食物。多吃山药容易生双胞胎吃山药可以帮女性一个月内排出两个成熟的卵泡。做法最好是用蒸。这样营养流失少，吃中草药增长生双胞胎几率有些医治不孕症的中药孕育发生双胞胎的机率比较大。当地盛产山药，如一种药叫七鳞丸的中草药。吃促排卵药物服用排卵药物可以促进卵泡发育，也能增长生双胞胎的机遇。曾有消息报道在国内有一个双胞胎村，有研究称尼日利亚的约鲁巴族妇女多吃番薯。双胞胎会引起早期的流产或者妊娠中晚期的流产，实际在分娩的过程中间，也会造成难产、大出血等等，在促排卵过程中间，不人为的制造双胞胎，当然如果用药不当或者是有的人，加倍的乱吃促排卵药，会造成多个卵泡的发育，会有双胞胎的可能性。但是这都是有风险的，应该是尽量避免的，不要因为为了生双胞胎，而故意吃促排卵药。
多囊卵巢综合症调理饮食注意事项？多囊卵巢综合征饮食习惯非常重要，有些患者可能不太了解这个疾病的危害，主要的症状就是月经稀发，继发不孕，高雄激素血症。需要控制体重，常常能通过体重的控制达到怀孕的目的。多吃新鲜的蔬菜、水果，大油、大脂类的食品要少吃。另外在饮食上还有一个很重要的问题，就是多囊卵巢综合征容易并发高胰岛血症，并发远期的病，还可引起糖尿病，因此早期要低糖饮食，不能过多的摄入糖分。也不是一点不吃，不能过多地摄入糖，在饮食上非常重要的一个方面，低脂、低糖，这是多囊卵巢综合征患者饮食必须要注意的原则。多囊卵巢综合症其实就是一种由下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴功能紊乱引起的疾病。简单的来说，就是卵巢增大、雄性素水平激增，导致的生殖功能障碍与糖代谢异常并存的内分泌紊乱综合症，其最显着的特征就是无排卵。患者还可能会出现肥胖、痤疮、多毛等症状。选择低血糖指数食物。多囊卵巢综合症患者应选择低血糖指数的食物，避免血糖上升过快。平时可多吃颗粒的燕麦，五谷饭，少食包装的燕麦片、白米饭；多吃硬杂粮面包、水果少吃碳水化合物。若是食用碳水化合物也应尽量和蛋白质、脂肪、蔬果纤维一起吃，这样可降低吸收速度，避免血糖上升过快。减肥过程中最好配合医师做荷尔蒙、血糖、血脂肪检测，少吃含饱和脂肪酸与氢化脂肪酸食品，肥肉、各种家禽及猪牛绞肉、人工奶油、全脂奶、油炸食物、中西式糕饼；鱼肉、蛋白、豆、坚果是比较好的蛋白质源，可适当食用。多囊卵巢患者只靠饮食调理是不行的。但饮食调理也是必要的，一般需要首先是控制体重，其次是饮食要清淡，营养均衡，少吃辛辣和油腻食物。平时只要做好个人的卫生，勤换衣，勤洗澡。
人类在何时以何种方式迁入美洲的问题，引发了人类学家和考古学家巨大的兴趣，并且成为几个世纪以来一直争论不休的话题。学术界给出了许多古印地安人在美洲定居的模型。现代生物化学技术和考古学的结合，也极大地促进了人对于这个问题的认识。目前，对于这个问题的解答工作主要涉及到以下四个互相关联的学科：考古学、人类体格学、DNA分析学以及语言学。目前，学界大体认可，美洲大陆第一批移民是自白令海峡迁徙而来的亚洲的族群；然而，移民的模式、时间，以及进入美洲的人为何种亚洲族群，至今尚不明确。近年来，学术界不断用已经掌握的方法对一些已经建立起来的理论进行进一步证实或者是证伪，这些理论种较为出名的是认为克洛维斯人是第一个到达美洲的人类种群。随着发现的深入，过去的假设被重新审查并且新的理论随即被提出。考古证据表明，古印地安人大规模的扩张在上个冰河时期末期，或者更精确地说，是末次冰盛期（Late Glacial Maximum），也就是距今16,500–13,000年前。各派意见综述迁徙模型在时间上大致分为两派。第一种叫做“短时理论”（short chronology theory），短时理论认为人类第一次从阿拉斯加迁徙至新大陆的发生晚于距今15,000 – 17,000年前，之后展开了波浪式的移民推进（waves of immigrants）。第二种叫做“长时理论”（long chronology theory）其认为，第一批人类到达美洲大陆所在的半球时间要远早于15,000 – 17,000年前，他们认为可能的时间为21,000–40,000年前，然后才是第二波巨大的移民潮。一个引发巨大争论的原因是，南部美洲和北部美洲的古印地安人定居点在考古证据上的不连续。一个大体上统一的考古学文化在北部和中部美洲被发现，距今至少有13,500年的历史，考古学家称之为克洛維斯文化。然而，同一时代的南美洲的据点就缺乏这样的一致性，拥有更大的文化多样性。考古学家认为，“克洛维斯先至论”和古印地安人时间框架都不足以解释复杂的美洲石器时代（lithic stage）工具是如何在南美洲出现的。一些理论学家正在寻求一种可以整合南北美洲考古记录的新的殖民模型。对美洲土著的基因研究发现，“殖民缔造人群”（colonizing founder）可能是单一祖先人群。基于Y染色体微卫星中的美洲单倍型类群Q1a3a（Y-DNA）分叉的时间推算，这个单一祖先人群出现在距今10，000到15,000年前。而这个单一祖先人群的很有可能来自白令海峡这一点仍然不足以说明，在此之前，抑或其他基因也曾试图在这片土地上繁衍并且以失败告终。因为基因测试只能基于现存人口的遗传信息进行。当白令大陆桥露出海平面的时候，从东北亚步行至阿拉斯加是相对容易的。然而从阿拉斯加到其他北美洲地区路途却十分艰难。我们猜测主要有两个可能的路径，沿大西洋海岸往南，或者是洛基山脉东侧的内陆通道—麦肯锡走廊（Mackenzie Corridor）。在Laurentide和Corilleran冰盖最大的时候，这两条道路都是极其容易的。Corilleran冰盖西起太平洋，东至Laurentide冰盖，也就是今天加拿大的不列颠-哥伦比亚省和阿尔伯塔省的交界。地理学证据证明，太平洋沿岸路保持畅通是在公元前21,000年之前和公元前13,000年之后。在上一个冰河时期中最冷的一千年，大致在距今23,000到19,000年之前，冰川使得道路充满危险。即使使用船只也十分困难，因为水体中到处都是冰山。况且尚无古代海岸线上有船只的考古证据。在这段时间以前，这些通路是没有结冰的。另外，当气候温暖的时候，土地上被植被覆盖，早期古印第安人可以在这里补充给养，缝补衣服帐篷，以及重置工具等等。海岸线和船只理论有一个模糊的假设，那就是一个在北美大陆上的古印第安人可能已经不是纯粹的陆地狩猎者，而已经习惯于航海或者半航海的生活。另外，“白令人”（北阿拉斯加人）甚至很有可能是由于被上一次冰河期的逼迫下，在20,000年前，向北美内陆和海岸线迁徙，并且留下占据某些特定局部区域的考古证据。然而，除非他们最终在最后一次冰期结束后仍然生存繁衍，不然他们就不能被当作是“缔造人群”（founding population）。陆桥论也被称为白令海峡沿岸论（Bering Strait Theory）或者白令陆桥论（Beringia）。自从1930年起，陆桥论被广泛接受。而早在1590年，耶稣会学者何塞·德·阿科斯塔就已经提出这样的初步假设。陆桥论主张，第一批美洲移民是从西伯利亚来到阿拉斯加。原因则很可能是追赶迁徙的牛群。我们可以通过收集氧的同位素深海泥土的取样发现，在最后一个更新世，也就是距今50,000-10,000年前，海平面比现在低60米左右。那样就有一段至少1000英里(1609.344公里)宽的大陆桥连接西伯利亚和阿拉斯加。也就是在这段时间内，那些追逐大型猎物的猎人在距今大约12000年前的时候通过大陆桥到达美洲，并且在距今11000年前最终到达美洲的最南端。基因与血型学界早在1920年代就指出，在哥伦布到达新大陆前，美洲的绝大部分人口为O型血以及很小部分在北方的A型人口。之后，由Cavalli-Sforza为先驱，开始通过对更早的历史人口迁徙记录更深入的统计学和基因学基因学研究。在（1973）中这样说道， "我们没有理由不相信，第一批来到美洲的一些是来自一个较小且具有亲属关系的O型血人群，然后他们在美洲大陆上繁衍生息，并且向南扩张。之后到来的，同样是一个较小的人群，但是混合了A型和O型血，来到北美洲。" 现代美洲基因学则主要研究人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群和人类粒线体单倍群。基因图谱显示两种迥然不同的基因（genetic episodes），也就是美洲土著和欧洲殖民者的基因。决定前者的基因谱数的是合子的突变和基本单倍型。由此说明，新大陆上的居民由小部分基础人群（found population）一开始从白令路桥一步步繁衍而来。微卫星在南美洲的多样性和Y种系特异性基因的分布表明，一个特定印地安人在迁徙在美洲的一开始就被孤立起来。，其中就包括Na-Dené、因纽特人以及阿拉斯加土著。在这些人群中发生了和其他美洲土著人群完全不同的基因突变。前者出现了 mutations，而后者则多为mtDNA和atDNA突变。这也就暗示了那些最早到达美洲大陆最北端和格陵兰的人群是后来的移民而非一开始到达美洲的人群。考古，地理和基因学证据选录參見人类单地起源说德內－葉尼塞語門 Paleo-Indians period (Canada) 哥伦布时代前的跨大洋接触参考文献美洲历史美洲原住民历史人口流动现代人类遗传史近期单起源假说民族起源假说
脑栓塞怎么解决？说到脑栓塞大家都不陌生，脑栓塞是由心源性和非心源性引起的，也有一部分脑栓塞是不能确定原因。得了脑栓塞会出现语言、肢体功能障碍、口眼歪斜、头晕、头疼等症状；严重的也可以出现意识不轻、偏瘫、二便失禁的症状。那么脑栓塞怎么解决呢？下面我们一起来看一看脑栓塞该怎么解决。1、一般脑栓塞患者较重的，应卧床休息，尽量少搬动患者。患者如烦躁不安，可用镇静类药物，但剂量不宜太大，以免影响意识水平的观察。2、保持呼吸道通畅和心脏功能：及时清除患者口腔和鼻腔中的黏液、呕吐物等。如发现患者通气功能欠佳或氧分压减低，应及时插入气管套管，加压给氧，或考虑作气管切开术，使用人工辅助呼吸器。由于栓子多数来源于心脏，所以应特别注意心脏情况，维持正常心功能，最好有心电监护，以排除因心律异常而导致的血液循环障碍，也便于及时发现心律变化。3、按时规律服药，预防脑血栓的再发，病人出院后仍需按医生嘱咐规律服药，控制好糖尿病、高血压等动脉硬化的基础病变，定期到医院复查。脑血栓形成后会留下许多后遗症，如单瘫、偏瘫、失语等，药物对这些后遗症的作用是非常有限的，而通过积极、正规的康复治疗，大部分病人可以达到生活自理，有些还可以回到工作岗位。脑栓塞患者除了要注意上述内容，在日常生活中也要注意监测血压、血脂、血糖，定期复查头部CT，做头部针灸、推拿等治疗，低盐低脂饮食，饮食稍清淡，少吃油腻、生冷、不容易消化的食物，多休息，会慢慢好起来的。
The Piano Variations of American composer Aaron Copland were written for piano solo from January to October 1930. They were dedicated to American writer and literary critic Gerald Sykes (c. 1904–1984), and were originally published in 1932 by Cos Cob Press, which merged with Arrow Music Press in 1938 and was taken over by Boosey & Hawkes in 1956. The approximate performance time is 11 minutes. Background The Piano Variations were a product of Copland's second-style period, also called the abstract period, which consisted only of instrumental (non-vocal) compositions. During this time, the composer moved away from the jazzy idioms he experimented with in the 1920s and started working more in the direction of absolute music. The influence of composition pedagogue Nadia Boulanger, with whom Copland studied in Paris at the Fontainebleau School of Music for Americans, is prevalent in the formal style, logic, patterns, and attention to detail in the Piano Variations and other works in this period. Copland stated that he worked on the variations individually without an agenda for fitting them together or sequencing them, which seems to contradict the piece's highly ordered construction and seemingly inevitable development. Copland acknowledged this contradiction but maintained that, in fact, "One fine day when the time was right, the order of the variations fell into place." Copland had ambitious plans for this "serious piano piece"—the first of three including the Piano Variations (1930), the Piano Sonata (1939–41), and the Piano Fantasy (1957); he worked painstakingly and thought at epic proportions, saying he "should like to call them like Bach did the Goldberg Variations—but thus far haven't been able to think up a good one." Transcription as Orchestral Variations (1957) Copland transcribed the Piano Variations for orchestra in 1957 after a commission from the Louisville Orchestra. These Orchestral Variations were premiered the following year, conducted by Robert Whitney. Copland regarded the "lean, percussive and rather harmonically severe" quality of the piano as essential to the Piano Variations in 1930, but after 27 years, reinvented the work to take advantage of a full orchestral palette. The Orchestral Variations offer a new perspective on the work, focusing instead on the contrasts of its multifarious moods and colors. The Orchestral Variations are scored for the following instrumentation. Woodwinds 2 flutes (both doubling piccolo) Oboe English horn 2 B-flat clarinets (2nd doubling bass clarinet) 2 bassoons Brass 4 horns in F 2 trumpets in B-flat 3 trombones Tuba Harp Strings Percussion Timpani 2 Percussionists playing: Snare drum Tenor drum Bass drum Bongo drums Conga Cymbals Tam-tam Wood block Glockenspiel Xylophone Tubular bells Antique cymbals Cowbell Reception Copland regarded pianist Walter Gieseking very highly for his refined tone and subtle coloration, especially in the performance of Debussy, and insisted that no one else could give a satisfactory premiere of his masterpiece. Unfortunately, Gieseking (who had performed in the premiere of the piano trio Vitebsk in New York in 1929) turned down Copland's request for a premiere due to the piece's "crude dissonances" and "severity of style". Copland thus premiered the piece himself at a League of Composers Concert in New York on January 4, 1931. The Piano Variations were praised in some esoteric circles, but the public was generally courteous but lukewarm in its reception. The work was variously described as new, strange, dissonant, stark, bare, and disconcerting. Critic Paul Rosenfeld contemplated its "flinty, metallic sonorities." American composer Marc Blitzstein called it "Lithic." The cold, hard tone of Copland's playing at the premiere, far from that of a concert pianist, lent a sharper edge to an already austere work. Leonard Bernstein later reported that he adored the piece, which was "hard as nails", and also used it at parties to "empty the room, guaranteed, in two minutes". It was to him a "synonym for modern music—so prophetic, harsh and wonderful, and so full of modern feeling and thinking". Despite the wide spectrum of opinion, the Piano Variations were immediately recognized for their originality and made a lasting impression. The New York Herald Tribune reported that, in the piece, Copland "sardonically thumbed his nose at all those esthetic attributes which have hitherto been considered essential to the creation of music". Dancer-choreographer Martha Graham requested permission to choreograph a solo piece on the Piano Variations. With Copland's consent, she produced Dithyrambic, an evocation of Dionysus that was received with the highest enthusiasm. Copland admitted to being "utterly astonished that anyone could consider this kind of music suitable for dance ... although her choreography was considered as complex and abstruse as my music". The Variations Overview Unlike a traditional theme and variations, Copland's Piano Variations are not episodic. They are continuously played through, in an undisrupted development of the seven-note "row" in the theme from which Copland builds the rest of the piece, "in what I hope is a consistently logical way". All of the content can be traced back to this or transpositions of this seven-note motif, suggesting the serialist techniques of Schoenberg. The concision, rigor, and lack of ornamentation have been compared to that of the style of Anton Webern. The dissonances (ubiquitous minor seconds, major sevenths and ninths) are precisely chosen for their degree of "shock value". While working on the Piano Variations, Copland cultivated a tautness and clarity of form and texture that became a precursor to the style of his other works. Copland also experimented with the potential of the physical instrument, as he did with microtones on the stringed instruments in Vitebsk (1929). In the Piano Variations, some notes are held down silently while pitches selected from their overtone series are struck, which produces an effect of ringing resonances without hammering the tones directly. Another prominent characteristic is the piece's rhythmic irregularity. The meters change constantly within an essentially 4/4 framework. References Sources Further reading Berger, Arthur. Aaron Copland. Oxford University Press, 1953. . Copland, Aaron, and Vivian Perlis. Copland 1900 Through 1942. St. Martin's/Marek, 1984. . Saun, Rinna M. 2003. "The Piano Variations of Aaron Copland: An Analysis and Study for the Performer". DMA diss. Denton: University of North Texas. Simms, Bryan R. 2007. "Serialism in the Early Music of Aaron Copland". The Musical Quarterly 90, no. 2 (Summer): 176–196. Smith, Julia. Aaron Copland: His Work and Contribution to American Music. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1955. External links , Yeona Lee, piano , Orchestral Variations, San Francisco Symphony, Michael Tilson Thomas conducting Compositions by Aaron Copland 1930 compositions Piano compositions by American composers Compositions for solo piano Variations Music dedicated to family or friends
The Sammamish (Lushootseed: ) people are a Coast Salish Native American tribe in the Sammamish River Valley in central King County, Washington. Their name is variously translated as ssts'p-abc ("meander dwellers", a group residing around Bothell), s-tah-PAHBSH ("willow people") or as Samena ("hunter people"), which was corrupted into Sammamish. According to Hitchman, it does not mean "hunter people": the name is derived from samma, meaning "the sound of the blue crane" and mish, meaning "river." The name may have originated with the Snoqualmie—some tribal members once lived along the lake near the bottom of Inglewood Hill - but this has not been verified. They were also known to early European-American settlers as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." Squak is a corruption of sqwa'ux, meaning Issaquah Creek, which was a village site on Sammamish Lake . They were closely related to the Duwamish, and have often been considered a Duwamish sub-group as part of the Xacuabš ("People of the Large Lake") who lived near Lake Washington . Like the Duwamish, the Sammamish originally spoke a southern dialect of Lushootseed . The largest Sammamish village was tlah-WAH-dees at the mouth of the Sammamish River, which at the time was between present-day Kenmore and Bothell, east of its present location at the southwest corner of Kenmore. The mouth of the river moved to the west after 1916, when Lake Washington was lowered nine feet by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. A second Sammamish village with at least one longhouse was located near what is now Issaquah. When Europeans from the Hudson's Bay Company arrived in the area in 1832, the Sammamish had several permanent and seasonal settlements along the length of the river, and numbered as many as 200. In 1855, the United States government signed the Treaty of Point Elliott with the putative leaders of most of the Puget Sound tribes, including Chief Seattle of the Duwamish. The territorial governor moved to enforce the treaty by relocating the tribes named in the treaty, including the Sammamish. Many of the Sammamish, including a leader known as Sah-wich-ol-gadhw, did not accept the validity of the treaty. Negotiations with Indian agent 'Doc' Maynard were unsuccessful, and in 1856 some of the Sammamish joined in the Battle of Seattle, a raid on the White settler population. After this attack and the brief Puget Sound War, the Sammamish relocated from the river valley to reservations named in the treaty, or to non-reservation lands . Local sawmill owner and real estate developer Henry Yesler, who had previously used local Indians as laborers, aided the removal and relocation . As with the relocation of other Northwest natives, the occupation of lands and the relocation of people was probably significantly enabled by the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic, which may have killed as much as half of the remaining native population, as well as by the devastation from the effects of various previous epidemics. After this relocation, descendants of the Sammamish dispersed into other tribes, including the Suquamish, Snoqualmie, and the people of the Tulalip Reservation, and are generally considered members of those tribes. See also Coast Salish peoples History of Seattle before 1900 Notes Bibliography Page links to Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle section "Village Descriptions Duwamish-Seattle". Dailey referenced "Puget Sound Geography" by T. T. Waterman. Washington DC: National Anthropological Archives, mss. and "Indian Lake Washington" by David Buerge in the Seattle Weekly, Aug 1-Aug 7, 1984. Recommended start is "Coast Salish Villages of Puget Sound" "Start Page". , referencing: Reed Ramsey, "Postmarked Washington, 1850–1960," Microfilm (Olympia: Washington State Library, February, 1966), 607-610 David Buerge, "Indian Lake Washington," The Weekly, August 1, 1984, pp. 29–33 Sarah Lopez Williams, "Small Places Hit By Growth Too," The Seattle Times, January 15, 1997, p. B-1 Clayton Park, "Truly Site In Limbo Again As State Ponders College Site," Puget Sound Business Journal, February 26, 1993, p. 16 Fred Klein, comp., Slough of Memories: Recollections of Life in Bothell, Kenmore, North Creek, Woodinville, 1920–1990 (Seattle: Peanut Butter Press, 1992) Amy Eunice Stickney, Lucille McDonald, Squak Slough, 1870–1920: Early Days on the Sammamish River, Woodinville-Bothell-Kenmore (Seattle: Friends of the Bothell Library, 1977) Clarence B. Bagley, History of King County (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1929), 856-861. Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Native American tribes in Washington (state)
The is a class of PLH type patrol vessels of the Japan Coast Guard (JCG; former Maritime Safety Agency, MSA). In the official classification, Shikishima and Akitsushima are treated as the only ships in their classes, respectively; and Reimei is treated as the lead ship of her class. The Shikishima class was once the world's largest coast guard vessel until it was surpassed by the Chinese in 2015. Backgrounds Spent nuclear fuel generated at the nuclear power plants in Japan has been processed at nuclear reprocessing plants in Britain and France, into plutonium and radioactive waste. Then, according to the plan of power generation with the MOX fuel, the Government of Japan decided to transport this plutonium back to Japan. In the first transportation from France in 1984, armed JMSA officers were on board the ship to counter maritime hijacking. A second transportation operation was planned in the early 1990s, but due to the revision of the Japan-U.S. Nuclear power agreement in 1988, it was requested to strengthen the security system and the JMSA was to escort with a special tactical team (one of the ancestors of the Special Security Team) and a patrol vessel. On existing patrol boats, however, it was difficult to complete an escort operation with no port of call. For this operation, the JMSA developed Shikishima under the FY 1989 program as an escort ship with a high endurance and enhanced surveillance capability. Although the transportation of plutonium was not carried out thereafter, Shikishima has been valuable as a large offshore platform that can be used for various security matters and long-distance rescue. As construction cost was expensive, construction of sister ships was not realized easily, but in the 2000s, in order to emphasize countermeasures against the piracy problems of the Malacca Strait and the Somali coast, the Senkaku Islands issue, conservation of marine interests In response to the change, construction was considered again. In response, the second ship constructed in the 2010 fiscal year plan was Akitsushima. Design Like preceding PLHs, they have a long forecastle, but its internal structure is strengthened that the level of vulnerability resistance is comparable to warship standard. Bulletproof of the bridge structure is pretty much taken into consideration, polycarbonate bulletproof glass is prepared inside the window, metal fittings for the ballistic board are also attached to the outer wall. Shikishima is the only JCG vessel equipped with anti-air radar and Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannons to enhance anti-air capability whereas preceding patrol vessels have only surface-search and navigation radars and a single-mounted 35 mm or L/60 40 mm autocanon. And as a secondary weapon, two JM61 20 mm gun systems were set up. This system adopts the same rotary cannon as the conventional JM61-M, but it is remotely controlled with an optical director as opposed to JM61-M being manually trained and elevated. It derived from one of the PG-821-class guided-missile patrol boats of the JMSDF, and later, added as a standard equipment of the JCG as the JM61-RFS. In Akitsushima, L/70 40 mm autocanons are introduced in combination with Bofors Mk. 3 single-mounted turrets, instead of 35 mm twin cannons. In Reimei-class that followed, lighter Mk. 4 turrets are introduced. Aviation facilities have also been enhanced. In Shikishima, two Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma helicopters are deployed as the shipboard helicopters, whereas the conventional PLHs are equipped with smaller Bell 212. The air facilities of Akitsushima are further expanded to operate an even larger EC225LP, which is also followed by the Reimei-class. In service At present, she is frequently sent on long cruises to Southeast Asia to foster international cooperation against piracy in the Strait of Malacca. She is also assigned to the policing mission of Senkaku Islands because of her cruising capability. In 2015, during the Emperor's and to Palau, Akitsushima was used as an accommodation ship. Slopes and handrails were set up so that both elderly Majesties could get on board comfortably. Due to the increased activities of the China Coast Guard and the introduction of the Zhaotou class, the Japan Coast Guard procured three additional Shikishima-class vessels between 2016 and 2018 due to the need to "strengthen security around the Senkaku islands". Ships in the class See also List of Japan Coast Guard vessels and aircraft References Bibliography External links PLH31Shikishima - Japan Coast Guard Annual Report 2004 PLH32 Akitsushima launches - Japan Coast Guard Annual Report 2013 Delivering PLH32 Akitsushima - Japan Marine United Corporation press release Patrol vessels of the Japan Coast Guard Patrol ship classes
The women's long jump event at the 2016 Summer Olympics took place between 16–17 August at the Olympic Stadium. Summary In the final, Malaika Mihambo jumped 6.83 m as the first athlete down the runway. The second jumper was Darya Klishina, the only Russian athlete in the entire athletics competition. Her 6.63 took the second spot. Ksenija Balta jumped 6.71 m as the fourth athlete but that order held until almost the end of the round when Ivana Španović moved on top with 6.95 m. In the second round Tianna Bartoletta moved into silver medal position with a 6.94 m. Defending champion Brittney Reese jumped a 6.79 m, her only legal jump of the first four rounds, but remained outside of the medals. In the third round, Bartoletta's 1 cm improvement to 6.95 m equalled Španović, with the tiebreaker to put her in gold medal position. On the next jump, Balta equalled Reese, with the same tiebreaker rule pushing her into fifth place. The fifth round had the real action. First Reese jumped 7.09 to leap from fifth to first. Her mood went from serious to jubilant. Mihambo jumped the third 6.95 of the competition. Then Španović moved right behind Reese with a 7.08 m, her personal best and a new Serbian national record. On the final jump of the round, Bartoletta jumped the winner , her personal best in the Olympic final. She moved up to be the number 21 performer in history. Only Reese has jumped further in the last nine years. But Reese wasn't done. She popped another big jump on her last attempt. She was celebrating again, but the measurement turned out to be 7.15 m, improving her hold on silver but didn't reach Bartoletta's gold. The following evening the medals were presented by Auvita Rapilla, IOC member, Papua New Guinea and Svein Arne Hansen, Council Member of the IAAF. Competition format The competition consisted of two rounds, qualification and final. In qualification, each athlete jumped three times (stopping early if they made the qualifying distance). At least the top twelve athletes moved on to the final; if more than twelve reached the qualifying distance, all who did so advanced. Distances were reset for the final round. Finalists jumped three times, after which the eight best jumped three more times (with the best distance of the six jumps counted). Records , the existing World and Olympic records were as follows. The following national record was established during the competition: Schedule All times are Brasilia Time (UTC-3) Qualifying round Qualification rule: qualification standard 6.75m (Q) or at least best 12 qualified (q). Final References Women's long jump 2016 2016 in women's athletics Women's events at the 2016 Summer Olympics
《那夜凌晨，我坐上了旺角開往大埔的紅van》（，簡稱「紅van」）是香港網絡小說作家的科幻長篇小說。小說最先於香港網上討論區高登討論區上連載；期後由於小說追隨者眾多，有出版社為作者將故事印刷出實體書籍，並於香港各大書店出售。小說期後被改編成同名電影，由香港導演陳果執導，於2013年開拍，並於2014年4月10日上映。故事大綱故事講述主角游梓池（阿池）於某天晚上和朋友「唱K」（香港俚語「去卡拉OK」）過後，於凌晨時份乘坐由香港旺角開往大埔的紅色公共小巴（俗稱「紅van」）回家。在該小巴經過獅子山隧道後，主角發現小巴外的世界的所有人及汽車全部消失，只剩下小巴及車廂內的十七人（十六名乘客和司機），彷彿進入了另一個時空之中。故事發展出一連串的神秘事件，而小巴乘客開始一個繼一個的無故死亡，隨後又有一戴著防毒面具的神秘人出現；令主角們要解開一切謎團以期望可以重回原來的世界。主要人物故事主要環繞小巴乘客身邊所發生的事，包括小巴司機在內，故事主要有十七個角色。他們的身份如下：游梓池（阿池）：故事中的第一身男主角，26歲；事前於旺角和朋友「唱K」後，因回大埔家而登上小巴。女朋友為周怡（阿怡）。 Yuki：故事中的女主角，在最初的小巴上坐在男主角的旁邊。中年男子（阿發）：於最初的小巴上坐在較後的位置，一直嘗試要領導著眾人。眼鏡青年睇波男：睇波女的丈夫，本打算到大埔朋友家觀看足球比賽而登上小巴。睇波女：睇波男的妻子，本打算到大埔朋友家觀看足球比賽而登上小巴。潮童一：本打算與潮童二回家「打機」而登上小巴。潮童二：暱稱「飛機昱」，與潮童一為好友。阿信：「中大四子」之一，與其餘三人一同於中文大學下車。 Peter：「中大四子」之一，與其餘三人一同於中文大學下車。 Yuki：「中大四子」之一。與故事女主角同名，與其餘三人一同於中文大學下車。 Jasmine：「中大四子」之一，與其餘三人一同於中文大學下車。小巴司機中年女子 LV港女白粉友油頭毒撚評價《紅van》在網絡上有近四萬人追隨的人氣，雖然故事在網上可供免費閱讀，但小說的印刷版都能擁有高銷售量；在2012年的香港書展中，《紅van》小說上集共售出了過萬本。除此之外，小說在其他的香港書店亦有不俗的銷量：例如小說的下集登上了商務印書館2013年小說書類暢銷榜的第三名。《號外》雜誌創辦人之一的鄧小宇撰文評論《紅van》，表示故事編排牽到多個層面：由香港本土文化，至外國流行文化（例如大衛·寶兒的歌曲），故事內各個細節都能作為解開最終迷團的線索，是一次「視野宏大的創作」。同時亦對故事作者Mr.Pizza有此評論：「…… Pizza 把故事講得出神入化，裊裊動聽之外，他寫的對話／內心獨白也十分精采，生動傳神，就如我們平日身邊的香港人談話一樣，十分自然，即使粗口連篇也是因為自然，所以不會覺得核突，此外他對書內香港地理環境、香港人的生活習慣細膩的描述，更是把『本土精神』發揮得淋漓盡致。」軼事作者Mr. Pizza表示，故事的靈感純粹是和女朋友到日本旅行，在酒店房間空閒時想出來的。而最初在網上連載時，本以為發放幾集後會不了了之，並沒想過小說後來會引來這麼多的追隨者。改編電影 2012年12月中，有報導指香港導演陳果有意開拍《紅van》的電影版本，令《紅van》成為繼《東莞的森林》（「向西村上春樹」著，後改編成電影《一路向西》）後第二部改編成電影的高登連載故事。陳果原打算讓梁洛施出演女主角Yuki，後換成由文詠珊出演，而他亦希望能找上影帝級演員來客串；及後確定男主角會由黃又南演出。同時，陳果表示電影會分開上下兩部，預計成本約五千萬元。《紅van》電影於2014年4月10日上映。在香港上映前，「紅van」入選第64屆德國柏林國際電影節之「電影大觀」（Panorama）單元，並會在電影節中作世界首映。相關音樂創作香港獨立樂隊ISoFeel(現為樂隊Fabel)在小說連載期間，為小說創作兩首相關歌曲《那夜凌晨》和《望》。參考資料外部連結《那夜凌晨，我坐上了旺角開往大埔的紅van》在高登上連載的頁面改編成電影的香港小說科幻小说驚悚小說 2012年小說香港小巴題材作品香港網路小說
米德維尤（）是位於美國亞利桑那州莫哈維縣的一個人口普查指定地區。根據2010年美國人口普查，該地人口為1224人，而該地的面積約為80.39平方千米。地理米德維尤的座標為，而該地最高點為海拔高度910米（即2986英尺）。參考文獻亞利桑那州普查規定居民點
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Macapá () is a diocese located in the city of Macapá in the Ecclesiastical province of Belém do Pará in Brazil. History February 1, 1949: Established as Territorial Prelature of Macapá from the Territorial Prelature of Santarém October 30, 1980: Promoted as Diocese of Macapá Leadership Bishops of Macapá (Roman rite) Bishop Pedro José Conti (2004.12.29 – present) Bishop Giovanni Risatti, P.I.M.E. (1993.01.20 – 2003.09.08) Archbishop Luiz Soares Vieira (1984.04.25 – 1991.11.13) Bishop José Maritano, P.I.M.E. (1980.10.30 – 1983.08.31) Prelates of Macapá (Roman rite) Bishop José Maritano, P.I.M.E. (1965.12.29 – 1980.10.30) Bishop Aristide Pirovano, P.I.M.E. (1955.07.21 – 1965.03.27) Bishop Aristide Pirovano, P.I.M.E. (Apostolic Administrator 1950.01.14 – 1955.07.21) Sources GCatholic.org Catholic Hierarchy Roman Catholic dioceses in Brazil Christian organizations established in 1949 Macapa, Roman Catholic Diocese of Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century 1949 establishments in Brazil
山稗子的性味是什么?？《滇南本草9：米：味甘；壳：涩；根叶：苦涩，性微寒。《云南中草药》：果：甘微辛，微寒。

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.