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Absement | In kinematics, absement (or absition) is a measure of sustained displacement of an object from its initial position, i.e. a measure of how far away and for how long. The word absement is a portmanteau of the words absence and displacement. Similarly, its synonym absition is a portmanteau of the words absence and positi... | 0.778289 | 0.98992 | 0.770444 |
History of entropy | The concept of entropy developed in response to the observation that a certain amount of functional energy released from combustion reactions is always lost to dissipation or friction and is thus not transformed into useful work. Early heat-powered engines such as Thomas Savery's (1698), the Newcomen engine (1712) and... | 0.78852 | 0.97705 | 0.770423 |
Flux | Flux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance. Flux is a concept in applied mathematics and vector calculus which has many applications to physics. For transport phenomena, flux is a vector quantity, describing the magnitude and direction of ... | 0.77205 | 0.997891 | 0.770421 |
Dark energy | In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is a proposed form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. Its primary effect is to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe. Assuming that the lambda-CDM model of cosmology is correct, dark energy dominates the universe, contributing 68% of th... | 0.771142 | 0.999028 | 0.770393 |
Hitting the wall | In endurance sports such as road cycling and long-distance running, hitting the wall or the bonk is a condition of sudden fatigue and loss of energy which is caused by the depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. Milder instances can be remedied by brief rest and the ingestion of food or drinks containing... | 0.779438 | 0.988356 | 0.770361 |
Compressibility | In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal compressibility) is a measure of the instantaneous relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure (or mean stress) change. In its s... | 0.774434 | 0.994703 | 0.770332 |
Radial velocity | The radial velocity or line-of-sight velocity of a target with respect to an observer is the rate of change of the vector displacement between the two points. It is formulated as the vector projection of the target-observer relative velocity onto the relative direction or line-of-sight (LOS) connecting the two points. ... | 0.777495 | 0.990787 | 0.770332 |
Photophosphorylation | In the process of photosynthesis, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is called photophosphorylation. Cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, driven by the main primary source of energy available to living organisms, which is sunlight. All organisms p... | 0.779347 | 0.98841 | 0.770315 |
Electricity | Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning,... | 0.770647 | 0.999555 | 0.770305 |
Force field (physics) | In physics, a force field is a vector field corresponding with a non-contact force acting on a particle at various positions in space. Specifically, a force field is a vector field , where is the force that a particle would feel if it were at the position .
Examples
Gravity is the force of attraction between two obje... | 0.78395 | 0.982591 | 0.770302 |
Renormalization | Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, statistical field theory, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, that are used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities by altering values of these quantities to compensate for effects of their self-interactions. But even i... | 0.774493 | 0.994558 | 0.770278 |
Therblig | Therbligs are elemental motions used in the study of workplace motion economy. A workplace task is analyzed by recording each of the therblig units for a process, with the results used for optimization of manual labour by eliminating unneeded movements. Eighteen therbligs have been defined.
The word therblig was the c... | 0.78556 | 0.980528 | 0.770263 |
Electric charge | Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. Electric charge can be positive or negative. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. An object with no net charge is referred to as electr... | 0.770929 | 0.999098 | 0.770233 |
Probability current | In quantum mechanics, the probability current (sometimes called probability flux) is a mathematical quantity describing the flow of probability. Specifically, if one thinks of probability as a heterogeneous fluid, then the probability current is the rate of flow of this fluid. It is a real vector that changes with spac... | 0.778472 | 0.98936 | 0.77019 |
Binding energy | In physics and chemistry, binding energy is the smallest amount of energy required to remove a particle from a system of particles or to disassemble a system of particles into individual parts. In the former meaning the term is predominantly used in condensed matter physics, atomic physics, and chemistry, whereas in nu... | 0.775272 | 0.993418 | 0.770169 |
Granularity | Granularity (also called graininess) is the degree to which a material or system is composed of distinguishable pieces, "granules" or "grains" (metaphorically).
It can either refer to the extent to which a larger entity is subdivided, or the extent to which groups of smaller indistinguishable entities have joined toget... | 0.781766 | 0.98512 | 0.770133 |
MIL-STD-810 | MIL-STD-810, U.S. Department of Defense Test Method Standard, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, is a United States Military Standard that emphasizes tailoring an equipment's environmental design and test limits to the conditions that it will experience throughout its service life, and estab... | 0.772075 | 0.997484 | 0.770133 |
Nuclear binding energy | Nuclear binding energy in experimental physics is the minimum energy that is required to disassemble the nucleus of an atom into its constituent protons and neutrons, known collectively as nucleons. The binding energy for stable nuclei is always a positive number, as the nucleus must gain energy for the nucleons to mov... | 0.773695 | 0.995336 | 0.770086 |
Gravitational wave | Gravitational waves are transient displacements in a gravitational fieldgenerated by the relative motion of gravitating massesthat radiate outward from their source at the speed of light. They were first proposed by Oliver Heaviside in 1893 and then later by Henri Poincaré in 1905 as the gravitational equivalent of ele... | 0.771761 | 0.997801 | 0.770063 |
Newton's law of universal gravitation | Newton's law of universal gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers. Separated objects attract and are attracted as if all their mass... | 0.770706 | 0.999157 | 0.770057 |
Electromagnetic pulse | An electromagnetic pulse (EMP), also referred to as a transient electromagnetic disturbance (TED), is a brief burst of electromagnetic energy. The origin of an EMP can be natural or artificial, and can occur as an electromagnetic field, as an electric field, as a magnetic field, or as a conducted electric current. The ... | 0.770747 | 0.999088 | 0.770044 |
Vorticity equation | The vorticity equation of fluid dynamics describes the evolution of the vorticity of a particle of a fluid as it moves with its flow; that is, the local rotation of the fluid (in terms of vector calculus this is the curl of the flow velocity). The governing equation is:where is the material derivative operator, is t... | 0.779688 | 0.987601 | 0.770021 |
Forces on sails | Forces on sails result from movement of air that interacts with sails and gives them motive power for sailing craft, including sailing ships, sailboats, windsurfers, ice boats, and sail-powered land vehicles. Similar principles in a rotating frame of reference apply to windmill sails and wind turbine blades, which are ... | 0.780776 | 0.986171 | 0.769978 |
Theoretical chemistry | Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule act... | 0.783048 | 0.983287 | 0.769961 |
Computable general equilibrium | Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models are a class of economic models that use actual economic data to estimate how an economy might react to changes in policy, technology or other external factors. CGE models are also referred to as AGE (applied general equilibrium) models. A CGE model consists of equations descr... | 0.784964 | 0.980887 | 0.769961 |
Wigner effect | The Wigner effect (named for its discoverer, Eugene Wigner), also known as the discomposition effect or Wigner's disease, is the displacement of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation.
Any solid can display the Wigner effect. The effect is of most concern in neutron moderators, such as graphite, intended to red... | 0.783199 | 0.983045 | 0.76992 |
Moving magnet and conductor problem | The moving magnet and conductor problem is a famous thought experiment, originating in the 19th century, concerning the intersection of classical electromagnetism and special relativity. In it, the current in a conductor moving with constant velocity, v, with respect to a magnet is calculated in the frame of reference ... | 0.787004 | 0.978277 | 0.769908 |
Chemiosmosis | Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
Hydrogen ions, or proto... | 0.777446 | 0.990259 | 0.769873 |
Shock and awe | Shock and awe (technically known as rapid dominance) is a military strategy based on the use of overwhelming power and spectacular displays of force to paralyze the enemy's perception of the battlefield and destroy their will to fight. Though the concept has a variety of historical precedents, the doctrine was explain... | 0.7718 | 0.997477 | 0.769853 |
Magnetic field | A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field. A permanent magnet's magnetic ... | 0.770359 | 0.999324 | 0.769838 |
Power density | Power density, defined as the amount of power (the time rate of energy transfer) per unit volume, is a critical parameter used across a spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines. This metric, typically denoted in watts per cubic meter (W/m3), serves as a fundamental measure for evaluating the efficacy and capa... | 0.780481 | 0.986236 | 0.769739 |
Exertion | Exertion is the physical or perceived use of energy. Exertion traditionally connotes a strenuous or costly effort, resulting in generation of force, initiation of motion, or in the performance of work. It often relates to muscular activity and can be quantified, empirically and by measurable metabolic response.
Physic... | 0.784699 | 0.980906 | 0.769716 |
Jerk (physics) | Jerk (also known as jolt) is the rate of change of an object's acceleration over time. It is a vector quantity (having both magnitude and direction). Jerk is most commonly denoted by the symbol and expressed in m/s3 (SI units) or standard gravities per second (g0/s).
Expressions
As a vector, jerk can be expressed as... | 0.771555 | 0.997617 | 0.769716 |
Onsager reciprocal relations | In thermodynamics, the Onsager reciprocal relations express the equality of certain ratios between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems out of equilibrium, but where a notion of local equilibrium exists.
"Reciprocal relations" occur between different pairs of forces and flows in a variety of physical systems. For... | 0.778314 | 0.988907 | 0.76968 |
The Seven Pillars of Life | The Seven Pillars of Life are the essential principles of life described by Daniel E. Koshland in 2002 in order to create a universal definition of life. One stated goal of this universal definition is to aid in understanding and identifying artificial and extraterrestrial life. The seven pillars are Program, Improvisa... | 0.797049 | 0.965638 | 0.769661 |
Isolated system | In physical science, an isolated system is either of the following:
a physical system so far removed from other systems that it does not interact with them.
a thermodynamic system enclosed by rigid immovable walls through which neither mass nor energy can pass.
Though subject internally to its own gravity, an isolat... | 0.778538 | 0.988587 | 0.769653 |
Spin (physics) | Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, and thus by composite particles such as hadrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms. Spin is quantized, and accurate models for the interaction with spin require relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory.
The existence of electron spin a... | 0.770644 | 0.998698 | 0.769641 |
Tectonics | Tectonics (; ) are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. The field of planetary tectonics extends the concept to other planets and moons.
These processes include those of mountain-building, the growth and behavior of the strong, old cores of cont... | 0.776236 | 0.991484 | 0.769626 |
Similitude | Similitude is a concept applicable to the testing of engineering models. A model is said to have similitude with the real application if the two share geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic similarity. Similarity and similitude are interchangeable in this context.
The term dynamic similitude is often us... | 0.800053 | 0.961963 | 0.769622 |
Isentropic process | An isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible. The work transfers of the system are frictionless, and there is no net transfer of heat or matter. Such an idealized process is useful in engineering as a model of and basis of comparison for real processes. This proce... | 0.773557 | 0.994902 | 0.769614 |
General relativity | General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law... | 0.770082 | 0.999387 | 0.76961 |
ROOT | ROOT is an object-oriented computer program and library developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to the field, but it is also used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining. The latest minor release is 6.32, as of 2024-05-26.
... | 0.772437 | 0.9963 | 0.769578 |
Reaction–diffusion system | Reaction–diffusion systems are mathematical models that correspond to several physical phenomena. The most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: local chemical reactions in which the substances are transformed into each other, and diffusion which causes the subs... | 0.775953 | 0.991773 | 0.76957 |
Tribology | Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding friction, lubrication and wear phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion. It is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on many academic fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, biology and engineering. The fundamental objects ... | 0.774659 | 0.993408 | 0.769553 |
PEST analysis | In business analysis, PEST analysis (political, economic, social and technological) is a framework of external macro-environmental factors used in strategic management and market research.
PEST analysis was developed in 1967 by Francis Aguilar as an environmental scanning framework for businesses to understand the ex... | 0.772906 | 0.995662 | 0.769553 |
Denudation | Denudation is the geological process in which moving water, ice, wind, and waves erode the Earth's surface, leading to a reduction in elevation and in relief of landforms and landscapes. Although the terms erosion and denudation are used interchangeably, erosion is the transport of soil and rocks from one location to a... | 0.775387 | 0.992474 | 0.769551 |
VAM (bicycling) | VAM is the abbreviation for the Italian term velocità ascensionale media, translated in English to mean "average ascent speed" or "mean ascent velocity", but usually referred to as VAM. It is also referred to by the English backronym "Vertical Ascent in Meters". The term, which was coined by Italian physician and cycli... | 0.77353 | 0.994843 | 0.769541 |
Refraction | In physics, refraction is the redirection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another. The redirection can be caused by the wave's change in speed or by a change in the medium. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but other waves such as sound waves and water waves also experience refract... | 0.771693 | 0.997209 | 0.769539 |
External ballistics | External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying through an atmosphere or in the vacuum of space, but most certainly flying under the influence of a... | 0.775593 | 0.992069 | 0.769442 |
Thinking, Fast and Slow | Thinking, Fast and Slow is a 2011 popular science book by psychologist Daniel Kahneman.
The book's main thesis is a differentiation between two modes of thought: "System 1" is fast, instinctive and emotional; "System 2" is slower, more deliberative, and more logical.
The book delineates rational and non-rational moti... | 0.770035 | 0.99922 | 0.769434 |
Temperature dependence of viscosity | Viscosity depends strongly on temperature. In liquids it usually decreases with increasing temperature, whereas, in most gases, viscosity increases with increasing temperature. This article discusses several models of this dependence, ranging from rigorous first-principles calculations for monatomic gases, to empirical... | 0.778214 | 0.988653 | 0.769383 |
Gyromagnetic ratio | In physics, the gyromagnetic ratio (also sometimes known as the magnetogyric ratio in other disciplines) of a particle or system is the ratio of its magnetic moment to its angular momentum, and it is often denoted by the symbol , gamma. Its SI unit is the radian per second per tesla (rad⋅s−1⋅T−1) or, equivalently, the ... | 0.773613 | 0.994526 | 0.769378 |
Servomechanism | In mechanical and control engineering, a servomechanism (also called servo system, or simply servo) is a control system for the position and its time derivatives, such as velocity, of a mechanical system. It often includes a servomotor, and uses closed-loop control to reduce steady-state error and improve dynamic respo... | 0.776539 | 0.990776 | 0.769376 |
Dispersion relation | In the physical sciences and electrical engineering, dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion on the properties of waves in a medium. A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to its frequency. Given the dispersion relation, one can calculate the frequency-dependent phase veloci... | 0.773676 | 0.994418 | 0.769357 |
Heat engine | A heat engine is a system that converts heat to usable energy, particularly mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work. While originally conceived in the context of mechanical energy, the concept of the heat engine has been applied to various other kinds of energy, particularly electrical, since at... | 0.772761 | 0.995588 | 0.769351 |
Covariance and contravariance of vectors | In physics, especially in multilinear algebra and tensor analysis, covariance and contravariance describe how the quantitative description of certain geometric or physical entities changes with a change of basis. Briefly, a contravariant vector is a list of numbers that transforms oppositely to a change of basis, and... | 0.772342 | 0.996085 | 0.769319 |
Langevin dynamics | In physics, Langevin dynamics is an approach to the mathematical modeling of the dynamics of molecular systems using the Langevin equation. It was originally developed by French physicist Paul Langevin. The approach is characterized by the use of simplified models while accounting for omitted degrees of freedom by the ... | 0.776893 | 0.990242 | 0.769312 |
Process engineering | Process engineering is the understanding and application of the fundamental principles and laws of nature that allow humans to transform raw material and energy into products that are useful to society, at an industrial level. By taking advantage of the driving forces of nature such as pressure, temperature and concent... | 0.774253 | 0.993616 | 0.76931 |
Convection (heat transfer) | Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow... | 0.772266 | 0.996156 | 0.769298 |
Andragogy | Andragogy refers to methods and principles used in adult education. The word comes from the Greek ἀνδρ- (andr-), meaning "adult male", and ἀγωγός (agogos), meaning "leader of". Therefore, andragogy literally means "leading men (adult males)", whereas "pedagogy" literally means "leading children".
Definitions
There are... | 0.774244 | 0.993581 | 0.769274 |
Data and information visualization | Data and information visualization (data viz/vis or info viz/vis) is the practice of designing and creating easy-to-communicate and easy-to-understand graphic or visual representations of a large amount of complex quantitative and qualitative data and information with the help of static, dynamic or interactive visual i... | 0.772938 | 0.995247 | 0.769264 |
Warp drive | A warp drive or a drive enabling space warp is a fictional superluminal (faster than the speed of light) spacecraft propulsion system in many science fiction works, most notably Star Trek, and a subject of ongoing physics research. The general concept of "warp drive" was introduced by John W. Campbell in his 1957 novel... | 0.771766 | 0.996757 | 0.769263 |
Ergodic process | In physics, statistics, econometrics and signal processing, a stochastic process is said to be in an ergodic regime if an observable's ensemble average equals the time average. In this regime, any collection of random samples from a process must represent the average statistical properties of the entire regime. Convers... | 0.779712 | 0.986585 | 0.769252 |
CMA-ES | Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is a particular kind of strategy for numerical optimization. Evolution strategies (ES) are stochastic, derivative-free methods for numerical optimization of non-linear or non-convex continuous optimization problems. They belong to the class of evolutionary algor... | 0.778245 | 0.988438 | 0.769247 |
Centrifugation | Bold text'Centrifugation' is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. The denser components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense compo... | 0.773852 | 0.994036 | 0.769237 |
Otolith | An otolith (, ear + , , a stone), also called statoconium, otoconium or statolith, is a calcium carbonate structure in the saccule or utricle of the inner ear, specifically in the vestibular system of vertebrates. The saccule and utricle, in turn, together make the otolith organs. These organs are what allows an organ... | 0.773698 | 0.994204 | 0.769214 |
Diffusion equation | The diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the macroscopic behavior of many micro-particles in Brownian motion, resulting from the random movements and collisions of the particles (see Fick's laws of diffusion). In mathematics, it is related to Markov processes, such ... | 0.77328 | 0.994697 | 0.769179 |
Michelson–Morley experiment | The Michelson–Morley experiment was an attempt to measure the motion of the Earth relative to the luminiferous aether, a supposed medium permeating space that was thought to be the carrier of light waves. The experiment was performed between April and July 1887 by American physicists Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. ... | 0.770585 | 0.998108 | 0.769127 |
Inertial navigation system | An inertial navigation system (INS; also inertial guidance system, inertial instrument) is a navigation device that uses motion sensors (accelerometers), rotation sensors (gyroscopes) and a computer to continuously calculate by dead reckoning the position, the orientation, and the velocity (direction and speed of movem... | 0.770432 | 0.998303 | 0.769124 |
Vector (mathematics and physics) | In mathematics and physics, vector is a term that refers to quantities that cannot be expressed by a single number (a scalar), or to elements of some vector spaces. They have to be expressed by both magnitude and direction.
Historically, vectors were introduced in geometry and physics (typically in mechanics) for quan... | 0.770353 | 0.998389 | 0.769112 |
Fencing response | The fencing response is an unnatural position of the arms following a concussion. Immediately after moderate forces have been applied to the brainstem, the forearms are held flexed or extended (typically into the air) for a period lasting up to several seconds after the impact. The fencing response is often observed du... | 0.769417 | 0.999579 | 0.769093 |
Chemical potential | In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermo... | 0.772068 | 0.996141 | 0.769089 |
Evolution | Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successiv... | 0.769552 | 0.999394 | 0.769085 |
Coulomb's law | Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force. Although the law was known earlier, it was first publish... | 0.769567 | 0.999369 | 0.769081 |
Thermodynamic potential | A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. Just as in mechanics, where potential energy is defined as capacity to do work, similarly different potentials have different meanings. The concept of thermodynami... | 0.777176 | 0.989581 | 0.769079 |
Richardson number | The Richardson number (Ri) is named after Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953). It is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of the buoyancy term to the flow shear term:
where is gravity, is density, is a representative flow speed, and is depth.
The Richardson number, or one of several variants, is of pra... | 0.782852 | 0.982377 | 0.769056 |
Gravity wave | In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium. An example of such an interface is that between the atmosphere and the ocean, which gives rise to wind waves.
A gravity wave results when flui... | 0.776035 | 0.991 | 0.769051 |
Gravitational acceleration | In physics, gravitational acceleration is the acceleration of an object in free fall within a vacuum (and thus without experiencing drag). This is the steady gain in speed caused exclusively by gravitational attraction. All bodies accelerate in vacuum at the same rate, regardless of the masses or compositions of the bo... | 0.771015 | 0.997427 | 0.76903 |
Rotation around a fixed axis | Rotation around a fixed axis or axial rotation is a special case of rotational motion around an axis of rotation fixed, stationary, or static in three-dimensional space. This type of motion excludes the possibility of the instantaneous axis of rotation changing its orientation and cannot describe such phenomena as wobb... | 0.774885 | 0.992441 | 0.769027 |
Physics engine | A physics engine is computer software that provides an approximate simulation of certain physical systems, such as rigid body dynamics (including collision detection), soft body dynamics, and fluid dynamics, of use in the domains of computer graphics, video games and film (CGI). Their main uses are in video games (typi... | 0.777483 | 0.989095 | 0.769004 |
Electronvolt | In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written electron-volt and electron volt, is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum. When used as a unit of energy, the numerical value of 1 eV in joules (symbol J) is... | 0.770117 | 0.998552 | 0.769002 |
Abraham–Lorentz force | In the physics of electromagnetism, the Abraham–Lorentz force (also known as the Lorentz–Abraham force) is the reaction force on an accelerating charged particle caused by the particle emitting electromagnetic radiation by self-interaction. It is also called the radiation reaction force, the radiation damping force, ... | 0.784412 | 0.980333 | 0.768985 |
Mass-to-charge ratio | The mass-to-charge ratio (m/Q) is a physical quantity relating the mass (quantity of matter) and the electric charge of a given particle, expressed in units of kilograms per coulomb (kg/C). It is most widely used in the electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. in electron optics and ion optics.
It appears in the sci... | 0.77536 | 0.991768 | 0.768977 |
Van 't Hoff equation | The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, , of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, , for the process. The subscript means "reaction" and the superscript means "standard". It was proposed by Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff i... | 0.772939 | 0.994846 | 0.768956 |
Material derivative | In continuum mechanics, the material derivative describes the time rate of change of some physical quantity (like heat or momentum) of a material element that is subjected to a space-and-time-dependent macroscopic velocity field. The material derivative can serve as a link between Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions o... | 0.773637 | 0.993899 | 0.768917 |
Strain energy | In physics, the elastic potential energy gained by a wire during elongation with a tensile (stretching) or compressive (contractile) force is called strain energy. For linearly elastic materials, strain energy is:
where is stress, is strain, is volume, and is Young's modulus:
Molecular strain
In a molecule, st... | 0.781087 | 0.98441 | 0.768911 |
Joule–Thomson effect | In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it ... | 0.771298 | 0.996883 | 0.768893 |
Curved spacetime | In physics, curved spacetime is the mathematical model in which, with Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravity naturally arises, as opposed to being described as a fundamental force in Newton's static Euclidean reference frame. Objects move along geodesics—curved paths determined by the local geometry of spacet... | 0.790829 | 0.972256 | 0.768888 |
Resource | Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified according to their availability as renewable or national and international resources. A... | 0.771257 | 0.996928 | 0.768887 |
Rayleigh scattering | Rayleigh scattering is the scattering or deflection of light, or other electromagnetic radiation, by particles with a size much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. For light frequencies well below the resonance frequency of the scattering medium (normal dispersion regime), the amount of scattering is inversel... | 0.769903 | 0.998629 | 0.768848 |
Conservation of mass | In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time.
The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in sp... | 0.770862 | 0.997363 | 0.76883 |
Orbital mechanics | Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets, satellites, and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton's laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. Orbital mechanics... | 0.772538 | 0.995187 | 0.76882 |
Maxwell relations | Maxwell's relations are a set of equations in thermodynamics which are derivable from the symmetry of second derivatives and from the definitions of the thermodynamic potentials. These relations are named for the nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell.
Equations
The structure of Maxwell relations is a state... | 0.773865 | 0.993478 | 0.768818 |
Convection–diffusion equation | The convection–diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that combines the diffusion and convection (advection) equations. It describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection. ... | 0.773719 | 0.993648 | 0.768804 |
Stefan–Boltzmann law | The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature. It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship, and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically.
For an ideal absorber/emitter ... | 0.769959 | 0.998479 | 0.768788 |
Aberration (astronomy) | In astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direc... | 0.779048 | 0.986817 | 0.768778 |
Rotating reference frame | A rotating frame of reference is a special case of a non-inertial reference frame that is rotating relative to an inertial reference frame. An everyday example of a rotating reference frame is the surface of the Earth. (This article considers only frames rotating about a fixed axis. For more general rotations, see Eule... | 0.775263 | 0.991555 | 0.768715 |
Sources of electrical energy | This article provides information on the following six methods of producing electric power.
Friction: Energy produced by rubbing two material together.
Heat: Energy produced by heating the junction where two unlike metals are joined.
Light: Energy produced by light being absorbed by photoelectric cells, or solar p... | 0.782668 | 0.982116 | 0.76867 |
Heat capacity ratio | In thermal physics and thermodynamics, the heat capacity ratio, also known as the adiabatic index, the ratio of specific heats, or Laplace's coefficient, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume. It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denot... | 0.77175 | 0.995989 | 0.768654 |
Particle physics | Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of protons and neutrons, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called nuclear physics.
The funda... | 0.770121 | 0.998069 | 0.768634 |
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