gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-80207 | 5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3c | Samoa | In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his s... | What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll? | What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll? | [
"What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?"
] | {
"text": [
"1999"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92398 | 5730db0aaca1c71400fe5b18 | United_States_Air_Force | This is the passive, active, and dynamic employment of capabilities to respond to imminent or on-going actions against Air Force or Air Force-protected networks, the Air Force's portion of the Global Information Grid, or expeditionary communications assigned to the Air Force. Cyberspace defense incorporates CNE, comput... | What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? | What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? | [
"What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? "
] | {
"text": [
"fused all-source intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112252 | 5729259daf94a219006aa0f9 | Race_(human_categorization) | Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously ... | What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with? | What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with? | [
"What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the National Institute of Health"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4215 | 56bed17a3aeaaa14008c94bd | Beyoncé | The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because Ga... | How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal? | How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal? | [
"How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?"
] | {
"text": [
"18"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47157 | 5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe5 | Madonna_(entertainer) | In September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour, in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience. In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show wit... | What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar? | What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar? | [
"What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?"
] | {
"text": [
"a pair of her panties"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75206 | 57284d303acd2414000df8d4 | Labour_Party_(UK) | In their first meeting after the election the group's Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the Leader), although on... | Who was Keir Hardie's opponent? | Who was Keir Hardie's opponent? | [
"Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?"
] | {
"text": [
"David Shackleton"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77790 | 57269184f1498d1400e8e409 | British_Empire | In September 1982, Prime minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the... | When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration? | When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration? | [
"When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?"
] | {
"text": [
"1984"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85139 | 57277b8ddd62a815002e9e32 | Supreme_court | In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authori... | On what date was India's Supreme Court established? | On what date was India's Supreme Court established? | [
"On what date was India's Supreme Court established?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 28, 1950"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50359 | 5acee0c332bba1001ae4b827 | Neptune | The mantle is equivalent to 10 to 15 Earth masses and is rich in water, ammonia and methane. As is customary in planetary science, this mixture is referred to as icy even though it is a hot, dense fluid. This fluid, which has a high electrical conductivity, is sometimes called a water–ammonia ocean. The mantle may cons... | What does the fluid in Uranus have a high conductivity of? | What does the fluid in Uranus have a high conductivity of? | [
"What does the fluid in Uranus have a high conductivity of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28290 | 5731c5ba0fdd8d15006c6520 | Steven_Spielberg | Other major television series Spielberg produced were Band of Brothers, Taken and The Pacific. He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards, including one for Geoff Zanelli's score. For his 2010 miniseries The Pacific he teamed up once again with co... | When was 'The Pacific' released? | When was 'The Pacific' released? | [
"When was 'The Pacific' released?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74661 | 570e4ed60dc6ce1900204f47 | Melbourne | A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liqui... | How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne? | How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne? | [
"How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?"
] | {
"text": [
"133"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45174 | 5ace41cd32bba1001ae4a0c8 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In May 2012, Sony Music filed charges against the website IsoHunt. The plaintifs claims in the court document filed at the supreme court of British Columbia: "The IsoHunt Websites have been designed and are operated by the defendants with the sole purpose of profiting from rampant copyright infringement which defendant... | The website IsoHunt filed charges against Sony Music in what year? | The website IsoHunt filed charges against Sony Music in what year? | [
"The website IsoHunt filed charges against Sony Music in what year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51274 | 572b3335be1ee31400cb8299 | Empiricism | In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "f... | What was Ibn Tufail's religion? | What was Ibn Tufail's religion? | [
"What was Ibn Tufail's religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muslim"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88350 | 56db0ce9e7c41114004b4cd6 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay |
Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracte... | How many miles was the relay in England? | How many miles was the relay in England? | [
"How many miles was the relay in England?"
] | {
"text": [
"30 mi"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12012 | 56e150d1cd28a01900c677ad | Universal_Studios | The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat (1936), a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production, and produced as a high-quality, big-budget film rather than as a B-picture. The new film featured several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935, and unlike t... | What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat? | What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat? | [
"What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?"
] | {
"text": [
"$750,000"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104293 | 5728a91e3acd2414000dfc34 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated? | When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated? | [
"When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 1920s"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97722 | 56d3a85259d6e414001468aa | Frédéric_Chopin | Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Lo... | Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music? | Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music? | [
"Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?"
] | {
"text": [
"Raoul Koczalski"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102822 | 5acd0faf07355d001abf32cd | Unicode | Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that th... | What characters does multilingual processors use? | What characters does multilingual processors use? | [
"What characters does multilingual processors use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84762 | 5ad4d7655b96ef001a10a2fe | San_Diego | The members of the city council are each elected from single member districts within the city. The mayor and city attorney are elected directly by the voters of the entire city. The mayor, city attorney, and council members are elected to four-year terms, with a two-term limit. Elections are held on a non-partisan basi... | Who votes in the city's attorney and general? | Who votes in the city's attorney and general? | [
"Who votes in the city's attorney and general?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61860 | 5ace6e5f32bba1001ae4a692 | Madrasa | There is disagreement whether madaris ever became universities. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Seyyed Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madaris indeed became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the med... | What was considered to be the overt purpose of madaris? | What was considered to be the overt purpose of madaris? | [
" What was considered to be the overt purpose of madaris?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25015 | 56cfad77234ae51400d9be60 | New_York_City | More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city, and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journal... | What was the founding year of the New York Daily News? | What was the founding year of the New York Daily News? | [
"What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?"
] | {
"text": [
"1919"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48577 | 5a83a094e60761001a2eb83b | War_on_Terror | Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after t... | What operation was launched against Iraq in November 1995? | What operation was launched against Iraq in November 1995? | [
"What operation was launched against Iraq in November 1995?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35130 | 571a746210f8ca140030504f | Memory | The more long term the exposure to stress is, the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus. Research shows that subjects placed in a stressful situation for a short amount of time still have blood glucocorticoid ... | Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory? | Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory? | [
"Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?"
] | {
"text": [
"the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27443 | 5a7b878021c2de001afea103 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | What kind of circuit needs special compensating elements the most? | What kind of circuit needs special compensating elements the most? | [
"What kind of circuit needs special compensating elements the most?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112084 | 5728ad892ca10214002da5a8 | Race_(human_categorization) | Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to mak... | Race has no taxonomic significance among whom? | Race has no taxonomic significance among whom? | [
"Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69732 | 5ad49618ba00c4001a268ca7 | Windows_8 | New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new "Hybrid Boot" mode (which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot), a new lock screen with a clock and notifications, and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versio... | What is the point of far field communications? | What is the point of far field communications? | [
"What is the point of far field communications?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105956 | 56e087477aa994140058e5b9 | Space_Race | In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was succ... | R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile? | [
" R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?"
] | {
"text": [
"German G-4"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89637 | 572fed9fa23a5019007fcb51 | The_Blitz | Initially the change in strategy caught the RAF off-guard, and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties. Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties. Of this total around 400 were killed. The fighting in the air was more intense in daylight... | The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties? | The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties? | [
"The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,600"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1803 | 570b421bec8fbc190045b926 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason–Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the "peculiar institution" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides beca... | How did slave states react to Lincoln's election? | How did slave states react to Lincoln's election? | [
"How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?"
] | {
"text": [
"states in the South seceded from the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75889 | 57060b2575f01819005e78e5 | The_Times | At the time of Harold Evans' appointment as editor in 1981, The Times had an average daily sale of 282,000 copies in comparison to the 1.4 million daily sales of its traditional rival The Daily Telegraph. By November 2005 The Times sold an average of 691,283 copies per day, the second-highest of any British "quality" n... | The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper? | The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper? | [
"The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Daily Telegraph"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100281 | 56e10245e3433e1400422a98 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 meters, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second.[citation needed] | What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system? | What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system? | [
"What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?"
] | {
"text": [
"timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3964 | 56bfb676a10cfb1400551265 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé's vocal range spans four octaves. Jody Rosen highlights her tone and timbre as particularly distinctive, describing her voice as "one of the most compelling instruments in popular music". While another critic says she is a "Vocal acrobat, being able to sing long and complex melismas and vocal runs effortlessly,... | How many octaves does Beyonce have? | How many octaves does Beyonce have? | [
"How many octaves does Beyonce have?"
] | {
"text": [
"four octaves"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65068 | 5ad11fd6645df0001a2d0e67 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technolo... | What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 10 years? | What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 10 years? | [
"What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 10 years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114534 | 570a661f6d058f1900182e0d | Emotion | Some of the most influential theorists on emotion from the 20th century have died in the last decade. They include Magda B. Arnold (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the appraisal theory of emotions; Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially... | Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings? | Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings? | [
"Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oxford"
],
"answer_start": [
892
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41025 | 5726ee155951b619008f82ae | Predation | It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in pr... | Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what? | Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what? | [
"Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?"
] | {
"text": [
"carrying capacity"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3542 | 57268974708984140094c93b | Southeast_Asia | The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be ab... | Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper? | Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper? | [
"Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?"
] | {
"text": [
"palm leaf"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16000 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a22 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | When may immunity be acquired? | When may immunity be acquired? | [
"When may immunity be acquired?"
] | {
"text": [
"following a disease"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63584 | 5a7a48f817ab25001a8a0469 | Buckingham_Palace | Investitures, which include the conferring of knighthoods by dubbing with a sword, and other awards take place in the palace's Ballroom, built in 1854. At 36.6 m (120 ft) long, 18 m (59 ft) wide and 13.5 m (44 ft) high, it is the largest room in the palace. It has replaced the throne room in importance and use. During ... | What year was The Ballroom blown up? | What year was The Ballroom blown up? | [
"What year was The Ballroom blown up?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60027 | 56f98f939b226e1400dd157c | Zhejiang | Catholicism arrived 400 years ago in the province and Protestantism 150 years ago. Zhejiang is one of the provinces of China with the largest concentrations of Protestants, especially notable in the city of Wenzhou. In 1999 Zhejiang's Protestant population comprised 2.8% of the provincial population, a small percentage... | Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago? | Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago? | [
"Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholicism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3393 | 5a519ec0b308da001a5a2327 | Southeast_Asia | There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settl... | What ruler regected Islam in the 15th century? | What ruler regected Islam in the 15th century? | [
"What ruler regected Islam in the 15th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15013 | 5ad3d9ea604f3c001a3ff3b5 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, pos... | What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller not combine with Whitehead's ideas? | What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller not combine with Whitehead's ideas? | [
"What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller not combine with Whitehead's ideas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7606 | 5a8c8aacfd22b3001a8d8a68 | Database | The final stage of database design is to make the decisions that affect performance, scalability, recovery, security, and the like. This is often called physical database design. A key goal during this stage is data independence, meaning that the decisions made for performance optimization purposes should be invisible ... | What is no longer a key goal during the final stage? | What is no longer a key goal during the final stage? | [
"What is no longer a key goal during the final stage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70565 | 56dfe625231d4119001abe71 | Pub | Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened... | In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate? | In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate? | [
"In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47936 | 5726c242708984140094d0b7 | Napoleon | Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilome... | How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris? | How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris? | [
" How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?"
] | {
"text": [
"three days"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2619 | 56d277f759d6e41400146020 | Buddhism | The Theravada school spread south from India in the 3rd century BCE, to Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma and later also Indonesia. The Dharmagupta school spread (also in 3rd century BCE) north to Kashmir, Gandhara and Bactria (Afghanistan). | The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? | The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE? | [
"The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?"
] | {
"text": [
"3rd century"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95972 | 5a1e0aaf3de3f40018b26471 | Hokkien | The Amoy dialect (Xiamen) is a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. Taiwanese is also a hybrid of these two dialects. Taiwanese in northern Taiwan tends to be based on the Quanzhou variety, whereas the Taiwanese spoken in southern Taiwan tends to be based on Zhangzhou speech. There are minor variations in pro... | What are the differences between Taiwanese and Chinese dialects? | What are the differences between Taiwanese and Chinese dialects? | [
"What are the differences between Taiwanese and Chinese dialects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34115 | 5728f9ce6aef05140015491a | Alaska | The Alaska Railroad was one of the last railroads in North America to use cabooses in regular service and still uses them on some gravel trains. It continues to offer one of the last flag stop routes in the country. A stretch of about 60 miles (100 km) of track along an area north of Talkeetna remains inaccessible by r... | The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what? | The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what? | [
"The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?"
] | {
"text": [
"cabooses"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16808 | 5725b54789a1e219009abd1a | Israel | With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar... | When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region? | When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region? | [
"When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?"
] | {
"text": [
"132 CE"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74324 | 5ace820332bba1001ae4a8c3 | Asphalt | The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Not... | From where is the word limestone derived? | From where is the word limestone derived? | [
"From where is the word limestone derived?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19837 | 57317b1de6313a140071cf88 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a hi... | What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do? | What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do? | [
"What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48 | 56f8c6b29e9bad19000a0499 | Guinea-Bissau | Independence was unilaterally declared on 24 September 1973. Recognition became universal following the 25 April 1974 socialist-inspired military coup in Portugal, which overthrew Lisbon's Estado Novo regime. | Where did a coup take place? | Where did a coup take place? | [
"Where did a coup take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"Portugal"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18069 | 5a10e91306e79900185c346d | Internet_service_provider | Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.[citation needed] | What trade-off is not possible? | What trade-off is not possible? | [
"What trade-off is not possible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49997 | 56fc2f352603e71400409ff6 | Phonology | Phonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to descriptive... | When was the phonome's modern concept developed? | When was the phonome's modern concept developed? | [
"When was the phonome's modern concept developed?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49037 | 571ae05d9499d21900609b85 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | After the death of the replacement bishop Gregory in 345, Constans used his influence to allow Athanasius to return to Alexandria in October 345, amidst the enthusiastic demonstrations of the populace. This began a "golden decade" of peace and prosperity, during which time Athanasius assembled several documents relatin... | In what writing did he recount his time in exiles? | In what writing did he recount his time in exiles? | [
"In what writing did he recount his time in exiles?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apology Against the Arians"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9297 | 57326dbc0fdd8d15006c6adb | The_Bronx | By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987) portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County ... | Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'? | Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'? | [
"Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tom Wolfe"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37218 | 5727931add62a815002ea0db | Switzerland | The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representa... | How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve? | How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve? | [
"How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?"
] | {
"text": [
"4 years"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109029 | 5a7a5c0521c2de001afe9bae | Literature | A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate infor... | A small portion of historical writings are considered what? | A small portion of historical writings are considered what? | [
"A small portion of historical writings are considered what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28784 | 571aa3cb4faf5e1900b8ab8e | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes... | Who developed Arsphenamine? | Who developed Arsphenamine? | [
"Who developed Arsphenamine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65012 | 572952c9af94a219006aa29c | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Nearly all the gasoline sold in the United States today is mixed with 10 percent ethanol, a mix known as E10, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and GM are among the automobile companies that sell flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and... | What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012? | What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012? | [
"What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Energy Policy Act of 2005"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89406 | 5731239605b4da19006bcde8 | Great_power | In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no... | Is there agreement on the status of all powers? | Is there agreement on the status of all powers? | [
"Is there agreement on the status of all powers?"
] | {
"text": [
"no collective agreement"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107622 | 5acf705877cf76001a684e2c | Umayyad_Caliphate | The rivalries between the Arab tribes had caused unrest in the provinces outside Syria, most notably in the Second Muslim Civil War of 680–692 CE and the Berber Revolt of 740–743 CE. During the Second Civil War, leadership of the Umayyad clan shifted from the Sufyanid branch of the family to the Marwanid branch. As the... | When did leadership shift from the Marwanid branch to the Sufyanid branch? | When did leadership shift from the Marwanid branch to the Sufyanid branch? | [
"When did leadership shift from the Marwanid branch to the Sufyanid branch?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10199 | 5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e9 | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union? | What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union? | [
"What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81518 | 57267c3ddd62a815002e86ce | Queen_Victoria | Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consu... | Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system? | Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system? | [
"Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?"
] | {
"text": [
"House of Lords and the monarch"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24334 | 5ad42975604f3c001a40092a | Bermuda | Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century. These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire, and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act... | What began in 1858? | What began in 1858? | [
"What began in 1858?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17515 | 56cdcfee62d2951400fa6877 | Spectre_(2015_film) | Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond ... | What group did Sciarra belong to? | What group did Sciarra belong to? | [
"What group did Sciarra belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spectre"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56148 | 56e7b28900c9c71400d7750e | Arena_Football_League | The AFL also had a regional-cable deal with FSN, where FSN regional affiliates in AFL markets carried local team games. In some areas, such as with the Arizona Rattlers, Fox Sports affiliates still carry the games. | What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with? | What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with? | [
"What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?"
] | {
"text": [
"FSN"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56704 | 57279e2cff5b5019007d9125 | Gramophone_record | In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight t... | When did the vinyl LP records Era begin? | When did the vinyl LP records Era begin? | [
"When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93576 | 5728abc13acd2414000dfc9b | Estonia | Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XX... | What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender? | What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender? | [
"What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18900 | 5733e94e4776f419006614c6 | Premier_League | Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 Ju... | How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995? | How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995? | [
"How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30800 | 572680f85951b619008f74fd | Mexico_City | For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of gover... | When did election of borough heads begin? | When did election of borough heads begin? | [
"When did election of borough heads begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"2000"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86482 | 5a611752e9e1cc001a33ceda | Gymnastics | In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francis... | Who designed what led to ancient gymnastics? | Who designed what led to ancient gymnastics? | [
"Who designed what led to ancient gymnastics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115482 | 56eab1d05a205f1900d6d426 | Political_corruption | The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu... | Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997? | Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997? | [
"Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69484 | 570aa1e34103511400d598a6 | Houston | Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jac... | What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve? | What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve? | [
"What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve?"
] | {
"text": [
"southeastern"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17025 | 5725cfb4271a42140099d220 | Israel | Israel has embraced solar energy; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world. Over 90% of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita in the world. According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electr... | How much electricity does the country save per year? | How much electricity does the country save per year? | [
"How much electricity does the country save per year?"
] | {
"text": [
"8%"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1025 | 572eb5bddfa6aa1500f8d2e7 | Endangered_Species_Act | Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely... | Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee? | Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee? | [
"Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66338 | 5ace95ac32bba1001ae4ab0c | Brigham_Young_University | Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally pu... | What is October 16, 1857 known as? | What is October 16, 1857 known as? | [
"What is October 16, 1857 known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4065 | 56d4e2e12ccc5a1400d832f2 | Beyoncé | Described as being "sexy, seductive and provocative" when performing on stage, Beyoncé has said that she originally created the alter ego "Sasha Fierce" to keep that stage persona separate from who she really is. She described Sasha as being "too aggressive, too strong, too sassy [and] too sexy", stating, "I'm not like... | Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song? | Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song? | [
"Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?"
] | {
"text": [
"Crazy in Love"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70327 | 572996c36aef051400154ffe | Neoclassical_architecture | Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of Bri... | When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture? | When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture? | [
"When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24508 | 56dfc0b67aa994140058e125 | Lighting | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of ... | Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified? | Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified? | [
"Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?"
] | {
"text": [
"LC"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110781 | 5730247fb2c2fd1400568948 | Iran | The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution, and comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. The Leader of the Revolution ("Supreme Leader") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Supreme Leader is Comm... | The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council? | The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council? | [
"The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94980 | 5710decca58dae1900cd6b0e | Age_of_Enlightenment | Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientifi... | What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies? | What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies? | [
"What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?"
] | {
"text": [
"transmission of knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2206 | 56d1c755e7d4791d0090217d | Buddhism | Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the śramaṇas, a ... | Buddhists call anapanasati what? | Buddhists call anapanasati what? | [
"Buddhists call anapanasati what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Middle Way"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95052 | 5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba1 | Age_of_Enlightenment | In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and... | Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants? | Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants? | [
"Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oxford professors"
],
"answer_start": [
848
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42172 | 5ad23ae5d7d075001a42885e | Karl_Popper | The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most ... | What prevented fascism from taking over Austrian politics? | What prevented fascism from taking over Austrian politics? | [
"What prevented fascism from taking over Austrian politics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98976 | 5a82338e31013a001a3352ce | Turner_Classic_Movies | The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT – along with colorized versions of ... | What was a notable film that Warner Bros. colorized? | What was a notable film that Warner Bros. colorized? | [
"What was a notable film that Warner Bros. colorized?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7018 | 573141b2e6313a140071cd8f | Red | During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process chang... | What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown? | What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown? | [
"What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?"
] | {
"text": [
"phosphate"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37271 | 57279eac3acd2414000de809 | Switzerland | Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/ele... | What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods? | What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods? | [
"What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?"
] | {
"text": [
"machines/electronics"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37474 | 5727cf404b864d1900163da4 | London | Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londini... | Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD? | Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD? | [
"Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Iceni tribe"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79564 | 5ad00de177cf76001a686811 | Kievan_Rus%27 | Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short li... | What year was Sviatoslav's empire consolidated? | What year was Sviatoslav's empire consolidated? | [
"What year was Sviatoslav's empire consolidated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107068 | 5ace6e0e32bba1001ae4a67b | Hunting | Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotg... | How many people have taken part in shooting in the UK since 1831? | How many people have taken part in shooting in the UK since 1831? | [
"How many people have taken part in shooting in the UK since 1831?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71615 | 56f8e7d39e9bad19000a06ec | Near_East | The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek... | When was the Greek War of Independence? | When was the Greek War of Independence? | [
"When was the Greek War of Independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"1821–1832"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97968 | 5a82003531013a001a3350ac | Humanism | The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as... | Who were the Humanists in disagreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living? | Who were the Humanists in disagreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living? | [
"Who were the Humanists in disagreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48325 | 56fa455af34c681400b0c04e | Wood | Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provide... | Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood? | Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood? | [
"Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?"
] | {
"text": [
"resin"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9909 | 5728060d4b864d1900164268 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 1... | What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it? | What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it? | [
"What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?"
] | {
"text": [
"unaware"
],
"answer_start": [
811
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62683 | 5accfe0d07355d001abf3136 | Pain | Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely us... | What definition does the International Association for the Pain Study use for pain? | What definition does the International Association for the Pain Study use for pain? | [
"What definition does the International Association for the Pain Study use for pain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93635 | 5728b8064b864d1900164cbd | Estonia | Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation... | Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister? | Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister? | [
"Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?"
] | {
"text": [
"Andrus Ansip"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13564 | 570cf238fed7b91900d45b37 | Digestion | In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, Gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles. Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles fro... | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material? | [
"What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?"
] | {
"text": [
"the formation of outer membrane vesicles"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94152 | 5727afa43acd2414000de9af | Cork_(city) | Cork has been culturally diverse for many years, from Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities and a smaller numbers from African and Asian nations in the 20th and 21st centuries. This is reflected in the multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-... | When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city? | When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city? | [
"When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75222 | 57286292ff5b5019007da1e8 | Labour_Party_(UK) | The Communist Party of Great Britain was refused affiliation to the Labour Party between 1921 and 1923. Meanwhile, the Liberal Party declined rapidly, and the party also suffered a catastrophic split which allowed the Labour Party to gain much of the Liberals' support. With the Liberals thus in disarray, Labour won 142... | Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party? | Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party? | [
"Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ramsay MacDonald"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113332 | 5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d6 | Vacuum | Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake co... | Where did Plato believe a vaccuum did not occur? | Where did Plato believe a vaccuum did not occur? | [
"Where did Plato believe a vaccuum did not occur?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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