gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 395
values | context stringlengths 151 1.42k | question stringlengths 14 164 | target stringlengths 14 164 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-69152 | 5ad41e23604f3c001a400625 | Houston | Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine ma... | The glass deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what? | The glass deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what? | [
"The glass deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95661 | 5ad3e2bf604f3c001a3ff540 | Yale_University | Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architectu... | Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States? | Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States? | [
"Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71687 | 56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0781 | Near_East | The term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term "Near East" to mean the holdings of... | Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"? | Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"? | [
"Why did archaeologists count Iran as \"The Near East\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77643 | 572676c05951b619008f736d | British_Empire | During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and estab... | When did Britain pass the Charter Act? | When did Britain pass the Charter Act? | [
"When did Britain pass the Charter Act?"
] | {
"text": [
"1813"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27354 | 572f50cbb2c2fd1400568002 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What was the first mass-produced transistor? | What was the first mass-produced transistor? | [
"What was the first mass-produced transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"bipolar junction transistor"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37550 | 572812723acd2414000df3c7 | London | Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for... | What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London? | What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London? | [
"What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?"
] | {
"text": [
"The British Transport Police"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37076 | 5a0cf4e1f5590b0018dab6ac | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy prefer... | Why were the scientific educational reforms criticized? | Why were the scientific educational reforms criticized? | [
"Why were the scientific educational reforms criticized?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80501 | 5a6684fdf038b7001ab0bf33 | Data_compression | The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel–Ziv–Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is ... | What is used in PKZIP, LZR, and Huffman? | What is used in PKZIP, LZR, and Huffman? | [
"What is used in PKZIP, LZR, and Huffman?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99721 | 56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d92 | Middle_Ages | The crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to regain Jerusalem, wh... | After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside? | After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside? | [
"After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cyprus"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67837 | 572ffb39947a6a140053cedd | Charleston,_South_Carolina | According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 127.5 square miles (330.2 km2), of which 109.0 square miles (282.2 km2) is land and 18.5 square miles (47.9 km2) is covered by water. The old city is located on a peninsula at the point where, as Charlestonians say, "The Ashley and the Cooper Ri... | Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? | Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? | [
"Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? "
] | {
"text": [
"North Charleston"
],
"answer_start": [
794
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32767 | 5a32d6e6bd0d7f001aef947c | Central_African_Republic | Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution. Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC the domestication... | What is production of alcoholic beverages an example of? | What is production of alcoholic beverages an example of? | [
"What is production of alcoholic beverages an example of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111097 | 5728396e2ca10214002da112 | Group_(mathematics) | A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three... | What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group? | What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group? | [
"What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?"
] | {
"text": [
"fundamental"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66014 | 571a30bb10f8ca1400304f50 | Seattle | King County Metro provides frequent stop bus service within the city and surrounding county, as well as a South Lake Union Streetcar line between the South Lake Union neighborhood and Westlake Center in downtown. Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. Sound Tra... | What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center? | What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center? | [
"What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center?"
] | {
"text": [
"South Lake Union Streetcar"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39775 | 57274df4f1498d1400e8f600 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqué, the informal lead... | In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement? | In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement? | [
"In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"1839"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79793 | 570629ba52bb891400689914 | MP3 | Compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate, because compression ratio depends on the bit depth and sampling rate of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the Compact Disc (CD) parameters as references (44.1 kHz, 2 channels at 16 bits per channe... | What defines the compression efficiency of encoders? | What defines the compression efficiency of encoders? | [
"What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?"
] | {
"text": [
"bit rate"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105314 | 5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6e | History_of_science | The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the developmen... | What book did Denis Diderot write? | What book did Denis Diderot write? | [
"What book did Denis Diderot write?"
] | {
"text": [
"Encyclopédie"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94599 | 5726b810708984140094cef8 | Queen_(band) | On 20 April 1992, The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd. Performers, including Def Leppard, Robert Plant, Guns N' Roses, Elton John, David Bowie, George Michael, Annie Lennox, Seal, Extreme, and Metallica performed various Queen songs along with the three rema... | Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held? | Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held? | [
"Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?"
] | {
"text": [
"London's Wembley Stadium"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18532 | 5726d77f708984140094d325 | Nigeria | In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Gark... | How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War? | How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War? | [
"How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?"
] | {
"text": [
"between 1 and 3 million"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98595 | 5a5fa27aeae51e001ab14b69 | Marvel_Comics | In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor ... | What city does Black Panther live in? | What city does Black Panther live in? | [
"What city does Black Panther live in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104923 | 57338497d058e614000b5c4d | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Fede... | What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009? | What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009? | [
"What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"consumer protection"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87580 | 5729bca26aef051400155096 | IBM | In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not mere... | In 1961 who became the president of IBM? | In 1961 who became the president of IBM? | [
"In 1961 who became the president of IBM?"
] | {
"text": [
"Albert L. Williams"
],
"answer_start": [
537
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103934 | 5a07bed60ff9ab00181693ae | Infrared | Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecul... | What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space? | What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space? | [
"What science discipline uses infrared thermal-imaging cameras to penetrate dusty regions of space?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80038 | 5726b08af1498d1400e8e778 | Samoa | Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture ... | What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour? | What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour? | [
"What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?"
] | {
"text": [
"A massive storm"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69728 | 57302668947a6a140053d194 | Windows_8 | New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new "Hybrid Boot" mode (which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot), a new lock screen with a clock and notifications, and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versio... | What features were added to the lock screen? | What features were added to the lock screen? | [
"What features were added to the lock screen?"
] | {
"text": [
"clock and notifications"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78000 | 5acd69f607355d001abf411d | Strasbourg | In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and ... | In what year did nations start negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam? | In what year did nations start negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam? | [
"In what year did nations start negotiating the Treaty of Amsterdam?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67994 | 5ad41c52604f3c001a400574 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Fran... | How many soldiers didb't General Clinton return with? | How many soldiers didb't General Clinton return with? | [
"How many soldiers didb't General Clinton return with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56856 | 5727d616ff5b5019007d9674 | Gramophone_record | Towards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record. On some recordings... | Do turntables play music on lock grooves? | Do turntables play music on lock grooves? | [
"Do turntables play music on lock grooves?"
] | {
"text": [
"most automatic turntables are incapable"
],
"answer_start": [
744
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35498 | 5ad0f778645df0001a2d08e5 | Gothic_architecture | Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French for... | What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically avoid? | What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically avoid? | [
"What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically avoid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49830 | 56cd73b562d2951400fa65cd | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407. | Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet? | Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet? | [
"Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?"
] | {
"text": [
"to seek out the Karmapa"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8872 | 57281b8eff5b5019007d9d5e | LaserDisc | The standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the composite domain (having a video bandwidth approximately equivalent to the 1-inch (25 mm) C-T... | Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted? | Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted? | [
"Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?"
] | {
"text": [
"analog"
],
"answer_start": [
909
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31381 | 572951c03f37b3190047823e | Germans | The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfga... | Who developed the concept of a German Nation? | Who developed the concept of a German Nation? | [
"Who developed the concept of a German Nation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Johann Gottfried Herder"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84044 | 5a7e336570df9f001a875549 | Translation | Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveyin... | What did translators lose in the course of their work? | What did translators lose in the course of their work? | [
"What did translators lose in the course of their work?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68780 | 572f104d03f9891900756b6c | Modern_history | The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from... | From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe? | From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe? | [
"From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93092 | 5aceed9232bba1001ae4b942 | Tajikistan | By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure ar... | Failure to do what results in small fines? | Failure to do what results in small fines? | [
"Failure to do what results in small fines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108718 | 5a7a326d17ab25001a8a039b | Literature | Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literat... | In Eastern Europe, literature included all books and what else? | In Eastern Europe, literature included all books and what else? | [
"In Eastern Europe, literature included all books and what else?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61318 | 5a3ad5f03ff257001ab842a9 | Flowering_plant | Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have ... | What are transitional forms descended from? | What are transitional forms descended from? | [
"What are transitional forms descended from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70482 | 56dfdb677aa994140058e1c2 | Pub | A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technical... | What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution? | What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution? | [
"What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?"
] | {
"text": [
"allowing smoking"
],
"answer_start": [
1081
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95185 | 56df8a214a1a83140091eb0c | Alexander_Graham_Bell | In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great c... | What business was William Orton in charge of? | What business was William Orton in charge of? | [
"What business was William Orton in charge of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Western Union"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27507 | 5a62a550f8d794001af1c184 | Liberia | In 1822, the American Colonization Society began sending African-American volunteers to the Pepper Coast to establish a colony for freed African Americans. By 1867, the ACS (and state-related chapters) had assisted in the migration of more than 13,000 African Americans to Liberia. These free African Americans and their... | In what year did volunteers leave the Pepper Coast? | In what year did volunteers leave the Pepper Coast? | [
"In what year did volunteers leave the Pepper Coast?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75566 | 5726d7a55951b619008f7fa6 | Cubism | The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampué made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal... | Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912? | Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912? | [
"Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?"
] | {
"text": [
"Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat."
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81641 | 5706268775f01819005e7a00 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | The city hosted the 1964 Democratic National Convention which nominated Lyndon Johnson for President and Hubert Humphrey as Vice President. The convention and the press coverage it generated, however, cast a harsh light on Atlantic City, which by then was in the midst of a long period of economic decline. Many felt tha... | What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964? | What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964? | [
"What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964?"
] | {
"text": [
"Democratic National Convention"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83380 | 5727d3462ca10214002d976b | Dominican_Order | Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, ... | Who did Dominic pray for? | Who did Dominic pray for? | [
"Who did Dominic pray for?"
] | {
"text": [
"poor sinners"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48286 | 56fa3a3b8f12f319006300f3 | Wood | The single most revealing property of wood as an indicator of wood quality is specific gravity (Timell 1986), as both pulp yield and lumber strength are determined by it. Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water; density is the ratio of a mass of a quantity of a s... | Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality? | Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality? | [
"Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?"
] | {
"text": [
"specific gravity"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45069 | 56df226bc65bf219000b3f8e | Sony_Music_Entertainment | In 1986, CBS sold its music publishing arm, CBS Songs, to Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman for $125 million making it the foundation of their SBK Entertainment. | How much was the sale of CBS Songs? | How much was the sale of CBS Songs? | [
"How much was the sale of CBS Songs?"
] | {
"text": [
"$125 million"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101100 | 5727c3243acd2414000debfa | Hindu_philosophy | Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal... | What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship? | What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship? | [
"What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?"
] | {
"text": [
"Universal Consciousness"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109616 | 5728f3026aef0514001548a1 | Samurai | The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while ... | What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai? | What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai? | [
"What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?"
] | {
"text": [
"to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52289 | 572a80b8111d821400f38b73 | Miami | The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers confer... | What is the street address of Miami City Hall? | What is the street address of Miami City Hall? | [
"What is the street address of Miami City Hall?"
] | {
"text": [
"3500 Pan American Drive"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28094 | 57318e2fa5e9cc1400cdc06d | Steven_Spielberg | Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark. Spielberg has often referred to the gruelling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it... | How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win? | How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win? | [
"How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42763 | 570d2fe9fed7b91900d45cda | Franco-Prussian_War | The army was still equipped with the Dreyse needle gun of Battle of Königgrätz fame, which was by this time showing the age of its 25-year-old design. The rifle had a range of only 600 m (2,000 ft) and lacked the rubber breech seal that permitted aimed shots. The deficiencies of the needle gun were more than compensate... | At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design? | At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design? | [
"At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?"
] | {
"text": [
"25-year-old design"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113172 | 570de31a0dc6ce1900204cf0 | Adolescence | The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract,... | Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions? | Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions? | [
"Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?"
] | {
"text": [
"adolescents"
],
"answer_start": [
609
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98907 | 5a5ad6679c0277001abe71da | Heresy | In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were decl... | What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical? | What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical? | [
"What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44258 | 5a2ef77fa83784001a7d25f5 | Bras%C3%ADlia | Brasília has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, The World In Grey: Dom Bosco's Prophecy, by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalypticle story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco. According to Don Bosco's prophecy: "Between parallels 15 a... | Where was World In Grey created? | Where was World In Grey created? | [
"Where was World In Grey created?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3739 | 56be96653aeaaa14008c9116 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé further expanded her acting career, starring as blues singer Etta James in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records. Her performance in the film received praise from critics, and she garnered several nominations for her portrayal of James, including a Satellite Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and... | Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records? | Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records? | [
"Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?"
] | {
"text": [
"Etta James"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17087 | 570e2db80b85d914000d7d15 | Uranium | The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of ur... | In what types of paints was radium first used? | In what types of paints was radium first used? | [
"In what types of paints was radium first used?"
] | {
"text": [
"glow-in-the-dark"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7849 | 5acfca0c77cf76001a685fce | Copyright_infringement | The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is "robbery or illegal violence at sea", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to c... | What kind of property is copyright not used for? | What kind of property is copyright not used for? | [
"What kind of property is copyright not used for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67766 | 5a81c7aa31013a001a334ea2 | Norfolk_Island | Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions ... | Who handles non-serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island? | Who handles non-serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island? | [
"Who handles non-serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107207 | 57350e4dacc1501500bac3d5 | Hunting | Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determi... | What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced? | What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced? | [
"What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"mortality"
],
"answer_start": [
832
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89421 | 573126ae05b4da19006bcdf4 | Great_power | With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional co... | What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties? | What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties? | [
"What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?"
] | {
"text": [
"European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42230 | 5728b0f44b864d1900164c31 | Karl_Popper | Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsifie... | What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified? | What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified? | [
"What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?"
] | {
"text": [
"additional conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87776 | 56e7828337bdd419002c4064 | Tristan_da_Cunha | The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese ... | what year was it said the first island landing was made? | what year was it said the first island landing was made? | [
"what year was it said the first island landing was made?"
] | {
"text": [
"1520"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59057 | 5a304406f1f7c7001ab92d13 | A_cappella | Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There... | In Christian music who uses beatboxing during worship? | In Christian music who uses beatboxing during worship? | [
"In Christian music who uses beatboxing during worship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39062 | 5731bdcb0fdd8d15006c64d8 | Protestantism | The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation. Though the reformers ... | What is the term for how the church as a whole works? | What is the term for how the church as a whole works? | [
"What is the term for how the church as a whole works?"
] | {
"text": [
"ecclesiology"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113380 | 5a877a511d3cee001a6a11ea | Vacuum | Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a ... | What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century? | What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century? | [
"What point of view regarding God became popular in the 14th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15168 | 572f86ea947a6a140053ca24 | Hyderabad | In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,:47 which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.:98 The i... | What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight? | What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight? | [
"What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight?"
] | {
"text": [
"20%"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68489 | 572823832ca10214002d9eb6 | George_VI | In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne", and tried "to make it steady again". He becam... | How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne? | How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne? | [
"How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?"
] | {
"text": [
"low"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92364 | 5730c872aca1c71400fe5ab3 | United_States_Air_Force | Recently, the Air Force refined its understanding of the core duties and responsibilities it performs as a Military Service Branch, streamlining what previously were six distinctive capabilities and seventeen operational functions into twelve core functions to be used across the doctrine, organization, training, equipm... | What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? | What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? | [
"What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? "
] | {
"text": [
"core functions"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78875 | 5a8d867bdf8bba001a0f9ada | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The context-sensitive button mechanic allows one button to serve a variety of functions, such as talking, opening doors, and pushing, pulling, and throwing objects.[e] The on-screen display shows what action, if any, the button will trigger, determined by the situation. For example, if Link is holding a rock, the conte... | Where can players see what action will be performed in different rocks? | Where can players see what action will be performed in different rocks? | [
"Where can players see what action will be performed in different rocks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95308 | 56dfafa2231d4119001abc72 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Bell believed the photophone's principles were his life's "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone". The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular wo... | When was fiber-optics first patented? | When was fiber-optics first patented? | [
"When was fiber-optics first patented?"
] | {
"text": [
"1880"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29993 | 5a551af1134fea001a0e1926 | CBC_Television | Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private affiliates of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules. Such stations generally follow the CBC schedule, airing a minimum 40 hours per week of network programmin... | Much of the CBC's income is generated not from advertisements, but other stations known as what? | Much of the CBC's income is generated not from advertisements, but other stations known as what? | [
"Much of the CBC's income is generated not from advertisements, but other stations known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3496 | 572677b7dd62a815002e85fd | Southeast_Asia | Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world.... | What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam? | What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam? | [
"What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"40%"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39987 | 572a37a3af94a219006aa8c1 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven is a notable center for higher education. Yale University, at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer. New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University, part of the Connecticut State University System, and Albertus Magnus College, a private insti... | When was the new Gateway Community College open? | When was the new Gateway Community College open? | [
"When was the new Gateway Community College open?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fall 2012"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100634 | 5a283015d1a287001a6d0ace | Post-punk | During the initial punk era, a variety of entrepreneurs interested in local punk-influenced music scenes began founding independent record labels, including Rough Trade (founded by record shop owner Geoff Travis) and Factory (founded by Manchester-based television personality Tony Wilson). By 1977, groups began pointed... | What year was independent music considered the least popular? | What year was independent music considered the least popular? | [
"What year was independent music considered the least popular?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19105 | 5ad0e10f645df0001a2d078f | Premier_League | The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme. In Australia, Fox Sports broadcasts almost all of the season's 380 matches live, and Foxtel gives subscribers the option of selecting which Saturday 3pm match to watch. In India, the matches are broadcast live ... | In what year where the broadcast rights in China given to Sportsnet? | In what year where the broadcast rights in China given to Sportsnet? | [
"In what year where the broadcast rights in China given to Sportsnet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62806 | 5acd111707355d001abf3312 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theo... | What did DC Sinclair develop in 1934? | What did DC Sinclair develop in 1934? | [
"What did DC Sinclair develop in 1934?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100891 | 5a5e3ace5bc9f4001a75ae72 | Hindu_philosophy | Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Nyāya, the naturalism of the Vaiśeṣika, the dualism of the Sāṅkhya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the s... | What are Tantric ideas founded in? | What are Tantric ideas founded in? | [
"What are Tantric ideas founded in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26299 | 5ad0dff2645df0001a2d076b | Edmund_Burke | Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality... | What did Burke believe would be good for the national dignity? | What did Burke believe would be good for the national dignity? | [
"What did Burke believe would be good for the national dignity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48825 | 571a89a74faf5e1900b8aa45 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to pr... | How did Valens get him to return? | How did Valens get him to return? | [
"How did Valens get him to return?"
] | {
"text": [
"issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see"
],
"answer_start": [
746
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67917 | 5ad41a27604f3c001a4004a6 | Charleston,_South_Carolina | The first settlers primarily came from England, its Caribbean colony of Barbados, and its Atlantic colony of Bermuda. Among these were free people of color, born in the West Indies of alliances and marriages between Africans and Englanders, when color lines were looser among the working class in the early colonial year... | After what war did the state ban on Catholics begin? | After what war did the state ban on Catholics begin? | [
"After what war did the state ban on Catholics begin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47110 | 57269c15dd62a815002e8b09 | Madonna_(entertainer) | Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the... | When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend? | When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend? | [
"When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?"
] | {
"text": [
"1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3195 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d06e | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developm... | In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive? | In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive? | [
"In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79566 | 57312b47497a881900248bf8 | Kievan_Rus%27 | It is not clearly documented when the title of the Grand Duke was first introduced, but the importance of the Kiev principality was recognized after the death of Sviatoslav I in 972 and the ensuing struggle between Vladimir the Great and Yaropolk I. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two... | How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus? | How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus? | [
"How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?"
] | {
"text": [
"two centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103685 | 572a3b9caf94a219006aa8ee | East_Prussia | Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prus... | What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia? | What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia? | [
"What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Erich Koch Plan"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21744 | 5730c2c8b7151e1900c01526 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between ... | In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools? | In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools? | [
"In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?"
] | {
"text": [
"a city-state's primary temple"
],
"answer_start": [
1002
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79141 | 56d13482e7d4791d00901ff1 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, Twilight Princess h... | What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic? | What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic? | [
"What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?"
] | {
"text": [
"95"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22572 | 5a122d7e6614be00188f2491 | Exhibition_game | An exhibition game may also be used to settle a challenge, to provide professional entertainment, to promote the sport, or to raise money for charities. Several sports leagues hold all-star games to showcase their best players against each other, while other exhibitions games may pit participants from two different lea... | What type of exhibition game showcases average players? | What type of exhibition game showcases average players? | [
"What type of exhibition game showcases average players?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64607 | 5733e6d34776f4190066147e | Portugal | There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of... | Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal? | Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal? | [
"Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?"
] | {
"text": [
"because of habitat loss, pollution and drought"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76657 | 572aa473be1ee31400cb8107 | Philadelphia | Under the Köppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringi... | What is the normal snowfall? | What is the normal snowfall? | [
"What is the normal snowfall?"
] | {
"text": [
"22.4 in"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41188 | 5731756c05b4da19006bd1cb | Egypt | As a result of modernisation efforts over the years, Egypt's healthcare system has made great strides forward. Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98% of the population. Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 ye... | How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs? | How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs? | [
"How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?"
] | {
"text": [
"98%"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1495 | 573163cf497a881900248ebb | Mosaic | The Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki was built in 1310–14. Although some vandal systematically removed the gold tesserae of the background it can be seen that the Pantokrator and the prophets in the dome follow the traditional Byzantine pattern. Many details are similar to the Pammakaristos mosaics so it is ... | Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located? | Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located? | [
"Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arta"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24246 | 572951d81d04691400779290 | Bermuda | Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration t... | When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws? | When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws? | [
"When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
704
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8338 | 5a7cca31e8bc7e001a9e2023 | Thuringia | Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th cen... | How many municipalities are destroyed in Thuringia? | How many municipalities are destroyed in Thuringia? | [
"How many municipalities are destroyed in Thuringia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29616 | 570c49f9fed7b91900d45847 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Roman Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin Theotokos with Christ is without doubt the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church. Both ... | In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before? | In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before? | [
"In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?"
] | {
"text": [
"flat, two-dimensional icons"
],
"answer_start": [
750
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94502 | 5726801fdd62a815002e875a | Queen_(band) | In 1975, the band left for a world tour with each member in Zandra Rhodes-created costumes and accompanied with banks of lights and effects. They toured the US as headliners, and played in Canada for the first time. In September, after an acromonious split with Trident, the band negotiated themselves out of their Tride... | Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour? | Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour? | [
"Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zandra Rhodes"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57783 | 572ed3f503f9891900756a68 | Quran | According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books... | Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form? | Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form? | [
"Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sahih al-Bukhari"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38227 | 572a1bc11d0469140077979e | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | What era followed the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era? | What era followed the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era? | [
"What era followed the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Mesolithic era"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77299 | 5731f6f8b9d445190005e6f0 | Armenians | Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. H... | What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in? | What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in? | [
"What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pontic Indo-European"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91331 | 5ace9ecd32bba1001ae4ad5a | Avicenna | His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees o... | What was the title of Ibn Sina's Tape of Healing? | What was the title of Ibn Sina's Tape of Healing? | [
"What was the title of Ibn Sina's Tape of Healing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1747 | 5ad176a0645df0001a2d1d17 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The coalition commenced hostilities in January ... | What precipitated the American Gulf War? | What precipitated the American Gulf War? | [
" What precipitated the American Gulf War?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49262 | 5a870e411d3cee001a6a10a9 | Tuberculosis | Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum c... | How long do symptoms in someone who is immunosuppressed last? | How long do symptoms in someone who is immunosuppressed last? | [
"How long do symptoms in someone who is immunosuppressed last?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63202 | 572ba75ff75d5e190021fe71 | Czech_language | Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperf... | In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing? | In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing? | [
"In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?"
] | {
"text": [
"imperfective"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
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