title stringlengths 3 69 | text stringlengths 776 102k | relevans float64 0.76 0.82 | popularity float64 0.96 1 | ranking float64 0.76 0.81 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Spinor | In geometry and physics, spinors (pronounced "spinner" IPA ) are elements of a complex number-based vector space that can be associated with Euclidean space. A spinor transforms linearly when the Euclidean space is subjected to a slight (infinitesimal) rotation, but unlike geometric vectors and tensors, a spinor transf... | 0.767218 | 0.996427 | 0.764477 |
Central force | In classical mechanics, a central force on an object is a force that is directed towards or away from a point called center of force.
where is the force, F is a vector valued force function, F is a scalar valued force function, r is the position vector, ||r|| is its length, and is the corresponding unit vector.
Not... | 0.781016 | 0.978822 | 0.764476 |
Energy flux | Energy flux is the rate of transfer of energy through a surface. The quantity is defined in two different ways, depending on the context:
Total rate of energy transfer (not per unit area); SI units: W = J⋅s−1.
Specific rate of energy transfer (total normalized per unit area); SI units: W⋅m−2 = J⋅m−2⋅s−1:
This is a ... | 0.779477 | 0.980744 | 0.764467 |
Engineering mathematics | Mathematical engineering (or engineering mathematics) is a branch of applied mathematics, concerning mathematical methods and techniques that are typically used in engineering and industry. Along with fields like engineering physics and engineering geology, both of which may belong in the wider category engineering sci... | 0.770951 | 0.991582 | 0.764461 |
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions | The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn. Its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. Kuhn challenged the then prevailing view of progress in science in which scientific progress was viewed as "develo... | 0.767075 | 0.996582 | 0.764454 |
Raven's Progressive Matrices | Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a non-verbal test typically used to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence. It is one of the most common tests administered to both groups and individua... | 0.766236 | 0.99767 | 0.764451 |
REST | REST (Representational State Transfer) is a software architectural style that was created to guide the design and development of the architecture for the World Wide Web. REST defines a set of constraints for how the architecture of a distributed, Internet-scale hypermedia system, such as the Web, should behave. The RES... | 0.765025 | 0.999248 | 0.764449 |
Wind turbine design | Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and configuration of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind. An installation consists of the systems needed to capture the wind's energy, point the turbine into the wind, convert mechanical rotation into electrical power, and other systems to start, stop, ... | 0.771344 | 0.991017 | 0.764415 |
Otto cycle | An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.
The Otto cycle is a description of what happens to a gas as it is subjected to changes of pressure, temperature, volume,... | 0.767841 | 0.995515 | 0.764397 |
Linear energy transfer | In dosimetry, linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. It describes the action of radiation into matter.
It is identical to the retarding force acting on a charged ionizing particle travelling through the matter. By definition... | 0.777849 | 0.982691 | 0.764385 |
Aestivation | Aestivation ( (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid condi... | 0.76941 | 0.993467 | 0.764384 |
Four-current | In special and general relativity, the four-current (technically the four-current density) is the four-dimensional analogue of the current density, with units of charge per unit time per unit area. Also known as vector current, it is used in the geometric context of four-dimensional spacetime, rather than separating ti... | 0.782446 | 0.976914 | 0.764382 |
Propulsion | Propulsion is the generation of force by any combination of pushing or pulling to modify the translational motion of an object, which is typically a rigid body (or an articulated rigid body) but may also concern a fluid. The term is derived from two Latin words: pro, meaning before or forward; and pellere, meaning to d... | 0.77116 | 0.99119 | 0.764366 |
Beam-powered propulsion | Beam-powered propulsion, also known as directed energy propulsion, is a class of aircraft or spacecraft propulsion that uses energy beamed to the spacecraft from a remote power plant to provide energy. The beam is typically either a microwave or a laser beam, and it is either pulsed or continuous. A continuous beam len... | 0.783332 | 0.975784 | 0.764363 |
Guiding center | In physics, the motion of an electrically charged particle such as an electron or ion in a plasma in a magnetic field can be treated as the superposition of a relatively fast circular motion around a point called the guiding center and a relatively slow drift of this point. The drift speeds may differ for various speci... | 0.7805 | 0.979318 | 0.764357 |
Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates | This is a list of some vector calculus formulae for working with common curvilinear coordinate systems.
Notes
This article uses the standard notation ISO 80000-2, which supersedes ISO 31-11, for spherical coordinates (other sources may reverse the definitions of θ and φ):
The polar angle is denoted by : it is the... | 0.7652 | 0.998885 | 0.764347 |
Intermolecular force | An intermolecular force (IMF; also secondary force) is the force that mediates interaction between molecules, including the electromagnetic forces of attraction
or repulsion which act between atoms and other types of neighbouring particles, e.g. atoms or ions. Intermolecular forces are weak relative to intramolecular f... | 0.767274 | 0.996108 | 0.764288 |
Geometrized unit system | A geometrized unit system or geometrodynamic unit system is a system of natural units in which the base physical units are chosen so that the speed of light in vacuum, c, and the gravitational constant, G, are set equal to unity.
The geometrized unit system is not a completely defined system. Some systems are geometri... | 0.784865 | 0.973779 | 0.764285 |
Affinity laws | The affinity laws (also known as the "Fan Laws" or "Pump Laws") for pumps/fans are used in hydraulics, hydronics and/or HVAC to express the relationship between variables involved in pump or fan performance (such as head, volumetric flow rate, shaft speed) and power. They apply to pumps, fans, and hydraulic turbines. I... | 0.775211 | 0.985897 | 0.764279 |
Bouncing ball | The physics of a bouncing ball concerns the physical behaviour of bouncing balls, particularly its motion before, during, and after impact against the surface of another body. Several aspects of a bouncing ball's behaviour serve as an introduction to mechanics in high school or undergraduate level physics courses. Howe... | 0.770868 | 0.991451 | 0.764278 |
Quantum compass | The terminology quantum compass often relates to an instrument which measures relative position using the technique of atom interferometry. It includes an ensemble of accelerometers and gyroscope based on quantum technology to form an Inertial Navigation Unit.
Description
Work on quantum technology based inertial mea... | 0.777651 | 0.982801 | 0.764276 |
Electric generator | In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motion-based power (potential and kinetic energy) or fuel-based power (chemical energy) into electric power for use in an external circuit. Sources of mechanical energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines, win... | 0.765593 | 0.998258 | 0.76426 |
Relativity (M. C. Escher) | Relativity is a lithograph print by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, first printed in December 1953. The first version of this work was a woodcut made earlier that same year.
It depicts a world in which the normal laws of gravity do not apply. The architectural structure seems to be the centre of an idyllic community, w... | 0.766646 | 0.996889 | 0.76426 |
Four-velocity | In physics, in particular in special relativity and general relativity, a four-velocity is a four-vector in four-dimensional spacetime that represents the relativistic counterpart of velocity, which is a three-dimensional vector in space.
Physical events correspond to mathematical points in time and space, the set of ... | 0.773535 | 0.988007 | 0.764258 |
Polytropic process | A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation:
where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is the polytropic index, and C is a constant. The polytropic process equation describes expansion and compression processes which include heat transfer.
Particular cases
Some specific values of n correspon... | 0.768473 | 0.994491 | 0.76424 |
Porter's five forces analysis | Porter's Five Forces Framework is a method of analysing the competitive environment of a business. It draws from industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and, therefore, the attractiveness (or lack thereof) of an industry in terms of its profitability. An "un... | 0.765774 | 0.997993 | 0.764238 |
Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality | Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality (HPMOR) is a work of Harry Potter fan fiction by Eliezer Yudkowsky published on FanFiction.Net as a serial from February 28, 2010, to March 14, 2015, totaling 122 chapters and over 660,000 words. It adapts the story of Harry Potter to explain complex concepts in cognitive sci... | 0.767415 | 0.995856 | 0.764235 |
Anharmonicity | In classical mechanics, anharmonicity is the deviation of a system from being a harmonic oscillator. An oscillator that is not oscillating in harmonic motion is known as an anharmonic oscillator where the system can be approximated to a harmonic oscillator and the anharmonicity can be calculated using perturbation theo... | 0.779246 | 0.980734 | 0.764233 |
Double pendulum | In physics and mathematics, in the area of dynamical systems, a double pendulum also known as a chaotic pendulum is a pendulum with another pendulum attached to its end, forming a simple physical system that exhibits rich dynamic behavior with a strong sensitivity to initial conditions. The motion of a double pendulum ... | 0.767974 | 0.995125 | 0.764231 |
Sagnac effect | The Sagnac effect, also called Sagnac interference, named after French physicist Georges Sagnac, is a phenomenon encountered in interferometry that is elicited by rotation. The Sagnac effect manifests itself in a setup called a ring interferometer or Sagnac interferometer. A beam of light is split and the two beams are... | 0.769889 | 0.992635 | 0.764218 |
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory | Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a federally funded research and development center in the hills of Berkeley, California, United States. Established in 1931 by the University of California (UC), the laboratory is sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and administered by the UC... | 0.767141 | 0.996181 | 0.764211 |
Rigor mortis | Rigor mortis, or postmortem rigidity, is the fourth stage of death. It is one of the recognizable signs of death, characterized by stiffening of the limbs of the corpse caused by chemical changes in the muscles postmortem (mainly calcium). In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as four hours after death. Contrary to... | 0.764635 | 0.99944 | 0.764206 |
G-force | The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force (force per unit mass), expressed in units of standard gravity (symbol g or g0, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for grams).
It is used for sustained accelerations, that cause a perception of weight. For example, an object at rest on Earth's sur... | 0.764944 | 0.999031 | 0.764203 |
Piezoelectricity | Piezoelectricity (, ) is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is ... | 0.765049 | 0.998886 | 0.764197 |
International Standard Atmosphere | The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of v... | 0.767755 | 0.995343 | 0.76418 |
Red Queen's race | The Red Queen's race is an incident that appears in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass and involves both the Red Queen, a representation of a Queen in chess, and Alice constantly running but remaining in the same spot.
"Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, "you'd generally get to somewhere... | 0.77116 | 0.990901 | 0.764143 |
Centrifugal pump | Centrifugal pumps are used to transport fluids by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or electric motor. They are a sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery. The fluid enters the pump impell... | 0.768512 | 0.994298 | 0.76413 |
Bottom–up and top–down design | Bottom–up and top–down are both strategies of information processing and ordering knowledge, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership.
A top–down appr... | 0.767255 | 0.995917 | 0.764123 |
Polarization (waves) | (also ) is a property of transverse waves which specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations. In a transverse wave, the direction of the oscillation is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave. A simple example of a polarized transverse wave is vibrations traveling along a taut string (see im... | 0.765251 | 0.998523 | 0.76412 |
Fusion power | Fusion power is a proposed form of power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions. In a fusion process, two lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. Devices designed to harness this energy are known as fusion reactors. Research into f... | 0.765057 | 0.998775 | 0.76412 |
Atmospheric circulation | Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. The sm... | 0.768127 | 0.994767 | 0.764108 |
Contact force | A contact force is any force that occurs as a result of two objects making contact with each other. Contact forces are very common and are responsible for most visible interactions between macroscopic collections of matter. Pushing a car or kicking a ball are some of the everyday examples where contact forces are at wo... | 0.767837 | 0.995094 | 0.764071 |
Entropic force | In physics, an entropic force acting in a system is an emergent phenomenon resulting from the entire system's statistical tendency to increase its entropy, rather than from a particular underlying force on the atomic scale.
Mathematical formulation
In the canonical ensemble, the entropic force associated to a macro... | 0.780899 | 0.978434 | 0.764059 |
Exothermic process | In thermodynamics, an exothermic process is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The ter... | 0.772554 | 0.988935 | 0.764006 |
Flywheel | A flywheel is a mechanical device that uses the conservation of angular momentum to store rotational energy, a form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its moment of inertia and the square of its rotational speed. In particular, assuming the flywheel's moment of inertia is constant (i.e., a flywheel with f... | 0.765729 | 0.997719 | 0.763983 |
Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field | There are various mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field that are used in the study of electromagnetism, one of the four fundamental interactions of nature. In this article, several approaches are discussed, although the equations are in terms of electric and magnetic fields, potentials, and charges wit... | 0.774079 | 0.986956 | 0.763982 |
Project Daedalus | Project Daedalus (named after Daedalus, the Greek mythological designer who crafted wings for human flight) was a study conducted between 1973 and 1978 by the British Interplanetary Society to design a plausible uncrewed interstellar probe. Intended mainly as a scientific probe, the design criteria specified that the s... | 0.770913 | 0.991009 | 0.763981 |
Inertial electrostatic confinement | Inertial electrostatic confinement, or IEC, is a class of fusion power devices that use electric fields to confine the plasma rather than the more common approach using magnetic fields found in magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) designs. Most IEC devices directly accelerate their fuel to fusion conditions, thereby avoid... | 0.78089 | 0.978344 | 0.763979 |
Fad | A fad, trend, or craze is any form of collective behavior that develops within a culture, a generation or social group in which a group of people enthusiastically follow an impulse for a short time period.
Fads are objects or behaviors that achieve short-lived popularity but fade away. Fads are often seen as sudden, q... | 0.766926 | 0.996156 | 0.763979 |
Reverse engineering | Reverse engineering (also known as backwards engineering or back engineering) is a process or method through which one attempts to understand through deductive reasoning how a previously made device, process, system, or piece of software accomplishes a task with very little (if any) insight into exactly how it does so.... | 0.76578 | 0.997633 | 0.763968 |
Time-translation symmetry | Time-translation symmetry or temporal translation symmetry (TTS) is a mathematical transformation in physics that moves the times of events through a common interval. Time-translation symmetry is the law that the laws of physics are unchanged (i.e. invariant) under such a transformation. Time-translation symmetry is a... | 0.786926 | 0.970794 | 0.763944 |
Coefficient of restitution | In physics, the coefficient of restitution (COR, also denoted by e), can be thought of as a measure of the elasticity of a collision between two bodies. It is dimensionless parameter defined as the ratio of the relative velocity of separation after a two-body collision to the relative velocity of approach before collis... | 0.767391 | 0.995488 | 0.763929 |
Integrated assessment modelling | Integrated assessment modelling (IAM) or integrated modelling (IM) is a term used for a type of scientific modelling that tries to link main features of society and economy with the biosphere and atmosphere into one modelling framework. The goal of integrated assessment modelling is to accommodate informed policy-makin... | 0.783222 | 0.975352 | 0.763917 |
Centimetre–gram–second system of units | The centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system based on the centimetre as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time. All CGS mechanical units are unambiguously derived from these three base units, but there are several different ways ... | 0.766741 | 0.996287 | 0.763894 |
Counter-electromotive force | Counter-electromotive force (counter EMF, CEMF, back EMF), is the electromotive force (EMF) manifesting as a voltage that opposes the change in current which induced it. CEMF is the EMF caused by electromagnetic induction.
Details
For example, the voltage appearing across an inductor or coil is due to a change in curr... | 0.771242 | 0.990465 | 0.763888 |
Stellar engine | Stellar engines are a class of hypothetical megastructures which use the resources of a star to generate available work (also called exergy). For instance, they can use the energy of the star to produce mechanical, electrical or chemical work or they can use the impulse of the light emitted by the star to produce thrus... | 0.770758 | 0.991082 | 0.763884 |
Thermogravimetric analysis | Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as ch... | 0.768626 | 0.99382 | 0.763876 |
Augmented Dickey–Fuller test | In statistics, an augmented Dickey–Fuller test (ADF) tests the null hypothesis that a unit root is present in a time series sample. The alternative hypothesis depends on which version of the test is used, but is usually stationarity or trend-stationarity. It is an augmented version of the Dickey–Fuller test for a large... | 0.768062 | 0.994535 | 0.763865 |
Selected area diffraction | Selected area (electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is a specific case of electron diffraction used primarily in material science and solid state physics as one of the most common experiment... | 0.778692 | 0.980957 | 0.763863 |
Yarkovsky effect | The Yarkovsky effect is a force acting on a rotating body in space caused by the anisotropic emission of thermal photons, which carry momentum. It is usually considered in relation to meteoroids or small asteroids (about 10 cm to 10 km in diameter), as its influence is most significant for these bodies.
History of dis... | 0.775522 | 0.984941 | 0.763843 |
Archimedes' principle | Archimedes' principle (also spelled Archimedes's principle) states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces. Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics. It was formul... | 0.764607 | 0.998987 | 0.763832 |
Tautomer | Tautomers are structural isomers (constitutional isomers) of chemical compounds that readily interconvert. The chemical reaction interconverting the two is called tautomerization. This conversion commonly results from the relocation of a hydrogen atom within the compound. The phenomenon of tautomerization is called tau... | 0.768818 | 0.993474 | 0.763801 |
Alternatives to general relativity | Alternatives to general relativity are physical theories that attempt to describe the phenomenon of gravitation in competition with Einstein's theory of general relativity. There have been many different attempts at constructing an ideal theory of gravity.
These attempts can be split into four broad categories based o... | 0.773283 | 0.987727 | 0.763792 |
Dielectric loss | In electrical engineering, dielectric loss quantifies a dielectric material's inherent dissipation of electromagnetic energy (e.g. heat). It can be parameterized in terms of either the loss angle or the corresponding loss tangent . Both refer to the phasor in the complex plane whose real and imaginary parts are the ... | 0.771464 | 0.990038 | 0.763779 |
On Growth and Form | On Growth and Form is a book by the Scottish mathematical biologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948). The book is long – 793 pages in the first edition of 1917, 1116 pages in the second edition of 1942.
The book covers many topics including the effects of scale on the shape of animals and plants, large ones neces... | 0.781774 | 0.976974 | 0.763773 |
Entity component system | Entity–component–system (ECS) is a software architectural pattern mostly used in video game development for the representation of game world objects. An ECS comprises entities composed from components of data, with systems which operate on the components.
ECS follows the principle of composition over inheritance, mean... | 0.765875 | 0.997242 | 0.763764 |
Coulomb barrier | The Coulomb barrier, named after Coulomb's law, which is in turn named after physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is the energy barrier due to electrostatic interaction that two nuclei need to overcome so they can get close enough to undergo a nuclear reaction.
Potential energy barrier
This energy barrier is given ... | 0.778221 | 0.981419 | 0.763761 |
Lorentz ether theory | What is now often called Lorentz ether theory (LET) has its roots in Hendrik Lorentz's "theory of electrons", which marked the end of the development of the classical aether theories at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century.
Lorentz's initial theory was created between 1892 and 1895 and was base... | 0.781017 | 0.977867 | 0.763731 |
Torr | The torr (symbol: Torr) is a unit of pressure based on an absolute scale, defined as exactly of a standard atmosphere (101325 Pa). Thus one torr is exactly (≈ ).
Historically, one torr was intended to be the same as one "millimeter of mercury", but subsequent redefinitions of the two units made them slightly differ... | 0.768177 | 0.994205 | 0.763725 |
Signal | Signal refers to both the process and the result of transmission of data over some media accomplished by embedding some variation. Signals are important in multiple subject fields including signal processing, information theory and biology.
In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a... | 0.767589 | 0.99496 | 0.763721 |
Brunt–Väisälä frequency | In atmospheric dynamics, oceanography, asteroseismology and geophysics, the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, or buoyancy frequency, is a measure of the stability of a fluid to vertical displacements such as those caused by convection. More precisely it is the frequency at which a vertically displaced parcel will oscillate with... | 0.777825 | 0.981863 | 0.763718 |
Equifinality | Equifinality is the principle that in open systems a given end state can be reached by many potential means. The term and concept is due to the German Hans Driesch, the developmental biologist, later applied by the Austrian Ludwig von Bertalanffy, the founder of general systems theory, and by William T. Powers, the fou... | 0.783179 | 0.975139 | 0.763708 |
Duhamel's principle | In mathematics, and more specifically in partial differential equations, Duhamel's principle is a general method for obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations like the heat equation, wave equation, and vibrating plate equation. It is named after Jean-Marie Duhamel who first applied the principle t... | 0.775781 | 0.984436 | 0.763707 |
Rigid transformation | In mathematics, a rigid transformation (also called Euclidean transformation or Euclidean isometry) is a geometric transformation of a Euclidean space that preserves the Euclidean distance between every pair of points.
The rigid transformations include rotations, translations, reflections, or any sequence of these. R... | 0.770051 | 0.991758 | 0.763704 |
Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs | Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (SICP) is a computer science textbook by Massachusetts Institute of Technology professors Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman with Julie Sussman. It is known as the "Wizard Book" in hacker culture. It teaches fundamental principles of computer programming, including r... | 0.768287 | 0.994023 | 0.763695 |
Fourier transform | In physics, engineering and mathematics, the Fourier transform (FT) is an integral transform that takes a function as input and outputs another function that describes the extent to which various frequencies are present in the original function. The output of the transform is a complex-valued function of frequency. The... | 0.763878 | 0.999748 | 0.763686 |
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation | Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, also known by various acronyms such as HiL, HITL, and HWIL, is a technique that is used in the development and testing of complex real-time embedded systems. HIL simulation provides an effective testing platform by adding the complexity of the process-actuator system, known as a p... | 0.769727 | 0.992151 | 0.763686 |
Rapid plant movement | Rapid plant movement encompasses movement in plant structures occurring over a very short period, usually under one second. For example, the Venus flytrap closes its trap in about 100 milliseconds. The traps of Utricularia are much faster, closing in about 0.5 milliseconds. The dogwood bunchberry's flower opens its pet... | 0.767695 | 0.994777 | 0.763686 |
Drift velocity | In physics, drift velocity is the average velocity attained by charged particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field. In general, an electron in a conductor will propagate randomly at the Fermi velocity, resulting in an average velocity of zero. Applying an electric field adds to this random moti... | 0.767762 | 0.994685 | 0.763681 |
Lichtenberg figure | A Lichtenberg figure (German Lichtenberg-Figur), or Lichtenberg dust figure, is a branching electric discharge that sometimes appears on the surface or in the interior of insulating materials. Lichtenberg figures are often associated with the progressive deterioration of high voltage components and equipment. The stud... | 0.765822 | 0.997196 | 0.763674 |
Sunlight | Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is scattered and filtered through Earth's atmosphere as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experien... | 0.765896 | 0.99709 | 0.763667 |
Atomic units | The atomic units are a system of natural units of measurement that is especially convenient for calculations in atomic physics and related scientific fields, such as computational chemistry and atomic spectroscopy. They were originally suggested and named by the physicist Douglas Hartree.
Atomic units are often abbrevi... | 0.769252 | 0.992739 | 0.763666 |
Translational symmetry | In physics and mathematics, continuous translational symmetry is the invariance of a system of equations under any translation (without rotation). Discrete translational symmetry is invariant under discrete translation.
Analogously, an operator on functions is said to be translationally invariant with respect to a tr... | 0.774692 | 0.985765 | 0.763664 |
Wind speed | In meteorology, wind speed, or wind flow speed, is a fundamental atmospheric quantity caused by air moving from high to low pressure, usually due to changes in temperature. Wind speed is now commonly measured with an anemometer.
Wind speed affects weather forecasting, aviation and maritime operations, construction pro... | 0.767216 | 0.99537 | 0.763664 |
Maxwell stress tensor | The Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is a symmetric second-order tensor in three dimensions that is used in classical electromagnetism to represent the interaction between electromagnetic forces and mechanical momentum. In simple situations, such as a point charge moving freely in a homogeneous m... | 0.773628 | 0.987111 | 0.763657 |
Kinesiology | Kinesiology is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, pathological, neuropsychological principles and mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human health include biomechanics and orthopedics; strength and conditioning; sport psycholog... | 0.764286 | 0.999112 | 0.763608 |
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy | The Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) was a ministerial department of the United Kingdom Government, from July 2016 to February 2023.
The department was formed during a machinery of government change on 14 July 2016, following Theresa May's appointment as Prime Minister. It was created b... | 0.777293 | 0.982386 | 0.763601 |
Oxidative phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation (UK , US ) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria. Almo... | 0.766314 | 0.996456 | 0.763599 |
Equivalent potential temperature | Equivalent potential temperature, commonly referred to as theta-e , is a quantity that is conserved during changes to an air parcel's pressure (that is, during vertical motions in the atmosphere), even if water vapor condenses during that pressure change. It is therefore more conserved than the ordinary potential tempe... | 0.786873 | 0.970405 | 0.763586 |
Élan vital | Élan vital is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in his 1907 book Creative Evolution, in which he addresses the question of self-organisation and spontaneous morphogenesis of things in an increasingly complex manner. Élan vital was translated in the English edition as "vital impetus", but is usually tran... | 0.770379 | 0.99117 | 0.763577 |
Minimum total potential energy principle | The minimum total potential energy principle is a fundamental concept used in physics and engineering. It dictates that at low temperatures a structure or body shall deform or displace to a position that (locally) minimizes the total potential energy, with the lost potential energy being converted into kinetic energy (... | 0.792487 | 0.963507 | 0.763567 |
Tensegrity | Tensegrity, tensional integrity or floating compression is a structural principle based on a system of isolated components under compression inside a network of continuous tension, and arranged in such a way that the compressed members (usually bars or struts) do not touch each other while the prestressed tensioned mem... | 0.766232 | 0.996481 | 0.763536 |
Joule | The joule ( , or ; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a mass through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampe... | 0.763896 | 0.999522 | 0.76353 |
Lambert's cosine law | In optics, Lambert's cosine law says that the observed radiant intensity or luminous intensity from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the observer's line of sight and the surface normal; . The law is also known as the cosine emi... | 0.771136 | 0.990119 | 0.763516 |
Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist | Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist is a 2017 non-fiction book by Oxford economist Kate Raworth. The book elaborates on her concept of doughnut economics, first developed in her 2012 paper, A Safe and Just Space for Humanity.
Background
Oxford economist Kate Raworth presented her 13 ... | 0.776708 | 0.983013 | 0.763514 |
Seismic wave | A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body. It can result from an earthquake (or generally, a quake), volcanic eruption, magma movement, a large landslide and a large man-made explosion that produces low-frequency acoustic energy. Seismic waves are st... | 0.765135 | 0.997875 | 0.763509 |
Cliodynamics | Cliodynamics is a transdisciplinary area of research that integrates cultural evolution, economic history/cliometrics, macrosociology, the mathematical modeling of historical processes during the longue durée, and the construction and analysis of historical databases.
Cliodynamics treats history as science. Its practi... | 0.773059 | 0.987628 | 0.763494 |
Metaphysics | Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some modern theorists view it as an inquiry into the fundamental categories of human understanding. It is sometimes characterized as first philosophy... | 0.763736 | 0.999681 | 0.763493 |
A Sand County Almanac | A Sand County Almanac: And Sketches Here and There is a 1949 non-fiction book by American ecologist, forester, and environmentalist Aldo Leopold. Describing the land around the author's home in Sauk County, Wisconsin, the collection of essays advocate Leopold's idea of a "land ethic", or a responsible relationship exi... | 0.769743 | 0.991873 | 0.763487 |
System dynamics | System dynamics (SD) is an approach to understanding the nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time using stocks, flows, internal feedback loops, table functions and time delays.
Overview
System dynamics is a methodology and mathematical modeling technique to frame, understand, and discuss complex issues and pro... | 0.766729 | 0.995761 | 0.763479 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.