gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 395
values | context stringlengths 151 1.42k | question stringlengths 14 164 | target stringlengths 14 164 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-5016 | 56e1399dcd28a01900c676d3 | Boston | Boston's coastal location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very prone to Nor'easter weather systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.8 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 43.8 inches (111 cm) of snowfall per season. Snowfall increases dramatically ... | When does most snowfall occur? | When does most snowfall occur? | [
"When does most snowfall occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"December through March"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33172 | 57262c83ec44d21400f3db92 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In manufacturing the glass bulb, a type of "ribbon machine" is used. A continuous ribbon of glass is passed along a conveyor belt, heated in a furnace, and then blown by precisely aligned air nozzles through holes in the conveyor belt into molds. Thus the glass bulbs are created. After the bulbs are blown, and cooled, ... | How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour? | How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour? | [
"How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?"
] | {
"text": [
"50,000"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97270 | 56cbf5106d243a140015ee18 | Frédéric_Chopin | Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin's life there. His fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin's a... | Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England? | Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England? | [
"Which friend of Frédéric failed to achieve success in England?"
] | {
"text": [
"Julian Fontana"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19419 | 5727d93fff5b5019007d96ce | Rule_of_law | In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of the... | What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand? | What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand? | [
"What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ancient prejudices and political bias"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114640 | 570a71dd6d058f1900182e73 | Emotion | In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "loo... | Who developed the social bond theory? | Who developed the social bond theory? | [
"Who developed the social bond theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scheff"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106620 | 5a845a727cf838001a46a773 | East_India_Company | Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughte... | What was the total value of cargo not taken from the Ganj-i-Sawai? | What was the total value of cargo not taken from the Ganj-i-Sawai? | [
"What was the total value of cargo not taken from the Ganj-i-Sawai?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51888 | 570c5feab3d812140066d1ab | John,_King_of_England | Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of Aquitaine and decided to betroth his youngest son to Alais, the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy. As part of this agreement John was promised the future inheritance of Savoy, Piedmont, Maurienne, and the other possessions of Count Humbert. For his part in th... | What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name? | What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name? | [
"What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109960 | 57100c99a58dae1900cd6811 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed ... | What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984? | What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984? | [
"What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?"
] | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7342 | 57301c50a23a5019007fcd8b | Georgian_architecture | The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban ... | What cities contest to being the original home of the semi? | What cities contest to being the original home of the semi? | [
"What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69780 | 57302f1504bcaa1900d772ff | Windows_8 | Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low powe... | What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as? | What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as? | [
"What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?"
] | {
"text": [
"a desktop program and a touch-optimized app"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43604 | 5726dd6d5951b619008f807b | Korean_War | UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle... | What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup? | What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup? | [
"What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?"
] | {
"text": [
"UN Command's air superiority"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40277 | 5727eb704b864d1900164030 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filmin... | What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull? | What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull? | [
"What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull?"
] | {
"text": [
"1957"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11136 | 5ad2f0fa604f3c001a3fda17 | Anthropology | Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interpla... | What part of anthropology deals with food production? | What part of anthropology deals with food production? | [
"What part of anthropology deals with food production?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88618 | 56d9749adc89441400fdb4a3 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Hong Kong: The event was held in Hong Kong on May 2. In the ceremony held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui, Chief Executive Donald Tsang handed the torch to the first torchbearer, Olympic medalist Lee Lai Shan. The torch relay then traveled through Nathan Road, Lantau Link, Sha Tin (crossed Shing Mun ... | Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong? | Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong? | [
"Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?"
] | {
"text": [
"Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75495 | 5726994b708984140094cb4b | Cubism | The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne "were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907". Cooper goes on to say: "The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exagge... | Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism? | Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism? | [
"Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Paul Gauguin and Paul Cézanne"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54108 | 5ad3e883604f3c001a3ff65f | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The following is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces. It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations. | What is the hierarchy of the French Armed Forces? | What is the hierarchy of the French Armed Forces? | [
"What is the hierarchy of the French Armed Forces?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91029 | 572abde9f75d5e190021fc8d | John_Kerry | Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (... | Who had Oliver North been supporting? | Who had Oliver North been supporting? | [
"Who had Oliver North been supporting?"
] | {
"text": [
"right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66732 | 572794d5dd62a815002ea110 | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstrati... | When was the Yerevan demonstration? | When was the Yerevan demonstration? | [
"When was the Yerevan demonstration?"
] | {
"text": [
"October 17, 1987"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78654 | 573071f02461fd1900a9ce17 | Greeks | There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrim... | How long was there a Greek influence represented in "little" Asia ? | How long was there a Greek influence represented in "little" Asia ? | [
"How long was there a Greek influence represented in \"little\" Asia ? "
] | {
"text": [
"the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103445 | 5ad2c7e1d7d075001a42a1e7 | Multiracial_American | Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European m... | When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas? | When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas? | [
"When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50426 | 5acee25532bba1001ae4b86a | Neptune | Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings may consist of ice particles coated with silicates or carbon-based material, which most likely gives them a reddish hue. The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring, 63,000 km from the centre of Neptune, the Le Verri... | What doesn't Neptune's rings consist of? | What doesn't Neptune's rings consist of? | [
" What doesn't Neptune's rings consist of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24252 | 5ad41aaa604f3c001a4004d9 | Bermuda | Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration t... | During what year did Bermuda relax its immigration laws? | During what year did Bermuda relax its immigration laws? | [
"During what year did Bermuda relax its immigration laws?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11859 | 56faed86f34c681400b0c1b9 | Somalis | In ancient Somalia, pyramidical structures known in Somali as taalo were a popular burial style, with hundreds of these dry stone monuments scattered around the country today. Houses were built of dressed stone similar to the ones in Ancient Egypt. There are also examples of courtyards and large stone walls enclosing s... | What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids? | What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids? | [
"What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?"
] | {
"text": [
"taalo"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85676 | 5ad2a217d7d075001a429cdd | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | The Nintendo Entertainment System (also abbreviated as NES) is an 8-bit home video game console that was developed and manufactured by Nintendo. It was initially released in Japan as the Family Computer (Japanese: ファミリーコンピュータ, Hepburn: Famirī Konpyūta?) (also known by the portmanteau abbreviation Famicom (ファミコン, Famiko... | When was it released in Africa? | When was it released in Africa? | [
" When was it released in Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21600 | 5a6523aec2b11c001a425c75 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in... | Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia? | Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia? | [
"Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114911 | 5a7e070b70df9f001a87543a | Matter | The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred... | Who coined the term partonic matter? | Who coined the term partonic matter? | [
"Who coined the term partonic matter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23483 | 5ad14755645df0001a2d1524 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway, 12-696, the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings, which are allowed, must allow various faiths to lead prayer, or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian. On May 5, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favo... | What wasn't the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway? | What wasn't the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway? | [
" What wasn't the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37026 | 5725c918271a42140099d1af | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consens... | What did the foundation decide not to fund | What did the foundation decide not to fund | [
"What did the foundation decide not to fund"
] | {
"text": [
"has decided not to fund abortion\""
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31633 | 570d656efed7b91900d45fc1 | Anti-aircraft_warfare | Two assumptions underpinned the British approach to HAA fire; first, aimed fire was the primary method and this was enabled by predicting gun data from visually tracking the target and having its height. Second, that the target would maintain a steady course, speed and height. This HAA was to engage targets up to 24,00... | Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors? | Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors? | [
"Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?"
] | {
"text": [
"speed and height"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5087 | 56e14e04cd28a01900c6777c | Boston | Other important industries are financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. The city is home to the headquarters of Santander Bank, and Boston is a cen... | Boston is the center for what type of capital firms? | Boston is the center for what type of capital firms? | [
"Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?"
] | {
"text": [
"venture capital"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104356 | 5728aeb92ca10214002da5b4 | Mandolin | On the island of Crete, along with the lyra and the laouto (lute), the mandolin is one of the main instruments used in Cretan Music. It appeared on Crete around the time of the Venetian rule of the island. Different variants of the mandolin, such as the "mantola," were used to accompany the lyra, the violin, and the la... | The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? | The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? | [
"The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? "
] | {
"text": [
"woman"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64804 | 5734210b4776f419006618f6 | Portugal | The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is plac... | What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States? | What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States? | [
"What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"50%"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28596 | 5a0f48c1decec9001847555a | Canadian_football | Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 26 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams... | What do Canadian Bowl teams battle for? | What do Canadian Bowl teams battle for? | [
"What do Canadian Bowl teams battle for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72390 | 57266556f1498d1400e8de3a | Greece | Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory (known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Derto... | What Greek scientist invented the Pap test? | What Greek scientist invented the Pap test? | [
"What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?"
] | {
"text": [
"Georgios Papanikolaou"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102029 | 5a515069ce860b001aa3fcfc | States_of_Germany | The debate on a new delimitation of the German territory started in 1919 as part of discussions about the new constitution. Hugo Preuss, the father of the Weimar Constitution, drafted a plan to divide the German Reich into 14 roughly equal-sized states. His proposal was turned down due to opposition of the states and c... | What made it impossible to enable new delimitation in article 18? | What made it impossible to enable new delimitation in article 18? | [
"What made it impossible to enable new delimitation in article 18?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65118 | 5ad13736645df0001a2d11c5 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associa... | Which company did not become involved in a political controversy? | Which company did not become involved in a political controversy? | [
" Which company did not become involved in a political controversy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111699 | 5acd7b9807355d001abf4428 | Education | The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certific... | What do open education sources never offer? | What do open education sources never offer? | [
" What do open education sources never offer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15039 | 5ad3dc50604f3c001a3ff3f9 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Su... | What award did Cobb and Daly lose for the book? | What award did Cobb and Daly lose for the book? | [
" What award did Cobb and Daly lose for the book?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10059 | 57282dda4b864d1900164661 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, altho... | Who was Nassir's vice president? | Who was Nassir's vice president? | [
"Who was Nassir's vice president?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zakaria Mohieddin"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69295 | 5ad4203a604f3c001a4006e5 | Houston | The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment. Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston. In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and tenth among the largest ports in the world. Unlike most places, high oil and... | Where does the Port of Texas rank in international commerce? | Where does the Port of Texas rank in international commerce? | [
" Where does the Port of Texas rank in international commerce?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108575 | 572c00d6f182dd1900d7c7b2 | Tennessee | In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government—led by Governor Isham Harris—sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54–46% margin. The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee (which later tried to ... | Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum? | Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum? | [
"Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Middle Tennessee"
],
"answer_start": [
812
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40309 | 56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10 | Paper | The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, wi... | What country was the process developed in? | What country was the process developed in? | [
"What country was the process developed in?"
] | {
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37670 | 572884edff5b5019007da2a3 | London | Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar s... | St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation? | St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation? | [
"St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?"
] | {
"text": [
"high-speed trains"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49206 | 5a86f28a1d3cee001a6a1070 | Tuberculosis | The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk... | Which bacterium has likely been overestimated? | Which bacterium has likely been overestimated? | [
"Which bacterium has likely been overestimated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63999 | 572827843acd2414000df5af | Annelid | The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for exampl... | What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make? | What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make? | [
"What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?"
] | {
"text": [
"microvilli"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31126 | 5a149412a54d420018529264 | Identity_(social_science) | Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of community and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in discrimination, i.e., why they tend to favor those they consider a part of their "in-group" ove... | What are researchers working on who focus on discrimination and community alienation? | What are researchers working on who focus on discrimination and community alienation? | [
"What are researchers working on who focus on discrimination and community alienation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15315 | 572fc652a23a5019007fc9ce | Hyderabad | As of 2012[update], there are over 3.5 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 74% are two-wheelers, 15% cars and 3% three-wheelers. The remaining 8% include buses, goods vehicles and taxis. The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area:79—... | In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road? | In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road? | [
"In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road?"
] | {
"text": [
"60%"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37126 | 5727729cdd62a815002e9d15 | Switzerland | In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was there... | Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century? | Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century? | [
"Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Swiss plateau"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89143 | 56dfb59a231d4119001abcad | Hunter-gatherer | One way to divide hunter-gatherer groups is by their return systems. James Woodburn uses the categories "immediate return" hunter-gatherers for egalitarian and "delayed return" for nonegalitarian. Immediate return foragers consume their food within a day or two after they procure it. Delayed return foragers store the s... | To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong? | To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong? | [
"To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?"
] | {
"text": [
"nonegalitarian"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62632 | 57294dae6aef051400154c7e | Software_testing | Load testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a non-functional activity is ... | What method is used to test software under a specific load? | What method is used to test software under a specific load? | [
"What method is used to test software under a specific load?"
] | {
"text": [
"Load testing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48211 | 56fa19cc8f12f319006300c9 | Wood | Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It consists of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40% – 50%) and hemicellulose (15% – 25%) impregnated with lignin (15% – 30%). | Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described? | Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described? | [
"Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?"
] | {
"text": [
"heterogeneous"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56864 | 5727de793acd2414000dee84 | Gramophone_record | New or "virgin" heavy/heavyweight (180–220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play. 1... | What is the material preference of collectors? | What is the material preference of collectors? | [
"What is the material preference of collectors?"
] | {
"text": [
"heavyweight vinyl"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66209 | 5a64ccfd7f3c80001a150beb | ASCII | ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was publishe... | When was the final revision of the code done? | When was the final revision of the code done? | [
"When was the final revision of the code done?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84576 | 5ad4c7b75b96ef001a10a062 | San_Diego | San Diego is one of the top-ten best climates in the Farmers' Almanac and is one of the two best summer climates in America as scored by The Weather Channel. Under the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system, the San Diego area has been variously categorized as having either a semi-arid climate (BSh in the original... | What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Francisco in the winter? | What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Francisco in the winter? | [
"What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Francisco in the winter?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90198 | 5727ba5d2ca10214002d94d7 | Tibet | The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territories. The bulk of western and central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse, or nearby locations; these governments were... | Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule? | Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule? | [
"Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Chamdo"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10188 | 5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dc | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship? | What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship? | [
"What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79764 | 5706219a52bb8914006898db | MP3 | In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), ... | Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal? | Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal? | [
"Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?"
] | {
"text": [
"error robustness"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75329 | 5ad14be9645df0001a2d1628 | Labour_Party_(UK) | The Black Wednesday economic disaster in September 1992 left the Conservative government's reputation for monetary excellence in tatters, and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sust... | What year was Smith born? | What year was Smith born? | [
"What year was Smith born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114200 | 57268242dd62a815002e87af | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side wit... | How did troops react to the missile? | How did troops react to the missile? | [
"How did troops react to the missile?"
] | {
"text": [
"it was not well received"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24643 | 56cee43eaab44d1400b88c06 | New_York_City | Under New York State's gradual abolition act of 1799, children of slave mothers were born to be eventually liberated but were held in indentured servitude until their mid-to-late twenties. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, a significant free-black population gra... | What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans? | What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans? | [
"What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manhattan"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97325 | 56cf7c234df3c31400b0d834 | Frédéric_Chopin | The two became friends, and for many years lived in close proximity in Paris, Chopin at 38 Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Liszt at the Hôtel de France on the Rue Lafitte, a few blocks away. They performed together on seven occasions between 1833 and 1841. The first, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert organized ... | What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for? | What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for? | [
"What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40121 | 5727c5c42ca10214002d95f6 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven has many architectural landmarks dating from every important time period and architectural style in American history. The city has been home to a number of architects and architectural firms that have left their mark on the city including Ithiel Town and Henry Austin in the 19th century and Cesar Pelli, Warre... | New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects? | New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects? | [
"New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ithiel Town and Henry Austin"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2197 | 56d08581234ae51400d9c33b | Buddhism | Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the śramaṇas, a ... | What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called? | What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called? | [
"What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Middle Way"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80966 | 5723e05c0dadf01500fa1f63 | Queen_Victoria | Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death. The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to ... | What year did Palmerston die? | What year did Palmerston die? | [
"What year did Palmerston die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1865"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55720 | 5acfe0e577cf76001a686387 | Presbyterianism | The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church. The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland. The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila. The PCV... | The Province of Sanma is mainly Roman Catholic with what minority? | The Province of Sanma is mainly Roman Catholic with what minority? | [
"The Province of Sanma is mainly Roman Catholic with what minority?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45104 | 56df24783277331400b4d9a0 | Sony_Music_Entertainment | RCA/Jive Label Group CEO Barry Weiss left the company in March 2011 to become the new CEO of Island Def Jam and Universal Republic, which were both part of Universal Music Group. Weiss had been the RCA/Jive Label Group CEO since 2008 and was head of Jive Records since 1991. | When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records? | When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records? | [
"When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?"
] | {
"text": [
"1991"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74269 | 5ace3b1932bba1001ae49fa0 | Asphalt | Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than E... | What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits? | What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits? | [
"What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92812 | 5727ae744b864d1900163a42 | Alsace | At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbou... | What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? | What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? | [
"What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? "
] | {
"text": [
"new dual carriageway"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19640 | 5ad5ffa05b96ef001a10affb | Comprehensive_school | By 1975 the majority of local authorities in England and Wales had abandoned the 11-plus examination and moved to a comprehensive system. Over that 10-year period many secondary modern schools and grammar schools were amalgamated to form large neighbourhood comprehensives, whilst a number of new schools were built to a... | By what year did the 21-plus exam mainly fall out of use? | By what year did the 21-plus exam mainly fall out of use? | [
"By what year did the 21-plus exam mainly fall out of use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26044 | 5726a1d5708984140094cc66 | Edmund_Burke | During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murra... | Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year? | Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year? | [
"Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1789"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18580 | 5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee78 | Nigeria | Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defi... | What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in? | What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in? | [
"What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?"
] | {
"text": [
"southeast"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53292 | 5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fa | Sichuan | Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which ... | How many distinct parts make up Sichuan? | How many distinct parts make up Sichuan? | [
"How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2174 | 56d1c49ce7d4791d0090213b | Buddhism | The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in... | If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what? | If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what? | [
"If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?"
] | {
"text": [
"elected chieftain"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99972 | 5ace43e332bba1001ae4a129 | Guam | Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668 with the arrival of Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod, who established the first Catholic church.:64 The islands were part of the Spanish East Indies governed from the Philippines, which were in turn part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City. O... | Who had the Royal College of San Juan de Letran built? | Who had the Royal College of San Juan de Letran built? | [
"Who had the Royal College of San Juan de Letran built?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8202 | 5726599df1498d1400e8dcda | Thuringia | The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is not completely known. An older theory claimed that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of ... | Where does the name Thuringia come from? | Where does the name Thuringia come from? | [
"Where does the name Thuringia come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Germanic tribe Thuringii"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46583 | 5ad0b214645df0001a2d008e | Department_store | The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Othe... | Where did the Metro Department store originally end? | Where did the Metro Department store originally end? | [
"Where did the Metro Department store originally end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-204 | 56f8edb59e9bad19000a0712 | Guinea-Bissau | The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Guinea Bissau was 1000. This compares with 804.3 in 2008 and 966 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births, was 195 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality was 24. The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was 3; one out of... | According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation? | According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation? | [
"According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation?"
] | {
"text": [
"50%"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84294 | 5ad39362604f3c001a3fe6d1 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | Who appoints the President with the approval of judges? | Who appoints the President with the approval of judges? | [
"Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-339 | 56f956c89b226e1400dd1364 | Marshall_Islands | Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert visited the islands in 1788. The islands were named for Marshall on Western charts, although the natives have historically named their home "jolet jen Anij" (Gifts from God). Around 1820, Russian explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern and the French explorer Louis Isidore ... | On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824? | On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824? | [
"On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mulgrave Island"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79791 | 5706282e52bb89140068990d | MP3 | An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to ... | What is not an ISO recognized standard? | What is not an ISO recognized standard? | [
"What is not an ISO recognized standard?"
] | {
"text": [
"MPEG-2.5"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47536 | 572fc34c947a6a140053cc6e | Armenia | Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the northwestern Armenian city of Gyumri as a deterrent against Turkey.[citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward E... | Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia? | Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia? | [
"Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gyumri"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42171 | 5728a5ce4b864d1900164b70 | Karl_Popper | The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most ... | What was the Anschluss? | What was the Anschluss? | [
"What was the Anschluss?"
] | {
"text": [
"the annexation of Austria by the German Reich"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85558 | 571112eab654c5140001faef | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | At June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial "NES". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited American test markets starting in New York... | Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems? | Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems? | [
"Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"New York City"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111504 | 57322474e99e3014001e654e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli... | Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods? | Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods? | [
"Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?"
] | {
"text": [
"Decius"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96680 | 57278b4fdd62a815002e9fda | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than ... | How does the sentence appear to historians? | How does the sentence appear to historians? | [
"How does the sentence appear to historians?"
] | {
"text": [
"a genuine cry"
],
"answer_start": [
721
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92913 | 5733ab4ad058e614000b5fd4 | Tajikistan | In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, coll... | Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly? | Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly? | [
"Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the southern region"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113668 | 572f508fa23a5019007fc522 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelli... | Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money? | Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money? | [
"Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Director of Central Intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73785 | 56deffef3277331400b4d87f | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact? | What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact? | [
"What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?"
] | {
"text": [
"Solidarity"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90714 | 573218e70fdd8d15006c679d | Pacific_War | U.S. submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or aircraft destroyed most of the rest. US submariners also claimed 28% of Japanese warships destroyed. Furthermore, they played important reconnaissance roles, as at the battles of the Philippine Sea (June 1944) and Leyte Gulf (October 1944) (an... | What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines? | What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines? | [
"What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines?"
] | {
"text": [
"56%"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95242 | 56df97b838dc4217001520a4 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon micr... | What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from? | What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from? | [
"What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Western Union"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71710 | 56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1212 | Near_East | These regions were occupied by "the brown men," with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire. | These regions were occupied by who? | These regions were occupied by who? | [
"These regions were occupied by who?"
] | {
"text": [
"the brown men"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62071 | 5726649df1498d1400e8de19 | Chicago_Cubs | In the following two decades after Sianis' ill will, the Cubs played mostly forgettable baseball, finishing among the worst teams in the National League on an almost annual basis. Longtime infielder/manager Phil Cavarretta, who had been a key player during the '45 season, was fired during spring training in 1954 after ... | What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs? | What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs? | [
"What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs?"
] | {
"text": [
"the '45 season"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12622 | 56df108ac65bf219000b3f1b | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia, the primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular Church retain that church. | What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment? | What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment? | [
"What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?"
] | {
"text": [
"titular bishopric of Ostia"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101187 | 5ad27e9ad7d075001a42971a | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939, aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticki... | Why did Poland accept the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack? | Why did Poland accept the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack? | [
"Why did Poland accept the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101074 | 5a5e61305bc9f4001a75af91 | Hindu_philosophy | Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-... | What is easy to determine of Shaivism? | What is easy to determine of Shaivism? | [
"What is easy to determine of Shaivism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42158 | 5728a4824b864d1900164b46 | Karl_Popper | Karl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Although he qu... | What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward? | What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward? | [
"What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?"
] | {
"text": [
"Marxism"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95551 | 5726b6f85951b619008f7ba6 | Yale_University | In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters—elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admi... | What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale? | What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale? | [
"What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?"
] | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22711 | 5727c5932ca10214002d95ef | Exhibition_game | The Arena Football League briefly had a two-game exhibition season in the early 2000s, a practice that ended in 2003 with a new television contract. Exhibition games outside of a structured season are relatively common among indoor American football leagues; because teams switch leagues frequently at that level of play... | What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games? | What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games? | [
"What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?"
] | {
"text": [
"indoor American football leagues"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16695 | 572a7af4111d821400f38b4e | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic... | Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics? | Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics? | [
"Whose works inspire the term \"Walrasian\" in economics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abba Lerner"
],
"answer_start": [
621
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11739 | 56fae1d7f34c681400b0c170 | Somalis | The Somali language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of it dating from before 1900. | Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented? | Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented? | [
"Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?"
] | {
"text": [
"Somali"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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