gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-105759 | 572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43a | Compact_disc | The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasabl... | What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable? | What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable? | [
"What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62158 | 57267fc85951b619008f74cf | Chicago_Cubs | Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in in 1930, breaking Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI. (In 1999, a long-lost extra RBI mistakenly credited to Charlie Grimm had been found by Cooperstown researcher Cliff Kachline and verified by historian Jerome Holtzman, increasing the record number to 19... | When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in? | When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in? | [
"When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in?"
] | {
"text": [
"1930"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51090 | 570a84d76d058f1900182f15 | Old_English | The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents ... | Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor? | Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor? | [
"Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?"
] | {
"text": [
"a noble family"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104984 | 5a3e747c378766001a0025d1 | Palermo | Today both the Papireto river and the Kemonia are covered up by buildings. However, the shape of the former watercourses can still be recognised today, because the streets that were built on them follow their shapes. Today the only waterway not drained yet is the Oreto river that divides the downtown of the city from t... | What bodies of water run through Pallermo? | What bodies of water run through Pallermo? | [
"What bodies of water run through Pallermo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51659 | 5706a1ad75f01819005e7c7b | New_Delhi | The India Gate built in 1931 was inspired by the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Raj in World War I and the Third Anglo-Afghan War. | The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument? | The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument? | [
"The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arc de Triomphe"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18451 | 570e3e440dc6ce1900204ed9 | Eritrea | Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school... | What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school? | What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school? | [
"What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?"
] | {
"text": [
"61%"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35545 | 5726d047f1498d1400e8ec0a | Gothic_architecture | By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th cent... | What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland? | What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland? | [
"What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Collegium Maius"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47010 | 5727a527ff5b5019007d91d4 | Textual_criticism | By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson’s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Proj... | Who is the head of FARMS? | Who is the head of FARMS? | [
"Who is the head of FARMS?"
] | {
"text": [
"Professor John W. Welch"
],
"answer_start": [
673
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59782 | 5acfb7d377cf76001a685a41 | Zhejiang | Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hint... | Who did the kingdom of Chu never fall to? | Who did the kingdom of Chu never fall to? | [
" Who did the kingdom of Chu never fall to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12868 | 5acff47177cf76001a68660b | Republic_of_the_Congo | The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Demo... | What country borders the west of Gabon? | What country borders the west of Gabon? | [
"What country borders the west of Gabon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97474 | 56d3abf72ccc5a1400d82e03 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin has figured extensively in Polish literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also... | When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin? | When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin? | [
"When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1830"
],
"answer_start": [
180
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25978 | 57098edded30961900e84311 | Copper | Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between ... | The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light? | The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light? | [
"The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?"
] | {
"text": [
"orange light"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19826 | 5731785b497a881900248f3a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered ... | What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous? | What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous? | [
"What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?"
] | {
"text": [
"3.7%"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67249 | 57098721ed30961900e8428a | Animal | All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganize... | What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells? | What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells? | [
"What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?"
] | {
"text": [
"tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10508 | 5acf804277cf76001a684ff3 | Comics | The graphic novel—book-length comics—began to gain attention after Will Eisner popularized the term with his book A Contract with God (1978). The term became widely known with the public after the commercial success of Maus, Watchmen, and The Dark Knight Returns in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels beca... | In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular offline? | In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular offline? | [
"In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular offline?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86757 | 5a78cca3b73996001af5b295 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe... | Who was the body of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007? | Who was the body of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007? | [
"Who was the body of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36000 | 5a736fc553a187001ae631b5 | Comcast | On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired ... | How much did Comcast purchase MGM for? | How much did Comcast purchase MGM for? | [
"How much did Comcast purchase MGM for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69137 | 5ad41d62604f3c001a4005da | Houston | One wave of the population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated shortly after launch. There was a cutback in some activities for a period. In the late 1980s, the city's economy suffered from the ... | Why didn't Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's? | Why didn't Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's? | [
" Why didn't Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111854 | 5727774b5951b619008f8a8d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation? | How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation? | [
"How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?"
] | {
"text": [
"adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68569 | 570ad1354103511400d59a37 | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringi... | What weather condition increased? | What weather condition increased? | [
"What weather condition increased?"
] | {
"text": [
"Temperatures"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107918 | 571aa92010f8ca140030529e | Umayyad_Caliphate | Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the adm... | What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions? | What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions? | [
"What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98216 | 56f87d46aef23719006260fa | Alps | The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during th... | When did the formation of the alps began? | When did the formation of the alps began? | [
"When did the formation of the alps began?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 300 million years ago"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52121 | 5ad38c2b604f3c001a3fe5ca | Miami | The wet season begins some time in May, ending in mid-October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29–35 °C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, ... | How many centimeters of rain fall on Miami annually? | How many centimeters of rain fall on Miami annually? | [
"How many centimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50711 | 56e890ee99e8941900975ea0 | Bern | Bern was a candidate to host the 2010 Winter Olympics, but withdrew its bid in September 2002 after a referendum was passed that showed that the bid was not supported by locals. Those games were eventually awarded to Vancouver, Canada. | Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held? | Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held? | [
"Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vancouver, Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40459 | 5ad5038d5b96ef001a10a99c | Paper | The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet. | What is usually cut with the grain perpendicular to the longer dimension of the sheet? | What is usually cut with the grain perpendicular to the longer dimension of the sheet? | [
"What is usually cut with the grain perpendicular to the longer dimension of the sheet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109597 | 5728f14c2ca10214002daafb | Samurai | The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to particip... | What technology helped the downfall of samurai? | What technology helped the downfall of samurai? | [
"What technology helped the downfall of samurai?"
] | {
"text": [
"arquebus"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70525 | 56dfe043231d4119001abe54 | Pub | The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump: | On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published? | On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published? | [
"On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?"
] | {
"text": [
"17 March 1691"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29065 | 571ade8e32177014007e9f64 | Pharmaceutical_industry | The firm continued to pressure Kelsey and the agency to approve the application—until November 1961, when the drug was pulled off the German market because of its association with grave congenital abnormalities. Several thousand newborns in Europe and elsewhere suffered the teratogenic effects of thalidomide. Though th... | How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon? | How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon? | [
"How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over 20,000"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65393 | 572716f05951b619008f85b3 | Crimean_War | Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Rus... | What greatly benefited the Russian resistance? | What greatly benefited the Russian resistance? | [
"What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?"
] | {
"text": [
"newly invented blockade mines"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7353 | 57301d42947a6a140053d12a | Georgian_architecture | Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to a... | What were Anglican churches internally designed for? | What were Anglican churches internally designed for? | [
"What were Anglican churches internally designed for?"
] | {
"text": [
"maximum audibility, and visibility"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45719 | 57319c770fdd8d15006c63e5 | YouTube | All YouTube users can upload videos up to 15 minutes each in duration. Users who have a good track record of complying with the site's Community Guidelines may be offered the ability to upload videos up to 12 hours in length, which requires verifying the account, normally through a mobile phone. When YouTube was launch... | What is the maximum length of a video on youtube? | What is the maximum length of a video on youtube? | [
"What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?"
] | {
"text": [
"12 hours"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79569 | 5ad00eb677cf76001a686821 | Kievan_Rus%27 | It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two... | What was not recognized after the death of Sviatoslav? | What was not recognized after the death of Sviatoslav? | [
"What was not recognized after the death of Sviatoslav?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49586 | 570d5cb9fed7b91900d45f38 | Valencia | During the regency of Maria Cristina, Espartero ruled Spain for two years as its 18th Prime Minister from 16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841. Under his progressive government the old regime was tenuously reconciled to his liberal policies. During this period of upheaval in the provinces he declared that all the estates o... | Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property? | Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property? | [
"Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?"
] | {
"text": [
"local bourgeoisie"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3481 | 572674a4f1498d1400e8e030 | Southeast_Asia | Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2013, Around 625 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 255... | Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated? | Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated? | [
"Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Java"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42331 | 5ad26a32d7d075001a429309 | Karl_Popper | Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phen... | What did Darwin contrast "active Darwinism" with? | What did Darwin contrast "active Darwinism" with? | [
"What did Darwin contrast \"active Darwinism\" with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57023 | 5728b3aeff5b5019007da4e6 | Apollo | As the patron of Delphi (Pythian Apollo), Apollo was an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius, yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague. Amongst ... | Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle? | Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle? | [
"Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apollo"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81230 | 572663fbf1498d1400e8ddff | Queen_Victoria | Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. On 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6 o'clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got ... | How old was William IV when he died? | How old was William IV when he died? | [
"How old was William IV when he died?"
] | {
"text": [
"71"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86847 | 570bceb66b8089140040fa4c | Biodiversity | Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been do... | What can typically cause mass extinctions? | What can typically cause mass extinctions? | [
"What can typically cause mass extinctions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rapid environmental changes"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4117 | 56bec8a13aeaaa14008c9440 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming has drawn criticism from some in the African-American community. Emmett Price, a professor of music at Northeastern University, wrote in 2007, that he thinks race plays a role in many of these criticisms, saying white celebrities who dress similarly do not attract as many comm... | Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce? | Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce? | [
"Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emmett Price"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93930 | 572e97d1c246551400ce43ab | Cyprus | Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with re... | What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus? | What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus? | [
"What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus?"
] | {
"text": [
"107"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107835 | 571aa54410f8ca1400305246 | Umayyad_Caliphate | With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. ... | What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to? | What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to? | [
"What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kalb"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79253 | 572770c1dd62a815002e9ceb | Heian_period | As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another ... | A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office? | A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office? | [
"A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fujiwara"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101447 | 5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3a | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the p... | Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened? | Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened? | [
"Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87629 | 5729c7dd3f37b31900478556 | IBM | On January 21, 2014 IBM announced that company executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013. The move came as the firm reported a 5% drop in sales and 1% decline in net profit over 2012. It also committed to a $1.2bn plus expansion of its data center and cloud-storage business, including the development of 15 ne... | How many new data centers did IBM commit to building? | How many new data centers did IBM commit to building? | [
"How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?"
] | {
"text": [
"15"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113870 | 56f981b79b226e1400dd14e2 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The headquarters of the MoD are in Whitehall and are now known as Main Building. This structure is neoclassical in style and was originally built between 1938 and 1959 to designs by Vincent Harris to house the Air Ministry and the Board of Trade. The northern entrance in Horse Guards Avenue is flanked by two monumental... | What is the headquarters of the MoD called? | What is the headquarters of the MoD called? | [
"What is the headquarters of the MoD called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Main Building"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4409 | 56de120b4396321400ee25b5 | Institute_of_technology | The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions. | What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university? | What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university? | [
"What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?"
] | {
"text": [
"Auckland University of Technology"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48142 | 56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf29 | Wood | Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct wate... | What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"? | What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"? | [
"What term is interchangeable with \"sapwood\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"alburnum"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82594 | 56e790f337bdd419002c4157 | Daylight_saving_time | Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists. | Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes? | Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes? | [
"Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?"
] | {
"text": [
"corporate information technologists"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50176 | 5a821ac031013a001a335201 | Phonology | The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lexical units are not... | Instead of being language specific what kind of tool is sign language designed to be? | Instead of being language specific what kind of tool is sign language designed to be? | [
"Instead of being language specific what kind of tool is sign language designed to be? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48621 | 572848bfff5b5019007da0e0 | War_on_Terror | Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Sec... | What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation? | What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation? | [
"What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Operation Enduring Freedom"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101305 | 5ad2858fd7d075001a4298a4 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perfo... | How many Jews were forced to live outside of the Warsaw Ghetto? | How many Jews were forced to live outside of the Warsaw Ghetto? | [
"How many Jews were forced to live outside of the Warsaw Ghetto? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14816 | 57309ede396df91900096218 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a ... | Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what? | Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what? | [
"Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?"
] | {
"text": [
"nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113729 | 5a5695656349e2001acdce64 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The MoD states that its principal objectives are to defend the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its interests and to strengthen international peace and stability. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the MoD does not foresee any short-term conventional military thre... | What is one thing that the Soviet Union wants to defend? | What is one thing that the Soviet Union wants to defend? | [
"What is one thing that the Soviet Union wants to defend?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98651 | 572687385951b619008f75d6 | Marvel_Comics | In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. During Shooter's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief, Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run o... | What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s? | What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s? | [
"What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chris Claremont and John Byrne"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86520 | 5a613474e9e1cc001a33d00a | Gymnastics | Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities ... | Why do people in Japan eat a diet high in fiber? | Why do people in Japan eat a diet high in fiber? | [
"Why do people in Japan eat a diet high in fiber?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68265 | 5ad425bd604f3c001a4008f5 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | During this period, the Weapons Station was the Atlantic Fleet's loadout base for all nuclear ballistic missile submarines. Two SSBN "Boomer" squadrons and a submarine tender were homeported at the Weapons Station, while one SSN attack squadron, Submarine Squadron 4, and a submarine tender were homeported at the Naval ... | How many SSNB "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station? | How many SSNB "Boomer" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station? | [
"How many SSNB \"Boomer\" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95286 | 56dfa5ca7aa994140058df86 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Although Alexander Graham Bell is most often associated with the invention of the telephone, his interests were extremely varied. According to one of his biographers, Charlotte Gray, Bell's work ranged "unfettered across the scientific landscape" and he often went to bed voraciously reading the Encyclopædia Britannica,... | What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading? | What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading? | [
"What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?"
] | {
"text": [
"Encyclopædia Britannica"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43475 | 572695b3708984140094caf7 | Korean_War | In contrast, the ROK Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped. In South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu (1961), R.E. Appleman reports the ROK forces' low combat readiness as of 25 June 1950. The ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers (65,000 combat, 33,000 support), no tanks (they had been requested from the ... | In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons? | In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons? | [
"In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74275 | 5ace5e3b32bba1001ae4a42b | Asphalt | The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhes... | The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World? | The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World? | [
"The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55597 | 5acfd57077cf76001a68625d | Presbyterianism | Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James ... | How man Irish Presbyterians moved to northern Scotland? | How man Irish Presbyterians moved to northern Scotland? | [
"How man Irish Presbyterians moved to northern Scotland?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110342 | 57280eea3acd2414000df355 | Culture | Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of... | Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K? | Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K? | [
"Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?"
] | {
"text": [
"Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92513 | 57310c63497a881900248b36 | United_States_Air_Force | Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grade... | What is the highest pay grade in the USAF? | What is the highest pay grade in the USAF? | [
"What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?"
] | {
"text": [
"E-9 (senior enlisted)"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-600 | 56de80f54396321400ee2985 | Plymouth | Post-war, Devonport Dockyard was kept busy refitting aircraft carriers such as the Ark Royal and, later, nuclear submarines while new light industrial factories were constructed in the newly zoned industrial sector attracting rapid growth of the urban population. The army had substantially left the city by 1971, with b... | What military unit is based in Plymouth? | What military unit is based in Plymouth? | [
"What military unit is based in Plymouth?"
] | {
"text": [
"42 Commando of the Royal Marines"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39786 | 57275373f1498d1400e8f644 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company, which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the... | The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century? | The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century? | [
"The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Italy"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103997 | 5a07c82b0ff9ab00181693cb | Infrared | Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at lon... | Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation? | Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation? | [
"Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for emitting visible radiation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15944 | 573427ac4776f419006619a9 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been... | What are primers derived from the genomes of? | What are primers derived from the genomes of? | [
"What are primers derived from the genomes of?"
] | {
"text": [
"infectious agents"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54392 | 56df6aed56340a1900b29ade | Christian | The most common Persian word is Masīhī (مسیحی), from Arabic.,Other words are Nasrānī (نصرانی), from Syriac for "Nazarene", and Tarsā (ترسا), from Middle Persian word Tarsāg, also meaning "Christian", derived from tars, meaning "fear, respect". | What does tars mean? | What does tars mean? | [
"What does tars mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"fear, respect"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12834 | 56df0d723277331400b4d91d | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in ... | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | [
"What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?"
] | {
"text": [
"priests chosen by the pope"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105834 | 572f6b14a23a5019007fc5f6 | Compact_disc | Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both... | How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write? | How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write? | [
"How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?"
] | {
"text": [
"16x to 24x"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18565 | 5726dea95951b619008f80b5 | Nigeria | Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nati... | What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups? | What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups? | [
"What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba"
],
"answer_start": [
549
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7350 | 5a139a81c8eab200188dc9d7 | Georgian_architecture | The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban ... | What type of house was born in the early Georgian period? | What type of house was born in the early Georgian period? | [
"What type of house was born in the early Georgian period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111466 | 573212f70fdd8d15006c675f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably... | What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor? | What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor? | [
"What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Venus Genetrix"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38594 | 5acd1ab607355d001abf3538 | Materialism | Kant argued against all three forms of materialism, subjective idealism (which he contrasts with his "transcendental idealism") and dualism. However, Kant also argues that change and time require an enduring substrate, and does so in connection with his Refutation of Idealism. Postmodern/poststructuralist thinkers also... | Who agreed with all three forms of materialism? | Who agreed with all three forms of materialism? | [
"Who agreed with all three forms of materialism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115845 | 5a8dca02df8bba001a0f9c25 | Richard_Feynman | Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "m... | What age did Feynman forget Trigonometry? | What age did Feynman forget Trigonometry? | [
"What age did Feynman forget Trigonometry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108885 | 5a7a49f217ab25001a8a0480 | Literature | In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacr... | The time between the 6th and 5th centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of what? | The time between the 6th and 5th centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of what? | [
"The time between the 6th and 5th centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12605 | 56ddeb0c9a695914005b96ba | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit o... | During who's term did the ruling exceed? | During who's term did the ruling exceed? | [
"During who's term did the ruling exceed? "
] | {
"text": [
"Pope John XXIII"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33578 | 57263b5b38643c19005ad33d | Film_speed | Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of... | What leads to lower quality images? | What leads to lower quality images? | [
"What leads to lower quality images?"
] | {
"text": [
"reduction of exposure"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4748 | 5a74beb142eae6001a389a58 | Green | In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this "green" primary is combined with an orangish-red "red" primary and a purplish-blue "blue" primary to produce any color in between – th... | What is the wavelength of red? | What is the wavelength of red? | [
"What is the wavelength of red?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16283 | 573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf84 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 t... | What religion was suppressed in Libya? | What religion was suppressed in Libya? | [
"What religion was suppressed in Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25420 | 5730d0eab54a4f140068cc84 | Namibia | South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed the territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. In 1978 the UN Security Council passed UN Resolution 435 which planned a transition toward independence for Namibia. Attempts to persuade South Africa to agree to the pla... | The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country? | The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country? | [
"The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?"
] | {
"text": [
"USA"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48400 | 56fa621f8f12f3190063013f | Wood | Little is known about the bacteria that degrade cellulose. Symbiotic bacteria in Xylophaga may play a role in the degradation of sunken wood; while bacteria such as Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Clostridia, and Bacteroidetes have been detected in wood submerged over a year. | What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about? | What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about? | [
"What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?"
] | {
"text": [
"cellulose"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-903 | 5a8450567cf838001a46a709 | Endangered_Species_Act | One species in particular received widespread attention—the whooping crane. The species' historical range extended from central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast. Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until, by 1890, it had disapp... | What was passed in 1941? | What was passed in 1941? | [
"What was passed in 1941?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13565 | 570cf238fed7b91900d45b38 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? | What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane? | [
"What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?"
] | {
"text": [
", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50194 | 572e8363dfa6aa1500f8d06f | Neptune | Neptune is not visible to the unaided eye and is the only planet in the Solar System found by mathematical prediction rather than by empirical observation. Unexpected changes in the orbit of Uranus led Alexis Bouvard to deduce that its orbit was subject to gravitational perturbation by an unknown planet. Neptune was su... | How was Neptune found? | How was Neptune found? | [
"How was Neptune found? "
] | {
"text": [
"mathematical prediction"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84193 | 56de33fc4396321400ee2694 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the... | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | [
"Who was an advocate of separation of powers?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Locke"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30333 | 5acd60f107355d001abf3fd0 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, the Fletcher Opera Theater, the Kennedy Theatre, and the Meymandi Concert Hall. In 2008, a new theatre space, the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School, was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School. T... | When did the Meymandi Theater close? | When did the Meymandi Theater close? | [
" When did the Meymandi Theater close?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36454 | 5730b8da2461fd1900a9cff3 | Immaculate_Conception | The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man... | What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ? | What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ? | [
"What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ?"
] | {
"text": [
"let him be anathema.\""
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21738 | 5a65438fc2b11c001a425d05 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing sy... | What science was developed by Greeks? | What science was developed by Greeks? | [
"What science was developed by Greeks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87487 | 56d3988759d6e414001467e1 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Native Alabamian Allen Barra sharply criticized Lee and the novel in The Wall Street Journal calling Atticus a "repository of cracker-barrel epigrams" and the novel represents a "sugar-coated myth" of Alabama history. Barra writes, "It's time to stop pretending that To Kill a Mockingbird is some kind of timeless classi... | Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal? | Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal? | [
"Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?"
] | {
"text": [
"Allen Barra"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33258 | 57263fde89a1e219009ac5df | Incandescent_light_bulb | A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces th... | How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect? | How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect? | [
"How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?"
] | {
"text": [
"The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36335 | 572ffb33a23a5019007fcbfc | Printed_circuit_board | The cloth or fiber material used, resin material, and the cloth to resin ratio determine the laminate's type designation (FR-4, CEM-1, G-10, etc.) and therefore the characteristics of the laminate produced. Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant, the dielectric constant (er), th... | What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes? | What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes? | [
"What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Z-axis expansion coefficient"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26042 | 5726a1d5708984140094cc64 | Edmund_Burke | During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murra... | The Annual Register covered international events of what type? | The Annual Register covered international events of what type? | [
"The Annual Register covered international events of what type?"
] | {
"text": [
"political"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36845 | 573243720fdd8d15006c68a2 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their d... | What items are discussed at party retreats? | What items are discussed at party retreats? | [
"What items are discussed at party retreats?"
] | {
"text": [
"issues and assess the party's public image; they create \"theme teams\" to craft party messages"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23222 | 5731b46ee99e3014001e61e8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | ^Note 2: in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows: "Article IV. Section 10. No person within this state shall, upon any pretense, be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience, nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own ... | What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do? | What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do? | [
"What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98652 | 572687385951b619008f75d7 | Marvel_Comics | In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. During Shooter's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief, Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run o... | Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope? | Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope? | [
"Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope?"
] | {
"text": [
"crossover story arcs"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105164 | 5726f0765951b619008f82df | History_of_science | The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (othe... | Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature? | Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature? | [
"Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"community"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58877 | 572ab1e9111d821400f38cde | Rajasthan | Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009–2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors. Tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh ... | What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010? | What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010? | [
"What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"14 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25886 | 57097f5e200fba1400368092 | Copper | The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds i... | What property does the final patina on cooper have? | What property does the final patina on cooper have? | [
"What property does the final patina on cooper have?"
] | {
"text": [
"highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12539 | 5a65eeb2c2b11c001a425e0f | Antibiotics | Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing... | Who aims to fast track healthcare professionals? | Who aims to fast track healthcare professionals? | [
"Who aims to fast track healthcare professionals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33323 | 57264b7c5951b619008f6f39 | Incandescent_light_bulb | This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). ... | When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel? | When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel? | [
"When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?"
] | {
"text": [
"1953"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} |
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