gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-109438 | 5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f14 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | What was the feudal order made up of? | What was the feudal order made up of? | [
"What was the feudal order made up of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31695 | 570d8943fed7b91900d461fc | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, ... | Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what? | Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what? | [
"Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?"
] | {
"text": [
"permanently"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10412 | 5acf7d5e77cf76001a684f66 | Comics | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with? | What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with? | [
"What comic strip did Bud Fisher fail with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96217 | 5728d235ff5b5019007da75c | Paris | Most French rulers since the Middle Ages made a point of leaving their mark on a city that, contrary to many other of the world's capitals, has never been destroyed by catastrophe or war. In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map.[citation n... | When was ile aux Cygnes created? | When was ile aux Cygnes created? | [
"When was ile aux Cygnes created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1827"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33056 | 5ad18cbd645df0001a2d1ef9 | Incandescent_light_bulb | On 13 December 1904, Hungarian Sándor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman were granted a Hungarian patent (No. 34541) for a tungsten filament lamp that lasted longer and gave brighter light than the carbon filament. Tungsten filament lamps were first marketed by the Hungarian company Tungsram in 1904. This type is often c... | What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb? | What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb? | [
"What type of gas does not fill a tungsten filament bulb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99955 | 5ace418332bba1001ae4a0b7 | Guam | The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41–42 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flyi... | On what date did Ferdinand Magellan complete his circumnavigation of the globe? | On what date did Ferdinand Magellan complete his circumnavigation of the globe? | [
"On what date did Ferdinand Magellan complete his circumnavigation of the globe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62393 | 5a6a6f3fa9e0c9001a4e9e1b | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | Howard differed from his Labor predecessor Paul Keating in that he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag, but like Keating he pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consu... | In what ways was Howard similar to ANZUS? | In what ways was Howard similar to ANZUS? | [
"In what ways was Howard similar to ANZUS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51037 | 572fc19a947a6a140053cc54 | Seven_Years%27_War | The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended ... | Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774? | Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774? | [
"Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?"
] | {
"text": [
"French Canadians"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52969 | 5705f69d75f01819005e77cc | Bird_migration | Many bird populations migrate long distances along a flyway. The most common pattern involves flying north in the spring to breed in the temperate or Arctic summer and returning in the autumn to wintering grounds in warmer regions to the south. Of course, in the southern hemisphere the directions are reversed, but ther... | What is the most common directionof migration in autumn? | What is the most common directionof migration in autumn? | [
"What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?"
] | {
"text": [
"south"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-657 | 56df612c96943c1400a5d482 | Plymouth | A band of Middle Devonian limestone runs west to east from Cremyll to Plymstock including the Hoe. Local limestone may be seen in numerous buildings, walls and pavements throughout Plymouth. To the north and north east of the city is the granite mass of Dartmoor; the granite was mined and exported via Plymouth. Rocks b... | Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region? | Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region? | [
"Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cattedown"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82171 | 57268a27dd62a815002e88a6 | Pesticide | Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward.... | In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant? | In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant? | [
"In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?"
] | {
"text": [
"movement is usually upward"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104211 | 5728a4054b864d1900164b29 | Mandolin | The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mando... | Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first? | Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first? | [
"Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?"
] | {
"text": [
"Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49979 | 56fc2c4e00a8df19004037c0 | Phonology | Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any linguistic analysis eit... | The study of sign language is a part of what? | The study of sign language is a part of what? | [
"The study of sign language is a part of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Phonology"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21173 | 5a773cbb2d6d7f001a4a9f71 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral... | Where is the largest concentration of Floridians? | Where is the largest concentration of Floridians? | [
"Where is the largest concentration of Floridians?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27832 | 5acd409f07355d001abf3a66 | Energy | Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weathe... | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy? | When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy? | [
"When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87068 | 5a1f24463de3f40018b26519 | Videoconferencing | It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many o... | In November, 1984, what else was being researched? | In November, 1984, what else was being researched? | [
"In November, 1984, what else was being researched?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5205 | 56e16a12cd28a01900c678b7 | Boston | The city has several federal facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building, the Thomas P. O'Neill Federal Building, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. | Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located? | Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located? | [
"Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located?"
] | {
"text": [
"The city"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98282 | 56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b7 | Alps | Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on the French-It... | What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life? | What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life? | [
"What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?"
] | {
"text": [
"a piece of glacier will detach or break"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44709 | 56f8a0dd9e9bad19000a0207 | Gene | Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases, DNA strands have directionality. One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3' end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5' end. The two strands of a ... | What causes the directionality of DNA strands? | What causes the directionality of DNA strands? | [
"What causes the directionality of DNA strands?"
] | {
"text": [
"the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59380 | 5ad14d10645df0001a2d1676 | Electric_motor | Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power g... | What does EC stand for? | What does EC stand for? | [
" What does EC stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9996 | 572822d04b864d190016453a | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the... | What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960? | What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960? | [
"What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?"
] | {
"text": [
"press"
],
"answer_start": [
687
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23305 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e6 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | [
" Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76846 | 5725c26aec44d21400f3d4f6 | Dutch_language | Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different ... | In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch? | In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch? | [
"In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59971 | 5acfc2d177cf76001a685d62 | Zhejiang | Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world. | What is not an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou? | What is not an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou? | [
"What is not an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1055 | 5a848d097cf838001a46a912 | Endangered_Species_Act | The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bru... | What is issued if an HCP is rejected? | What is issued if an HCP is rejected? | [
"What is issued if an HCP is rejected?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55057 | 5a396c122f14dd001ac7231b | Everton_F.C. | Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home unt... | What was the name of the stadium at Priory Road? | What was the name of the stadium at Priory Road? | [
"What was the name of the stadium at Priory Road?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99849 | 56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f1 | Middle_Ages | During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three ... | Who was made pope in 1417? | Who was made pope in 1417? | [
"Who was made pope in 1417?"
] | {
"text": [
"Martin V"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43622 | 5726e4e2dd62a815002e942e | Korean_War | On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed tha... | Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea? | Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea? | [
"Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"General MacArthur"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1000 | 5a847d907cf838001a46a862 | Endangered_Species_Act | The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list. In practice, most designations occur several years after listing. Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat. In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regul... | What has to be designated after a waiting period of 1 year? | What has to be designated after a waiting period of 1 year? | [
"What has to be designated after a waiting period of 1 year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46622 | 5ad0b3fb645df0001a2d00d4 | Department_store | The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end an... | What sorts of goods do the least popular department stores in New Zealand offer? | What sorts of goods do the least popular department stores in New Zealand offer? | [
"What sorts of goods do the least popular department stores in New Zealand offer? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63877 | 572802ac2ca10214002d9b64 | USB | A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D− both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D− lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs... | What is a USB packet's end called? | What is a USB packet's end called? | [
"What is a USB packet's end called?"
] | {
"text": [
"EOP (end-of-packet)"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59788 | 56f97cd79b226e1400dd14a7 | Zhejiang | At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the... | What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish? | What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish? | [
"What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Kingdom of Wu"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110864 | 573038f604bcaa1900d773b1 | Iran | After the Revolution of 1979, as the new government imposed new laws and standards, a new age in Iranian cinema emerged, starting with Viva... by Khosrow Sinai and followed by many other directors, such as Abbas Kiarostami and Jafar Panahi. Kiarostami, an admired Iranian director, planted Iran firmly on the map of worl... | Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution? | Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution? | [
"Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Khosrow Sinai"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55107 | 5a39739f2f14dd001ac7233c | Everton_F.C. | On 16 June 2006, it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium, expandable to over 60,000, in Kirkby. The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club's future by holding a ballot on the proposal, ... | On what date was the ballot held? | On what date was the ballot held? | [
"On what date was the ballot held?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52130 | 5ad38c86604f3c001a3fe5d3 | Miami | The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in... | Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county isn't part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area? | Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county isn't part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area? | [
"Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county isn't part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45460 | 571a616610f8ca1400305009 | Ashkenazi_Jews | Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means "Jewishness" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and com... | Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept? | Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept? | [
"Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yiddishkeit"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81666 | 5706318d52bb89140068995a | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was ... | When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently? | When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently? | [
"When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 11, 2006"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93936 | 572e984b03f9891900756817 | Cyprus | The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cyp... | Where did Legislative power rest? | Where did Legislative power rest? | [
"Where did Legislative power rest?"
] | {
"text": [
"the House of Representatives"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66029 | 571a35774faf5e1900b8a925 | Seattle | The main mode of transportation, however, relies on Seattle's streets, which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North. Only two ... | What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake? | What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake? | [
"What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alaskan Way Viaduct"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96132 | 5728c2beff5b5019007da618 | Paris | Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the fi... | What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create? | What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create? | [
"What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?"
] | {
"text": [
"Impressionism"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110053 | 57101978b654c5140001f7eb | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | African Americans made up 41 percent of death row inmates while making up only 12.6 percent of the general population. (They have made up 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976.) However, that number is lower than that of prison inmates, which is 47 percent. According to the US Department of Justice, African ... | What percentage of the American population is Hispanic? | What percentage of the American population is Hispanic? | [
"What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?"
] | {
"text": [
"17.4%"
],
"answer_start": [
840
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66009 | 571a2f4b10f8ca1400304f46 | Seattle | As of 2010[update], Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, and the University of Washingt... | In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish? | In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish? | [
"In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?"
] | {
"text": [
"on-line"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71595 | 56f8e22c9e9bad19000a0688 | Near_East | Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas." To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges." Asia began on the coast of Anatolia ("land of the rising sun"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas ... | Where did Asia begin? | Where did Asia begin? | [
"Where did Asia begin? "
] | {
"text": [
"on the coast of Anatolia"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108229 | 56e043c67aa994140058e410 | Aspirated_consonant | Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called v... | The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release? | The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release? | [
"The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?"
] | {
"text": [
"breathy"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27258 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46c | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | Who invented the first transistor? | Who invented the first transistor? | [
"Who invented the first transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Julius Lilienfeld"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81607 | 5706160975f01819005e7969 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | The Traymore Hotel was located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk. Begun in 1879 as a small boarding house, the hotel grew through a series of uncoordinated expansions. By 1914, the hotel's owner, Daniel White, taking a hint from the Marlborough-Blenheim, commissioned the firm of Price and McLanahan to ... | How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation? | How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation? | [
"How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation?"
] | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20863 | 5acfadb377cf76001a685816 | Prime_minister | A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government. In these circumstances it ... | When did George I die? | When did George I die? | [
"When did George I die?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75554 | 5acfcb8d77cf76001a686057 | Cubism | At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Indépendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka. The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times. This artic... | What happened October 9 1911? | What happened October 9 1911? | [
"What happened October 9 1911?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82041 | 572aaca8be1ee31400cb8145 | Royal_assent | Independently of the method used to signify royal assent, it is the responsibility of the Clerk of the Parliaments, once the assent has been duly notified to both houses, not only to endorse the act in the name of the monarch with the formal Norman French formula, but to certify that assent has been granted. The clerk ... | Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts? | Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts? | [
"Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Clerk of the Parliaments"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37512 | 5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a62 | London | In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most childr... | What was the London hub of the British press? | What was the London hub of the British press? | [
"What was the London hub of the British press?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fleet Street"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46693 | 572678385951b619008f739d | Department_store | The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, found... | What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? | What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? | [
"What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? "
] | {
"text": [
"El Corte Inglés"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30202 | 5726b149dd62a815002e8d0a | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It al... | Where is Midtown Raleigh? | Where is Midtown Raleigh? | [
"Where is Midtown Raleigh?"
] | {
"text": [
"North of the I-440 Beltline"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92221 | 5a4fecc9af0d07001ae8cc9d | Asthma | Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mil... | What can you take that will change the results of a COPD test? | What can you take that will change the results of a COPD test? | [
"What can you take that will change the results of a COPD test?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25896 | 57098140200fba14003680cc | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? | When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? | [
"When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"copper toxicity"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44907 | 56f8df189e9bad19000a064c | Gene | Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism's survival. This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress. Only a small portion of an organism's genes are essential. In bacteria, an estimated 250–400 genes are essential fo... | How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have? | How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have? | [
"How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?"
] | {
"text": [
"1000 genes"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28385 | 5731cca5e17f3d140042240b | Steven_Spielberg | Spielberg prefers working with production members with whom he has developed an existing working relationship. An example of this is his production relationship with Kathleen Kennedy who has served as producer on all his major films from E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to the recent Lincoln. For cinematography, Allen Daviau... | Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on? | Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on? | [
"Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on?"
] | {
"text": [
"Schindler's List"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55531 | 572674badd62a815002e8590 | Presbyterianism | Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now c... | What were churches called before the 19th century? | What were churches called before the 19th century? | [
"What were churches called before the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"meeting house"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100250 | 5acd331d07355d001abf3923 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | According to China daily. Fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it is now generating $31.5 billion for major companies such as China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp. | 17 years after it's launch, how much does the satellite system generate in profit? | 17 years after it's launch, how much does the satellite system generate in profit? | [
"17 years after it's launch, how much does the satellite system generate in profit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55865 | 5a0cfd4df5590b0018dab6f3 | Clothing | The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, re... | Scientists are developing what they can serve either a functional purpose for a traditional | Scientists are developing what they can serve either a functional purpose for a traditional | [
"Scientists are developing what they can serve either a functional purpose for a traditional"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2760 | 57300f7fb2c2fd14005687c5 | British_Isles | The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative desc... | Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland? | Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland? | [
"Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?"
] | {
"text": [
"association of the word British"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9393 | 5a6b8ce7a9e0c9001a4e9f6f | Myocardial_infarction | Atypical symptoms are more frequently reported by women, the elderly, and those with diabetes when compared to their male and younger counterparts. Women also report more numerous symptoms compared with men (2.6 on average vs. 1.8 symptoms in men). The most common symptoms of MI in women include dyspnea, weakness, and ... | What is more predictive of coronary ischemia for women? | What is more predictive of coronary ischemia for women? | [
"What is more predictive of coronary ischemia for women?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1356 | 573096972461fd1900a9cecd | Airport | An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air For... | Where is RAF Brize Norton located? | Where is RAF Brize Norton located? | [
"Where is RAF Brize Norton located?"
] | {
"text": [
"the UK"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1549 | 573174c3e6313a140071cf4e | Mosaic | Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice (mainly from the 17th–19th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270–75, "The burial of St Mark in the first basilica"), the Cathedral of Orvieto (golden Gothic mosaics from the 1... | the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century? | the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century? | [
"the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 14th"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78950 | 5a8d9520df8bba001a0f9b19 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Twilight Princess takes place several centuries after Ocarina of Time and Majora's Mask, and begins with a youth named Link who is working as a ranch hand in Ordon Village. One day, the village is attacked by Bulblins, who carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit before he encounters a wall of Twilight. A ... | Where is Midna working as a ranch hand? | Where is Midna working as a ranch hand? | [
"Where is Midna working as a ranch hand?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98418 | 56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f72 | Alps | Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit... | What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do? | What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do? | [
"What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"climb Mont Aiguille"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43297 | 5a86115eb4e223001a8e7444 | Poultry | World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in... | Who is the only producer of duck meat among the western nations? | Who is the only producer of duck meat among the western nations? | [
"Who is the only producer of duck meat among the western nations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58780 | 572aa7a6f75d5e190021fc00 | Rajasthan | Ranthambore National Park is known worldwide for its tiger population and is considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as one of the best place in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct at Sariska, but five tigers have been relocated there. Prominent among... | Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what? | Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what? | [
"Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"one of the best place in India to spot tigers"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96329 | 5728f404af94a219006a9e45 | Paris | Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette. The National Museum of Natural History, on the Left Bank, is famous for its dinosaur artefacts, mineral collections, and its Gallery of Evolution. The military history of France, from the Middle Ages to Wor... | What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner? | What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner? | [
"What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?"
] | {
"text": [
"the tomb of Napoleon"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28799 | 571aa8204faf5e1900b8abca | Pharmaceutical_industry | The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources. The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from plants started particularly with the ... | When was Morphine and Quinine first available? | When was Morphine and Quinine first available? | [
"When was Morphine and Quinine first available?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid 1800s"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89419 | 5a14e307a54d4200185293b2 | Great_power | Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional a... | What former axis powers do various authors include as great powers? | What former axis powers do various authors include as great powers? | [
"What former axis powers do various authors include as great powers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110791 | 5730265d04bcaa1900d7723a | Iran | The Guardian Council comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader. The others are elected by the Iranian Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary. The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament. If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitut... | How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages? | How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages? | [
"How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages?"
] | {
"text": [
"four-year terms"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85093 | 5a285975d1a287001a6d0bbf | Mali | Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and s... | What plays a minor role in culture compared to music? | What plays a minor role in culture compared to music? | [
"What plays a minor role in culture compared to music?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102486 | 5ad3c735604f3c001a3ff03b | High-definition_television | Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD. | SD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what? | SD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what? | [
"SD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36007 | 572710e9f1498d1400e8f2fa | Comcast | Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led "design, creation and management". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. "SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messag... | When was Smartzone rolled out to customers? | When was Smartzone rolled out to customers? | [
"When was Smartzone rolled out to customers?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97484 | 56cf5284aab44d1400b88fcc | Frédéric_Chopin | The British Library notes that "Chopin's works have been recorded by all the great pianists of the recording era." The earliest recording was an 1895 performance by Paul Pabst of the Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2. The British Library site makes available a number of historic recordings, including some by Alfred Cort... | Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work? | Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work? | [
"Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paul Pabst"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106061 | 56e1077ecd28a01900c6746b | Space_Race | Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launc... | When did the Apollo 11 mission launch? | When did the Apollo 11 mission launch? | [
"When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?"
] | {
"text": [
"July 16, 1969"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99159 | 572793f2dd62a815002ea0f4 | Turner_Classic_Movies | Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in ... | In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM? | In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM? | [
"In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47986 | 5726e0f7708984140094d48b | Napoleon | Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyon... | What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses? | What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses? | [
"What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?"
] | {
"text": [
"cheated"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25835 | 5a8357dde60761001a2eb5e6 | Copper | Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth... | How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth? | How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth? | [
"How much copper is estimated to be missing on earth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15343 | 57064c4575f01819005e7b1b | Black_people | In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Bloodthirsty" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard, who coerced the country into submission. | How many black slaves did he own? | How many black slaves did he own? | [
"How many black slaves did he own?"
] | {
"text": [
"150,000"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114854 | 5a7dcd9270df9f001a8751c0 | Matter | In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth).... | What are examples of paramagnetic phases? | What are examples of paramagnetic phases? | [
"What are examples of paramagnetic phases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106636 | 572661a95951b619008f7108 | East_India_Company | This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was... | In what year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company? | In what year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company? | [
"In what year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?"
] | {
"text": [
"1698"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17262 | 5ad113dc645df0001a2d0c8b | Uranium | The major application of uranium in the military sector is in high-density penetrators. This ammunition consists of depleted uranium (DU) alloyed with 1–2% other elements, such as titanium or molybdenum. At high impact speed, the density, hardness, and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily a... | What percentage of low-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium? | What percentage of low-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium? | [
"What percentage of low-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35968 | 5a73563b53a187001ae63195 | Comcast | Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion ... | How much did Comcast pay to purchase Greater Philadelphia Cablvision? | How much did Comcast pay to purchase Greater Philadelphia Cablvision? | [
"How much did Comcast pay to purchase Greater Philadelphia Cablvision?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105823 | 572f6a6504bcaa1900d76905 | Compact_disc | The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home... | What does AHRA stand for? | What does AHRA stand for? | [
"What does AHRA stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Audio Home Recording Act"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1432 | 5731514505b4da19006bd040 | Mosaic | After 539 Ravenna was reconquered by the Romans in the form of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and became the seat of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the second half of the 6th century. Outstanding examples of Byzantine mosaic art are the later phase mosai... | What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale? | What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale? | [
"What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Byzantine conquest"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84974 | 5726c9a75951b619008f7e17 | Mali | In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'état, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West Afric... | What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali? | What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali? | [
"What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70203 | 5a2c266dbfd06b001a5ae9ff | Neoclassical_architecture | By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pom... | Where was neoclassical architecture adopted in conventional circles? | Where was neoclassical architecture adopted in conventional circles? | [
"Where was neoclassical architecture adopted in conventional circles?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31932 | 57269fb6708984140094cc15 | Myanmar | With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in t... | What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ? | What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ? | [
"What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arakan"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108417 | 5acd2d8007355d001abf37f8 | Aspirated_consonant | Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians. | Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops? | Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops? | [
"Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109568 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650c2 | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan? | What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan? | [
"What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"executed"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89693 | 57302f95b2c2fd1400568a1c | The_Blitz | Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential w... | What used most of Fighter Command's resources? | What used most of Fighter Command's resources? | [
"What used most of Fighter Command's resources?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Battle of Britain"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36508 | 5730e84cf6cb411900e2453c | Immaculate_Conception | By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or too... | What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ? | What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ? | [
"What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?"
] | {
"text": [
"the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23649 | 572829d9ff5b5019007d9e59 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What does federalism mean in Europe? | What does federalism mean in Europe? | [
"What does federalism mean in Europe? "
] | {
"text": [
"weaker central government, relative to a unitary state"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87782 | 56e78afc37bdd419002c40f7 | Tristan_da_Cunha | The first permanent settler was Jonathan Lambert, from Salem, Massachusetts, United States, who arrived at the islands in December 1810 with two other men. Lambert publicly declared the islands his property and named them the Islands of Refreshment. After being joined by an Andrew Millet, three of the four men died in ... | what was the name of the first long term settler? | what was the name of the first long term settler? | [
"what was the name of the first long term settler? "
] | {
"text": [
"Jonathan Lambert"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15243 | 572fa7a8b2c2fd14005682c1 | Hyderabad | South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility... | What is a tawaif? | What is a tawaif? | [
"What is a tawaif?"
] | {
"text": [
"courtesans"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68442 | 5a36b43195360f001af1b30b | George_VI | In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern Briti... | Who was Lord Halifax in 1940? | Who was Lord Halifax in 1940? | [
"Who was Lord Halifax in 1940?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6665 | 57283ab62ca10214002da122 | PlayStation_3 | PlayStation 3's initial production cost is estimated by iSuppli to have been US$805.85 for the 20 GB model and US$840.35 for the 60 GB model. However, they were priced at US$499 and US$599 respectively, meaning that units may have been sold at an estimated loss of $306 or $241 depending on model, if the cost estimates ... | How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3? | How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3? | [
"How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$805.85"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8838 | 56e0a85e7aa994140058e69e | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The Government was known officially as the Council of People's Commissars (1917–1946), Council of Ministers (1946–1978) and Council of Ministers–Government (1978–1991). The first government was headed by Vladimir Lenin as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR" and the last by Boris Yeltsin... | Who led the first government of the RSFSR? | Who led the first government of the RSFSR? | [
"Who led the first government of the RSFSR?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vladimir Lenin"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14641 | 5ad3ca05604f3c001a3ff0c1 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary alg... | What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess? | What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess? | [
"What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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