title stringlengths 3 69 | text stringlengths 776 102k | relevans float64 0.76 0.82 | popularity float64 0.96 1 | ranking float64 0.76 0.81 |
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Creeping normality | Creeping normality (also called gradualism, or landscape amnesia) is a process by which a major change can be accepted as normal and acceptable if it happens gradually through small, often unnoticeable, increments of change. The change could otherwise be regarded as remarkable and objectionable if it took hold suddenly... | 0.779729 | 0.983524 | 0.766882 |
Conjugate variables (thermodynamics) | In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature and entropy, pressure and volume, or chemical potential and particle number. In fact, all thermodynamic potentials are expressed in terms of conjugate pairs. The product of two quantities that ar... | 0.782751 | 0.979719 | 0.766876 |
Guidance, navigation, and control | Guidance, navigation and control (abbreviated GNC, GN&C, or G&C) is a branch of engineering dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles, especially, automobiles, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. In many cases these functions can be performed by trained humans. However, because of the speed ... | 0.77787 | 0.985854 | 0.766867 |
Shock wave | In physics, a shock wave (also spelled shockwave), or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance that moves faster than the local speed of sound in the medium. Like an ordinary wave, a shock wave carries energy and can propagate through a medium, but is characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous, change in press... | 0.769005 | 0.997194 | 0.766847 |
Circular dichroism | Circular dichroism (CD) is dichroism involving circularly polarized light, i.e., the differential absorption of left- and right-handed light. Left-hand circular (LHC) and right-hand circular (RHC) polarized light represent two possible spin angular momentum states for a photon, and so circular dichroism is also referre... | 0.772061 | 0.993247 | 0.766847 |
Scale factor (cosmology) | The expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor . Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations.
In the early stages of the Big Bang, most of the energy was in the form of radiation, and that radia... | 0.774255 | 0.990413 | 0.766832 |
VUCA | VUCA is an acronym based on the leadership theories of Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus, to describe or to reflect on the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of general conditions and situations. The U.S. Army War College introduced the concept of VUCA in 1987, to describe a more complex multilateral world pe... | 0.770081 | 0.995773 | 0.766826 |
Computational mechanics | Computational mechanics is the discipline concerned with the use of computational methods to study phenomena governed by the principles of mechanics. Before the emergence of computational science (also called scientific computing) as a "third way" besides theoretical and experimental sciences, computational mechanics w... | 0.789218 | 0.971599 | 0.766803 |
Neutron radiation | Neutron radiation is a form of ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons. Typical phenomena are nuclear fission or nuclear fusion causing the release of free neutrons, which then react with nuclei of other atoms to form new nuclides—which, in turn, may trigger further neutron radiation. Free neutrons are unst... | 0.772644 | 0.9924 | 0.766772 |
Metabolism | Metabolism (, from metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. The three main functions of metabolism are: the conversion of the energy in food to energy available to run cellular processes; the conversion of food to building blocks of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some ca... | 0.76737 | 0.999218 | 0.76677 |
Isenthalpic process | An isenthalpic process or isoenthalpic process is a process that proceeds without any change in enthalpy, H; or specific enthalpy, h.
Overview
If a steady-state, steady-flow process is analysed using a control volume, everything outside the control volume is considered to be the surroundings.
Such a process will be is... | 0.785018 | 0.976745 | 0.766763 |
Penman–Monteith equation | The Penman-Monteith equation approximates net evapotranspiration (ET) from meteorological data as a replacement for direct measurement of evapotranspiration. The equation is widely used, and was derived by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization for modeling reference evapotranspiration ET0.
Significance ... | 0.782119 | 0.980333 | 0.766737 |
Phase diagram | A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.
Overview
Common components of a phase d... | 0.76988 | 0.995915 | 0.766735 |
Reactionless drive | A reactionless drive is a hypothetical device producing motion without the exhaust of a propellant. A propellantless drive is not necessarily reactionless when it constitutes an open system interacting with external fields; but a reactionless drive is a particular case of a propellantless drive that is a closed system,... | 0.77793 | 0.985604 | 0.766731 |
Unruh effect | The Unruh effect (also known as the Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is a theoretical prediction in quantum field theory that an observer who is uniformly accelerating through empty space will perceive a thermal bath. This means that even in the absence of any external heat sources, an accelerating observer will detect par... | 0.772591 | 0.992409 | 0.766726 |
Einstein–de Haas effect | The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials. The experimental observation and accurate measure... | 0.786381 | 0.974958 | 0.766688 |
Geometric Brownian motion | A geometric Brownian motion (GBM) (also known as exponential Brownian motion) is a continuous-time stochastic process in which the logarithm of the randomly varying quantity follows a Brownian motion (also called a Wiener process) with drift. It is an important example of stochastic processes satisfying a stochastic di... | 0.769895 | 0.995802 | 0.766663 |
Speed of electricity | The word electricity refers generally to the movement of electrons, or other charge carriers, through a conductor in the presence of a potential difference or an electric field. The speed of this flow has multiple meanings. In everyday electrical and electronic devices, the signals travel as electromagnetic waves typ... | 0.771342 | 0.993932 | 0.766661 |
Neorealism (international relations) | Neorealism or structural realism is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of power politics in international relations, sees competition and conflict as enduring features and sees limited potential for cooperation. The anarchic state of the international system means that states cannot be certain... | 0.769718 | 0.996023 | 0.766658 |
Havok (software) | Havok is a middleware software suite developed by the Irish company Havok. Havok provides physics engine, navigation, and cloth simulation components that can be integrated into video game engines.
In 2007, Intel acquired Havok Inc. In 2008, Havok was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for... | 0.771236 | 0.994043 | 0.766643 |
Classical electromagnetism and special relativity | The theory of special relativity plays an important role in the modern theory of classical electromagnetism. It gives formulas for how electromagnetic objects, in particular the electric and magnetic fields, are altered under a Lorentz transformation from one inertial frame of reference to another. It sheds light on th... | 0.776043 | 0.987872 | 0.766631 |
Degrees of freedom (mechanics) | In physics, the degrees of freedom (DOF) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration or state. It is important in the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering, structural engineering, aerospace engineering, robotics, and other fields.
The position of a si... | 0.771294 | 0.993938 | 0.766619 |
Power (physics) | Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. Power is a scalar quantity.
Specifying power in particular systems may require attention to other quantities; for example, the power involved in movi... | 0.767416 | 0.998958 | 0.766616 |
Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics) | In classical mechanics, Euler's rotation equations are a vectorial quasilinear first-order ordinary differential equation describing the rotation of a rigid body, using a rotating reference frame with angular velocity ω whose axes are fixed to the body. Their general vector form is
where M is the applied torques and I... | 0.77407 | 0.990352 | 0.766602 |
Sandia National Laboratories | Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), also known as Sandia, is one of three research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Headquartered in Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico, it has a second principal facility next to Law... | 0.768868 | 0.997044 | 0.766595 |
Computer graphics (computer science) | Computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the study of three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing.
Overview
Computer graphics studi... | 0.774411 | 0.989898 | 0.766588 |
Persistence (computer science) | In computer science, persistence refers to the characteristic of state of a system that outlives (persists more than) the process that created it. This is achieved in practice by storing the state as data in computer data storage. Programs have to transfer data to and from storage devices and have to provide mappings f... | 0.77706 | 0.986512 | 0.766579 |
Knudsen number | The Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale. This length scale could be, for example, the radius of a body in a fluid. The number is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen (1871–1949).
The Knudsen number he... | 0.773888 | 0.990552 | 0.766577 |
Torricelli's law | Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing from an orifice to the height of fluid above the opening. The law states that the speed of efflux of a fluid through a sharp-edged hole in the wall of the tank filled to a height above the hole is ... | 0.773697 | 0.990796 | 0.766576 |
The Theoretical Minimum | The Theoretical Minimum: What You Need to Know to Start Doing Physics is a popular science book by Leonard Susskind and George Hrabovsky. The book was initially published on January 29, 2013 by Basic Books.
The Theoretical Minimum is a book and a Stanford University-based continuing-education lecture series, which bec... | 0.778106 | 0.985173 | 0.766569 |
Quantum electrodynamics | In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena inv... | 0.768798 | 0.997098 | 0.766567 |
Phenomenon | A phenomenon (: phenomena), sometimes spelled phaenomenon, is an observable event. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon, which cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in... | 0.769264 | 0.996476 | 0.766553 |
Circular motion | In physics, circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular arc. It can be uniform, with a constant rate of rotation and constant tangential speed, or non-uniform with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a fixed axis of a three-dimensional body in... | 0.769034 | 0.996758 | 0.76654 |
Deflagration | Deflagration (Lat: de + flagrare, 'to burn down') is subsonic combustion in which a pre-mixed flame propagates through an explosive or a mixture of fuel and oxidizer. Deflagrations in high and low explosives or fuel–oxidizer mixtures may transition to a detonation depending upon confinement and other factors. Most fir... | 0.770717 | 0.99457 | 0.766532 |
Centripetal force | A centripetal force (from Latin centrum, "center" and petere, "to seek") is a force that makes a body follow a curved path. The direction of the centripetal force is always orthogonal to the motion of the body and towards the fixed point of the instantaneous center of curvature of the path. Isaac Newton described it as... | 0.767785 | 0.998308 | 0.766486 |
Unmoved mover | The unmoved mover or prime mover is a concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause (or first uncaused cause) or "mover" of all the motion in the universe. As is implicit in the name, the moves other things, but is not itself moved by any prior action. In Book 12 of his Metaphysics, Aristotle describes the unmoved ... | 0.767506 | 0.99859 | 0.766424 |
Isothermal process | An isothermal process is a type of thermodynamic process in which the temperature T of a system remains constant: ΔT = 0. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir, and a change in the system occurs slowly enough to allow the system to be continuously adjusted to the temperatur... | 0.769996 | 0.995349 | 0.766415 |
Chemotaxis | Chemotaxis (from chemo- + taxis) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g., glucose) ... | 0.772444 | 0.992195 | 0.766415 |
Relativistic angular momentum | In physics, relativistic angular momentum refers to the mathematical formalisms and physical concepts that define angular momentum in special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR). The relativistic quantity is subtly different from the three-dimensional quantity in classical mechanics.
Angular momentum is an imp... | 0.784343 | 0.97711 | 0.76639 |
Causality | Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. In general, a process can have ... | 0.767556 | 0.998472 | 0.766383 |
Applications of quantum mechanics | Quantum physics is a branch of modern physics in which energy and matter are described at their most fundamental level, that of energy quanta, elementary particles, and quantum fields. Quantum physics encompasses any discipline concerned with systems that exhibit notable quantum-mechanical effects, where waves have pro... | 0.778042 | 0.985014 | 0.766382 |
Detailed balance | The principle of detailed balance can be used in kinetic systems which are decomposed into elementary processes (collisions, or steps, or elementary reactions). It states that at equilibrium, each elementary process is in equilibrium with its reverse process.
History
The principle of detailed balance was explicitly i... | 0.775585 | 0.988114 | 0.766367 |
Mass | Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementary particles, theoretically with the same amount of matter, have nonetheless different m... | 0.767252 | 0.998821 | 0.766347 |
Hartree | The hartree (symbol: Eh), also known as the Hartree energy, is the unit of energy in the atomic units system, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree. Its CODATA recommended value is =
The hartree is approximately the negative electric potential energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state... | 0.777157 | 0.986078 | 0.766338 |
Climate change mitigation | Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change. Climate change mitigation actions include conserving energy and replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources. Secondary mitigation strategies include changes to land use and removing c... | 0.76963 | 0.995714 | 0.766331 |
Ekman transport | Ekman transport is part of Ekman motion theory, first investigated in 1902 by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Winds are the main source of energy for ocean circulation, and Ekman transport is a component of wind-driven ocean current. Ekman transport occurs when ocean surface waters are influenced by the friction force acting on th... | 0.778157 | 0.984799 | 0.766328 |
Angular momentum operator | In quantum mechanics, the angular momentum operator is one of several related operators analogous to classical angular momentum. The angular momentum operator plays a central role in the theory of atomic and molecular physics and other quantum problems involving rotational symmetry. Being an observable, its eigenfunct... | 0.770252 | 0.994881 | 0.766309 |
Stern–Gerlach experiment | In quantum physics, the Stern–Gerlach experiment demonstrated that the spatial orientation of angular momentum is quantized. Thus an atomic-scale system was shown to have intrinsically quantum properties. In the original experiment, silver atoms were sent through a spatially-varying magnetic field, which deflected them... | 0.768897 | 0.996624 | 0.766301 |
Directed-energy weapon | A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon that damages its target with highly focused energy without a solid projectile, including lasers, microwaves, particle beams, and sound beams. Potential applications of this technology include weapons that target personnel, missiles, vehicles, and optical devices.
In th... | 0.767187 | 0.998831 | 0.76629 |
Svedberg | In chemistry, a Svedberg unit or svedberg (symbol S, sometimes Sv) is a non-SI metric unit for sedimentation coefficients. The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle's size indirectly based on its sedimentation rate under acceleration (i.e. how fast a particle of given size and shape settles out of suspension). T... | 0.776773 | 0.986494 | 0.766282 |
Spin–statistics theorem | The spin–statistics theorem proves that the observed relationship between the intrinsic spin of a particle (angular momentum not due to the orbital motion) and the quantum particle statistics of collections of such particles is a consequence of the mathematics of quantum mechanics. In units of the reduced Planck consta... | 0.775065 | 0.98864 | 0.76626 |
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics | Atomic, molecular, and optical physics (AMO) is the study of matter–matter and light–matter interactions, at the scale of one or a few atoms and energy scales around several electron volts. The three areas are closely interrelated. AMO theory includes classical, semi-classical and quantum treatments. Typically, the ... | 0.780248 | 0.982046 | 0.766239 |
Telematics | Telematics is an interdisciplinary field encompassing telecommunications, vehicular technologies (road transport, road safety, etc.), electrical engineering (sensors, instrumentation, wireless communications, etc.), and computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.). Telematics can involve any of the following:
The te... | 0.771289 | 0.99345 | 0.766238 |
Geosphere | There are several conflicting usages of geosphere, variously defined. It may be taken as the collective name for the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere. The different collectives of the geosphere are able to exchange different mass and/or energy fluxes (the measurable amount of change). Th... | 0.773833 | 0.990137 | 0.766201 |
Alcubierre drive | The Alcubierre drive is a speculative warp drive idea according to which a spacecraft could achieve apparent faster-than-light travel by contracting space in front of it and expanding space behind it, under the assumption that a configurable energy-density field lower than that of vacuum (that is, negative mass) could ... | 0.767153 | 0.998755 | 0.766198 |
Hounsfield scale | The Hounsfield scale, named after Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, is a quantitative scale for describing radiodensity. It is frequently used in CT scans, where its value is also termed CT number.
Definition
The Hounsfield unit (HU) scale is a linear transformation of the original linear attenuation coefficient measurement int... | 0.77137 | 0.993276 | 0.766184 |
Fine-structure constant | In physics, the fine-structure constant, also known as the Sommerfeld constant, commonly denoted by (the Greek letter alpha), is a fundamental physical constant which quantifies the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between elementary charged particles.
It is a dimensionless quantity, independent of the sys... | 0.767682 | 0.998043 | 0.76618 |
Goldilocks principle | The Goldilocks principle is named by analogy to the children's story "Goldilocks and the Three Bears", in which a young girl named Goldilocks tastes three different bowls of porridge and finds she prefers porridge that is neither too hot nor too cold but has just the right temperature. The concept of "just the right am... | 0.769604 | 0.995485 | 0.76613 |
Vicsek model | The Vicsek model is a mathematical model used to describe active matter. One motivation of the study of active matter by physicists is the rich phenomenology associated to this field. Collective motion and swarming are among the most studied phenomena. Within the huge number of models that have been developed to catch ... | 0.787784 | 0.972508 | 0.766126 |
Hypervelocity | Hypervelocity is very high velocity, approximately over 3,000 meters per second (11,000 km/h, 6,700 mph, 10,000 ft/s, or Mach 8.8). In particular, hypervelocity is velocity so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to inertial stresses. Thus, metals and fluids behave alike under hypervel... | 0.777626 | 0.985202 | 0.766119 |
Isaac Newton | Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His pioneering... | 0.766147 | 0.999956 | 0.766113 |
Holism | Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts.
The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle, is often given as a glib summary of this proposal. The concept of holism can inform the met... | 0.768693 | 0.996625 | 0.766099 |
Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime | In physics, Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime govern the dynamics of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime (where the metric may not be the Minkowski metric) or where one uses an arbitrary (not necessarily Cartesian) coordinate system. These equations can be viewed as a generalization of the vacuum Maxwel... | 0.777081 | 0.985854 | 0.766088 |
Aspect ratio (aeronautics) | In aeronautics, the aspect ratio of a wing is the ratio of its span to its mean chord. It is equal to the square of the wingspan divided by the wing area. Thus, a long, narrow wing has a high aspect ratio, whereas a short, wide wing has a low aspect ratio.
Aspect ratio and other features of the planform are often used... | 0.770582 | 0.994168 | 0.766088 |
Magnus effect | The Magnus effect is a phenomenon that occurs when a spinning object is moving through a fluid. A lift force acts on the spinning object and its path may be deflected in a manner not present when it is not spinning. The strength and direction of the Magnus effect is dependent on the speed and direction the of rotation... | 0.768066 | 0.997424 | 0.766087 |
Exercise physiology | Exercise physiology is the physiology of physical exercise. It is one of the allied health professions, and involves the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise. Exercise physiologists are the highest qualified exercise professionals and utilise education, lifestyle intervention and specific fo... | 0.770849 | 0.993818 | 0.766084 |
Friction | Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Types of friction include dry, fluid, lubricated, skin, and internal -- an incomplete list. The study of the processes involved is called tribology, and has a history of more than 2000 ... | 0.767097 | 0.998667 | 0.766075 |
Thermophoresis | Thermophoresis (also thermomigration, thermodiffusion, the Soret effect, or the Ludwig–Soret effect) is a phenomenon observed in mixtures of mobile particles where the different particle types exhibit different responses to the force of a temperature gradient. This phenomenon tends to move light molecules to hot region... | 0.783392 | 0.977894 | 0.766075 |
Planck constant | The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle mome... | 0.766285 | 0.999718 | 0.766069 |
Entropy as an arrow of time | Entropy is one of the few quantities in the physical sciences that require a particular direction for time, sometimes called an arrow of time. As one goes "forward" in time, the second law of thermodynamics says, the entropy of an isolated system can increase, but not decrease. Thus, entropy measurement is a way of dis... | 0.774353 | 0.989288 | 0.766058 |
Penrose process | The Penrose process (also called Penrose mechanism) is theorised by Sir Roger Penrose as a means whereby energy can be extracted from a rotating black hole. The process takes advantage of the ergosphere – a region of spacetime around the black hole dragged by its rotation faster than the speed of light, meaning that fr... | 0.770298 | 0.994479 | 0.766045 |
THESEUS | Transient High-Energy Sky and Early Universe Surveyor (THESEUS) is a space telescope mission proposal by the European Space Agency that would study gamma-ray bursts and X-rays for investigating the early universe. If developed, the mission would investigate star formation rates and metallicity evolution, as well as st... | 0.766107 | 0.999895 | 0.766027 |
Energy harvesting | Energy harvesting (EH) – also known as power harvesting, energy scavenging, or ambient power – is the process by which energy is derived from external sources (e.g., solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, also known as ambient energy), then stored for use by small, wireless au... | 0.773336 | 0.990543 | 0.766023 |
Ballistic training | Ballistic training, also known as compensatory acceleration training, uses exercises which accelerate a force through the entire range of motion. It is a form of power training which can involve throwing weights, jumping with weights, or swinging weights in order to increase explosive power. The intention in ballistic ... | 0.784471 | 0.976478 | 0.766018 |
Position and momentum spaces | In physics and geometry, there are two closely related vector spaces, usually three-dimensional but in general of any finite dimension.
Position space (also real space or coordinate space) is the set of all position vectors r in Euclidean space, and has dimensions of length; a position vector defines a point in space. ... | 0.77658 | 0.986378 | 0.766001 |
Buckingham π theorem | In engineering, applied mathematics, and physics, the Buckingham theorem is a key theorem in dimensional analysis. It is a formalisation of Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis. Loosely, the theorem states that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number n of physical variables, then ... | 0.770952 | 0.993537 | 0.765969 |
Third law of thermodynamics | The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system at thermodynamic equilibrium approaches a constant value when its temperature approaches absolute zero. This constant value cannot depend on any other parameters characterizing the system, such as pressure or applied magnetic field. At absolute ... | 0.768258 | 0.997004 | 0.765956 |
Circular polarization | In electrodynamics, circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point, the electromagnetic field of the wave has a constant magnitude and is rotating at a constant rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
In electrodynamics, the strength and direction o... | 0.769313 | 0.995618 | 0.765942 |
Automatic differentiation | In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation (auto-differentiation, autodiff, or AD), also called algorithmic differentiation, computational differentiation, is a set of techniques to evaluate the partial derivative of a function specified by a computer program.
Automatic differentiation exploits the... | 0.768493 | 0.996675 | 0.765938 |
Non-inertial reference frame | A non-inertial reference frame (also known as an accelerated reference frame) is a frame of reference that undergoes acceleration with respect to an inertial frame. An accelerometer at rest in a non-inertial frame will, in general, detect a non-zero acceleration. While the laws of motion are the same in all inertial fr... | 0.774148 | 0.989378 | 0.765925 |
Kinesis (biology) | Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature).
Unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided is non-directional. The animal does not move toward or away from the stimulus but moves at e... | 0.789342 | 0.970299 | 0.765897 |
Principal component analysis | Principal component analysis (PCA) is a linear dimensionality reduction technique with applications in exploratory data analysis, visualization and data preprocessing.
The data is linearly transformed onto a new coordinate system such that the directions (principal components) capturing the largest variation in the da... | 0.766285 | 0.999493 | 0.765896 |
Optical flow | Optical flow or optic flow is the pattern of apparent motion of objects, surfaces, and edges in a visual scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and a scene. Optical flow can also be defined as the distribution of apparent velocities of movement of brightness pattern in an image.
The concept of optical... | 0.771174 | 0.993153 | 0.765894 |
Governor (device) | A governor, or speed limiter or controller, is a device used to measure and regulate the speed of a machine, such as an engine.
A classic example is the centrifugal governor, also known as the Watt or fly-ball governor on a reciprocating steam engine, which uses the effect of inertial force on rotating weights driven... | 0.771409 | 0.992843 | 0.765888 |
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations | The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations) are time-averaged
equations of motion for fluid flow. The idea behind the equations is Reynolds decomposition, whereby an instantaneous quantity is decomposed into its time-averaged and fluctuating quantities, an idea first proposed by Osborne Reynolds. The... | 0.77268 | 0.991207 | 0.765886 |
Curl (mathematics) | In vector calculus, the curl, also known as rotor, is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The curl at a point in the field is represented by a vector whose length and direction denote the magnitude and axis of the maximum circulation. Th... | 0.767326 | 0.9981 | 0.765868 |
Isentropic nozzle flow | In fluid mechanics, isentropic nozzle flow describes the movement of a fluid through a narrow opening without an increase in entropy (an isentropic process).
Overview
Whenever a gas is forced through a tube, the gaseous molecules are deflected by the tube's walls. If the speed of the gas is much less than the speed o... | 0.781855 | 0.979544 | 0.765861 |
Van de Graaff generator | A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic generator which uses a moving belt to accumulate electric charge on a hollow metal globe on the top of an insulated column, creating very high electric potentials. It produces very high voltage direct current (DC) electricity at low current levels. It was invented by Americ... | 0.767915 | 0.997298 | 0.76584 |
Pierre Curie | Pierre Curie ( ; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska–Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have render... | 0.766917 | 0.998592 | 0.765837 |
Undulatory locomotion | Undulatory locomotion is the type of motion characterized by wave-like movement patterns that act to propel an animal forward. Examples of this type of gait include crawling in snakes, or swimming in the lamprey. Although this is typically the type of gait utilized by limbless animals, some creatures with limbs, such... | 0.783044 | 0.978005 | 0.765821 |
Lambda-CDM model | The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components:
a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy
the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM
ordinary matter
It is referred to as the standard model of Bi... | 0.767905 | 0.997282 | 0.765818 |
Six degrees of freedom | Six degrees of freedom (6DOF), or sometimes six degrees of movement, refers to the six mechanical degrees of freedom of movement of a rigid body in three-dimensional space. Specifically, the body is free to change position as forward/backward (surge), up/down (heave), left/right (sway) translation in three perpendicula... | 0.770876 | 0.993398 | 0.765787 |
Gravitational constant | The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, the Newtonian constant of gravitation, or ... | 0.766319 | 0.999305 | 0.765786 |
EOn | eOn was a volunteer computing project running on the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform, which uses theoretical chemistry techniques to solve problems in condensed matter physics and materials science. It was a project of the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at the ... | 0.778522 | 0.983638 | 0.765784 |
Scale invariance | In physics, mathematics and statistics, scale invariance is a feature of objects or laws that do not change if scales of length, energy, or other variables, are multiplied by a common factor, and thus represent a universality.
The technical term for this transformation is a dilatation (also known as dilation). Dilatat... | 0.77599 | 0.986835 | 0.765775 |
Modern physics | Modern physics is a branch of physics that developed in the early 20th century and onward or branches greatly influenced by early 20th century physics. Notable branches of modern physics include quantum mechanics, special relativity, and general relativity.
Classical physics is typically concerned with everyday condit... | 0.770927 | 0.993307 | 0.765767 |
Naval architecture | Naval architecture, or naval engineering, is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic ... | 0.771323 | 0.992792 | 0.765763 |
Thermoeconomics | Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory. Thermoeconomics can be thought of as the statistical physics of economic value and is a subfield of econophysics.
It is the study of the ways and means by w... | 0.788731 | 0.970873 | 0.765757 |
Thermochemistry | Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of ... | 0.776782 | 0.985799 | 0.76575 |
Vector fields in cylindrical and spherical coordinates | Note: This page uses common physics notation for spherical coordinates, in which is the angle between the z axis and the radius vector connecting the origin to the point in question, while is the angle between the projection of the radius vector onto the x-y plane and the x axis. Several other definitions are in use,... | 0.771003 | 0.993171 | 0.765738 |
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