gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-45210 | 5a60d206e9e1cc001a33cd7c | Sahara | To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. Accor... | How much rain does northern Africa get? | How much rain does northern Africa get? | [
"How much rain does northern Africa get?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27301 | 572ee0cc03f9891900756ab7 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits? | What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits? | [
"What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?"
] | {
"text": [
"IC, microchips or simply chips"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45880 | 5ace37cb32bba1001ae49ede | YouTube | At the time of uploading a video, YouTube users are shown a message asking them not to violate copyright laws. Despite this advice, there are still many unauthorized clips of copyrighted material on YouTube. YouTube does not view videos before they are posted online, and it is left to copyright holders to issue a DMCA ... | What are YouTube users asked to violate when uploading a video? | What are YouTube users asked to violate when uploading a video? | [
"What are YouTube users asked to violate when uploading a video?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13781 | 57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fa | Glacier | Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche mouto... | How large are roche moutonnee? | How large are roche moutonnee? | [
"How large are roche moutonnee?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than a meter to several hundred meters long"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52993 | 5705fb9e52bb89140068975e | Bird_migration | Most migrations begin with the birds starting off in a broad front. Often, this front narrows into one or more preferred routes termed flyways. These routes typically follow mountain ranges or coastlines, sometimes rivers, and may take advantage of updrafts and other wind patterns or avoid geographical barriers such as... | What are the preferred routes for migration called? | What are the preferred routes for migration called? | [
"What are the preferred routes for migration called?"
] | {
"text": [
"flyways"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69315 | 5ad421d9604f3c001a400781 | Houston | The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Cente... | Where is Space Center Texas? | Where is Space Center Texas? | [
" Where is Space Center Texas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46411 | 5ad09e5a645df0001a2cff6c | Department_store | All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households. Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of i... | Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the 18th century? | Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the 18th century? | [
"Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the 18th century? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15100 | 572f6d1104bcaa1900d7692e | Hyderabad | Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water... | When was Hyderabad founded? | When was Hyderabad founded? | [
"When was Hyderabad founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1591"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32416 | 570dea9c0b85d914000d7bd3 | Antarctica | Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents. The coldest natural temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Soviet (now Russian) Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983. For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (20 °F) colder than subliming dry ice at one atmosphere of partial pressure, but sinc... | Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth? | Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth? | [
"Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antarctica"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53517 | 5ad2520ed7d075001a428cfd | Dialect | One usage—the more common among linguists—refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a... | What does any variety of a linguist constitute? | What does any variety of a linguist constitute? | [
"What does any variety of a linguist constitute?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7291 | 5a137e29c8eab200188dc99b | Georgian_architecture | Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the ... | What revised style dominated urban English architecture? | What revised style dominated urban English architecture? | [
"What revised style dominated urban English architecture?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56336 | 572781ed5951b619008f8b91 | Nonprofit_organization | Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic... | What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have? | What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have? | [
"What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?"
] | {
"text": [
"minimal or nonexistent"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57214 | 5a540616bdaabd001a386822 | Muslim_world | The Islamic Golden Age coincided with the Middle Ages in the Muslim world, starting with the rise of Islam and establishment of the first Islamic state in 622. The end of the age is variously given as 1258 with the Mongolian Sack of Baghdad, or 1492 with the completion of the Christian Reconquista of the Emirate of Gra... | What caliph reigned in the 7th and 8th century? | What caliph reigned in the 7th and 8th century? | [
"What caliph reigned in the 7th and 8th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105299 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640ac | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | The invention of printing improved which society? | The invention of printing improved which society? | [
"The invention of printing improved which society?"
] | {
"text": [
"European"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42035 | 5730b3dd069b531400832287 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based addon, Mega-CD. Ultimately, deals with both Sony and Philips fell through, (although a prototype console was produced by Sony) with Philips gaining the right ... | What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo? | What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo? | [
"What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?"
] | {
"text": [
"PlayStation"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95536 | 5ad3d6fd604f3c001a3ff322 | Yale_University | Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer... | What isn't the Yale System? | What isn't the Yale System? | [
"What isn't the Yale System?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96261 | 5728e270ff5b5019007da8c5 | Paris | At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support s... | What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012? | What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012? | [
"What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80569 | 5a6697f8f038b7001ab0c035 | Data_compression | Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadc... | What gets between 5 percent and 50 percent compression? | What gets between 5 percent and 50 percent compression? | [
"What gets between 5 percent and 50 percent compression?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106259 | 5725d76e38643c19005acdf1 | Hellenistic_period | Following division of Alexander's empire, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's near eastern territories. At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts o... | Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult? | Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult? | [
"Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antiochus I"
],
"answer_start": [
726
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108162 | 56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42 | Estonian_language | Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during ... | From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary? | From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary? | [
"From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?"
] | {
"text": [
"High German"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66062 | 570bd1adec8fbc190045bb22 | ASCII | ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequenc... | ASCII was incorporated into what other character set? | ASCII was incorporated into what other character set? | [
"ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?"
] | {
"text": [
"Unicode"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17297 | 570e45630b85d914000d7dd2 | Uranium | In 2005, seventeen countries produced concentrated uranium oxides, with Canada (27.9% of world production) and Australia (22.8%) being the largest producers and Kazakhstan (10.5%), Russia (8.0%), Namibia (7.5%), Niger (7.4%), Uzbekistan (5.5%), the United States (2.5%), Argentina (2.1%), Ukraine (1.9%) and China (1.7%)... | What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina? | What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina? | [
"What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?"
] | {
"text": [
"2.1%"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56465 | 5a0f2254d7c85000188645ad | Geography_of_the_United_States | The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part of the border with Canada, only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States. The southeast United States contain subtropical forests and, near the gulf coast, mangrove wetlands, especially in Florida. West o... | Which section of the US contains tropical forests and mangrove wetlands? | Which section of the US contains tropical forests and mangrove wetlands? | [
"Which section of the US contains tropical forests and mangrove wetlands?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85120 | 5a7f8b8348f7d9001a06379e | Supreme_court | In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare de... | What are not necessarily binding in common law jurisdictions? | What are not necessarily binding in common law jurisdictions? | [
"What are not necessarily binding in common law jurisdictions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106961 | 5735f8bc012e2f140011a106 | Hunting | Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in man... | What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation? | What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation? | [
"What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hindu"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104477 | 5ad233cdd7d075001a4287bf | Mandolin | The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, ... | Who aren't modern mandolinists and composers? | Who aren't modern mandolinists and composers? | [
" Who aren't modern mandolinists and composers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112895 | 5a70dbc78abb0b001a6761cf | Xbox_360 | On November 6, 2006, Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace, an exclusive video store accessible through the console. Launched in the United States on November 22, 2006, the first anniversary of the Xbox 360's launch, the service allows users in the United States to download high-definition and standard-definit... | When was Video Marketplace released outside of the US? | When was Video Marketplace released outside of the US? | [
"When was Video Marketplace released outside of the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98646 | 5a5fd25eeae51e001ab14c98 | Marvel_Comics | Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to wor... | Who created most of DC's star characters? | Who created most of DC's star characters? | [
"Who created most of DC's star characters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15375 | 5706621052bb891400689a06 | Black_people | Alan Dershowitz described Sudan as an example of a government that "actually deserve(s)" the appellation "apartheid." Former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation. | Who argeed with Dershowitz? | Who argeed with Dershowitz? | [
"Who argeed with Dershowitz?"
] | {
"text": [
"Irwin Cotler"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63012 | 572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a4 | Czech_language | Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech, from whom the word "Czech" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send mis... | Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited Michael III to send missionaries? | Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited Michael III to send missionaries? | [
"Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited Michael III to send missionaries? "
] | {
"text": [
"East Francia"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9200 | 57325f78e99e3014001e6735 | The_Bronx | The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30-32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22-23% as a Republican)... | What party was Hillquit? | What party was Hillquit? | [
"What party was Hillquit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Socialist"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62547 | 572921606aef051400154a74 | Software_testing | One advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without... | What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate? | What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate? | [
"What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?"
] | {
"text": [
"tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46533 | 572662f85951b619008f7124 | Department_store | Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores ... | What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in? | What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in? | [
"What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zhejiang province"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40266 | 572bc33134ae481900deaf00 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven—one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School, one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building, and one at City Hall. Accordin... | In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system? | In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system? | [
"In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system?"
] | {
"text": [
"$1 million in energy costs"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29188 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e2 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | When did the article come out about the importance of doctors? | When did the article come out about the importance of doctors? | [
"When did the article come out about the importance of doctors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11876 | 56e144b0cd28a01900c6770d | Universal_Studios | Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other co... | What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios? | What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios? | [
"What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?"
] | {
"text": [
"100 Universal City Plaza Drive"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8717 | 56e0a2a3231d4119001ac2f3 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR. | What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944? | What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944? | [
"What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Chechen-Ingush ASSR"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60438 | 573015da04bcaa1900d77159 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University's sports teams are called the Bears. They are members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and participate in the University Athletic Association at the Division III level. The Bears have won 19 NCAA Division III Championships— one in women's cross country (2011), one in men's tennis (2... | Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department? | Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department? | [
"Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Schael"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106037 | 56e0fd56231d4119001ac552 | Space_Race | The UN ultimately created a Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, which was signed by the United States, USSR, and the United Kingdom on January 27, 1967 and went into force the following October 10. | The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date? | The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date? | [
"The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 27, 1967"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62404 | 5a6a7262a9e0c9001a4e9e32 | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | Through 2010, the party improved its vote in the Tasmanian and South Australian state elections and achieved state government in Victoria. In March 2011, the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition led by Barry O'Farrell won government with the largest election victory in post-war Australian history at the State Ele... | Who led the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition? | Who led the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition? | [
"Who led the New South Wales Liberal-National Coalition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101324 | 5ad286a9d7d075001a4298ee | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being electe... | Who was the follower of the American communist party? | Who was the follower of the American communist party? | [
"Who was the follower of the American communist party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39780 | 5729499d1d04691400779253 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal lead... | What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor? | What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor? | [
"What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amistad"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-362 | 56f959019e9bad19000a085f | Marshall_Islands | A German trading company, the Jaluit Gesellschaft, administered the islands from 1887 until 1905. They conscripted the islanders as laborers and mistreated them. After the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899, in which Germany acquired the Carolines, Palau, and the Marianas from Spain, Germany placed all of its Micronesian is... | What document was signed in 1899? | What document was signed in 1899? | [
"What document was signed in 1899?"
] | {
"text": [
"the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110462 | 57266386708984140094c488 | Professional_wrestling | A countout (alternatively "count-out" or "count out") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will "milk" the ... | What happens during a countout? | What happens during a countout? | [
"What happens during a countout?"
] | {
"text": [
"when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17076 | 570e2d500b85d914000d7d0a | Uranium | Depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials. While the metal itself is radioactive, its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium. Other uses of depleted uranium include counterwei... | What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium? | What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium? | [
"What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?"
] | {
"text": [
"radium"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60917 | 5aceb58232bba1001ae4b105 | Police | A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of tha... | What does the state want a police force not to do? | What does the state want a police force not to do? | [
"What does the state want a police force not to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112402 | 572947f33f37b31900478203 | Race_(human_categorization) | One problem with these assignments is admixture. Many people have a highly varied ancestry. For example, in the United States, colonial and early federal history were periods of numerous interracial relationships, both outside and inside slavery. This has resulted in a majority of people who identify as African America... | What is a problem with racial assignments? | What is a problem with racial assignments? | [
"What is a problem with racial assignments? "
] | {
"text": [
"admixture"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94088 | 5a5d206c5e8782001a9d5e82 | Cork_(city) | The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe — in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when... | Who did Cork import wool and hides from? | Who did Cork import wool and hides from? | [
"Who did Cork import wool and hides from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68363 | 57281684ff5b5019007d9cda | George_VI | The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minis... | What was Elizabeth's nickname? | What was Elizabeth's nickname? | [
"What was Elizabeth's nickname?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lilibet"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32280 | 5ad2ac0ad7d075001a429e86 | Antarctica | During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in... | What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton? | What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton? | [
"What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59419 | 5ad15543645df0001a2d17d3 | Electric_motor | The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented ... | What necessary technical development always occurred to make electric motors useful? | What necessary technical development always occurred to make electric motors useful? | [
" What necessary technical development always occurred to make electric motors useful?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35717 | 5a4860a984b8a4001a7e7858 | Imperial_College_London | Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Ro... | What are some of the institutions are across from Imperial's main campus? | What are some of the institutions are across from Imperial's main campus? | [
"What are some of the institutions are across from Imperial's main campus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46917 | 5a8c8114fd22b3001a8d8974 | Textual_criticism | The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation." But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For ex... | Which reading does the critic select when there are only two witnesses at the same tree? | Which reading does the critic select when there are only two witnesses at the same tree? | [
"Which reading does the critic select when there are only two witnesses at the same tree?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72168 | 57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e0 | Greece | The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ἑλλάς or Ελλάδα) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin... | What does the work Graecia mean? | What does the work Graecia mean? | [
"What does the work Graecia mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"the land of the Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31103 | 570966c3ed30961900e840ac | Identity_(social_science) | Anthropologists have most frequently employed the term 'identity' to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely Eriksonian way (Erikson 1972) properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern ... | Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others? | Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others? | [
"Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Eriksonian approach"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58458 | 570e2c350dc6ce1900204e2e | Sanskrit | Many Sanskrit loanwords are also found in Austronesian languages, such as Javanese, particularly the older form in which nearly half the vocabulary is borrowed. Other Austronesian languages, such as traditional Malay and modern Indonesian, also derive much of their vocabulary from Sanskrit, albeit to a lesser extent, w... | In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit? | In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit? | [
"In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Javanese"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25451 | 5acfa71377cf76001a685722 | Namibia | Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to parliamentary democracy. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Several registered political parties are active and represented in ... | In what year was multiparty democracy introduced to Namibia? | In what year was multiparty democracy introduced to Namibia? | [
"In what year was multiparty democracy introduced to Namibia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20683 | 56cfc516234ae51400d9bf4d | IPod | iTunes 7 and above can transfer purchased media of the iTunes Store from an iPod to a computer, provided that computer containing the DRM protected media is authorized to play it. | What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer? | What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer? | [
"What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?"
] | {
"text": [
"iTunes 7"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50215 | 5ace970b32bba1001ae4ab56 | Neptune | Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus, and both have compositions that differ from those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Neptune's atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with traces of hydrocarbons and possibly nitrogen, but contains a higher proporti... | What gas besides oxygen makes up the atmosphere of Neptune? | What gas besides oxygen makes up the atmosphere of Neptune? | [
"What gas besides oxygen makes up the atmosphere of Neptune?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98561 | 57267521f1498d1400e8e050 | Marvel_Comics | In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic boo... | What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters? | What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters? | [
"What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Stan Lee"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64785 | 57341cfc4776f419006618a1 | Portugal | Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, t... | In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin? | In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin? | [
"In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80681 | 5a66c596f038b7001ab0c10b | Data_compression | Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic... | What provides 2- to 4- fold better heterogenelty than the leading gemeral-purpose compression utilities? | What provides 2- to 4- fold better heterogenelty than the leading gemeral-purpose compression utilities? | [
"What provides 2- to 4- fold better heterogenelty than the leading gemeral-purpose compression utilities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87133 | 570afaaa6b8089140040f66e | Videoconferencing | In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios ... | What year was the movie Frozen released? | What year was the movie Frozen released? | [
"What year was the movie Frozen released?"
] | {
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27681 | 57303756a23a5019007fcf99 | Liberia | Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt... | Who is Martha Ann Ricks? | Who is Martha Ann Ricks? | [
"Who is Martha Ann Ricks?"
] | {
"text": [
"the most well-known Liberian quilters"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74635 | 570dfc730b85d914000d7c64 | Melbourne | Between 1836 and 1842 Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed[by whom?] of their land. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. The British Colonial Office appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria, in 1839, however their work ... | During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land? | During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land? | [
"During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?"
] | {
"text": [
"Between 1836 and 1842"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110993 | 5a81caf731013a001a334edb | Group_(mathematics) | This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to ... | What is the original group sometimes called? | What is the original group sometimes called? | [
"What is the original group sometimes called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106902 | 5734477e879d6814001ca46f | Hunting | Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoan... | What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill? | What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill? | [
"What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?"
] | {
"text": [
"challenging and scaring off"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71809 | 5726e1755951b619008f813f | Capacitor | In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechani... | In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? | In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? | [
"In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? "
] | {
"text": [
"a hand-held glass jar"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78432 | 5ad26fb8d7d075001a429436 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | How did the Greeks not look upon their forebears ? | How did the Greeks not look upon their forebears ? | [
"How did the Greeks not look upon their forebears ?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80173 | 5a6289dcf8d794001af1c0ca | Samoa | Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of Stat... | Where is the Roman Catholic church located in Samoa? | Where is the Roman Catholic church located in Samoa? | [
"Where is the Roman Catholic church located in Samoa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81809 | 572803c13acd2414000df23c | Royal_assent | Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a ... | Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent? | Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent? | [
"Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?"
] | {
"text": [
"United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85991 | 572ff55cb2c2fd140056864e | Tucson,_Arizona | The city's elevation is 2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level (as measured at the Tucson International Airport). Tucson is situated on an alluvial plain in the Sonoran desert, surrounded by five minor ranges of mountains: the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Tortolita Mountains to the north, the Santa Rita Mountains to the ... | Which desert is Tuscon in? | Which desert is Tuscon in? | [
"Which desert is Tuscon in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sonoran"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45426 | 5728ca372ca10214002da7e2 | Sahara | European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco ... | During what time were good moved through more modern means? | During what time were good moved through more modern means? | [
"During what time were good moved through more modern means?"
] | {
"text": [
"20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28229 | 573195b3e6313a140071d0d8 | Steven_Spielberg | In early 2009, Spielberg shot the first film in a planned trilogy of motion capture films based on The Adventures of Tintin, written by Belgian artist Hergé, with Peter Jackson. The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn, was not released until October 2011, due to the complexity of the computer animation invo... | When did Adventures of Tintin debut? | When did Adventures of Tintin debut? | [
"When did Adventures of Tintin debut?"
] | {
"text": [
"October 22, 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70318 | 5a2c4977bfd06b001a5aeada | Neoclassical_architecture | What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that s... | What started with the crypt of Claude Nicholas Ludoux? | What started with the crypt of Claude Nicholas Ludoux? | [
"What started with the crypt of Claude Nicholas Ludoux?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60423 | 5ace37ff32bba1001ae49ef1 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is o... | How many January Scholars are there typically at Washington University? | How many January Scholars are there typically at Washington University? | [
"How many January Scholars are there typically at Washington University?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100339 | 56e10745cd28a01900c67462 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on October 31, 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on December 21, 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on May 25, 2003. | What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called? | What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called? | [
"What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?"
] | {
"text": [
"BeiDou-1B"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75902 | 57060cc575f01819005e78f6 | The_Times | The Times commissioned the serif typeface Times New Roman, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype, in 1931. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by ... | How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman? | How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman? | [
"How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman?"
] | {
"text": [
"40"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52567 | 57292ffa3f37b319004780c3 | Planck_constant | Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angul... | According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what? | According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what? | [
"According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the fundamental quantum of angular momentum"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15321 | 572fc6fbb2c2fd1400568455 | Hyderabad | Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-7 runs 2,369 km (1,472 mi) from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-9, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, and Pune, Maharashtra; and the 280 km (... | What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam? | What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam? | [
"What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam?"
] | {
"text": [
"NH-163"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70670 | 56dff154231d4119001abedd | Pub | Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the ... | What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby? | What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby? | [
"What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Dickens"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24617 | 56cfb691234ae51400d9bec5 | New_York_City | The trial in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger in 1735 helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King's College in Lower Manhattan. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the... | The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city? | The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city? | [
"The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?"
] | {
"text": [
"New York"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23560 | 5ad14b54645df0001a2d15ff | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understa... | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in? | What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in? | [
"What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is not rooted in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36671 | 57320884b9d445190005e74d | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925, and continued through the Democrats' control of the House from 1931 to 1995, save for Republican majorities in 1947–49 and 1953–55, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership brought upon by the retirement of the incumbent. The only exceptions dur... | Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker? | Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker? | [
"Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dennis Hastert"
],
"answer_start": [
1111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8278 | 5a7cc146e8bc7e001a9e1fca | Thuringia | The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained... | What has some of Spain's biggest dams? | What has some of Spain's biggest dams? | [
"What has some of Spain's biggest dams?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26436 | 57318a93497a881900248ff5 | University | The rediscovery of Aristotle's works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectu... | What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in? | What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in? | [
"What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36038 | 5a73746653a187001ae631db | Comcast | Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% mi... | How much did Comcast pay to Vivendi? | How much did Comcast pay to Vivendi? | [
"How much did Comcast pay to Vivendi?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65083 | 57296daa1d04691400779427 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of a renewable energy policy and these targets are usually defined as a percentage of the primary energy and/or electricity generation mix. For example, the European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of 12 per cent of the total ... | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what? | Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what? | [
"Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"renewable energy policy"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57657 | 5ad229fcd7d075001a4285af | Quran | The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown... | How does Sells describe the Quran's non-repetitiveness? | How does Sells describe the Quran's non-repetitiveness? | [
"How does Sells describe the Quran's non-repetitiveness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115123 | 57261e7c271a42140099d4a1 | Mammal | Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on... | Which specific mammal is the largest today? | Which specific mammal is the largest today? | [
"Which specific mammal is the largest today?"
] | {
"text": [
"blue whale"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36379 | 57301519b2c2fd1400568827 | Printed_circuit_board | The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 μm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resista... | What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered "heavy copper"? | What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered "heavy copper"? | [
"What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered \"heavy copper\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"three ounces"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33265 | 572640d4271a42140099d7d4 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The halogen lamp reduces uneven evaporation of the filament and eliminates darkening of the envelope by filling the lamp with a halogen gas at low pressure, rather than an inert gas. The halogen cycle increases the lifetime of the bulb and prevents its darkening by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back... | How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time? | How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time? | [
"How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?"
] | {
"text": [
"by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108743 | 5a7d25d970df9f001a874fe2 | Literature | The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literatur... | What tradition does the value judgement definition form all of? | What tradition does the value judgement definition form all of? | [
"What tradition does the value judgement definition form all of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2080 | 5ad1756f645df0001a2d1cb6 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist i... | When was the Chinese War fought? | When was the Chinese War fought? | [
" When was the Chinese War fought?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111774 | 572bbdc7f75d5e190021febc | Education | Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type... | Who created the Type Delineator? | Who created the Type Delineator? | [
"Who created the Type Delineator?"
] | {
"text": [
"David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88991 | 5acd421407355d001abf3ab9 | Hunter-gatherer | Hunting and gathering was presumably the subsistence strategy employed by human societies beginning some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo erectus, and from its appearance some 0.2 million years ago by Homo sapiens. It remained the only mode of subsistence until the end of the Mesolithic period some 10,000 years ago, and ... | Which revolution spread rapidly? | Which revolution spread rapidly? | [
"Which revolution spread rapidly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16657 | 572a6b587a1753140016af2e | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics? | What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics? | [
"What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?"
] | {
"text": [
"less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115630 | 5727a5a64b864d190016394b | Galicia_(Spain) | Galicia (English i/ɡəˈlɪsiə/, /ɡəˈlɪʃə/; Galician: [ɡaˈliθja] ( listen), [ħaˈliθja], or [ħaˈlisja]; Spanish: [ɡaˈliθja]; Galician and Portuguese: Galiza, [ɡaˈliθa] ( listen), [ħaˈliθa] or [ħaˈlisa]) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the North-West of the Iberian ... | Where is its geographic location? | Where is its geographic location? | [
"Where is its geographic location?"
] | {
"text": [
"North-West of the Iberian Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77445 | 573243d40fdd8d15006c68aa | Armenians | From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities a... | What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century? | What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century? | [
"What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bagratid Dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18744 | 5733e07dd058e614000b6492 | Premier_League | The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestica... | When was the Football League originally founded? | When was the Football League originally founded? | [
"When was the Football League originally founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1888"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
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