gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 395
values | context stringlengths 151 1.42k | question stringlengths 14 164 | target stringlengths 14 164 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-62984 | 5a7a09ec17ab25001a8a024e | Czech_language | The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of wi... | In what year did Croatia occupy Bosnia? | In what year did Croatia occupy Bosnia? | [
"In what year did Croatia occupy Bosnia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28614 | 572e8567cb0c0d14000f1239 | Canadian_football | At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kic... | Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision? | Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision? | [
"Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?"
] | {
"text": [
"the opposing captain"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103326 | 571de95b55697319006390aa | Multiracial_American | Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. They sug... | The President's father is from what country? | The President's father is from what country? | [
"The President's father is from what country?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kenya"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72554 | 5726918f5951b619008f76ed | Greece | Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC... | What year did Alexander III Invade Persia? | What year did Alexander III Invade Persia? | [
"What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?"
] | {
"text": [
"334 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43694 | 5726fabb708984140094d78b | Korean_War | The USAF countered the MiG-15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter, the F-86 Sabre. These arrived in December 1950. The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor. It had a very high service ceiling—50,000 feet (15,000 m) and carried very heavy weaponry: one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons. They... | What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15? | What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15? | [
"What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?"
] | {
"text": [
"F-86 Sabre"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30780 | 57267d72dd62a815002e86fc | Mexico_City | The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 t... | Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006? | Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006? | [
"Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marcelo Ebrard"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70332 | 5a2c4bffbfd06b001a5aeae8 | Neoclassical_architecture | Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of Bri... | What became unpopular in Malta following the establishment of British rule? | What became unpopular in Malta following the establishment of British rule? | [
"What became unpopular in Malta following the establishment of British rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55770 | 5a0cf06ef5590b0018dab67b | Clothing | Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activ... | Clothing that is sheer will offer more what? | Clothing that is sheer will offer more what? | [
"Clothing that is sheer will offer more what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33904 | 5ad40600604f3c001a3ffe3a | Alaska | Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other... | What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its private citizens do not? | What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its private citizens do not? | [
"What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its private citizens do not?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47619 | 572fdc7c04bcaa1900d76def | Armenia | The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of th... | What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from? | What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from? | [
"What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13450 | 56e7b49000c9c71400d77525 | Nanjing | Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of inform... | When was the Nanjing Library completed? | When was the Nanjing Library completed? | [
"When was the Nanjing Library completed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62563 | 5a7b8a9421c2de001afea123 | Software_testing | By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of... | A black-box tester will usually be able to set up what type of testing environment? | A black-box tester will usually be able to set up what type of testing environment? | [
"A black-box tester will usually be able to set up what type of testing environment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18202 | 570db8dedf2f5219002ed11a | Eritrea | It is estimated that there are around 100 elephants left in Eritrea, the most northerly of East Africa's elephants. The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In Gash Barka, deadly snakes like saw-scaled viper are common. Puff a... | Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country? | Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country? | [
"Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?"
] | {
"text": [
"African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27753 | 5acd189307355d001abf3488 | Energy | In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". The law of conservation of energy was also first postulated in... | Who was definitely the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | Who was definitely the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva? | [
"Who was definitely the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27742 | 5729e5f76aef0514001550e2 | Energy | In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of... | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter? | [
"Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?"
] | {
"text": [
"Isaac Newton"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61257 | 572ef96cdfa6aa1500f8d511 | Flowering_plant | The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with about 350,000 species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and t... | What is the Greek word for "case" or "casing"? | What is the Greek word for "case" or "casing"? | [
"What is the Greek word for \"case\" or \"casing\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"angeion"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60340 | 572fe6e3a23a5019007fcb15 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and ... | What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work? | What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work? | [
"What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brown and Goldfarb Halls"
],
"answer_start": [
829
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74492 | 5ace5fe232bba1001ae4a471 | Asphalt | Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded ... | Where is the world's smallest natural bitumen deposit located? | Where is the world's smallest natural bitumen deposit located? | [
"Where is the world's smallest natural bitumen deposit located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28815 | 571aaa3310f8ca14003052af | Pharmaceutical_industry | Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of ... | What causes Streptococci? | What causes Streptococci? | [
"What causes Streptococci?"
] | {
"text": [
"pathogens"
],
"answer_start": [
623
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39836 | 57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cc | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way... | In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries? | In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries? | [
"In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"basalt trap rock ridges"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65808 | 5719cd844faf5e1900b8a7fe | Seattle | The second and most dramatic boom and bust resulted from the Klondike Gold Rush, which ended the depression that had begun with the Panic of 1893; in a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the S.S. Portland docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport... | After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom? | After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom? | [
"After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Klondike Gold Rush"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81848 | 572a992cf75d5e190021fb7d | Royal_assent | The power of parliament to pass bills was often thwarted by monarchs. Charles I dissolved parliament in 1629, after it passed motions critical of and bills seeking to restrict his arbitrary exercise of power. During the eleven years of personal rule that followed, Charles performed legally dubious actions, such as rais... | Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708? | Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708? | [
"Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anne"
],
"answer_start": [
794
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65773 | 5728dffeff5b5019007da8a6 | Detroit | Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Great... | How many major interstates are serve Detroit? | How many major interstates are serve Detroit? | [
"How many major interstates are serve Detroit?"
] | {
"text": [
"Four"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79364 | 57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e2 | Heian_period | Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A wel... | What artform became a mark of status in the courts? | What artform became a mark of status in the courts? | [
"What artform became a mark of status in the courts?"
] | {
"text": [
"poetry"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12619 | 5ad2ece2604f3c001a3fd9d8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Each cardinal takes on a titular church, either a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees. The only exception is for patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to the administration of ... | Who does not offer monetary support to their titular churches? | Who does not offer monetary support to their titular churches? | [
"Who does not offer monetary support to their titular churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96067 | 5a1e246f3de3f40018b264f1 | Hokkien | Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest So... | Where has the alphabet based on the Ming Dynasty script been published? | Where has the alphabet based on the Ming Dynasty script been published? | [
"Where has the alphabet based on the Ming Dynasty script been published?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111930 | 57278d495951b619008f8d49 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the... | What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species? | What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species? | [
"What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?"
] | {
"text": [
"2,500 copies"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57215 | 572fedf6947a6a140053ce1a | Muslim_world | Between the 8th and 18th centuries, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate pottery. Tin-opacified glazing was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in Basra, dating... | What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam? | What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam? | [
"What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"glazed ceramics"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63393 | 5a7a143b17ab25001a8a02fa | Buckingham_Palace | Remodelling of the structure began in 1762. After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home. While the work was in progress, in 1826, the King decided to modify the house into a palace with the help of his architect John Nash. Some fu... | What year was Nash promoted as architect? | What year was Nash promoted as architect? | [
"What year was Nash promoted as architect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68982 | 572f6ea004bcaa1900d7694a | Modern_history | The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a red faction revolution occurred in which the... | What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power? | What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power? | [
"What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Russian Provisional Government was established."
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77035 | 572688eadd62a815002e8875 | Dutch_language | More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today.... | How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch? | How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch? | [
"How would you say \"the man of the house\" in Dutch?"
] | {
"text": [
"de heer des huizes"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66525 | 57289efb2ca10214002da4d2 | Brigham_Young_University | The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people... | How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat? | How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat? | [
"How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?"
] | {
"text": [
"1282"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10129 | 572838912ca10214002da0fe | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wro... | Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader? | Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader? | [
"Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67140 | 572706815951b619008f84d5 | Nutrition | In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title "dietitian," as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experie... | Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets? | Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets? | [
"Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?"
] | {
"text": [
"nutritionist"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16691 | 572a798abe1ee31400cb8023 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: s... | According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent? | According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent? | [
"According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?"
] | {
"text": [
"sufficient to preserve health"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73439 | 56d37de759d6e41400146528 | American_Idol | The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, "I Love You This Big", as his coronation song, and Alaina released... | Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season? | Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season? | [
"Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scotty McCreery"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86814 | 5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d85 | Biodiversity | A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single... | Who conducted the 2000 study? | Who conducted the 2000 study? | [
"Who conducted the 2000 study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82150 | 572684165951b619008f752f | Pesticide | Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Bi... | What is one way to group pesticides? | What is one way to group pesticides? | [
"What is one way to group pesticides?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemical structure"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103966 | 570b91106b8089140040f98c | Infrared | In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when t... | What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation? | What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation? | [
"What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?"
] | {
"text": [
"'T-ray' imaging"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61569 | 57281785ff5b5019007d9d08 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | St. John's has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude, which is due to Gulf Stream moderation. However, despite this maritime moderation, average January high temperatures are actually slightly colder in St. John's than it is in Kelowna, British Columbia, wh... | Which Canadian city is the most rainiest? | Which Canadian city is the most rainiest? | [
"Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Columbia"
],
"answer_start": [
866
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61760 | 5ace393732bba1001ae49f1e | Madrasa | People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people ta... | Why do madaris extend enrollment to rich children? | Why do madaris extend enrollment to rich children? | [
"Why do madaris extend enrollment to rich children?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77214 | 56df6aee5ca0a614008f99ed | United_Nations_Population_Fund | Rep. Christopher H. Smith (R-NJ), criticized the State Department investigation, saying the investigators were shown "Potemkin Villages" where residents had been intimidated into lying about the family-planning program. Dr. Nafis Sadik, former director of UNFPA said her agency had been pivotal in reversing China's coer... | Which former director defended UNFPA? | Which former director defended UNFPA? | [
"Which former director defended UNFPA?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dr. Nafis Sadik"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102099 | 57292bceaf94a219006aa155 | States_of_Germany | The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts ... | What are the districts of Germany considered? | What are the districts of Germany considered? | [
"What are the districts of Germany considered?"
] | {
"text": [
"administrative districts"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27043 | 5a57d66f770dc0001aeefdf1 | Orthodox_Judaism | Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orth... | Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin? | Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin? | [
"Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48046 | 5726f4ddf1498d1400e8f0f0 | Napoleon | Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to F... | Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country? | Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country? | [
"Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?"
] | {
"text": [
"France"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-506 | 56f976e69e9bad19000a095c | Marshall_Islands | Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer isl... | From what continent did the Marshallese originate? | From what continent did the Marshallese originate? | [
"From what continent did the Marshallese originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47040 | 5a8c9192fd22b3001a8d8b3b | Textual_criticism | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | Textual scholars expect there to be a smaller time gap between an original and what? | Textual scholars expect there to be a smaller time gap between an original and what? | [
"Textual scholars expect there to be a smaller time gap between an original and what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16713 | 572a8598111d821400f38ba7 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and ... | According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what? | According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what? | [
"According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the opposite of a free society"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4441 | 56de59f24396321400ee2845 | Institute_of_technology | Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for... | What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system? | What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system? | [
"What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?"
] | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116359 | 5706f38e9e06ca38007e923c | Letter_case | In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in th... | Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages? | Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages? | [
"Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"written"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98454 | 56f8cdb69e9bad19000a0538 | Alps | Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of th... | What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries? | What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries? | [
"What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cheesemaking"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46850 | 57278046f1498d1400e8fa0f | Textual_criticism | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic? | What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic? | [
"What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29598 | 5ad150ee645df0001a2d172c | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there ... | What is the name of the goddess that the Virgin Mary met in Egypt? | What is the name of the goddess that the Virgin Mary met in Egypt? | [
"What is the name of the goddess that the Virgin Mary met in Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28025 | 5ad4a9ee5b96ef001a109d48 | Steven_Spielberg | As a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. "It isn't something I enjoy admitting," he once said, "but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me, I was embarrassed because we were Orthodox Jews. I was embarrassed by ... | At what age did Spielberg become alright with being an Orthodox Jew? | At what age did Spielberg become alright with being an Orthodox Jew? | [
"At what age did Spielberg become alright with being an Orthodox Jew?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-511 | 56f977339e9bad19000a0966 | Marshall_Islands | Major religious groups in the Republic of the Marshall Islands include the United Church of Christ (formerly Congregational), with 51.5% of the population; the Assemblies of God, 24.2%; the Roman Catholic Church, 8.4%; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), 8.3%; Also represented are Bukot Nan J... | What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God? | What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God? | [
"What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?"
] | {
"text": [
"24.2%"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83765 | 57266c865951b619008f7254 | Florida | As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican, 3.3% (629,718) Mexican, and 1.6% (300,414) Colombian. Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities... | What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida | What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida | [
"What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida "
] | {
"text": [
"the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation"
],
"answer_start": [
864
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82114 | 572ab71734ae481900deac7a | Royal_assent | No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he... | What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010? | What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010? | [
"What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"a law permitting abortion on demand"
],
"answer_start": [
744
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15473 | 5706c30b0eeca41400aa0e18 | Black_people | Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black Africa... | What town had it's own black community? | What town had it's own black community? | [
"What town had it's own black community?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ulcinj"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28082 | 5ad4b0075b96ef001a109d94 | Steven_Spielberg | Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films. The first was a Richard Matheson adaptation called Duel. The film is about a psychotic Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driver who chases the terrified driver (Dennis Weaver) of a small Plymouth Valiant and tries to run him off the road. Speci... | Who starred in Duel as the tanker truck driver? | Who starred in Duel as the tanker truck driver? | [
"Who starred in Duel as the tanker truck driver?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64104 | 57282e373acd2414000df66f | Annelid | It is thought that annelids were originally animals with two separate sexes, which released ova and sperm into the water via their nephridia. The fertilized eggs develop into trochophore larvae, which live as plankton. Later they sink to the sea-floor and metamorphose into miniature adults: the part of the trochophore ... | What does the trochophore become when annelids mature? | What does the trochophore become when annelids mature? | [
"What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?"
] | {
"text": [
"the prostomium (head)"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83321 | 5727c9543acd2414000dec58 | Dominican_Order | During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order.... | In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work? | In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work? | [
"In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?"
] | {
"text": [
"4,472"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48437 | 5a83891ae60761001a2eb781 | War_on_Terror | Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series... | What job title does Richard Ashcroft hold? | What job title does Richard Ashcroft hold? | [
"What job title does Richard Ashcroft hold?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86154 | 5730396404bcaa1900d773be | Tucson,_Arizona | Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; ... | What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates? | What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates? | [
"What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?"
] | {
"text": [
"precipitation"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44669 | 56f895849e9bad19000a0181 | Gene | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units? | Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units? | [
"Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34678 | 56f8e1e79e9bad19000a067c | Southampton | Buses now provide the majority of local public transport. The main bus operators are First Southampton and Bluestar. Other operators include Brijan Tours, Stagecoach and Xelabus. The other large service provider is the Uni-link bus service (running from early in the morning to midnight), which was commissioned by the U... | What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university? | What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university? | [
"What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?"
] | {
"text": [
"Uni-link"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34824 | 5a1e09db3de3f40018b26467 | Political_philosophy | Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Cathol... | The Roman Catholic Church was subordinate to what? | The Roman Catholic Church was subordinate to what? | [
"The Roman Catholic Church was subordinate to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95125 | 56df812d56340a1900b29c7b | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Dismayed to find that groundbreaking work had already been undertaken by Helmholtz who had conveyed vowel sounds by means of a similar tuning fork "contraption", he pored over the German scientist's book. Working from his own erroneous mistranslation of a French edition, Bell fortuitously then made a deduction that wou... | By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made? | By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made? | [
"By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?"
] | {
"text": [
"electrical"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40421 | 5ad4fdd25b96ef001a10a8a8 | Paper | Pressing the sheet removes the water by force; once the water is forced from the sheet, a special kind of felt, which is not to be confused with the traditional one, is used to collect the water; whereas when making paper by hand, a blotter sheet is used instead. | How is the force removed from the sheet? | How is the force removed from the sheet? | [
"How is the force removed from the sheet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95307 | 56dfafa2231d4119001abc71 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular wo... | What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone? | What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone? | [
"What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?"
] | {
"text": [
"fiber-optic communication"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110804 | 5730295d947a6a140053d1de | Iran | Iran has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members. Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one mi... | How many members in total does the Basij have? | How many members in total does the Basij have? | [
"How many members in total does the Basij have? "
] | {
"text": [
"Up to 11 million men and women"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91074 | 572ac4e4f75d5e190021fcb0 | John_Kerry | During his bid to be elected president in 2004, Kerry frequently criticized President George W. Bush for the Iraq War. While Kerry had initially voted in support of authorizing President Bush to use force in dealing with Saddam Hussein, he voted against an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the sub... | Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign? | Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign? | [
"Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign?"
] | {
"text": [
"President George W. Bush"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61679 | 5a628262f8d794001af1c081 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949. The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city. The Confederation Building, locat... | Who lead the NDP until 2006? | Who lead the NDP until 2006? | [
"Who lead the NDP until 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22602 | 5a123e6c6614be00188f24b0 | Exhibition_game | International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments. This is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that internat... | Which type of team has the most time to prepare for tournaments? | Which type of team has the most time to prepare for tournaments? | [
"Which type of team has the most time to prepare for tournaments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3595 | 56bf74d53aeaaa14008c9659 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé Giselle Knowles was born in Houston, Texas, to Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles (née Beyincé), a hairdresser and salon owner, and Mathew Knowles, a Xerox sales manager. Beyoncé's name is a tribute to her mother's maiden name. Beyoncé's younger sister Solange is also a singer and a former member of Destiny's Child. ... | Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company? | Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company? | [
"Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xerox"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58290 | 5a2e180bf28ef0001a526792 | Federal_Aviation_Administration | On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of... | When did the unanimous decision of the house and senate to pass the bill take place? | When did the unanimous decision of the house and senate to pass the bill take place? | [
"When did the unanimous decision of the house and senate to pass the bill take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-809 | 56df77c85ca0a614008f9ae8 | Plymouth | Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname i... | What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.? | What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.? | [
"What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Pilgrims"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10312 | 5a8012f38f0597001ac00178 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof? | What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof? | [
"What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104230 | 5ad175e7645df0001a2d1cea | Mandolin | Like any plucked instrument, mandolin notes decay to silence rather than sound out continuously as with a bowed note on a violin, and mandolin notes decay faster than larger stringed instruments like the guitar. This encourages the use of tremolo (rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings) to create sustained notes... | What do notes on a violin sound like rather sounding out continuously? | What do notes on a violin sound like rather sounding out continuously? | [
"What do notes on a violin sound like rather sounding out continuously?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103981 | 5a07ff1a3fc87400182070f7 | Infrared | Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in refle... | With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be? | With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be? | [
"With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96530 | 572772c2f1498d1400e8f869 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospe... | How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words? | How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words? | [
"How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven statements altogether"
],
"answer_start": [
879
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90991 | 572ab534be1ee31400cb81ac | John_Kerry | Including Kerry, the Democratic primary race had 10 candidates, including attorney Paul J. Sheehy, State Representative Anthony R. DiFruscia, John J. Desmond and Robert B. Kennedy. Kerry ran a "very expensive, sophisticated campaign", financed by out-of-state backers and supported by many young volunteers. DiFruscia's ... | Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines? | Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines? | [
"Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?"
] | {
"text": [
"they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut"
],
"answer_start": [
933
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35362 | 5ad0d57b645df0001a2d063c | Gothic_architecture | The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While... | What is one of the features that is no longer an important part of the Gothic style? | What is one of the features that is no longer an important part of the Gothic style? | [
"What is one of the features that is no longer an important part of the Gothic style?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51265 | 572b32b2be1ee31400cb8290 | Empiricism | During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized ... | What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean? | What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean? | [
"What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"active intellect"
],
"answer_start": [
772
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48320 | 56fa43e9f34c681400b0c044 | Wood | In chemical terms, the difference between hardwood and softwood is reflected in the composition of the constituent lignin. Hardwood lignin is primarily derived from sinapyl alcohol and coniferyl alcohol. Softwood lignin is mainly derived from coniferyl alcohol. | Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol? | Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol? | [
"Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?"
] | {
"text": [
"Softwood"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89450 | 572edc20c246551400ce474b | The_Blitz | The bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or significantly damage the war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British production and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz was only authorised when the Luftwaffe had failed to meet preconditions for a 194... | How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg? | How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg? | [
"How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?"
] | {
"text": [
"42,000"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39736 | 57273f5b5951b619008f8757 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | By 1640, the town's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac. However, the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony. At the time, the New Have... | What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish? | What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish? | [
"What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?"
] | {
"text": [
"theocratic government"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40491 | 56e75f4b37bdd419002c3f0d | Paper | The thickness of paper is often measured by caliper, which is typically given in thousandths of an inch in the United States and in thousandths of a mm in the rest of the world. Paper may be between 0.07 and 0.18 millimetres (0.0028 and 0.0071 in) thick. | Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness? | Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness? | [
"Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.0028 and 0.0071 in"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115587 | 59fb3669ee36d60018400d72 | England_national_football_team | England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on... | In what year did England play its first UEFA European Football Championship match? | In what year did England play its first UEFA European Football Championship match? | [
"In what year did England play its first UEFA European Football Championship match?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52877 | 5727ada7ff5b5019007d9268 | Political_party | In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities includ... | What can also be provided by foreign aid? | What can also be provided by foreign aid? | [
"What can also be provided by foreign aid?"
] | {
"text": [
"funding"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62839 | 572f8a4904bcaa1900d76a69 | Pain | Spinal cord fibers dedicated to carrying A-delta fiber pain signals, and others that carry both A-delta and C fiber pain signals up the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain have been identified. Other spinal cord fibers, known as wide dynamic range neurons, respond to A-delta and C fibers, but also to the large A-b... | What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to? | What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to? | [
"What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?"
] | {
"text": [
"A-delta"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21880 | 570abf994103511400d5997a | Aircraft_carrier | Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching a... | What is the handler responsible for? | What is the handler responsible for? | [
"What is the handler responsible for?"
] | {
"text": [
"the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12788 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaf0 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation ... | Who may not take a vacant title? | Who may not take a vacant title? | [
"Who may not take a vacant title?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-725 | 56df6cb85ca0a614008f9a06 | Plymouth | Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Roya... | What company produces Plymouth Gin? | What company produces Plymouth Gin? | [
"What company produces Plymouth Gin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Plymouth Gin Distillery"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16083 | 572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d021 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becomin... | As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished. | As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished. | [
"As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished."
] | {
"text": [
"abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47178 | 5726d4445951b619008f7f4c | Madonna_(entertainer) | The album garnered critical acclaim. Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards. In 2003, Slant Magazine called it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s" and Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Commercially, the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold mo... | Who listed Ray of Light as "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?" | Who listed Ray of Light as "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?" | [
"Who listed Ray of Light as \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?\""
] | {
"text": [
"Rolling Stone"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13932 | 5a8351a3e60761001a2eb579 | BBC_Television | David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Pl... | When did David Attenborough take his sabbatical leave? | When did David Attenborough take his sabbatical leave? | [
"When did David Attenborough take his sabbatical leave?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13934 | 56de81084396321400ee298a | BBC_Television | National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such a... | Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts? | Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts? | [
"Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58692 | 572a9b9e34ae481900deabc3 | Rajasthan | Traditionally the Rajputs, Jats, Meenas, Gurjars, Bhils, Rajpurohit, Charans, Yadavs, Bishnois, Sermals, PhulMali (Saini) and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions of them were killed try... | The Jats assisted in building what state? | The Jats assisted in building what state? | [
"The Jats assisted in building what state?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rajasthan"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107661 | 571aa02b10f8ca14003051dd | Umayyad_Caliphate | Following the death of Husayn, Ibn al-Zubayr, although remaining in Mecca, was associated with two opposition movements, one centered in Medina and the other around Kharijites in Basra and Arabia. Because Medina had been home to Muhammad and his family, including Husayn, word of his death and the imprisonment of his fa... | In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated? | In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated? | [
"In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of al-Harrah"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28920 | 571cfd66dd7acb1400e4c1e6 | Pharmaceutical_industry | A Federal Trade Commission report issued in 1958 attempted to quantify the effect of antibiotic development on American public health. The report found that over the period 1946-1955, there was a 42% drop in the incidence of diseases for which antibiotics were effective and only a 20% drop in those for which antibiotic... | How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955? | How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955? | [
"How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?"
] | {
"text": [
"56%"
],
"answer_start": [
775
]
} |
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