gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 395
values | context stringlengths 151 1.42k | question stringlengths 14 164 | target stringlengths 14 164 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-53457 | 5a690a338476ee001a58aa0e | Sichuan | On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Sui-Yu Expressway was completed after three years of construction. After completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the 36.64 km (22.77 mi) expressway connected Cheng-Nan Expressway and formed the shortest expressway from Chengdu to Chongqin... | How long did it take to complete the total investment? | How long did it take to complete the total investment? | [
"How long did it take to complete the total investment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98322 | 56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d68 | Alps | The Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The montane zone ex... | Where does the montane zone extend from? | Where does the montane zone extend from? | [
"Where does the montane zone extend from?"
] | {
"text": [
"from 800 to 1,700 m"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74716 | 570e5bf40dc6ce1900204f92 | Melbourne | With the wealth brought on by the gold rush following closely on the heels of the establishment of Victoria as a separate colony and the subsequent need for public buildings, a program of grand civic construction soon began. The 1850s and 1860s saw the commencement of Parliament House, the Treasury Building, the Old Me... | During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced? | During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced? | [
"During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1850s and 1860s"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92949 | 5733b06ad058e614000b605b | Tajikistan | Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personn... | Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often? | Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often? | [
"Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?"
] | {
"text": [
"to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration."
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107039 | 5ace6ad232bba1001ae4a638 | Hunting | Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied th... | What have the Bishnoi banned the killing of since 1972? | What have the Bishnoi banned the killing of since 1972? | [
"What have the Bishnoi banned the killing of since 1972?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40224 | 572bb58f111d821400f38f54 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | The city also has several major surface arteries. U.S. Route 1 (Columbus Avenue, Union Avenue, Water Street, Forbes Avenue) runs in an east-west direction south of downtown serving Union Station and leading out of the city to Milford, West Haven, East Haven and Branford. The main road from downtown heading northwest is... | What city does the western route 34 leads to? | What city does the western route 34 leads to? | [
"What city does the western route 34 leads to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Derby"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20831 | 56dd23589a695914005b9506 | Prime_minister | The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century. | When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being? | When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being? | [
"When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?"
] | {
"text": [
"18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18246 | 570e22860dc6ce1900204de7 | Eritrea | Eritrea is a multilingual country. The nation has no official language, as the Constitution establishes the "equality of all Eritrean languages". However, Tigrinya serves as the de facto language of national identity. With 2,540,000 total speakers of a population of 5,254,000 in 2006, Tigrinya is the most widely spoken... | What is the official language of Eritrea? | What is the official language of Eritrea? | [
"What is the official language of Eritrea?"
] | {
"text": [
"The nation has no official language"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108021 | 5acd30aa07355d001abf3893 | Estonian_language | The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national ... | What day is Father Tongue Day on? | What day is Father Tongue Day on? | [
"What day is Father Tongue Day on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79759 | 5706202975f01819005e79cd | MP3 | The song "Tom's Diner" by Suzanne Vega was the first song used by Karlheinz Brandenburg to develop the MP3. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time refining the scheme, making sure it did not adversely affect the subtlety of Vega's voice. | The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what? | The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what? | [
"The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?"
] | {
"text": [
"scheme"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39733 | 57293f52af94a219006aa1e7 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers we... | What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land? | What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land? | [
"What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?"
] | {
"text": [
"Quinnipiacs,"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114490 | 570a628a4103511400d596aa | Emotion | The idea that core affect is but one component of the emotion led to a theory called “psychological construction.” According to this theory, an emotional episode consists of a set of components, each of which is an ongoing process and none of which is necessary or sufficient for the emotion to be instantiated. The set ... | What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another? | What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another? | [
"What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?"
] | {
"text": [
"fear"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33619 | 5726428438643c19005ad3b2 | Film_speed | The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut für Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschuß (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschuß für Phototechnik as proposed by the committ... | Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN? | Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN? | [
"Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Luther (de) (1868–1945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970)"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83059 | 56de924b4396321400ee2a26 | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: "Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was conside... | 2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long? | 2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long? | [
"2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 years"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72180 | 5726208f89a1e219009ac2be | Greece | The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-state... | When did the Olympic Game begin? | When did the Olympic Game begin? | [
"When did the Olympic Game begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"776 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73417 | 56db27dfe7c41114004b4e45 | American_Idol | Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (w... | When did season ten premiere? | When did season ten premiere? | [
"When did season ten premiere?"
] | {
"text": [
"January 19, 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52053 | 5ad381fb604f3c001a3fe4a7 | Miami | Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft (12 m) and averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m) above mean sea level in most neighborhood... | In meters, what is the average weight above sea level of the Miami area? | In meters, what is the average weight above sea level of the Miami area? | [
"In meters, what is the average weight above sea level of the Miami area?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35547 | 5ad0fabd645df0001a2d093d | Gothic_architecture | By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th cent... | What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 17th centuries? | What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 17th centuries? | [
"What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 17th centuries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103040 | 572815a04b864d190016443c | Unicode | Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative gl... | How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? | How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? | [
"How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? "
] | {
"text": [
"Unicode variation sequences"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104257 | 5728a6773acd2414000dfbdc | Mandolin | Samuel Adelstein described the Lombardi mandolin in 1893 as wider and shorter than the Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallower back and a shorter and wider neck, with six single strings to the regular mandolin's set of 4. The Lombardi was tuned C, D, A, E, B, G. The strings were fastened to the bridge like a guitar's. Th... | How many strings do the regular mandolin's have? | How many strings do the regular mandolin's have? | [
"How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?"
] | {
"text": [
"4"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76596 | 572a8ebc34ae481900deab8d | Philadelphia | The area's many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational and economic hub. With a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of economic act... | What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia? | What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia? | [
"What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States Marine Corps"
],
"answer_start": [
873
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11112 | 5ad2ee84604f3c001a3fd9f1 | Anthropology | Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those work... | What looks for the connections between plans and outcomes? | What looks for the connections between plans and outcomes? | [
"What looks for the connections between plans and outcomes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66179 | 5a64fb54c2b11c001a425b6a | ASCII | The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data trans... | What is different in a compact code? | What is different in a compact code? | [
"What is different in a compact code?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8271 | 57266017708984140094c401 | Thuringia | The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Weiße Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained... | Which river in Thuringia is the most important? | Which river in Thuringia is the most important? | [
"Which river in Thuringia is the most important?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Saale"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75553 | 5acfcb8d77cf76001a686056 | Cubism | At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Indépendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by André Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac and František Kupka. The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times. This artic... | In what year did the New York Times not review the Salon d'Automne? | In what year did the New York Times not review the Salon d'Automne? | [
" In what year did the New York Times not review the Salon d'Automne?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13570 | 570cf297b3d812140066d36f | Digestion | Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and ... | What does needing energy to digest impose? | What does needing energy to digest impose? | [
"What does needing energy to digest impose?"
] | {
"text": [
"an \"overhead charge\""
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18007 | 5a10dce006e79900185c342d | Internet_service_provider | Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo! Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers email hosting services, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail s... | All mailbox providers were also what? | All mailbox providers were also what? | [
"All mailbox providers were also what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52810 | 5a73b3ec42eae6001a389989 | Political_party | In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' fail... | What are some parties that were guilty of using voter fraud? | What are some parties that were guilty of using voter fraud? | [
"What are some parties that were guilty of using voter fraud?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6836 | 5ad4c7715b96ef001a10a04e | Red | But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the s... | What color was widely used for wall paintings by ivory painters? | What color was widely used for wall paintings by ivory painters? | [
"What color was widely used for wall paintings by ivory painters?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74382 | 571b1eef9499d21900609c21 | Asphalt | Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia f... | For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths? | For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths? | [
"For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?"
] | {
"text": [
"waterproofing"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73955 | 56de2cf84396321400ee262f | Architecture | In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture." | Who wrote the book Contrasts? | Who wrote the book Contrasts? | [
"Who wrote the book Contrasts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2920 | 57302bc5b2c2fd14005689d3 | British_Isles | At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the nor... | During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland? | During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland? | [
"During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hiberni"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102107 | 5a516e40ce860b001aa3fdad | States_of_Germany | The Districts of Germany (Kreise) are administrative districts, and every state except the city-states of Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen consists of "rural districts" (Landkreise), District-free Towns/Cities (Kreisfreie Städte, in Baden-Württemberg also called "urban districts", or Stadtkreise), cities that are districts ... | Every state including free states consist of what? | Every state including free states consist of what? | [
"Every state including free states consist of what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51247 | 5a57ace6770dc0001aeefcce | Empiricism | Aristotle's explanation of how this was possible was not strictly empiricist in a modern sense, but rather based on his theory of potentiality and actuality, and experience of sense perceptions still requires the help of the active nous. These notions contrasted with Platonic notions of the human mind as an entity that... | Which commentator summarized a position in latin? | Which commentator summarized a position in latin? | [
"Which commentator summarized a position in latin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66986 | 5726aefadd62a815002e8cee | Nutrition | In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen.... | Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories? | Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories? | [
"Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?"
] | {
"text": [
"Leonardo da Vinci"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89007 | 5acd446b07355d001abf3b42 | Hunter-gatherer | Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environ... | What type of gardens originated in modern times? | What type of gardens originated in modern times? | [
"What type of gardens originated in modern times?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61465 | 5a3b0dac3ff257001ab843c1 | Flowering_plant | The character of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of the fruit. They protect the embryo and aid in dissemination; they may also directly promote germination. Among plants with indehiscent fruits, in general, the fruit provides protection for the embryo and secures dissemination. In this case, the seed co... | What is the embryo character related to? | What is the embryo character related to? | [
"What is the embryo character related to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110637 | 572ff3e2947a6a140053ce74 | Iran | Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the... | What is Persis known as today? | What is Persis known as today? | [
"What is Persis known as today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fars Province"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52654 | 572975206aef051400154f31 | Planck_constant | The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X... | How is unit cell volume calculated? | How is unit cell volume calculated? | [
"How is unit cell volume calculated?"
] | {
"text": [
"from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50925 | 572ecdbadfa6aa1500f8d3e5 | Seven_Years%27_War | The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under E... | Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France? | Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France? | [
"Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?"
] | {
"text": [
"near the mouth of the Loire"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49826 | 56cd727662d2951400fa65bb | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Kar... | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | Who aided the Yongle Emperor? | [
"Who aided the Yongle Emperor?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16924 | 5725c455ec44d21400f3d517 | Israel | Israel has two official languages, Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken everyday by the majority of the population, and Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Hebrew is taught in Arab schools. English was an official language during the Mandate period; it lost this status afte... | How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel? | How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel? | [
"How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel?"
] | {
"text": [
"one million"
],
"answer_start": [
981
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15819 | 57341dc0d058e614000b696e | Infection | Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationshi... | What's the difference between an infection and a colonization? | What's the difference between an infection and a colonization? | [
"What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?"
] | {
"text": [
"only a matter of circumstance"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86872 | 5a8cb3bbfd22b3001a8d8d66 | Biodiversity | Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use t... | Who describes the "IUCN"? | Who describes the "IUCN"? | [
"Who describes the \"IUCN\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90190 | 5acfcff977cf76001a686156 | Tibet | Tibet (i/tᵻˈbɛt/; Wylie: Bod, pronounced [pʰø̀ʔ]; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region on the Tibetan Plateau in Asia. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Qiang and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and ... | Where is the Asian Plateau? | Where is the Asian Plateau? | [
"Where is the Asian Plateau? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115914 | 572e84dcdfa6aa1500f8d07c | Richard_Feynman | After the war, Feynman declined an offer from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, despite the presence there of such distinguished faculty members as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and John von Neumann. Feynman followed Hans Bethe, instead, to Cornell University, where Feynman taught theoretical phy... | Why did Feynman go through a depression? | Why did Feynman go through a depression? | [
"Why did Feynman go through a depression?"
] | {
"text": [
"destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106718 | 5a846f547cf838001a46a805 | East_India_Company | In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under... | How many tons of opium were stolen from China per year in 1838? | How many tons of opium were stolen from China per year in 1838? | [
"How many tons of opium were stolen from China per year in 1838?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87007 | 570bde086b8089140040faa4 | Biodiversity | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways? | What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways? | [
"What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?"
] | {
"text": [
"the zebra mussel"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2458 | 56d21b46e7d4791d0090264b | Buddhism | The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liber... | What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism? | What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism? | [
"What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Upanishads"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86695 | 5a78c653b73996001af5b1a6 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco int... | What year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms close? | What year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms close? | [
"What year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms close?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27345 | 572f4fb704bcaa1900d7683a | Transistor | In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connec... | What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on? | What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on? | [
"What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?"
] | {
"text": [
"short circuit"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74092 | 56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | What was the name for the time period? | What was the name for the time period? | [
"What was the name for the time period?"
] | {
"text": [
"Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33551 | 56f970b39e9bad19000a0919 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 181st Street is a major thoroughfare running through the Washington Heights neighborhood. It runs from the Washington Bridge in the east, to the Henry Hudson Parkway in the west, near the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The west end is called Plaza Lafayette. | 181st Street runs through what neighborhood? | 181st Street runs through what neighborhood? | [
"181st Street runs through what neighborhood?"
] | {
"text": [
"Washington Heights"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105674 | 56e1cc2fcd28a01900c67bb9 | Communications_in_Somalia | In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection. | What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers? | What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers? | [
"What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?"
] | {
"text": [
"faster and more secure"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62188 | 572686975951b619008f75a3 | Chicago_Cubs | The Cubs' current spring training facility is located in Sloan Park in |Mesa, Arizona, where they play in the Cactus League. The park seats 15,000, making it Major League baseball's largest spring training facility by capacity. The Cubs annually sell out most of their games both at home and on the road. Before Sloan Pa... | Where is the Cubs' current spring training facility located? | Where is the Cubs' current spring training facility located? | [
"Where is the Cubs' current spring training facility located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sloan Park"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35904 | 572706d9f1498d1400e8f26b | Comcast | Comcast has also earned a reputation for being anti-union. According to one of the company's training manuals, "Comcast does not feel union representation is in the best interest of its employees, customers, or shareholders". A dispute in 2004 with CWA, a labor union that represented many employees at Comcast's offices... | A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance? | A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance? | [
"A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beaverton, Oregon"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97608 | 56cfef3c234ae51400d9c10e | Frédéric_Chopin | Some of Chopin's well-known pieces have acquired descriptive titles, such as the Revolutionary Étude (Op. 10, No. 12), and the Minute Waltz (Op. 64, No. 1). However, with the exception of his Funeral March, the composer never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extramusical associa... | What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to? | What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to? | [
"What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Funeral March"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58602 | 5a2aae235b078a001a2f06a6 | Sanskrit | Sanskrit, as defined by Pāṇini, evolved out of the earlier Vedic form. The present form of Vedic Sanskrit can be traced back to as early as the second millennium BCE (for Rig-vedic). Scholars often distinguish Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Pāṇinian" Sanskrit as separate dialects. Though they are quite similar, they ... | What was composed by only one author? | What was composed by only one author? | [
"What was composed by only one author?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21668 | 5730b8f5396df919000962d9 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w... | What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews? | What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews? | [
"What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cereals"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103663 | 5a3bf6c6cc5d22001a521c64 | East_Prussia | At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the captu... | In what year did World War I start? | In what year did World War I start? | [
"In what year did World War I start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83967 | 5a7e169d70df9f001a8754b0 | Translation | Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It lat... | What cultures' classical works were never translated into Arabic? | What cultures' classical works were never translated into Arabic? | [
"What cultures' classical works were never translated into Arabic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14809 | 573352f9d058e614000b585f | Alfred_North_Whitehead | A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fu... | What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations? | What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations? | [
"What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?"
] | {
"text": [
"in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5589 | 5706a3fc75f01819005e7ca4 | House_music | Club play from pioneering Chicago DJs such as Hardy and Lil Louis, local dance music record shops such as Importes, State Street Records, Loop Records, Gramaphone Records and the popular Hot Mix 5 shows on radio station WBMX-FM helped popularize house music in Chicago. Later, visiting DJs & producers from Detroit fell ... | what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit? | what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit? | [
"what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Move Your Body\""
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101912 | 5a513c2ace860b001aa3fc60 | States_of_Germany | In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, re... | When did Saarland leave the Federal Republic? | When did Saarland leave the Federal Republic? | [
"When did Saarland leave the Federal Republic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87832 | 56e7c4ee00c9c71400d775a0 | Tristan_da_Cunha | The 1961 eruption of Queen Mary's Peak forced the evacuation of the entire population via Cape Town to England. The following year a Royal Society expedition went to the islands to assess the damage, and reported that the settlement of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas had been only marginally affected. Most families returne... | What year did most families return after being evacuated? | What year did most families return after being evacuated? | [
"What year did most families return after being evacuated?"
] | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107005 | 5735ffb96c16ec1900b928e0 | Hunting | New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and c... | What is New Zealand made up of? | What is New Zealand made up of? | [
"What is New Zealand made up of?"
] | {
"text": [
"islands"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83622 | 5acd870f07355d001abf45c2 | Florida | "By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeare... | What was founded in 1561? | What was founded in 1561? | [
"What was founded in 1561?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51765 | 570c5164b3d812140066d0e8 | John,_King_of_England | During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poit... | What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance? | What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance? | [
"What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Normandy and Anjou"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59228 | 5726a6d05951b619008f7927 | Alloy | Although an alloy is technically an impure metal, when referring to alloys, the term "impurities" usually denotes those elements which are not desired. These impurities are often found in the base metals or the solutes, but they may also be introduced during the alloying process. For instance, sulfur is a common impuri... | What is a characteristic of iron sulfide? | What is a characteristic of iron sulfide? | [
"What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?"
] | {
"text": [
"very brittle"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59781 | 5acfb7d377cf76001a685a40 | Zhejiang | Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hint... | What wasn't the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion? | What wasn't the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion? | [
"What wasn't the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87304 | 56d11b1c17492d1400aab991 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled "Go Set a Watchman", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey — known professionally as Tay Hohoff — a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. “[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in... | What was the name of the editor who helped Lee finish her book? | What was the name of the editor who helped Lee finish her book? | [
"What was the name of the editor who helped Lee finish her book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Therese von Hohoff Torrey"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87566 | 5729bbbaaf94a219006aa5df | IBM | In 1937, IBM's tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U.S. Government, during its first effort to maintain the employment records for 26 million people pursuant to the Social Security Act, and the Third Reich, largely through the German subsidiary ... | What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2? | What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2? | [
"What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dehomag"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92019 | 57275f1df1498d1400e8f6ff | Cotton | Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and mos... | What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers? | What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers? | [
"What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?"
] | {
"text": [
"knitted or woven"
],
"answer_start": [
777
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106650 | 57266614f1498d1400e8de5e | East_India_Company | At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return... | The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money | The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money | [
"The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money"
] | {
"text": [
"£1 million"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20903 | 5acfc11177cf76001a685cdc | Prime_minister | Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament may force the resignation of the government. In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party differen... | What is it called when the president and and legislature are controlled by the same party | What is it called when the president and and legislature are controlled by the same party | [
"What is it called when the president and and legislature are controlled by the same party"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96742 | 5a8cae39fd22b3001a8d8d21 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | Christians believe that Jesus’ death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus’ substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the bod... | What kind of music do Christians often have during church service? | What kind of music do Christians often have during church service? | [
"What kind of music do Christians often have during church service?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73600 | 56d3863559d6e41400146636 | American_Idol | The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18–49 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever American Idol episode a... | During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? | During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? | [
"During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? "
] | {
"text": [
"season four"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29018 | 5ad37580604f3c001a3fe301 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered an... | Who discovered Lasker? | Who discovered Lasker? | [
"Who discovered Lasker?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67492 | 570a11074103511400d59551 | Hanover | With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest... | What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany? | What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany? | [
"What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?"
] | {
"text": [
"thirteenth largest"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91966 | 572754b1f1498d1400e8f656 | Cotton | Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic ... | What are organic plants understood to be? | What are organic plants understood to be? | [
"What are organic plants understood to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"not genetically modified"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61618 | 57281ecd2ca10214002d9e45 | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | St. John's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean. The civil service which is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city's labour force and to the stability of its economy, which supp... | What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador? | What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador? | [
"What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?"
] | {
"text": [
"1990s"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70059 | 5ad4a2a9ba00c4001a268ea0 | Windows_8 | The upgrade addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start scr... | How many apps did the WIndows 9.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display? | How many apps did the WIndows 9.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display? | [
"How many apps did the WIndows 9.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95387 | 56dfc5897aa994140058e18f | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Bell's coffin was constructed of Beinn Bhreagh pine by his laboratory staff, lined with the same red silk fabric used in his tetrahedral kite experiments. To help celebrate his life, his wife asked guests not to wear black (the traditional funeral color) while attending his service, during which soloist Jean MacDonald ... | What color silk was used in Bell's coffin? | What color silk was used in Bell's coffin? | [
"What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?"
] | {
"text": [
"red"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102714 | 5a79e44817ab25001a8a0172 | Association_football | In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark... | Where do markings not define the position of the ball? | Where do markings not define the position of the ball? | [
"Where do markings not define the position of the ball?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85833 | 571126c6b654c5140001fbdd | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die "object attribute memory" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection ... | Who developed Nintendo's PPU? | Who developed Nintendo's PPU? | [
"Who developed Nintendo's PPU?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ricoh"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70835 | 57314f60a5e9cc1400cdbe5a | Bird | Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, i... | What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items? | What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items? | [
"What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?"
] | {
"text": [
"specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9527 | 5725bd7989a1e219009abdc9 | Montevideo | In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was ina... | What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? | What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? | [
"What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? "
] | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55579 | 5acfd2ec77cf76001a6861f9 | Presbyterianism | A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London... | What did Scottish Immigrants to England found in the 20th century? | What did Scottish Immigrants to England found in the 20th century? | [
"What did Scottish Immigrants to England found in the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75394 | 5ad158e2645df0001a2d1831 | Labour_Party_(UK) | On 1 March 2014, at a special conference the party reformed internal Labour election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system for selecting new leaders with a "one member, one vote" system following the recommendation of a review by former general-secretary Ray Collins. Mass membership would be enco... | When were Conservative election procedures reformed? | When were Conservative election procedures reformed? | [
"When were Conservative election procedures reformed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32929 | 5a32f36fbd0d7f001aef952c | Central_African_Republic | A new government was appointed on 31 March 2013, which consisted of members of Séléka and representatives of the opposition to Bozizé, one pro-Bozizé individual, and a number representatives of civil society. On 1 April, the former opposition parties declared that they would boycott the government. After African leader... | What was signed by African leaders in Chad on April 6th? | What was signed by African leaders in Chad on April 6th? | [
"What was signed by African leaders in Chad on April 6th?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73989 | 56e4744d39bdeb140034793e | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in? | What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in? | [
"What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?"
] | {
"text": [
"I am happy"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16896 | 5725c1ba89a1e219009abdfd | Israel | The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclus... | What's home to 57% of the nation's population? | What's home to 57% of the nation's population? | [
"What's home to 57% of the nation's population?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israeli Coastal Plain"
],
"answer_start": [
934
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21372 | 56e6d7856fe0821900b8ebc6 | Adult_contemporary_music | With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play. Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stat... | Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play? | Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play? | [
"Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?"
] | {
"text": [
"less and less new music fits their bill"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101645 | 56d5f7181c85041400946e6e | Dog | The global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available – all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses. | What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet? | What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet? | [
"What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?"
] | {
"text": [
"525 million"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95919 | 5a1dda5b4ea40d0018b06fce | Hokkien | In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of... | What did Wang Chao bring during the 7th century into Zhangzhou? | What did Wang Chao bring during the 7th century into Zhangzhou? | [
"What did Wang Chao bring during the 7th century into Zhangzhou?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35327 | 5ad0cd2a645df0001a2d03c7 | Gothic_architecture | It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it w... | What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the twisted arch? | What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the twisted arch? | [
"What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the twisted arch?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25992 | 5a836e5fe60761001a2eb6d0 | Copper | Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to... | How long has copper been banned in building construction? | How long has copper been banned in building construction? | [
"How long has copper been banned in building construction?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93591 | 5728b1624b864d1900164c38 | Estonia | Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for th... | What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR? | What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR? | [
"What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?"
] | {
"text": [
"the country's independence"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64616 | 5733ee08d058e614000b6611 | Portugal | Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic... | What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones? | What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones? | [
"What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?"
] | {
"text": [
"Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29189 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e3 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | What was the reason behind these conflicts? | What was the reason behind these conflicts? | [
"What was the reason behind these conflicts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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