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Field (physics) | In science, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a scalar, vector, or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time. A weather map, with the surface temperature described by assigning a number to each point on the map, is an example of a scalar field. A surface wind map, assigning an arrow to each... | 0.772685 | 0.994753 | 0.76863 |
Derek Muller | Derek Alexander Muller (born 9 November 1982) is a South African–Australian science communicator and media personality, best known for his YouTube channel Veritasium, which has over 16 million subscribers and 2.8 billion views as of October 2024.
Early life and education
Muller was born to South African parents in Tr... | 0.77018 | 0.997971 | 0.768618 |
Relativistic speed | Relativistic speed refers to speed at which relativistic effects become significant to the desired accuracy of measurement of the phenomenon being observed. Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models considering and not considering relativity. Related words are velocity, rapidity, ... | 0.780014 | 0.985362 | 0.768596 |
Volcanism | Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon. It is caused by the presence of a heat source, usually internally generated, inside the body; the heat is gener... | 0.774135 | 0.992813 | 0.768572 |
Normal mode | A normal mode of a dynamical system is a pattern of motion in which all parts of the system move sinusoidally with the same frequency and with a fixed phase relation. The free motion described by the normal modes takes place at fixed frequencies. These fixed frequencies of the normal modes of a system are known as it... | 0.773977 | 0.992991 | 0.768552 |
Tennis racket theorem | The tennis racket theorem or intermediate axis theorem, is a kinetic phenomenon of classical mechanics which describes the movement of a rigid body with three distinct principal moments of inertia. It has also dubbed the Dzhanibekov effect, after Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov, who noticed one of the theorem's l... | 0.774346 | 0.992494 | 0.768534 |
Fermi problem | A Fermi problem (or Fermi quiz, Fermi question, Fermi estimate), also known as an order-of-magnitude problem (or order-of-magnitude estimate, order estimation), is an estimation problem in physics or engineering education, designed to teach dimensional analysis or approximation of extreme scientific calculations. Fermi... | 0.771871 | 0.995674 | 0.768532 |
Three-body problem | In physics, specifically classical mechanics, the three-body problem is to take the initial positions and velocities (or momenta) of three point masses that orbit each other in space and calculate their subsequent trajectories using Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation.
Unlike the two-bod... | 0.768611 | 0.999856 | 0.7685 |
Xeelee Sequence | The Xeelee Sequence (; ) is a series of hard science fiction novels, novellas, and short stories written by British science fiction author Stephen Baxter. The series spans billions of years of fictional history, centering on humanity's future expansion into the universe, its intergalactic war with an enigmatic and supr... | 0.771384 | 0.996261 | 0.768499 |
Escape velocity | In celestial mechanics, escape velocity or escape speed is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from contact with or orbit of a primary body, assuming:
Ballistic trajectory - no other forces are acting on the object, including propulsion and friction
No other gravity-producing objects exist
Although the ... | 0.769658 | 0.998461 | 0.768474 |
Froude number | In continuum mechanics, the Froude number (, after William Froude, ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the flow inertia to the external force field (the latter in many applications simply due to gravity). The Froude number is based on the speed–length ratio which he defined as:
where is the local flow... | 0.773114 | 0.993994 | 0.76847 |
Rigid body | In physics, a rigid body, also known as a rigid object, is a solid body in which deformation is zero or negligible. The distance between any two given points on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces or moments exerted on it. A rigid body is usually considered as a continuous distribution o... | 0.774001 | 0.992828 | 0.76845 |
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics | The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. This mathematical formalism uses mainly a part of functional analysis, especially Hilbert spaces, which are a kind of linear space. Such are distinguished from mathematical forma... | 0.773798 | 0.993084 | 0.768446 |
Redshift | In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The opposite change, a decrease in wavelength and increase in frequency and energy, is known as a blueshift, or negative redshift. The terms derive from t... | 0.769627 | 0.998416 | 0.768408 |
Klein–Gordon equation | The Klein–Gordon equation (Klein–Fock–Gordon equation or sometimes Klein–Gordon–Fock equation) is a relativistic wave equation, related to the Schrödinger equation. It is second-order in space and time and manifestly Lorentz-covariant. It is a differential equation version of the relativistic energy–momentum relation .... | 0.771296 | 0.996187 | 0.768354 |
Adenosine diphosphate | Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), also known as adenosine pyrophosphate (APP), is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon ato... | 0.774053 | 0.99259 | 0.768317 |
Earth-centered inertial | Earth-centered inertial (ECI) coordinate frames have their origins at the center of mass of Earth and are fixed with respect to the stars. "I" in "ECI" stands for inertial (i.e. "not accelerating"), in contrast to the "Earth-centered – Earth-fixed" (ECEF) frames, which remains fixed with respect to Earth's surface in i... | 0.776377 | 0.989618 | 0.768317 |
Structural equation modeling | Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a diverse set of methods used by scientists doing both observational and experimental research. SEM is used mostly in the social and behavioral sciences but it is also used in epidemiology, business, and other fields. A definition of SEM is difficult without reference to technical ... | 0.771219 | 0.996226 | 0.768308 |
Woodward–Hoffmann rules | The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry. The rules originate... | 0.777872 | 0.987695 | 0.7683 |
Tinbergen's four questions | Tinbergen's four questions, named after 20th century biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include ultimate (evolutionary) explanations, ... | 0.78164 | 0.982909 | 0.768281 |
Potential of mean force | When examining a system computationally one may be interested in knowing how the free energy changes as a function of some inter- or intramolecular coordinate (such as the distance between two atoms or a torsional angle). The free energy surface along the chosen coordinate is referred to as the potential of mean force ... | 0.792144 | 0.969862 | 0.768271 |
Quantum tunnelling | In physics, quantum tunnelling, barrier penetration, or simply tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical mechanics, should not be passable due to the object not having sufficient energy to pass or s... | 0.769565 | 0.998319 | 0.768271 |
Energy condition | In relativistic classical field theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, an energy condition is a generalization of the statement "the energy density of a region of space cannot be negative" in a relativistically phrased mathematical formulation. There are multiple possible alternative ways to express ... | 0.783325 | 0.980754 | 0.76825 |
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics | Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described in terms of macroscopic quantities (non-equilibrium state variables) that represent an extrapolation of the variables used to specify the system in thermodynamic e... | 0.776316 | 0.989595 | 0.768239 |
Primary energy | Primary energy (PE) is the energy found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process. It encompasses energy contained in raw fuels and other forms of energy, including waste, received as input to a system. Primary energy can be non-renewable or renewable.
Total primary energy supply... | 0.778055 | 0.987371 | 0.76823 |
Gravitational potential | In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential is a scalar potential associating with each point in space the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move an object to that point from a fixed reference point in the conservative gravitational field. It is analogous to the electric potential ... | 0.771968 | 0.995121 | 0.768202 |
Heat | In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings by modes other than thermodynamic work and transfer of matter. Such modes are microscopic, mainly thermal conduction, radiation, and friction, as distinct from the macroscopic modes, thermodynamic work and transfer of matt... | 0.769392 | 0.998408 | 0.768167 |
Radiant flux | In radiometry, radiant flux or radiant power is the radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received per unit time, and spectral flux or spectral power is the radiant flux per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. The SI unit of ... | 0.773771 | 0.992751 | 0.768162 |
Quantum harmonic oscillator | The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum-mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. Because an arbitrary smooth potential can usually be approximated as a harmonic potential at the vicinity of a stable equilibrium point, it is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics. Furthermore... | 0.769493 | 0.998265 | 0.768158 |
Brake | A brake is a mechanical device that inhibits motion by absorbing energy from a moving system. It is used for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, wheel, axle, or to prevent its motion, most often accomplished by means of friction.
Background
Most brakes commonly use friction between two surfaces pressed together to ... | 0.774086 | 0.992283 | 0.768113 |
Heat recovery ventilation | Heat recovery ventilation (HRV), also known as mechanical ventilation heat recovery (MVHR) is a ventilation system that recovers energy by operating between two air sources at different temperatures. It is used to reduce the heating and cooling demands of buildings.
By recovering the residual heat in the exhaust gas, ... | 0.772025 | 0.994883 | 0.768075 |
Mathematics of general relativity | When studying and formulating Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, various mathematical structures and techniques are utilized. The main tools used in this geometrical theory of gravitation are tensor fields defined on a Lorentzian manifold representing spacetime. This article is a general description of the... | 0.777227 | 0.988223 | 0.768074 |
Orbital state vectors | In astrodynamics and celestial dynamics, the orbital state vectors (sometimes state vectors) of an orbit are
Cartesian vectors of position and velocity that together with their time (epoch) uniquely determine the trajectory of the orbiting body in space.
Orbital state vectors come in many forms including the tradition... | 0.786653 | 0.976347 | 0.768046 |
Uncleftish Beholding | "Uncleftish Beholding" (1989) is a short text by Poul Anderson, included in his anthology "All One Universe". It is designed to illustrate what English might look like without its large number of words derived from languages such as French, Greek, and Latin, especially with regard to the proportion of scientific words... | 0.776461 | 0.989134 | 0.768023 |
Thermal physics | Thermal physics is the combined study of thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and kinetic theory of gases. This umbrella-subject is typically designed for physics students and functions to provide a general introduction to each of three core heat-related subjects. Other authors, however, define thermal physics loos... | 0.787791 | 0.974904 | 0.768021 |
Dynamic pressure | In fluid dynamics, dynamic pressure (denoted by or and sometimes called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by:
where (in SI units):
is the dynamic pressure in pascals (i.e., kg/(m*s2),
(Greek letter rho) is the fluid mass density (e.g. in kg/m3), and
is the flow speed in m/s.
It can be thought of as the ... | 0.773143 | 0.993332 | 0.767987 |
Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium | Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modeling (abbreviated as DSGE, or DGE, or sometimes SDGE) is a macroeconomic method which is often employed by monetary and fiscal authorities for policy analysis, explaining historical time-series data, as well as future forecasting purposes. DSGE econometric modelling applies ge... | 0.775909 | 0.989769 | 0.76797 |
Yang–Mills existence and mass gap | The Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem in mathematical physics and mathematics, and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of US$1,000,000 for its solution.
The problem is phrased as follows:
Yang–Mills Existence a... | 0.771449 | 0.99547 | 0.767955 |
Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics) | In quantum mechanics, the Hamiltonian of a system is an operator corresponding to the total energy of that system, including both kinetic energy and potential energy. Its spectrum, the system's energy spectrum or its set of energy eigenvalues, is the set of possible outcomes obtainable from a measurement of the system'... | 0.769408 | 0.998109 | 0.767952 |
Eddington luminosity | The Eddington luminosity, also referred to as the Eddington limit, is the maximum luminosity a body (such as a star) can achieve when there is balance between the force of radiation acting outward and the gravitational force acting inward. The state of balance is called hydrostatic equilibrium. When a star exceeds the ... | 0.777641 | 0.987514 | 0.767931 |
Anfinsen's dogma | Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize La... | 0.787403 | 0.975266 | 0.767927 |
Proper orthogonal decomposition | The proper orthogonal decomposition is a numerical method that enables a reduction in the complexity of computer intensive simulations such as computational fluid dynamics and structural analysis (like crash simulations). Typically in fluid dynamics and turbulences analysis, it is used to replace the Navier–Stokes equa... | 0.780384 | 0.983997 | 0.767896 |
James Clerk Maxwell | James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish physicist and mathematician who was responsible for the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which was the first theory to describe electricity, magnetism and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for ... | 0.76822 | 0.999576 | 0.767895 |
Quicksand | Quicksand (also known as sinking sand) is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight. Quicksand... | 0.769271 | 0.998209 | 0.767893 |
Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) | The concept entropy was first developed by German physicist Rudolf Clausius in the mid-nineteenth century as a thermodynamic property that predicts that certain spontaneous processes are irreversible or impossible. In statistical mechanics, entropy is formulated as a statistical property using probability theory. The s... | 0.775818 | 0.989766 | 0.767878 |
Jefimenko's equations | In electromagnetism, Jefimenko's equations (named after Oleg D. Jefimenko) give the electric field and magnetic field due to a distribution of electric charges and electric current in space, that takes into account the propagation delay (retarded time) of the fields due to the finite speed of light and relativistic eff... | 0.781782 | 0.982213 | 0.767876 |
Delphi method | The Delphi method or Delphi technique ( ; also known as Estimate-Talk-Estimate or ETE) is a structured communication technique or method, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method that relies on a panel of experts. Delphi has been widely used for business forecasting and has certain advantage... | 0.770373 | 0.996744 | 0.767865 |
Pendulum (mechanics) | A pendulum is a body suspended from a fixed support such that it freely swings back and forth under the influence of gravity. When a pendulum is displaced sideways from its resting, equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back towards the equilibrium position. Whe... | 0.771405 | 0.995402 | 0.767858 |
Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem | The Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem states that when statistical mechanics and classical mechanics are applied consistently, the thermal average of the magnetization is always zero. This makes magnetism in solids solely a quantum mechanical effect and means that classical physics cannot account for paramagnetism, diamagnetism... | 0.793463 | 0.967694 | 0.76783 |
Continuum (measurement) | Continuum (: continua or continuums) theories or models explain variation as involving gradual quantitative transitions without abrupt changes or discontinuities. In contrast, categorical theories or models explain variation using qualitatively different states.
In physics
In physics, for example, the space-time cont... | 0.782731 | 0.980897 | 0.767779 |
Derivative | In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental tool that quantifies the sensitivity of change of a function's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point. The tan... | 0.768193 | 0.999458 | 0.767776 |
Metastability | In chemistry and physics, metastability is an intermediate energetic state within a dynamical system other than the system's state of least energy.
A ball resting in a hollow on a slope is a simple example of metastability. If the ball is only slightly pushed, it will settle back into its hollow, but a stronger push ma... | 0.775331 | 0.990244 | 0.767767 |
Solar sail | Solar sails (also known as lightsails, light sails, and photon sails) are a method of spacecraft propulsion using radiation pressure exerted by sunlight on large surfaces. A number of spaceflight missions to test solar propulsion and navigation have been proposed since the 1980s. The first spacecraft to make use of the... | 0.769778 | 0.997366 | 0.76775 |
Reynolds transport theorem | In differential calculus, the Reynolds transport theorem (also known as the Leibniz–Reynolds transport theorem), or simply the Reynolds theorem, named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), is a three-dimensional generalization of the Leibniz integral rule. It is used to recast time derivatives of integrated quantities an... | 0.773902 | 0.992029 | 0.767733 |
Proprioception | Proprioception is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position.
Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory receptors, located within muscles, tendons, and joints. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of proprioceptors, which detect distinct kinesthetic parameters, such as joint position, movement,... | 0.768744 | 0.998651 | 0.767707 |
Hydraulic analogy | Electronic-hydraulic analogies are the representation of electronic circuits by hydraulic circuits. Since electric current is invisible and the processes in play in electronics are often difficult to demonstrate, the various electronic components are represented by hydraulic equivalents. Electricity (as well as heat) w... | 0.776548 | 0.988612 | 0.767705 |
Nomothetic and idiographic | Nomothetic and idiographic are terms used by Neo-Kantian philosopher Wilhelm Windelband to describe two distinct approaches to knowledge, each one corresponding to a different intellectual tendency, and each one corresponding to a different branch of academia. To say that Windelband supported that last dichotomy is a c... | 0.777656 | 0.987158 | 0.76767 |
Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition | In mathematics, the convergence condition by Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy is a necessary condition for convergence while solving certain partial differential equations (usually hyperbolic PDEs) numerically. It arises in the numerical analysis of explicit time integration schemes, when these are used for the numerical soluti... | 0.772709 | 0.993462 | 0.767656 |
Vorticity | In continuum mechanics, vorticity is a pseudovector (or axial vector) field that describes the local spinning motion of a continuum near some point (the tendency of something to rotate), as would be seen by an observer located at that point and traveling along with the flow. It is an important quantity in the dynamical... | 0.772273 | 0.993993 | 0.767634 |
Uncertainty quantification | Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of... | 0.773874 | 0.991934 | 0.767631 |
Electrophoresis | Electrophoresis is the motion of charged dispersed particles or dissolved charged molecules relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. As a rule, these are zwitterions.
Electrophoresis is used in laboratories to separate macromolecules based on their charges. The technique normally ... | 0.770705 | 0.995999 | 0.767622 |
Inelastic scattering | In chemistry, nuclear physics, and particle physics, inelastic scattering is a process in which the internal states of a particle or a system of particles change after a collision. Often, this means the kinetic energy of the incident particle is not conserved (in contrast to elastic scattering). Additionally, relativis... | 0.781384 | 0.982377 | 0.767613 |
Effective potential | The effective potential (also known as effective potential energy) combines multiple, perhaps opposing, effects into a single potential. In its basic form, it is the sum of the 'opposing' centrifugal potential energy with the potential energy of a dynamical system. It may be used to determine the orbits of planets (bot... | 0.78231 | 0.981195 | 0.767599 |
Wightman axioms | In mathematical physics, the Wightman axioms (also called Gårding–Wightman axioms), named after Arthur Wightman, are an attempt at a mathematically rigorous formulation of quantum field theory. Arthur Wightman formulated the axioms in the early 1950s, but they were first published only in 1964 after Haag–Ruelle scatte... | 0.787707 | 0.974452 | 0.767583 |
Boltzmann's entropy formula | In statistical mechanics, Boltzmann's equation (also known as the Boltzmann–Planck equation) is a probability equation relating the entropy , also written as , of an ideal gas to the multiplicity (commonly denoted as or ), the number of real microstates corresponding to the gas's macrostate:
where is the Boltzmann c... | 0.772473 | 0.993649 | 0.767567 |
Terraforming of Mars | The terraforming of Mars or the terraformation of Mars is a hypothetical procedure that would consist of a planetary engineering project or concurrent projects aspiring to transform Mars from a planet hostile to terrestrial life to one that could sustainably host humans and other lifeforms free of protection or mediati... | 0.770366 | 0.996325 | 0.767535 |
Turbulence | In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers.
Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as s... | 0.769744 | 0.997127 | 0.767532 |
Celestial mechanics | Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of objects in outer space. Historically, celestial mechanics applies principles of physics (classical mechanics) to astronomical objects, such as stars and planets, to produce ephemeris data.
History
Modern analytic celestial mechanics started... | 0.772925 | 0.993022 | 0.767532 |
Geodesics in general relativity | In general relativity, a geodesic generalizes the notion of a "straight line" to curved spacetime. Importantly, the world line of a particle free from all external, non-gravitational forces is a particular type of geodesic. In other words, a freely moving or falling particle always moves along a geodesic.
In general r... | 0.773565 | 0.99219 | 0.767523 |
Attenuation | In physics, attenuation (in some contexts, extinction) is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium. For instance, dark glasses attenuate sunlight, lead attenuates X-rays, and water and air attenuate both light and sound at variable attenuation rates.
Hearing protectors help reduce acoustic flux from flowing... | 0.771225 | 0.995099 | 0.767446 |
Earth science | Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth. This is a branch of science dealing with the physical, chemical, and biological complex constitutions and synergistic linkages of Earth's four spheres: the biosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere (or lit... | 0.769435 | 0.997397 | 0.767432 |
Complementarity (physics) | In physics, complementarity is a conceptual aspect of quantum mechanics that Niels Bohr regarded as an essential feature of the theory. The complementarity principle holds that certain pairs of complementary properties cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. For example, position and momentum or wave and par... | 0.775827 | 0.989172 | 0.767427 |
Governing equation | The governing equations of a mathematical model describe how the values of the unknown variables (i.e. the dependent variables) change when one or more of the known (i.e. independent) variables change.
Physical systems can be modeled phenomenologically at various levels of sophistication, with each level capturing a ... | 0.791684 | 0.969348 | 0.767417 |
London dispersion force | London dispersion forces (LDF, also known as dispersion forces, London forces, instantaneous dipole–induced dipole forces, fluctuating induced dipole bonds or loosely as van der Waals forces) are a type of intermolecular force acting between atoms and molecules that are normally electrically symmetric; that is, the ele... | 0.77062 | 0.995815 | 0.767395 |
Walking | Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of terrestrial locomotion among legged animals. Walking is typically slower than running and other gaits. Walking is defined as an "inverted pendulum" gait in which the body vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step. This applies regardless of the usa... | 0.771765 | 0.99433 | 0.767389 |
Geodesic | In geometry, a geodesic is a curve representing in some sense the shortest path (arc) between two points in a surface, or more generally in a Riemannian manifold. The term also has meaning in any differentiable manifold with a connection. It is a generalization of the notion of a "straight line".
The noun geodesic an... | 0.76949 | 0.997265 | 0.767386 |
Lorentz group | In physics and mathematics, the Lorentz group is the group of all Lorentz transformations of Minkowski spacetime, the classical and quantum setting for all (non-gravitational) physical phenomena. The Lorentz group is named for the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.
For example, the following laws, equations, and theorie... | 0.772644 | 0.993107 | 0.767317 |
Relative strength index | The relative strength index (RSI) is a technical indicator used in the analysis of financial markets. It is intended to chart the current and historical strength or weakness of a stock or market based on the closing prices of a recent trading period. The indicator should not be confused with relative strength.
The RSI... | 0.770928 | 0.995231 | 0.767251 |
Wave equation | The wave equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation for the description of waves or standing wave fields such as mechanical waves (e.g. water waves, sound waves and seismic waves) or electromagnetic waves (including light waves). It arises in fields like acoustics, electromagnetism, and fluid dynam... | 0.768389 | 0.998493 | 0.767231 |
Klein paradox | In relativistic quantum mechanics, the Klein paradox (also known as Klein tunneling) is a quantum phenomenon related to particles encountering high-energy potential barriers. It is named after physicist Oskar Klein who discovered in 1929. Originally, Klein obtained a paradoxical result by applying the Dirac equation to... | 0.789493 | 0.97177 | 0.767206 |
Physics education | Physics education or physics teaching refers to the education methods currently used to teach physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher. Physics education research refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high... | 0.782464 | 0.980497 | 0.767204 |
Wave function collapse | In quantum mechanics, wave function collapse, also called reduction of the state vector, occurs when a wave function—initially in a superposition of several eigenstates—reduces to a single eigenstate due to interaction with the external world. This interaction is called an observation and is the essence of a measuremen... | 0.769363 | 0.997191 | 0.767202 |
Molecular dynamics | Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamic "evolution" of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules are... | 0.771164 | 0.994849 | 0.767191 |
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways | Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are climate change scenarios of projected socioeconomic global changes up to 2100 as defined in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report on climate change in 2021. They are used to derive greenhouse gas emissions scenarios with different climate policies. The SSPs provide narratives descri... | 0.771489 | 0.994415 | 0.76718 |
Mass balance | In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact cons... | 0.774496 | 0.990498 | 0.767137 |
Rossby number | The Rossby number (Ro), named for Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby, is a dimensionless number used in describing fluid flow. The Rossby number is the ratio of inertial force to Coriolis force, terms and in the Navier–Stokes equations respectively. It is commonly used in geophysical phenomena in the oceans and atmosphere, whe... | 0.785123 | 0.977065 | 0.767116 |
Green–Kubo relations | The Green–Kubo relations (Melville S. Green 1954, Ryogo Kubo 1957) give the exact mathematical expression for a transport coefficient in terms of the integral of the equilibrium time correlation function of the time derivative of a corresponding microscopic variable (sometimes termed a "gross variable", as in ):
One... | 0.783034 | 0.979651 | 0.7671 |
Henri Poincaré | Jules Henri Poincaré (, ; ; 29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime. Due to ... | 0.768913 | 0.997626 | 0.767087 |
De Broglie–Bohm theory | The de Broglie–Bohm theory is an interpretation of quantum mechanics which postulates that, in addition to the wavefunction, an actual configuration of particles exists, even when unobserved. The evolution over time of the configuration of all particles is defined by a guiding equation. The evolution of the wave functi... | 0.771637 | 0.994091 | 0.767077 |
Rayleigh number | In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (, after Lord Rayleigh) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. It characterises the fluid's flow regime: a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow; a value in a higher range, turbulent fl... | 0.774247 | 0.990682 | 0.767032 |
Quantum field theory | In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics. QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The cu... | 0.767923 | 0.998835 | 0.767028 |
Specific orbital energy | In the gravitational two-body problem, the specific orbital energy (or vis-viva energy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant sum of their mutual potential energy and their kinetic energy, divided by the reduced mass. According to the orbital energy conservation equation (also referred to as vis-viva equation), it do... | 0.778329 | 0.985453 | 0.767006 |
Ilium/Olympos | Ilium/Olympos is a series of two science fiction novels by Dan Simmons. The events are set in motion by beings who appear to be ancient Greek gods. Like Simmons' earlier series, the Hyperion Cantos, it is a form of "literary science fiction"; it relies heavily on intertextuality, in this case with Homer and Shakespeare... | 0.777487 | 0.986471 | 0.766968 |
Maupertuis's principle | In classical mechanics, Maupertuis's principle (named after Pierre Louis Maupertuis, 1698 – 1759) states that the path followed by a physical system is the one of least length (with a suitable interpretation of path and length). It is a special case of the more generally stated principle of least action. Using the ca... | 0.791986 | 0.968391 | 0.766952 |
Oersted | The oersted (,; symbol Oe) is the coherent derived unit of the auxiliary magnetic field H in the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). It is equivalent to 1 dyne per maxwell.
Difference between CGS and SI systems
In the CGS system, the unit of the H-field is the oersted and the unit of the B-field is the gauss... | 0.77812 | 0.985643 | 0.766949 |
Acceleration (special relativity) | Accelerations in special relativity (SR) follow, as in Newtonian Mechanics, by differentiation of velocity with respect to time. Because of the Lorentz transformation and time dilation, the concepts of time and distance become more complex, which also leads to more complex definitions of "acceleration". SR as the theor... | 0.779389 | 0.984037 | 0.766947 |
Matter wave | Matter waves are a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics, being half of wave–particle duality. At all scales where measurements have been practical, matter exhibits wave-like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like a beam of light or a water wave.
The concept that matter behave... | 0.768971 | 0.997359 | 0.76694 |
Ergodic theory | Ergodic theory is a branch of mathematics that studies statistical properties of deterministic dynamical systems; it is the study of ergodicity. In this context, "statistical properties" refers to properties which are expressed through the behavior of time averages of various functions along trajectories of dynamical s... | 0.769805 | 0.996271 | 0.766935 |
Mechanical advantage | Mechanical advantage is a measure of the force amplification achieved by using a tool, mechanical device or machine system. The device trades off input forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification in the output force. The model for this is the law of the lever. Machine components designed to manage force... | 0.771873 | 0.993555 | 0.766898 |
Angular momentum of light | The angular momentum of light is a vector quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation present in the electromagnetic field of the light. While traveling approximately in a straight line, a beam of light can also be rotating (or "spinning, or "twisting) around its own axis. This rotation, while not visible... | 0.784274 | 0.977825 | 0.766883 |
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