gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 395
values | context stringlengths 151 1.42k | question stringlengths 14 164 | target stringlengths 14 164 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-16699 | 572a8062f75d5e190021fb11 | Friedrich_Hayek | During World War II, Hayek began the ‘Abuse of Reason’ project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science. In his philosophy of science, which has much in common with that of his good friend Karl Popper, Hayek ... | What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences? | What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences? | [
"What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?"
] | {
"text": [
"scientism"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54150 | 56deebdc3277331400b4d81d | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each con... | How many brigades does the Army consist of? | How many brigades does the Army consist of? | [
"How many brigades does the Army consist of?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16072 | 572eb94ac246551400ce457f | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revo... | What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union? | What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union? | [
"What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pan-Africanism"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78921 | 5a8d9051df8bba001a0f9b01 | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | The artificial intelligence (AI) of enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced than that of enemies in The Wind Waker. Enemies react to defeated companions and to arrows or slingshot pellets that pass by, and can detect Link from a greater distance than was possible in previous games. | What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Enemies? | What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Enemies? | [
"What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Enemies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102987 | 5acd276d07355d001abf3709 | Unicode | Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (L... | MES-3A combines which two other sets? | MES-3A combines which two other sets? | [
"MES-3A combines which two other sets?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15 | 56f8a1a49b226e1400dd0d09 | Guinea-Bissau | Guinea-Bissau is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Economic Community of West African States, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Latin Union, Community of Portuguese Language Countries, La Francophonie and the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone. | What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to? | [
"What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27814 | 5729f4331d04691400779687 | Energy | Any living organism relies on an external source of energy—radiation from the Sun in the case of green plants, chemical energy in some form in the case of animals—to be able to grow and reproduce. The daily 1500–2000 Calories (6–8 MJ) recommended for a human adult are taken as a combination of oxygen and food molecules... | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water? | [
"Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?"
] | {
"text": [
"mitochondria"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100369 | 5acd440307355d001abf3b33 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | According to Sun Jiadong, the chief designer of the navigation system, "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much." | Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what? | Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what? | [
"Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2042 | 5ad171fd645df0001a2d1bd8 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on res... | What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations? | What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations? | [
"What two tribes particularly resisted being not confined to reservations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56914 | 5727eb443acd2414000defe9 | Gramophone_record | West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talkin... | In which Era was this finding most significant? | In which Era was this finding most significant? | [
"In which Era was this finding most significant?"
] | {
"text": [
"1925 era"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96915 | 56e0f9657aa994140058e853 | Canon_law | It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici... | What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law? | What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law? | [
"What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?"
] | {
"text": [
"Juris Canonici Licentiatus"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11875 | 56e144b0cd28a01900c6770c | Universal_Studios | Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other co... | Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios? | Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios? | [
"Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?"
] | {
"text": [
"Comcast"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37762 | 5728d2774b864d1900164ed9 | London | London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, including the Wirel... | In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? | In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? | [
"In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? "
] | {
"text": [
"Abbey Road Studios"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42164 | 5ad23a10d7d075001a428844 | Karl_Popper | Karl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Although he qu... | What ideology did Popper never become disillusioned with? | What ideology did Popper never become disillusioned with? | [
"What ideology did Popper never become disillusioned with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27325 | 5a7b6a0a21c2de001afe9fea | Transistor | There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the c... | Where is the gate terminal located? | Where is the gate terminal located? | [
"Where is the gate terminal located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107204 | 57350e4dacc1501500bac3d2 | Hunting | Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determi... | How is hunting an important tool for resource managers? | How is hunting an important tool for resource managers? | [
"How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?"
] | {
"text": [
"managing populations"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109276 | 57279a875951b619008f8e69 | Carnival | In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaychú in the east of Entre Ríos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a ... | Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival? | Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival? | [
"Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?"
] | {
"text": [
"Murga"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99056 | 5a82510831013a001a3353dd | Turner_Classic_Movies | Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through ... | Who owns the majority of 1950 Paramount sound releases? | Who owns the majority of 1950 Paramount sound releases? | [
"Who owns the majority of 1950 Paramount sound releases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82291 | 5726adcd5951b619008f79fc | Pesticide | Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: ... | What is one way to classify pesticides? | What is one way to classify pesticides? | [
"What is one way to classify pesticides?"
] | {
"text": [
"type of pest they control"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76515 | 5a399f082f14dd001ac724cd | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collector... | What do ghost crabs eat? | What do ghost crabs eat? | [
"What do ghost crabs eat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74400 | 571b3a0d32177014007ea036 | Asphalt | The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federa... | What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen? | What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen? | [
"What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dr. Karl A. Clark"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27532 | 57301d82b2c2fd14005688b3 | Liberia | The rebels soon split into various factions fighting one another. The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States organized a military task force to intervene in the crisis. From 1989 to 1996 one of Africa's bloodiest civil wars ensued, claiming the lives of more than 200,000... | What eventually happened to the rebels? | What eventually happened to the rebels? | [
"What eventually happened to the rebels?"
] | {
"text": [
"split into various factions fighting one another."
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114756 | 570a7fbf4103511400d59784 | Emotion | In economics, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and risk perception. In criminology, a social science approach to the study o... | Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion? | Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion? | [
"Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?"
] | {
"text": [
"tort law"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12858 | 5ad312ca604f3c001a3fdb33 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope; not even the cardinal so named is necessarily aware of his elevation, and in any event cannot function as a cardinal while his appointment is in pectore. Today, cardinals are named in pectore to protect them or their congregations from reprisals if their identities... | Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church? | Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church? | [
"Which cardinal is known by all the Catholic Church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23128 | 5ad0d2a2645df0001a2d054f | Human_Development_Index | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete? | What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete? | [
" What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82382 | 56e702456fe0821900b8ec88 | Daylight_saving_time | The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aim... | What used to be the main draw on electricity? | What used to be the main draw on electricity? | [
"What used to be the main draw on electricity?"
] | {
"text": [
"incandescent lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36375 | 5ace963332bba1001ae4ab26 | Printed_circuit_board | Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only... | Teflon has a high absorption rate of what? | Teflon has a high absorption rate of what? | [
"Teflon has a high absorption rate of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23657 | 57282b142ca10214002d9fd5 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent? | When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent? | [
"When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?"
] | {
"text": [
"1788"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90405 | 5acffa0d77cf76001a6866bc | Tibet | The Indus and Brahmaputra rivers originate from a lake (Tib: Tso Mapham) in Western Tibet, near Mount Kailash. The mountain is a holy pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Tibetans. The Hindus consider the mountain to be the abode of Lord Shiva. The Tibetan name for Mt. Kailash is Khang Rinpoche. Tibet has numerous high-... | What mountain is a holy site for Hindus and Indus? | What mountain is a holy site for Hindus and Indus? | [
"What mountain is a holy site for Hindus and Indus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77607 | 57266df7708984140094c5a2 | British_Empire | Events in America influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from America following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Hal... | New Brunswick was split off from which province? | New Brunswick was split off from which province? | [
"New Brunswick was split off from which province?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nova Scotia"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19530 | 56dc6b6714d3a41400c26895 | Comprehensive_school | The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did. | What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? | What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007? | [
"What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"50%"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67021 | 5726b8785951b619008f7bcb | Nutrition | The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, "almost certainly incomplete". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, ... | What is notable about cellulose in humans? | What is notable about cellulose in humans? | [
"What is notable about cellulose in humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-digestible"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30366 | 5acd628907355d001abf4027 | Raleigh,_North_Carolina | Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991–1998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000–2004); the Raleigh–Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global... | What team lost the soccer championship in 2002? | What team lost the soccer championship in 2002? | [
"What team lost the soccer championship in 2002?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12906 | 56dcddb066d3e219004dab47 | Republic_of_the_Congo | The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, ... | When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River? | When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River? | [
"When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?"
] | {
"text": [
"1880"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13661 | 5726ffac5951b619008f844f | Glacier | Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amou... | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | What characteristics determine glacial zones? | [
"What characteristics determine glacial zones?"
] | {
"text": [
"surface snowpack and melt conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77410 | 5a53e054bdaabd001a3867aa | Armenians | The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian "island" in a mostly Muslim region. There is, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as Hamshenis but many Armenians view them as a separate race, while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2,000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilic... | How do Muslims in Armenia view Hamshenis? | How do Muslims in Armenia view Hamshenis? | [
"How do Muslims in Armenia view Hamshenis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110681 | 5730048aa23a5019007fcc4e | Iran | The blossoming literature, philosophy, medicine, and art of Iran became major elements in the formation of a new age for the Iranian civilization, during the period known as the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak by the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Iran was the main theater of the scie... | When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith? | When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith? | [
"When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?"
] | {
"text": [
"by the 10th and 11th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33470 | 56f9429c9b226e1400dd12da | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 35th Street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue. Notable locations include East River Ferry, LaptopMD headquarters, Mercy College Manhattan Campus, and Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. | Where does 35th Street begin? | Where does 35th Street begin? | [
"Where does 35th Street begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"FDR Drive"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71556 | 5727e8432ca10214002d993b | Oklahoma | State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions; the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. Currently the State Senate is waiting to vote on a change to the state's motto. The House passed HCR 1024, which w... | What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it? | What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it? | [
"What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?"
] | {
"text": [
"Labor Omnia Vincit"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17436 | 570e53ae0b85d914000d7e44 | Uranium | Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and... | About how old is the Earth? | About how old is the Earth? | [
"About how old is the Earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.468×109 years"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59647 | 5726c9505951b619008f7e0b | Electric_motor | A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a "home" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of c... | How do servo motors differ from stepper motors? | How do servo motors differ from stepper motors? | [
"How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?"
] | {
"text": [
"position feedback is continuous"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65353 | 572707be5951b619008f84f3 | Crimean_War | For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450–462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Ar... | Who took control of the Great Redan? | Who took control of the Great Redan? | [
"Who took control of the Great Redan?"
] | {
"text": [
"the British"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109480 | 56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces? | Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces? | [
"Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?"
] | {
"text": [
"The framers of the US Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64503 | 5733445dd058e614000b5806 | Portugal | After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portuga... | What was Vimara knighted as? | What was Vimara knighted as? | [
"What was Vimara knighted as?"
] | {
"text": [
"First Count of Portus Cale"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62820 | 572f849e947a6a140053ca0e | Pain | Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At... | What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor? | What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor? | [
"What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?"
] | {
"text": [
"pain"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80227 | 5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc2 | Samoa | Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially suc... | In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival? | In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival? | [
"In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?"
] | {
"text": [
"2008"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58425 | 570d1983fed7b91900d45c04 | Sanskrit | Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, a... | What type of language were Prakrits? | What type of language were Prakrits? | [
"What type of language were Prakrits?"
] | {
"text": [
"Middle Indo-Aryan"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31540 | 570cfb92b3d812140066d383 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be u... | What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as? | What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as? | [
"What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?"
] | {
"text": [
"anti-aircraft warfare"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100251 | 56e0fca4231d4119001ac53e | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | The official English name of the system is BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. It is named after the Big Dipper constellation, which is known in Chinese as Běidǒu. The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the Ursa Major constellation. Hist... | What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after? | What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after? | [
"What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Big Dipper constellation"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72073 | 57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b1 | Capacitor | Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capa... | How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum? | How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum? | [
"How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?"
] | {
"text": [
"with a screw"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30834 | 572689fef1498d1400e8e32b | Mexico_City | The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter... | How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk? | How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk? | [
"How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?"
] | {
"text": [
"355"
],
"answer_start": [
1010
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33351 | 5ad1addc645df0001a2d21bc | Incandescent_light_bulb | Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) wou... | What watt lamp can produce 17.3 lumens per watt? | What watt lamp can produce 17.3 lumens per watt? | [
"What watt lamp can produce 17.3 lumens per watt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89063 | 56df92d24a1a83140091eb5a | Hunter-gatherer | Hunter-gatherers tend to have an egalitarian social ethos, although settled hunter-gatherers (for example, those inhabiting the Northwest Coast of North America) are an exception to this rule. Nearly all African hunter-gatherers are egalitarian, with women roughly as influential and powerful as men. | Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live? | Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live? | [
" Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?"
] | {
"text": [
"Northwest Coast of North America"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52732 | 5a73994042eae6001a389930 | Political_party | The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coal... | When did Lord Palmerston create the Pittite Tories? | When did Lord Palmerston create the Pittite Tories? | [
"When did Lord Palmerston create the Pittite Tories?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25263 | 56d10b9a17492d1400aab7f9 | New_York_City | Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, ... | In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square? | In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square? | [
"In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?"
] | {
"text": [
"Upper West Side"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85249 | 57279048708984140094e0fd | Supreme_court | While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development ... | When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called? | When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called? | [
"When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?"
] | {
"text": [
"en banc"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92227 | 5a4fee97af0d07001ae8cca6 | Asthma | Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. ... | When may prednisone also be helpful in spirometry? | When may prednisone also be helpful in spirometry? | [
"When may prednisone also be helpful in spirometry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52610 | 5a3ac9e83ff257001ab84285 | Planck_constant | There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty... | Which method is required for the discrepancy? | Which method is required for the discrepancy? | [
"Which method is required for the discrepancy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12440 | 5a65e0f1c2b11c001a425da1 | Antibiotics | Several organizations concerned with antimicrobial resistance are lobbying to eliminate the unnecessary use of antibiotics. The issues of misuse and overuse of antibiotics have been addressed by the formation of the US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance. This task force aims to actively address antimicr... | What are organizations who are lobbying to other US agencies concerned with? | What are organizations who are lobbying to other US agencies concerned with? | [
"What are organizations who are lobbying to other US agencies concerned with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17941 | 56dfba8b7aa994140058e0a1 | Internet_service_provider | In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989. | Where were the first isps established? | Where were the first isps established? | [
"Where were the first isps established?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australia and the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61353 | 572f4374947a6a140053c832 | Flowering_plant | The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the... | What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm? | What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm? | [
"What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11867 | 56faedf8f34c681400b0c1c6 | Somalis | The peaceful introduction of Islam in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought Islamic architectural influences from Arabia and Persia. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to coral stone, sundried bricks, and the widespread use of limestone in ... | Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam? | Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam? | [
"Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"limestone"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9609 | 5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5fe | Montevideo | Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los ... | Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? | Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? | [
"Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? "
] | {
"text": [
"Uruguay"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40994 | 5a6bd2294eec6b001a80a5cc | Predation | It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close compan... | How do residents feel about someone harming a person in a rural area? | How do residents feel about someone harming a person in a rural area? | [
"How do residents feel about someone harming a person in a rural area?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3148 | 5a593aad3e1742001a15d031 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project... | What does a genome sequence identify? | What does a genome sequence identify? | [
"What does a genome sequence identify?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63781 | 5727d4e63acd2414000ded91 | USB | The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to ... | What do the receptacles prevent user from doing? | What do the receptacles prevent user from doing? | [
"What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?"
] | {
"text": [
"from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100373 | 56e10ac2cd28a01900c674ba | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS) is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system will be a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in medium Earth orb... | How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have? | How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have? | [
"How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?"
] | {
"text": [
"35"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75132 | 572f0d29dfa6aa1500f8d595 | Elevator | As of January 2008, Spain is the nation with the most elevators installed in the world, with 950,000 elevators installed that run more than one hundred million lifts every day, followed by United States with 700,000 elevators installed and China with 610,000 elevators installed since 1949. In Brazil, it is estimated th... | How many elevators are in Brazil? | How many elevators are in Brazil? | [
"How many elevators are in Brazil?"
] | {
"text": [
"300,000"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51868 | 570c5dbbfed7b91900d45940 | John,_King_of_England | In September 1216 John began a fresh, vigorous attack. He marched from the Cotswolds, feigned an offensive to relieve the besieged Windsor Castle, and attacked eastwards around London to Cambridge to separate the rebel-held areas of Lincolnshire and East Anglia. From there he travelled north to relieve the rebel siege ... | Where did John march from? | Where did John march from? | [
"Where did John march from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cotswolds"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110617 | 572fee8db2c2fd1400568603 | Iran | Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms in 3200–2800 BC. The Iranian Medes unified the area into the first of many empires in 625 BC, after which it became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. Iran reached the pi... | Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC? | Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC? | [
"Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alexander the Great"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21171 | 5a773cbb2d6d7f001a4a9f6f | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral... | What census recorded Floridian populations? | What census recorded Floridian populations? | [
"What census recorded Floridian populations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109747 | 572900303f37b31900477f52 | Samurai | Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the tre... | Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show? | Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show? | [
"Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?"
] | {
"text": [
"Studio Gonzo"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98429 | 56f8c6c89b226e1400dd0f9f | Alps | In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, c... | Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery? | Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery? | [
"Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geneva"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102465 | 56fab555f34c681400b0c11c | High-definition_television | Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous s... | Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video? | Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video? | [
"Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?"
] | {
"text": [
"720p"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98835 | 5a5ac61d9c0277001abe718b | Heresy | In France the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass movement and the belief was spreading to other areas. The Cathar Crusade was initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate the Cathar heresy in Languedoc. Heresy was a major justification for the Inquisition (Inquisitio Haereticae Pravitatis, Inquiry on Heret... | What wars helped spread hereseies? | What wars helped spread hereseies? | [
"What wars helped spread hereseies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57102 | 5728d6123acd2414000dffd9 | Apollo | Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods. The god seems to be related to Appaliunas, a tutelary god of Wilusa (Troy) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete. The stones found i... | Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa? | Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa? | [
"Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa?"
] | {
"text": [
"Appaliunas"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50442 | 572ea4b0c246551400ce445a | Neptune | In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pol... | Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? | Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? | [
"Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? "
] | {
"text": [
"the stratosphere near the pole."
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14552 | 572fb04d947a6a140053cb79 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the ... | In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder? | In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder? | [
"In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?"
] | {
"text": [
"high seas"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71932 | 5acf5e9177cf76001a684c86 | Capacitor | The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage has a smaller effect. The aging process ma... | What value of some capacitors increases with age? | What value of some capacitors increases with age? | [
"What value of some capacitors increases with age?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19641 | 5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affc | Comprehensive_school | By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to a... | What didn't secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become? | What didn't secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become? | [
"What didn't secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71918 | 57270731dd62a815002e97fb | Capacitor | Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly r... | What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor? | What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor? | [
"What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?"
] | {
"text": [
"changing field strength"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-507 | 56f976e69e9bad19000a095d | Marshall_Islands | Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer isl... | What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye? | What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye? | [
"What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?"
] | {
"text": [
"one-half"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86596 | 5a78869bb73996001af5a7a7 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constitu... | When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 200th anniversary? | When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 200th anniversary? | [
"When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 200th anniversary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26963 | 5a8cd843fd22b3001a8d8f39 | United_States_dollar | From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to C... | How many grains of gold did the Mint Act define the dollar as? | How many grains of gold did the Mint Act define the dollar as? | [
"How many grains of gold did the Mint Act define the dollar as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64520 | 5733496fd058e614000b5830 | Portugal | In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this ... | In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence? | In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence? | [
"In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oporto region"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88793 | 570f357e80d9841400ab3567 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync? | With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync? | [
" With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?"
] | {
"text": [
"light cycle"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52691 | 5a73877f53a187001ae6322b | Political_party | The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of t... | What groups first formed in 1715 when the Whigs were dominant? | What groups first formed in 1715 when the Whigs were dominant? | [
"What groups first formed in 1715 when the Whigs were dominant?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44034 | 56d12b6b17492d1400aabb39 | Kanye_West | West began an on-and-off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002, and they became engaged in August 2006. The pair ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 201... | When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged? | When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged? | [
"When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?"
] | {
"text": [
"August 2006"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63327 | 5725c1f2271a42140099d146 | Buckingham_Palace | In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia). The marshy ground was watered by the river Tyburn, which still flows below the courtyard and south wing of the palace. Where the river was fordable (at Cow Ford), the village of Eye Cross grew. Ownership of the site c... | The site was passed to monks from which abbey? | The site was passed to monks from which abbey? | [
"The site was passed to monks from which abbey?"
] | {
"text": [
"Westminster Abbey"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39862 | 57296fe53f37b319004783b0 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), but having more characteristics of the former, as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area. Summers are humid and warm, with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 ... | What is the main effects in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city? | What is the main effects in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city? | [
"What is the main effects in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city?"
] | {
"text": [
"differences in temperature between areas"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-824 | 56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0c | Plymouth | Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Lan... | What body handles waste management in Plymouth? | What body handles waste management in Plymouth? | [
"What body handles waste management in Plymouth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Plymouth City Council"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42982 | 570d7649b3d812140066d9a7 | Franco-Prussian_War | Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid th... | Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover? | Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover? | [
"Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 miles"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59557 | 5726b6a15951b619008f7b94 | Electric_motor | In a WRIM, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the motor speed, although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance. A ... | From where may a converter be fed? | From where may a converter be fed? | [
"From where may a converter be fed?"
] | {
"text": [
"rotor circuit"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93490 | 5ad197dc645df0001a2d20dc | Light-emitting_diode | The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to pr... | What does an optoisolator don't do? | What does an optoisolator don't do? | [
" What does an optoisolator don't do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108846 | 5a7a45fa17ab25001a8a0443 | Literature | As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a c... | Epic poetry was a specialty of what? | Epic poetry was a specialty of what? | [
"Epic poetry was a specialty of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4683 | 572808cd2ca10214002d9c1e | Pope_John_XXIII | The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 201... | When was the 50th anniversary of his death? | When was the 50th anniversary of his death? | [
"When was the 50th anniversary of his death?"
] | {
"text": [
"3 June 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102335 | 5ad3ba09604f3c001a3fee92 | High-definition_television | The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel... | What event was first broadcasted on March 1, 2004? | What event was first broadcasted on March 1, 2004? | [
" What event was first broadcasted on March 1, 2004?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33297 | 572644fa1125e71900ae1950 | Incandescent_light_bulb | The actual resistance of the filament is temperature dependent. The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance when the lamp is operating. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp has a resistance of 144 ohms when lit, but the cold resistance is much lower (about 9.5 ohms). Since... | What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb? | What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb? | [
"What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"144 ohms"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90776 | 57322b3ce17f3d14004226dd | Pacific_War | On the second day, U.S. reconnaissance planes located Ozawa's fleet, 275 miles (443 km)[citation needed] away, and submarines sank two Japanese carriers. Mitscher launched 230 torpedo planes and dive bombers. He then discovered the enemy was actually another 60 miles (97 km)[citation needed] further off, out of aircraf... | How many U.S. aircrews were lost? | How many U.S. aircrews were lost? | [
"How many U.S. aircrews were lost?"
] | {
"text": [
"76"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31562 | 570d3c44b3d812140066d5ba | Anti-aircraft_warfare | AA gunnery was a difficult business. The problem was of successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position, with various factors affecting the shells' predicted trajectory. This was called deflection gun-laying, 'off-set' angles for range and elevation were set on the gunsight and updated as the... | Different things could affect what with the shell? | Different things could affect what with the shell? | [
"Different things could affect what with the shell?"
] | {
"text": [
"predicted trajectory"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.