gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-101927 | 5a513c30ce860b001aa3fc6a | States_of_Germany | Federalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while others fall under the shared ... | What is a topic that is the exclusive responsibility of the state? | What is a topic that is the exclusive responsibility of the state? | [
"What is a topic that is the exclusive responsibility of the state?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94563 | 5726a3bf5951b619008f78a7 | Queen_(band) | At Live Aid, held at Wembley on 13 July 1985, in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion, Queen performed some of their greatest hits, during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang, and swayed in unison. The show's organisers, Bob Geldof and Midge Ure, other musicians such as El... | Who organized Live Aid? | Who organized Live Aid? | [
"Who organized Live Aid?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bob Geldof and Midge Ure"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88044 | 572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2e | God | Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism hol... | What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time? | What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time? | [
"What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
606
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78769 | 5730a045069b5314008321d0 | Greeks | Greek surnames were widely in use by the 9th century supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father’s name, however Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics. Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine proper nouns in the nominative case. Exceptionally, some end in... | What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ? | What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ? | [
"What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112304 | 57292e273f37b319004780b7 | Race_(human_categorization) | Since the early history of the United States, Amerindians, African–Americans, and European Americans have been classified as belonging to different races. Efforts to track mixing between groups led to a proliferation of categories, such as mulatto and octoroon. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the... | When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge? | When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge? | [
"When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the late 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52509 | 5a3ab54e3ff257001ab84213 | Planck_constant | The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest i... | When was the last Solvay Conference held? | When was the last Solvay Conference held? | [
" When was the last Solvay Conference held?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85261 | 5a7fc1f48f0597001ac000a7 | Supreme_court | Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).
In Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower r... | What action does the Supreme Court only allow for cases related to human rights? | What action does the Supreme Court only allow for cases related to human rights? | [
"What action does the Supreme Court only allow for cases related to human rights?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79133 | 5a8dbd49df8bba001a0f9bb7 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | A CD containing 20 musical selections from the game was available as a GameStop preorder bonus in the United States; it is included in all bundles in Japan, Europe, and Australia.[citation needed] | In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus SC provided for all versions of the CD? | In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus SC provided for all versions of the CD? | [
"In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus SC provided for all versions of the CD?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9787 | 5727f0cd3acd2414000df047 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's ... | What's another term for influential intermediary? | What's another term for influential intermediary? | [
"What's another term for influential intermediary?"
] | {
"text": [
"wasta"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34716 | 5a1dbb1a4ea40d0018b06f93 | Political_philosophy | Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divid... | What political philosophy does not make a clear distinction between nation and state or religion state | What political philosophy does not make a clear distinction between nation and state or religion state | [
"What political philosophy does not make a clear distinction between nation and state or religion state"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15718 | 5726e5ab5951b619008f81c1 | Chinese_characters | In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke or... | What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification? | What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification? | [
"What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25960 | 5a837151e60761001a2eb711 | Copper | Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then t... | What is the level of copper in gold? | What is the level of copper in gold? | [
"What is the level of copper in gold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115344 | 56ea90465a205f1900d6d345 | Political_corruption | In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administr... | Corruption in what compromises the rule of law? | Corruption in what compromises the rule of law? | [
"Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?"
] | {
"text": [
"judiciary"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2360 | 56d0bb66234ae51400d9c424 | Buddhism | Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman) is the third mark of existence. Upon careful examination, one finds that no phenomenon is really "I" or "mine"; these concepts are in fact constructed by the mind. In the Nikayas anatta is not meant as a metaphysical assertion, but as an approach for gaining release from suffe... | What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism? | What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism? | [
"What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Not-self (Pāli: anatta; Sanskrit: anātman)"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9518 | 5725bbfcec44d21400f3d49a | Montevideo | The city of Montevideo suffered a siege of eight years between 1843 and 1851, during which it was supplied by sea with British and French support. Oribe, with the support of the then conservative Governor of Buenos Aires Province Juan Manuel de Rosas, besieged the Colorados in Montevideo, where the latter were supporte... | How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo?? | How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo?? | [
"How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??"
] | {
"text": [
"by sea"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33789 | 5726668a708984140094c4cf | Film_speed | The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models... | What does the DC-008 change? | What does the DC-008 change? | [
"What does the DC-008 change?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Exif specification"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19432 | 5a3b5b163ff257001ab8442b | Rule_of_law | In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciar... | What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions? | What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions? | [
"What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38161 | 573054b8396df91900096080 | Roman_Republic | Following various military conquests in the Greek East, Romans adapted a number of Greek educational precepts to their own fledgling system. They began physical training to prepare the boys to grow as Roman citizens and for eventual recruitment into the army. Conforming to discipline was a point of great emphasis. Girl... | What Roman art involved speeches made to the public? | What Roman art involved speeches made to the public? | [
"What Roman art involved speeches made to the public?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oratory"
],
"answer_start": [
761
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112542 | 5aced57a32bba1001ae4b674 | United_States_Army | Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Basic training consists of 10 weeks for most recruits followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individuals MOSs range anywhere fro... | How long does basic artillery training last for? | How long does basic artillery training last for? | [
"How long does basic artillery training last for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66070 | 570bd2ec6b8089140040fa68 | ASCII | When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a... | What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop? | What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop? | [
"What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Control-S"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12355 | 5731c1260fdd8d15006c6504 | Antibiotics | Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essentia... | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | What is another name used for bacterial cell wall? | [
"What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?"
] | {
"text": [
"penicillins and cephalosporins"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56716 | 5727a1a43acd2414000de859 | Gramophone_record | In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits, intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes. This was a disaster because Rhino did not warn customers that their records were made of vinyl, and that the vintage 78 RPM juke boxes were designed with heavy tone arms and... | When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners? | When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners? | [
"When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38636 | 570c16366b8089140040fb29 | FC_Barcelona | As of December 2015[update], Barcelona has won 23 La Liga, 27 Copa del Rey, 11 Supercopa de España, three Copa Eva Duarte[note 2] and two Copa de la Liga trophies, as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions. They have also won five UEFA Champions League, a record four UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, a s... | What is the number of FIFA Club World Cup trophies Barcelona has? | What is the number of FIFA Club World Cup trophies Barcelona has? | [
"What is the number of FIFA Club World Cup trophies Barcelona has?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94389 | 5a7e892948f7d9001a06374f | Cork_(city) | The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the larges... | Griffith College Cork is the only college in Ireland where you can study what? | Griffith College Cork is the only college in Ireland where you can study what? | [
"Griffith College Cork is the only college in Ireland where you can study what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33395 | 56f92c0f9e9bad19000a07f1 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments. | Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A? | Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A? | [
"Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A?"
] | {
"text": [
"Village View"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58976 | 5a3036ebf1f7c7001ab92cd9 | A_cappella | Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483–1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509–1564) an... | What did Ulrich Zwingli write that had Jeanie Deans as the heroine? | What did Ulrich Zwingli write that had Jeanie Deans as the heroine? | [
"What did Ulrich Zwingli write that had Jeanie Deans as the heroine?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115857 | 572e7ff1cb0c0d14000f11d4 | Richard_Feynman | At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theo... | Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in? | Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in? | [
"Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manhattan Project"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96165 | 5728c8284b864d1900164e0f | Paris | Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-eas... | What is the largest island in Paris? | What is the largest island in Paris? | [
"What is the largest island in Paris?"
] | {
"text": [
"Île de la Cité"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12255 | 5731bbe8e17f3d1400422344 | Antibiotics | Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to ... | What regions in the world does this apply in? | What regions in the world does this apply in? | [
"What regions in the world does this apply in?"
] | {
"text": [
"every region of the world"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2051 | 5ad1731b645df0001a2d1c1e | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Frank... | What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century? | What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century? | [
"What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22065 | 5acd856607355d001abf455a | Aircraft_carrier | One CATOBAR carrier: São Paulo is a Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier currently in service with the Brazilian Navy. São Paulo was first commissioned in 1963 by the French Navy as Foch and was transferred in 2000 to Brazil, where she became the new flagship of the Brazilian Navy. During the period from 2005–2010, São Pa... | What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012? | What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012? | [
"What advancement happened to Sao Paula in 2012?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32874 | 57281922ff5b5019007d9d3e | Central_African_Republic | The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, an... | When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed? | When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed? | [
"When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed?"
] | {
"text": [
"April 2007"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74943 | 572e8aa9dfa6aa1500f8d0f7 | Elevator | The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical beca... | What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation? | What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation? | [
"What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?"
] | {
"text": [
"1853"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102754 | 573057c82461fd1900a9cd90 | Association_football | Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions... | Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh? | Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh? | [
"Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?"
] | {
"text": [
"appeals"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12502 | 5a65e768c2b11c001a425de3 | Antibiotics | Florey and Chain succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was determ... | When was the Nobel Prize first Purified? | When was the Nobel Prize first Purified? | [
"When was the Nobel Prize first Purified?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27465 | 5730115eb2c2fd14005687e3 | Liberia | The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,... | When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence? | When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence? | [
"When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85914 | 57112c66a58dae1900cd6cf3 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: Де́нди), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold ... | Where was the Dendy sold? | Where was the Dendy sold? | [
"Where was the Dendy sold?"
] | {
"text": [
"Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23172 | 5ad0d4a5645df0001a2d0604 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | The HIDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what? | The HIDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what? | [
"The HIDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67398 | 5a107aabdecec90018475680 | Hanover | But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, it is also one of the German capitals for marksmen. The Schützenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year (late June to early July) (2014 - July 4th to the 13th). It consists of more than 26... | What is the name of the smallest marksman's fun fair in the world? | What is the name of the smallest marksman's fun fair in the world? | [
"What is the name of the smallest marksman's fun fair in the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4080 | 56bec5d53aeaaa14008c93db | Beyoncé | In September 2010, Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its "100 Sexiest Women of the 2... | "World's Most Beautiful woman" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine? | "World's Most Beautiful woman" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine? | [
"\"World's Most Beautiful woman\" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?"
] | {
"text": [
"People"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24170 | 57294b846aef051400154c78 | Bermuda | The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.". On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (... | Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous? | Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous? | [
"Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?"
] | {
"text": [
"most famous escapee"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74366 | 5ace586232bba1001ae4a34c | Asphalt | Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insolu... | What did exposure to light harden and make soluble? | What did exposure to light harden and make soluble? | [
"What did exposure to light harden and make soluble?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97041 | 56d1ca30e7d4791d009021a7 | Frédéric_Chopin | Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the so... | In what year was Chopin born? | In what year was Chopin born? | [
"In what year was Chopin born?"
] | {
"text": [
"1810"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77726 | 57268766dd62a815002e8845 | British_Empire | After the German occupation of France in 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet read... | Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter? | Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter? | [
"Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107607 | 57263f3489a1e219009ac5c8 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was "trampling American's rights." According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the... | Why did Shell file lawsuits? | Why did Shell file lawsuits? | [
"Why did Shell file lawsuits?"
] | {
"text": [
"to seek injunctions from possible protests"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73918 | 56e4607b39bdeb1400347930 | Architecture | Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived ... | In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins? | In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins? | [
"In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16805 | 5725b4ef38643c19005acb93 | Israel | With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and final... | When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt? | When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt? | [
"When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?"
] | {
"text": [
"167 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44167 | 5731dbdf0fdd8d15006c65a9 | Bras%C3%ADlia | Brasília has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Köppen system, with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and a dry season, from May to September. The average temperature is 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, 28... | Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall? | Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall? | [
"Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?"
] | {
"text": [
"January"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5188 | 56e165afcd28a01900c67867 | Boston | One of the best known sporting events in the city is the Boston Marathon, the 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race which is the world's oldest annual marathon, run on Patriots' Day in April. On April 15, 2013, two explosions killed three people and injured hundreds at the marathon. Another major annual event is the Head of the Cha... | How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon? | How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon? | [
"How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74464 | 5ace32ce32bba1001ae49dc2 | Asphalt | Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road ... | Coal tar has totally overtaken the use of asphalt since which decade? | Coal tar has totally overtaken the use of asphalt since which decade? | [
"Coal tar has totally overtaken the use of asphalt since which decade?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62244 | 5726956c708984140094cae6 | Chicago_Cubs | The 1989 film Back to the Future Part II depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series, ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues. In 2015, the Miami Marlins failed to make the playoffs and were able to make it to... | What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015? | What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015? | [
"What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015?"
] | {
"text": [
"Miami Marlins"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104060 | 5a07f8453fc87400182070cb | Infrared | The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller ... | What glows with heat and shows visible light? | What glows with heat and shows visible light? | [
"What glows with heat and shows visible light?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74479 | 571b49039499d21900609c48 | Asphalt | In 1838, Claridge obtained patents in Scotland on 27 March, and Ireland on 23 April, and in 1851 extensions were sought for all three patents, by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. This was Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company, formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in it... | In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement? | In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement? | [
"In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Whitehall"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101062 | 5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba5 | Hindu_philosophy | Dvaitādvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exis... | What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita? | What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita? | [
"What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brahman, soul, and matter"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35175 | 5a8ce73afd22b3001a8d8fef | Memory | Much of the current knowledge of memory has come from studying memory disorders, particularly amnesia. Loss of memory is known as amnesia. Amnesia can result from extensive damage to: (a) the regions of the medial temporal lobe, such as the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, amygdala, the parahippocampal, entorhina... | Why is amnesia only seen in one form? | Why is amnesia only seen in one form? | [
"Why is amnesia only seen in one form?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76504 | 5a399e712f14dd001ac724c2 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Marine mammals are many, such as the dolphins, porpoises and whales, which are seen here during the migration period from December till May. Turtles are a common sight along the coastline of the island. They are a protected species and in the endangered list. It is stated that it will take 15–50 years for this species ... | How many species of turtles are there on St. Barts? | How many species of turtles are there on St. Barts? | [
"How many species of turtles are there on St. Barts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79439 | 5acffa5077cf76001a6866c7 | Kievan_Rus%27 | Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of h... | What Arab historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians'? | What Arab historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians'? | [
"What Arab historian refered to the Rus as \"Scythians'?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56506 | 572ec95603f9891900756a1f | Geography_of_the_United_States | These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well, as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier. West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys, such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon. Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known a... | What are the tallest trees in the world? | What are the tallest trees in the world? | [
"What are the tallest trees in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"Redwoods"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111145 | 5a81ff7e31013a001a33508e | Group_(mathematics) | In abstract algebra, more general structures are defined by relaxing some of the axioms defining a group. For example, if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated, the resulting algebraic structure is called a monoid. The natural numbers N (including 0) under addition form a monoid, as do the non... | What is the inverse of every element called? | What is the inverse of every element called? | [
"What is the inverse of every element called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55736 | 5725ea37271a42140099d309 | Clothing | There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the onl... | What habitat is the body louse specific to? | What habitat is the body louse specific to? | [
"What habitat is the body louse specific to?"
] | {
"text": [
"clothing"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101326 | 5ad286a9d7d075001a4298f0 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being electe... | Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a treaty with Germany? | Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a treaty with Germany? | [
"Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a treaty with Germany?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68689 | 572ee375dfa6aa1500f8d49c | Modern_history | In Asia, various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere. In Japan, the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. And in Korea, from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period. In the Americas... | What is time is considered the "Modern Period" in Korea? | What is time is considered the "Modern Period" in Korea? | [
"What is time is considered the \"Modern Period\" in Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77465 | 57324644e17f3d14004227b6 | Armenians | Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious musi... | What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants? | What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants? | [
"What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?"
] | {
"text": [
"inventor of the Armenian alphabet"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108838 | 5726c8c3708984140094d149 | Literature | As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a c... | What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today? | What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today? | [
"What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115258 | 5a39fedc2f14dd001ac7269f | Mammal | When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like t... | What do small animals have compared to therians? | What do small animals have compared to therians? | [
"What do small animals have compared to therians?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84938 | 5726bc0b708984140094cf91 | Mali | Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship ... | It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? | It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? | [
"It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? "
] | {
"text": [
"growing wealth"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74503 | 5ace638232bba1001ae4a538 | Asphalt | Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is... | Rolled asphalt concrete has contains around 7% what? | Rolled asphalt concrete has contains around 7% what? | [
"Rolled asphalt concrete has contains around 7% what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61804 | 5ace3f2c32bba1001ae4a050 | Madrasa | In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicen... | What term refers to non-Islamic elementary schools? | What term refers to non-Islamic elementary schools? | [
" What term refers to non-Islamic elementary schools?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60964 | 57329c241d5d2e14009ff86a | Police | The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), wh... | What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English? | What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English? | [
"What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"lieutenant general of police"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12693 | 5ad2f9f5604f3c001a3fda7e | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, with no powers of governance over them. Each see has its own bishop, with the exception of Ostia, in which the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator. | Who is the bishop of Ostia? | Who is the bishop of Ostia? | [
"Who is the bishop of Ostia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88045 | 572bff5edfb02c14005c6b2f | God | Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism hol... | What does theism mean in general? | What does theism mean in general? | [
"What does theism mean in general?"
] | {
"text": [
"belief in a god or gods"
],
"answer_start": [
1172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105096 | 572969a16aef051400154e3a | Palermo | In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the ... | What was the purpose of Castello a Mare? | What was the purpose of Castello a Mare? | [
"What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?"
] | {
"text": [
"to protect the port at La Cala"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24153 | 5ad40a15604f3c001a3fff85 | Bermuda | In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The... | What colony did Bermuda surpass in quality of tobacco produced? | What colony did Bermuda surpass in quality of tobacco produced? | [
"What colony did Bermuda surpass in quality of tobacco produced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18087 | 570dabef16d0071400510c93 | Eritrea | At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It... | What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea? | What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea? | [
"What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?"
] | {
"text": [
"it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35249 | 5ad0c274645df0001a2d020b | Gothic_architecture | The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term "barbarous German style" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to "the Goths" whom he holds res... | Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Modern style? | Who used the term "barbarous German style" to portray what is known today as the Modern style? | [
"Who used the term \"barbarous German style\" to portray what is known today as the Modern style?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97350 | 56d3234159d6e4140014628c | Frédéric_Chopin | In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin met the French author George Sand (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin). Short (under five feet, or 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and a cigar smoker, she initially repelled Chopin, who remarked, "What an unattractive person la Sand is. Is she really a woman?" However, by... | Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838? | Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838? | [
"Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?"
] | {
"text": [
"Grzymała"
],
"answer_start": [
747
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4025 | 56bec1c53aeaaa14008c936b | Beyoncé | Beyoncé has stated that she is personally inspired by US First Lady Michelle Obama, saying "She proves you can do it all" and she has described Oprah Winfrey as "the definition of inspiration and a strong woman". She has also discussed how Jay Z is a continuing inspiration to her, both with what she describes as his ly... | Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying "She proves you can do it all"? | Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying "She proves you can do it all"? | [
"Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying \"She proves you can do it all\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Michelle Obama"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65541 | 5727c8943acd2414000dec51 | Detroit | Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; remov... | How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit? | How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit? | [
"How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,000-3,000"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17942 | 56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a2 | Internet_service_provider | In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989. | where was the first commercial isp in the us located? | where was the first commercial isp in the us located? | [
"where was the first commercial isp in the us located? "
] | {
"text": [
"Brookline, Massachusetts"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93409 | 5ad19549645df0001a2d207c | Light-emitting_diode | An LED filament consists of multiple LED dice connected in series on a common longitudinal substrate that form a thin rod reminiscent of a traditional incandescent filament. These are being used as a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs that are being phased out in many countries. The filaments r... | What type of voltage is needed for non-LED filaments? | What type of voltage is needed for non-LED filaments? | [
" What type of voltage is needed for non-LED filaments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74966 | 572e9584dfa6aa1500f8d199 | Elevator | Historically, AC motors were used for single or double speed elevator machines on the grounds of cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue, but for higher speed, larger capacity elevators, the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine become... | What is a known advantage of the MG set? | What is a known advantage of the MG set? | [
"What is a known advantage of the MG set?"
] | {
"text": [
"electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106615 | 57262e0289a1e219009ac517 | East_India_Company | Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughte... | what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for? | what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for? | [
"what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?"
] | {
"text": [
"richest ship ever taken by pirates"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115517 | 59fb2731ee36d60018400d53 | England_national_football_team | The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by t... | What colour are the ten Tudor roses on England's shirts? | What colour are the ten Tudor roses on England's shirts? | [
"What colour are the ten Tudor roses on England's shirts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98165 | 56f82171a6d7ea1400e173e9 | Alps | A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon cross... | Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? | Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? | [
"Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? "
] | {
"text": [
"Hannibal"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58115 | 57274a8c5951b619008f87c5 | Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States | The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. ... | At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting? | At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting? | [
"At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?"
] | {
"text": [
"lower-class European Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75245 | 5ad13467645df0001a2d1144 | Labour_Party_(UK) | As the economic situation worsened MacDonald agreed to form a "National Government" with the Conservatives and the Liberals. On 24 August 1931 MacDonald submitted the resignation of his ministers and led a small number of his senior colleagues in forming the National Government together with the other parties. This cau... | What happened when the economic situation got better? | What happened when the economic situation got better? | [
"What happened when the economic situation got better?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4919 | 5a74f91a97ca42001a521d93 | Green | Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their... | Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans? | Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans? | [
"Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18158 | 5ad0b728645df0001a2d013a | Eritrea | In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World... | In what year did the First Italo-Abyssinian War start? | In what year did the First Italo-Abyssinian War start? | [
"In what year did the First Italo-Abyssinian War start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25901 | 5a8371c6e60761001a2eb71c | Copper | Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for health... | When ingested in small amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? | When ingested in small amounts what does copper salts produce in humans? | [
"When ingested in small amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65925 | 571a076110f8ca1400304edf | Seattle | Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies, and "new economy" Internet and technology companies, service, design and clean technology companies. The city's gross metropolitan product was $231 billion in 2010, making it the 11th largest metropolitan economy in the United States. The Port of Seatt... | How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US? | How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US? | [
"How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US?"
] | {
"text": [
"8th largest port"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111157 | 57318f2c05b4da19006bd2af | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and i... | What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar? | What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar? | [
"What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious observances"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47515 | 572fbae9a23a5019007fc8f1 | Armenia | Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaija... | What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic? | What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic? | [
"What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?"
] | {
"text": [
"85%"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38051 | 573027a5b2c2fd1400568985 | Roman_Republic | After the assassination, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution. As such, the Sena... | In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat? | In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat? | [
"In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Actium"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66099 | 570bd80cec8fbc190045bb5f | ASCII | The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, ... | ASCII specifies correspondence between what? | ASCII specifies correspondence between what? | [
"ASCII specifies correspondence between what? "
] | {
"text": [
"digital bit patterns and character symbols"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35919 | 5a7334fc53a187001ae63164 | Comcast | Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple "top places to work" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's "Top 10 Places to Work in Cable", which cited its "scale, savvy and vision". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in... | What company lacks employee diversity? | What company lacks employee diversity? | [
"What company lacks employee diversity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18866 | 572fc3a7b2c2fd140056841d | Premier_League | One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so-called "Big Four" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United. During this decade, and particularly from 2002 to 2009, they dominated the top four spots, which came with UEFA Champions League qualification, taking al... | What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s? | What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s? | [
"What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?"
] | {
"text": [
"the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13304 | 56e7989c37bdd419002c41d7 | Nanjing | On 21 April, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, 1949, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949, the PLA ... | When was the People's Republic of China formed? | When was the People's Republic of China formed? | [
"When was the People's Republic of China formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"October 1949"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99484 | 56fb2ed48f12f319006302e8 | Middle_Ages | Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiq... | What writer referred to the Christian period as new? | What writer referred to the Christian period as new? | [
"What writer referred to the Christian period as new?"
] | {
"text": [
"Petrarch"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23054 | 5ad0b983645df0001a2d0186 | Human_Development_Index | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered... | Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies? | Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies? | [
" Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24201 | 5ad414ce604f3c001a4002bb | Bermuda | Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). D... | What happened in 1602? | What happened in 1602? | [
"What happened in 1602?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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