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psychological stress describes what people feel when they are under mental , physical , or emotional pressure . people who experience high levels of psychological stress may develop health problems ( mental and/or physical ) . stress can be caused both by daily responsibilities and routine events , as well as by mo...	backgroundcancer has been known as a class of dangerous diseases which cause tremendous physical and emotional problems to both patients and their families . in spite of medical advances , cancer is still considered to be equal with death and pain . this study aims to analyze the emotional distress and the causes i...
leptomeningeal spread of primary tumors of the central nervous system ( cns ) through cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) is uncommon . it may appear in tumors like medulloblastomas [ world health organization ( who ) grade iv ] , ependymomas and high - grade gliomas , but exceedingly rare in low - grade gliomas . up to now ...	pilocytic astrocytomas correspond to low - grade gliomas and therefore metastasize exceedingly rare . however , pilocytic astrocytomas are able to and leptomeningeal dissemination may be seen . what are the treatment options of these cases ? we present a case report of a 3-year - old child with a pilocytic astroc...
the two glycoproteins of the influenza virus membrane , hemagglutinin ( ha ) and neuraminidase ( na ) , both recognize sialic acid ( 13 ) . initiation of virus infection involves multiple has binding to sialic acids on carbohydrate side chains of cell - surface glycoproteins and glycolipids ( 46 ) . following virus r...	considerable progress has been made toward understanding the structural basis of the interaction of the two major surface glycoproteins of influenza a virus with their common ligand / substrate : carbohydrate chains terminating in sialic acid . the specificity of virus attachment to target cells is mediated by hemagg...
mineral trioxide aggregate ( mta ) has been regarded as an ideal material for perforation repair , retrograde filling , pulp capping , and apexification since its introduction in 1993.1,2 the principle compounds present in mta are several mineral oxides that are responsible for the chemical and physical properties of t...	furcal perforation is usually an undesired complication that can occur during preparation of endodontic access cavities or exploring canal orifice of multirooted teeth . inadequacy of the repair materials has been a contributing factor to the poor outcome of repair procedures . on the basis of the recent physical and...
several leishmania species are responsible for leishmaniasis , a vector - borne parasitic disease ( 1 ) . previous investigations demonstrated that although the sand fly vector is the main cause of leishmania transmission into humans ( 1 ) , the parasite can also be transmitted via blood transfusions ( 2 ) , needlest...	background : several lines of evidence approve that innate and adaptive immunity play key roles in the defense against visceral leishmaniasis ( vl ) . the polymorphism within the cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen 4 ( ctla-4 ) gene alters its expression.objectives:the main aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphi...
anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) is a common complication that has been associated with poor outcomes such as cardiovascular complications and mortality . erythropoiesis - stimulating agents ( esas ) have been available for almost two decades and remain the central strategy for the treatment of...	the introduction of erythropoiesis - stimulating agents ( esas ) into everyday clinical practice has greatly improved the care of patients with chronic kidney disease . esas have reduced the need for blood transfusions , improved survival , decreased cardiovascular complications and enhanced patient quality of life ....
congenital tuberculosis is a rare clinical presentation of tuberculosis infection . even in areas endemic for the disease , congenital tuberculosis has rarely been reported . we report a 6-week - old female infant who presented with difficulty in breathing since birth . the diagnosis was made based on x - ray chest...	we report a case of congenital tuberculosis , a rare entity itself ; complicated by pulmonary interstitial emphysema , thus leading to air entrapment in lungs and prolonged oxygen dependence . the diagnosis of congenital tuberculosis is often missed and under - reported due to low index of suspicion and less sensitivit...
inhibitor of apoptosis ( iap ) proteins were identified by lois miller and colleagues in a screen for baculoviral genes that could prevent apoptosis of insect cells infected with a virus in which the caspase - inhibitory gene p35 was mutated . analysis of the sequence of this iap showed that it bore two domains , t...	three companies , genentech , aegera therapeutics / human genome sciences , and novartis , have commenced phase 1 clinical trials of inhibitor of apoptosis ( iap ) antagonist smac mimetic compounds for the treatment of cancer . these trials represent the culmination of a line of research that commenced with analysi...
memory is the natural counterpart of learning , a necessary condition for the behavior change for being permanent ( 1 ) . agent abuse has been demonstrated to exert detrimental impact upon learning and memory . over the past epoch , the number of drug consumers has unfortunately increased and concerns have been art...	contextagent abuse is a dire predicament worldwide . learning and memory deficits stemming from the withdrawal of such agents is an increasingly burning issue for researchers.evidence acquisitionthe present review revisits the literature generated by far pertaining to the research on memory and cognition deficiencies...
cognitive screening tests need to detect and manage the problems associated with deteriorated cognitive functions caused by stroke , traumatic brain injury or neurological psychiatric disorders , such as dementia or delirium1 , 2 . mmse ( mini - mental status examination ) and ncse ( neuro - behavior cognitiv...	[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to standardize the clock drawing test ( cdt ) for people with stroke using rasch analysis . [ subjects and methods ] seventeen items of the cdt identified through a literature review were performed by 159 stroke patients . the data was analyzed with winstep version 3.57 usi...
it is initiated by the capture and subsequent rolling of circulating leukocytes on the activated vascular endothelium , followed by cell activation , firm adhesion , and trans - endothelial migration . cell rolling is a crucial step in this cascade since it defines the contact time of leukocytes with chemokines bound...	the binding of selectins to carbohydrate epitopes expressed on leukocytes is the first step in a multi - step cell adhesion cascade that controls the rate of leukocyte recruitment at sites of inflammation . the glycans that function as selectin - ligands are post - translationally synthesized by the serial action of ...
retained foreign object ( rfo ) is a collective term used to describe any object left unintentionally in the body , at the end of a surgical or other interventional procedure . although not precise , gossypiboma is the commonest term used to refer to this condition , and other terms also exist . a female patient , ...	highlightsretained foreign objects ( rfo ) , is one of the most dreadful complications of surgery.despite a seemingly correct count , laparotomy pads were missed at the end of surgery in three patients.human errors continue to occur and rfo continues to plague the surgical practice.to avoid human error , one of several...
more than one - third of americans have a body mass index ( bmi ) greater than 30 , and current and future surgeons will be forced to address the issue.1 studies have shown that obese patients who undergo spine surgery have higher rates of perioperative and postoperative complications , such as urinary and pulmonary co...	study design observational study . objective studies have shown a correlation between obesity and lumbar spine pathology , but also that obese patients have higher rates of complication following lumbar spine surgery . it is unknown if obese patients have clinical gains following lumbar spine surgery comparable t...
stress urinary incontinence is a common problem which affects a high percentage of women . in addition to pelvic floor muscles exercise , surgery has played an important role in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence ( sui ) . it should be possible to offer a surgical procedure which is highly effective , s...	summarybackgroundcomparison of the quality of life ( qol ) trends after tvt , tvt o and burch colposuspension ( bcs ) procedures and comparison of long - term subjective and objective outcomes.material/methodsthe study included 215 women who underwent a tvt , tvt o or bcs procedure . we monitored qol after each proce...
fasciolosis is prevalent in various parts of the world , especially in areas where livestock raising is common ( 13 ) . it has caused significant damage to the livestock industry in different regions of the world ( 2 ) . who has included this disease in the list of the most important foodborne helminthic diseases ( 4...	background : the purpose of this study was to perform seroepidemiological investigation for determining the status of human fasciolosis in pirabad village , lorestan province , western iran.methods:blood samples were taken from residents of the village including 801 individuals . sera were separated and stored at 20c...
francisella tularensis is a small , non - motile , gram negative bacterium , and the causative agent of tularemia . tularensis causes severe disease in humans and other mammals following exposure to small numbers ( < 15 bacteria ) of bacteria . f. tularensis can be transmitted following exposure to aerosols , conta...	francisella tularensis is a highly virulent bacterial pathogen and the causative agent of tularemia . perhaps the most impressive feature of this bacterium is its ability to cause lethal disease following inoculation of as few as 15 organisms . this remarkable virulence is , in part , attributed to the ability of t...
a 26-day - old , 8-pound , full - term infant girl was transferred to saint peter s university hospital for evaluation of fever and hyperbilirubinemia . for 1 week , she was not feeding well and was gagging and irritable . on the day of admission , the mother ( a migrant crop worker ) reported having had an uneventfu...	only 2 neonates with transplacentally or perinatally acquired ( congenital ) babesiosis have been reported . we describe a probable third congenital case of babesiosis in a 26-day - old infant ; transmission was determined on the basis of a blood smear from the infant ( 15% parasitemia ) and serologic results from th...
a total of 12 semistructured questions were used to develop an interview guide in english language based on literature review studies . subsequently , the interview guide was validated by experts who had expertise in the qualitative and/or cosmeceutical fields . in addition , opinions from the laymen were obtained ...	backgrounds : variety of cosmetic products was used in our daily life , yet the amount and types of the cosmetic products used by the consumers were varied , which may be due to the different perspectives held by each of the consumers.objectives:to explore consumers perspectives toward cosmetic products.methods:an inte...
	our desire to understand the potential adverse human health effects of environmental chemical exposure has coincided with an increased understanding of the immune system and an appreciation of its complex regulatory network . this has spawned a broad interest in the area of immunotoxicology within the scientific comm...
retrograde jejuno - gastric intussusception is a rare complication of gastrojejunostomy and billroth ii reconstruction . about 200 cases of jejuno - gastric intussusception have been reported so far , in literature with the first case reported in 1914 by bozzi after gastrojejunostomy . a 42-year - old female presen...	retrograde jejuno - gastric intussusception is a rare complication following gastric surgery . we present a case of retrograde jejuno - gastric intussusception in a 42-year - old female who presented with upper abdominal pain , vomiting and swelling in left hypochondruim . intussusception was suspected on ultrasoun...
various protein protein interaction inhibitors ( ippis ) are in development to treat cancer , neurodegenerative disease , autoimmune disease , arthritis , viral infection , bacterial infection , etc . , and several have advanced into clinical trials and beyond . historically , ppi interfaces have been consid...	inhibition of protein protein interactions ( ppis ) is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy despite the difficulty in targeting such interfaces with drug - like small molecules . ppis generally feature large and flat binding surfaces as compared to typical drug targets . these features pose a chall...
defects created after circumferential pharyngectomy poses special challenges to reconstructive surgeons . the segment of upper digestive tract between the oropharynx and esophagus is lost , and the conduit has to be restored for the passage of food during future swallowing . various options of reconstruction are avai...	it has been a common practice among the oncologist to reduce the dosage of adjuvant radiotherapy for patients after free jejunal flap reconstruction . the current aims to study potential risk of radiation to the visceral flap and the subsequent oncological outcome . between 1996 and 2010 , consecutive patients with...
the term translational recoding describes the utilization of non - standard decoding during protein synthesis and encompasses such processes as ribosomal frameshifting , codon redefinition , translational bypassing and stopgo ( 17 ) . what is often considered as a decoding error e.g . a frameshifting error or mistr...	recoding is a term used to describe non - standard read - out of the genetic code , and encompasses such phenomena as programmed ribosomal frameshifting , stop codon readthrough , selenocysteine insertion and translational bypassing . although only a small proportion of genes utilize recoding in protein synthesis , a...
in february 2014 , nasal swab samples were collected from 53 healthy dromedary camels in doha , qatar . after sampling , swabs were put into tubes containing viral transport medium and stored at 80c until shipment to the netherlands on dry ice , as described ( 9 ) . total nucleic acids from nasal swabs were isolated ...	we obtained the full genome of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( mers - cov ) from a camel in qatar . this virus is highly similar to the human england / qatar 1 virus isolated in 2012 . the mers - cov from the camel efficiently replicated in human cells , providing further evidence for the zoonotic po...
enhanced surveillance involved the collection of a minimum dataset for each possible case , including demographic data , clinical symptoms , travel and contact history , and results of testing for respiratory pathogens ( 6 ) . nose and throat swab specimens and , when possible , lower respiratory tract specimens , we...	during the first year of enhanced mers coronavirus surveillance in england , 77 persons traveling from the middle east had acute respiratory illness and were tested for the virus . infection was confirmed in 2 travelers with acute respiratory distress syndrome and 2 of their contacts . patients with less severe man...
acute kidney injury ( aki ) in the setting of pulmonary embolism ( pe ) has not been reported . whereas the mechanism of aki in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is thought to be related to reduced renal perfusion as a result of diminished cardiac output [ 1 , 2 ] , the pathogenesis is less well understood in ...	the development of acute kidney injury in patients with pulmonary embolism ( pe ) has not been well documented . we report a patient who developed acute oliguria in the setting of massive pe . catheter embolectomy followed by ultrafiltration resulted in an immediate and dramatic improvement in urine output . unch...
orbital exenteration ( oe ) is a disfiguring procedure that typically involves removal of the entire contents of the orbit , including the periorbital , appendages , eyelids , and sometimes a varying amount of surrounding skin and bone.1 this procedure is indicated for the treatment of potential life - threatening mali...	backgroundorbital exenteration ( oe ) is a disfiguring procedure most commonly performed for locally advanced and potentially life - threatening periorbital malignancies.methodswe retrospectively reviewed records of 11 consecutive hiv patients who underwent oe for invasive orbital malignancy at our institution from jan...
glucagon - like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ) is an intestinal hormone regulating glycaemia via the increase of insulin and concomitant reduction of glucagon secretion , the salvage of beta - cell from apoptosis , the regulation of gastric emptying , and food intake [ 13 ] . glp-1 is synthesized by posttranslational processing...	glucagon - like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ) , an intestinal hormone contributing to glucose homeostasis , is synthesized by proglucagon and secreted from intestinal neuroendocrine cells in response to nutrients . glp-1 secretion is impaired in type 2 diabetes patients . here , we aimed at investigating whether diabetic toxic...
during last decades , most studies have described this adaptive remodeling also referred to as athletes heart . exercise causes structural , functional , and electrical changes of the heart which are physiological responses to the hemodynamic demands of increased cardiac output during exercise . the main changes a...	several studies have described the adaptive remodeling of the heart during exercise . in some more practiced endurance athletes , there is a disproportionate load on the right ventricle ( rv ) , at least during exercise , and this might be the basis for a chronic pro - arrhythmic rv remodeling . especially , in the...
speaking at the sixty - fifth annual session of the american medical association in 1914 , the renowned surgeon of the johns hopkins hospital , john finney , remarked on the desirable qualities of the surgical practitioner in a climate of professional change . among the requisites necessary for a surgeon , he de...	during the great war , the french surgeon alexis carrel , in collaboration with the english chemist henry dakin , devised an antiseptic treatment for infected wounds . this paper focuses on carrel s attempt to standardise knowledge of infected wounds and their treatment , and looks closely at the vision of surg...
dentin sensitivity after tooth preparation is still one of the major challenges in clinical practice.1 it is determined by short , sharp pain arising from exposed dentin , and is explained with hydrodynamic theory.2,3 according to this theory , blocking dentinal tubules should prevent fluid shifts and prevent dentin se...	purposethe purpose of this study is to evaluate if pre - treatment with desensitizers have a negative effect on microtensile bond strength before cementing a restoration using recently introduced self - adhesive resin cement to dentin.materials and methodsthirty - five human molars ' occlusal surfaces were ground to ex...
in an effort to understand the role of nafld / nash in the pathophysiology of youth - onset type 2 diabetes , we began in 2008 to form a multiethnic cohort of obese children and adolescents . as of the time of writing this article , the cohort consists of 229 obese children and adolescents ( 87 caucasians , 61 africa...	objectivenonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ( nash ) are highly prevalent in obese youth . herein , we aimed to study the association between hepatic fat accumulation as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and circulating levels of cytokeratin-18 ( ck-18 ) fragments , a robust nash bio...
the variable pulse of the magnetic stimulation device enables a diagnosis of various diseases that are difficult to diagnose or treat [ 1 , 2 ] . the human body absorbs the magnetic pulse of the magnetic stimulation device and forms a local eddy current [ 35 ] . the temperature increase varies according to the trea...	treatment and diagnosis can be made in difficult areas simply by changing the output pulse form of the magnetic stimulation device . however , there is a limitation in the range of treatments and diagnoses of a conventional sinusoidal stimulation treatment pulse because the intensity , width , and form of the pulse m...
colonies grew rapidly at 30 on mea , attained a diameter of 65~67 mm after 2 days . sporangiophores mostly sympodially branched , grew to width of 6~12 m and a variable length . sporangia measured 24.5~49.5 22.5~48 m , were globose to subglobose , light yellow , and were multispored . the columellae measured 17....	while surveying the diversity of fungi of the order mucorales , two isolates , eml - puki12 - 1 and eml - puki06 - 1 , were obtained from the gut of soldier fly larvae inhabiting the bulrush at a pond located in the chonnam national university arboretum , gwangju , korea . the isolates were confirmed as mucor irregul...
umbilical cord blood ( ucb ) availability as a prospect for therapeutic use was first reported in the british journal , lancet , in 1939 . the proposed use was transfusional , but outside of the neonatology clinic , the concept was slow to be accepted , with standard adult blood transfusions being more available . ...	over 20.000 umblical cord blood transplantations ( ucbt ) have been carried out around the world . indeed , ucbt represents an attractive source of donor hematopoietic stem cells ( hscs ) and , offer interesting features ( e.g. , lower graft - versus - host disease ) compared to bone marrow transplantation ( bmt ) . ...
hemorrhage is responsible for about 40% of trauma deaths , 33% to 56% of which happen during the pre - hospital period ( 1 ) . on average , 1 in every coagulopathy and severe hemorrhage plays an important role in determining the final outcome of the patient , their mortality and disability ( 2 - 4 ) . soft tissue i...	introduction : the effect of severe soft tissue injury on the severity of hemorrhagic shock is still unknown . therefore , the present study was aimed to determine hemodynamic and metabolic changes in traumatic / hemorrhagic shock in an animal model . methods : forty male rats were randomly divided into 4 equal gro...
a retrospective analysis of 125 consecutive patients diagnosed with chl at asan medical center between 1995 and 2012 and at ajou university hospital between 2008 and 2015 was performed . all patients were pathologically confirmed to have chl and treated with the doxorubicin , bleomycin , vinblastine , and dacarbazine...	backgroundglucose transporter type 1 ( glut1 ) expression is linked to glucose metabolism and tissue hypoxia . a recent study reported that glut1 was significantly associated with programmed death ligand 1 ( pd - l1 ) as a therapeutic target in relapsed or refractory classical hodgkin s lymphoma ( chl ) . the purpo...
fentanyl is still very commonly used in anesthesia for cardiac surgery . a time - honored drug in this setting , with low cost among its many advantages , it has been used in a wide range of dosages in all kind of cardiac surgical procedures . since it is characterized by an important context - sensitive half - life ...	cardiac surgery is associated with intense nociceptive and autonomic stimulation especially during sternotomy and aortic root dissection and moderate - to - high dose opioids are required to blunt the hemodynamic and neuroendocrine response to this kind of procedures . however , episodes of unwanted sympathetic activ...
	the social , economic , political and environmental structural factors that increase susceptibility to hiv infection and undermine prevention and treatment efforts continue to pose a challenge . the papers in this series highlight the importance of sustaining those efforts to address the structural drivers of the hiv e...
the families included in the analyses were ascertained from nine different sources : the four t1dgc regional networks of asia - pacific ( n = 228 ) , europe ( n = 585 ) , north america ( n = 370 ) , and the u.k . ( n = 124 ) ; the diabetes uk warren 1 repository ( n = 429 ) ; the human biological data interchange rep...	objectivetype 1 diabetes arises from the actions of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors . considerable success at identifying common genetic variants that contribute to type 1 diabetes risk has come from genetic association ( primarily case - control ) studies . however , such studies have limited power t...
the diagnosis of disease involves several levels of uncertainty and imprecision , and it is inherent to medicine . a single disease may manifest itself quite differently , depending on the patient , and with different intensities . a single symptom may correspond to different diseases . on the other hand , severa...	the purpose of this paper is to present a general view of the current applications of fuzzy logic in medicine and bioinformatics . we particularly review the medical literature using fuzzy logic . we then recall the geometrical interpretation of fuzzy sets as points in a fuzzy hypercube and present two co...
eosinophilic peritonitis is defined as > 10% eosinophils in effluent at presentation , and its causes are often obscure . however , cases have been reported with allergic reactions , exposure to drugs such as vancomycin , fungal and viral infections , soon after catheter replacement , and icodextrin treatment . the...	we report the pathological findings of the peritoneum in a patient with chronic eosinophilic peritonitis . peripheral blood eosinophilia was confirmed before insertion of tenckhoff catheter . eosinophilic peritonitis continued from the second day after initiation of peritoneal dialysis for 18 months . pathologica...
menthol is a monocyclic terpene alcohol having 3 asymmetric carbon atoms in the cyclo - hexane ring . it is widely used as cooking oils , candies , mouth fresheners , cigarette , and desserts . it has also been effectively used as herbal and alternative medicine in common cold , flu , and as a digestive aid . it ...	menthol is a monocyclic terpene alcohol , which is present naturally in peppermint and can be synthesized artificially as well . generally , it is considered as very safe and has wide usage in medicine and food . there are case reports of toxicity due to excessive consumption of menthol , but a fatal intoxication h...
phospholipid membranes separate ( sub)cellular compartments from surrounding conditions and play an important role in the uptake , distribution , and toxicity of xenobiotics in multicellular organisms . traditionally , the octanol water partitioning coefficient ( kow ) is used as a predictor for the uptake...	this study reports the distribution coefficient between phospholipid bilayer membranes and phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) medium ( dmw , pbs ) for 19 cationic surfactants . the method used a sorbent dilution series with solid supported lipid membranes ( sslms ) . the existing sslm protocol , applying a 96 ...
fluoride is an effective agent to control dhs and to prevent root caries particularly when used in higher concentrations . tooth hypersensitivity is characterized by a rather specific sharp , intensive short duration tooth pain that is rather common among millions of people today . the most common type of hypersens...	objectivethe objectives were to bring light on fluoride to control dentin hypersensitivity ( dhs ) and prevent root caries.materials and methodssearch strategy included papers mainly published in pubmed , medline from october 2000 to october 2011.resultsfluoride toothpaste shows a fair effect on sensitive teeth when co...
more than twenty years ago , groundbreaking studies by wisniewski and his colleagues sparked debate over the relationship between microglia and -amyloid plaques in alzheimer disease ( ad ) . in their electron microscopic observations of microglia associated with -amyloid deposits in the brain parenchyma and cortical ve...	neuroinflammation is now regarded as both an early event and prime mover in the pathobiology of alzheimer disease ( ad ) , a neurodegenerative disease that represents a growing public health threat . as the resident innate immune cells within the central nervous system , microglia are centrally positioned as key orch...
systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by deregulations of t and b cells causing the production of autoantibodies , immune - complex deposition , tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells such as macrophages , and tissue damage.13 these immunological deviations can lead t...	systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypical autoimmune disease characterized by the deregulation of t and b cells , tissue infiltration by mononuclear cells , tissue damage and the production of autoantibodies . there is a consensus that accelerated apoptosis of circulating lymphocytes and/or impaired clearance of...
written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient eal : concept , data acquisition , manuscript preparation ; pg : editing and critical review of the manuscript . eal : concept , data acquisition , manuscript preparation ; pg : editing and critical review of the manuscript .	post - polio syndrome is a condition characterized by increased muscle weakness , atrophy , fatigue and pain developing several years after the acute polio event . we describe a 52-year - old patient who experienced post - polio syndrome ; he had contracted acute paralytic poliomyelitis at 12 months of age , shortly ...
original research in the field of critical care respirology published in 2008 yielded a broad spectrum of interesting results ranging from epidemiological analyses , identification of biomarkers and ventilator management , to pharmacological intervention for acute lung injury ( ali ) . to provide context and for compar...	original research contributions published in critical care in 2008 in the fields of respirology and critical care medicine are summarized . eighteen articles were grouped into the following categories : acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome , mechanical ventilation , mechanisms of ventilator - ind...
cancer immunotherapy is emerging as an important contributor to the armamentarium of future oncology treatments [ 14 ] . this was heralded by the advent of checkpoint inhibitors , which have made a paradigm shifting difference in the outcome of cancer treatment , resulting in sustained effects and long term survival ...	immunotherapy is rapidly evolving as an effective treatment option for many cancers . with the emerging fields of cancer vaccines and adoptive cell transfer therapies , there is an increasing demand for high - throughput in vitro cytotoxicity assays that efficiently analyze immune effector functions . the gold stan...
targeted efforts have led to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases . unfortunately , the burden of noncommunicable diseases ( ncd ) in south asia as a region is rising at a rate that exceeds global increases in such conditions . for example , a recent study shows that six in te...	aim : to assess the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases in a true rural farming population in south india and compare the data with the landmark contemporary indian council of medical research - india diabetes ( icmr - indiab ) study.methods:local ethics committee approval and informed consent was obtained from all ...
following the expansion of internet usage in societies , countless efforts have been made to use this opportunity , expanding human communications as well . for example , using cyberspace to create social networks to establish an easier connection . in recent years , a number of various social networks are created ...	background : one of the main usages of social networks in clinical studies is facilitating the process of sampling and case finding for scientists . the main focus of this study is on comparing two different methods of sampling through phone calls and using social network , for study purposes.methods:one of the resea...
the survey addressed information on antimicrobial drug resistance testing , phage typing , or both . since most countries do not routinely apply these typing methods , the questionnaire was not simply sent to all world health organization ( who ) member states . instead , an invitation to participate in the survey ...	the incidence of multidrug - resistant ( mdr ) salmonella typhimurium infections in humans , and in particular mdr definitive phage type 104 ( dt104 ) , has increased substantially in many countries in the last 2 decades , often associated with increased illness . to examine the magnitude of this problem , a survey was...
nugo ( http://www.nugo.org ) provides , to each partner , a local nugo black box ( nbx : a powerful computer to , e.g. , store ( nutri - base : http://www.ebi.ac.uk/~oyeniran/ ) and analyze ( genepattern : http://www.broad.mit.edu/cancer/software/genepattern/ ) nugo and affymetrix microarrays . nugo defined the pro...	nugo , the european nutrigenomics organization , utilizes 31 powerful computers for , e.g. , data storage and analysis . these so - called black boxes ( nbxses ) are located at the sites of different partners . nugo decided to use genepattern as the preferred genomic analysis tool on each nbx . to handle the custom...
during the past decade , after the publication of the institute of medicine ( iom ) report , to err is human ( 1 ) , patient safety has finally become the object of medical and public attention . compared with other types of medical error , however , errors in laboratory medicine have received little attention . the ...	while the frequency of laboratory errors varies greatly , depending on the study design and steps of the total testing process ( ttp ) investigated , a series of papers published in the last two decades drew the attention of laboratory professionals to the pre- and post - analytical phases , which currently appear to b...
sometimes , a stationary anchorage with no movements is the ideal , and the orthodontic miniscrews can provide such an anchorage for us . furthermore , it is introduced as an effective stationary anchorage device requiring no patient compliance . the interdental types of miniscrews have become increasingly popular ...	objectives : to evaluate the effect of moments and the combination of forces and moments on the mechanical properties of a bracket type miniscrew , resembling engagement of a rectangular wire by three - dimensional ( 3d ) finite element study.materials and methods : by solid work software ( dassaunlt systems solid work...
primary hyperparathyroidism ( phpt ) is common in the elderly , especially women , but is rare in children ( 1 , 2 ) . most cases of phpt are sporadic , and familial cases make up less than 10% of cases ( 2 , 3 ) , but onset in childhood or adolescence raises concern about familial diseases with a genetic bac...	abstract.a 13-yr - old boy who complained of persistent nausea , vomiting and weight loss had hypercalcemia and an elevated intact pth level . computed tomography confirmed two tumors in the thyroid gland . the tumors were surgically removed and pathologically confirmed as parathyroid adenoma . because his ma...
the complications of diabetic vasculopathy commonly include two categories : microvascular and macrovascular complications . macrovascular disease is the most common reason of mortality and morbidity in diabetes and is responsible for high incidence of vascular diseases such as stroke , myocardial infarction , and pe...	objective . this study aimed to investigate the angiographic manifestations of lower extremity atherosclerotic steno - occlusive disease in patients with diabetes . materials and methods . a total of 162 patients with diabetes were enrolled in this study . the angiographic findings of lower extremity arterial lesio...
pneumomediastinum is defined as air or free gas in the mediastinum , which invariably arises from the alveolar spaces or the conducting airways and has a multi - factorial aetiology . it is a benign and self - limiting condition that usually affects young males ( 1 ) . although uncommon , this condition is increasi...	we describe an interesting case of pneumomediastinum secondary to cocaine abuse . the patient presented with severe chest pain following nasal inhalation of a large quantity of cocaine . investigations revealed no chest injury ; however oesophagitis was proven leading to a possible aetiology of oesophageal microper...
urothelial carcinoma , otherwise known as transitional cell carcinoma ( tcc ) , comprises the majority of malignancies of the urinary system in the usa and europe . most commonly , this malignancy will present with hematuria , dysuria and a multitude of constitutional symptoms . it is estimated that up to half of a...	transitional cell carcinoma ( tcc ) and large bowel obstructions are both common disease processes typically considered unrelated . presented below is the case of a 49-year - old male with a large bowel obstruction caused by a bladder tcc metastasis . one year prior to large bowel obstruction presentation , the pat...
economic development in low - income countries is accompanied by an increase in the burden of trauma , particularly injuries due to road traffic accidents . it also provides the opportunity to improve on the management of some of those injuries , such as fractures of the femur . skeletal traction or closed manipulati...	in this article the costs and effectiveness of introducing the sign nailing system for femoral shaft fractures in a provincial trauma hospital in cambodia are compared to those of perkin s traction treatment . at an average cost per patient of $ 1,107 in the traction group and $ 888 in the nail group ( p < 0.01 ) , a...
periodontitis is a highly prevalent , chronic immunoinflammatory disease of the periodontium that results in progressive loss of gingival tissue , the periodontal ligament , and adjacent supporting alveolar bone . in addition to its significant impact on human health , the annual cost of periodontal therapy is estima...	animal models and cell cultures have contributed new knowledge in biological sciences , including periodontology . although cultured cells can be used to study physiological processes that occur during the pathogenesis of periodontitis , the complex host response fundamentally responsible for this disease can not be ...
venous malformations ( vm ) are the most common vascular malformations caused by faulty development during vascular morphogenesis . although most vm are located in the skin and subcutaneous tissues , they also involve underlying muscles , joints and bones . intraosseous vm of an extremity can cause structural weakeni...	abstractvascular malformations of bone are complex lesions that can cause deformity and pain . a combined soft tissue and intraosseous venous malformation of the left thumb in a girl was treated with two sessions of ethanol sclerotherapy using a bone marrow aspiration needle under fluoroscopic guidance .
the ability of light to traverse various chemical and biological barriers and be modulated by time and amplitude makes light - regulated molecules unique tools for a plethora of applications in the areas of chemistry and biology . photoremovable protecting groups , also known as caging groups , are one of t...	photoremovable protecting groups are important for a wide range of applications in peptide chemistry . using fmoc - cys(bhc - mom)-oh , peptides containing a bhc - protected cysteine residue can be easily prepared . however , such protected thiols can undergo isomerization to a dead - end product ( a 4-me...
lxrs ( lxr/nr1h3 and lxr/nr1h2 ) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that heterodimerize with retinoid x receptors and are activated by specific cholesterol derivatives that function as endogenous ligands [ 112 ] . one well known set of ligands are oxysterols , oxidized metabolites of cholesterol that are...	the development of the ventral midbrain is orchestrated by a number of cell - extrinsic and -intrinsic factors that control critical processes , such as the patterning of the neural tube along the main body axis and the specification of diverse neuronal cell types in distinct positions of the neural tube . subsequent...
endoscopic surgical techniques for thyroid cancer surgery can benefit patients by eliminating the anterior neck incision utilized in the traditional open approach . in addition to superior cosmetic results , endoscopic thyroidectomy can reduce postoperative pain and discomfort , shorten hospital stay , and enhance po...	robotic thyroidectomy is an emerging technique with postoperative outcomes that are at least comparable to those of conventional endoscopic thyroidectomy , with some end - points appearing superior . our multicenter series represents the largest comparison of robotic and endoscopic thyroidectomy to date , with result...
this study was approved by seoul national university hospital institutional review board ( no . 1103 - 035 - 354 ) and informed consent was obtained from all patients . among the 28 patients who had undergone lower limb amputation surgery ( below knee amputation or above knee amputation ) due to cli from march 2010 to ...	backgroundthe pericytes in the blood vessel wall have recently been identified to be important in regulating vascular formation , stabilization , remodeling , and function . we isolated and identified pericyte - like platelet - derived growth factor receptor beta - positive ( pdgfr+ ) cells from the stromal vascular fr...
type 1 diabetic patients treated with basal bolus insulin therapy along with carbohydrate counting determine the dose of insulin before each meal according to the amount of carbohydrate they will intake . the ratio of insulin required for appropriate metabolism of carbohydrate to the amount of carbohydrate intake , ...	abstractto estimate the carbohydratetoinsulin ratio ( cir ) , a formula dividing a constant , usually 300500 , by the total daily dose ( tdd ) of insulin , is widely utilized . an appropriate cir varies for each meal of the day , however . here , we investigate diurnal variation of cir in hospitalized japanese type...
diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world . globally , as of 2012 , an estimated 346 million people have type 2 diabetes . the greatest increase in prevalence , however , is expected to occur in asia and africa , where it is estimated that the number of patients diagnosed with diabetes in the year 2000 will doubl...	background . the purpose of this study was to investigate how the degree of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes associated with lifestyle interventions as well as sociodemographic factors and further examine the differences by gender . methods . this was a retrospective study using data collected fr...
oglesby and colleagues ' article uses the concept of a rapid response system ( rrs ) to identify delays in the definitive management of seriously ill patients . the intuitive appeal of defining a deteriorating patient and responding rapidly in order to improve clinical outcomes is not difficult to understand . such s...	the rapid response system concept is one of the first patient - centered and organizational - wide systems aimed at preventing deaths and serious adverse events . it has been strongly argued that we need a benchmark that reflects the care of a deteriorating patient across the organization using a ' score to door time...
the final aim of restorative dentistry is to fabricate restorations which are indistinguishable from natural teeth and ceramics are the material of choice when aesthetic restorations that mimic natural dentition are demanded . not only esthetic but strength and accuracy of fit are also required in an all - ceramic cr...	purposemarginal fit is a very important factor considering the restoration 's long - term success . however , adding porcelain to copings can cause distortion and lead to an inadequate fit which exposes more luting material to the oral environment and causes secondary caries . the purpose of this study was to compa...
for patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases ( sclm ) , hepatic resection is considered the best treatment , with reported 5-year survival rates between 23% and 37%.14 resections of both the primary colorectal lesion and the hepatic metastases are needed for patients with sclm when they are resectable . ...	backgroundthe optimal surgical strategy for resectable , synchronous , colorectal liver metastases remains unclear . the objective of this study was to determine which patients could benefit from staged resections instead of simultaneous resection by identifying predictive factors for postoperative morbidity and anas...
many ecological settings are multisensory in nature with a causal relationship between the involved unisensory modalities , as in the case of hearing and seeing someone speak ( winkler et al . , 2009 ) . quite often , visual information also leads the auditory information as in the case where two objects collide , or...	in many natural audiovisual events ( e.g. , a clap of the two hands ) , the visual signal precedes the sound and thus allows observers to predict when , where , and which sound will occur . previous studies have reported that there are distinct neural correlates of temporal ( when ) versus phonetic / semantic ( which...
according to the data from the 2002 national hypertension survey of china , the prevalence rate of hypertension in chinese adults over 18 years of age is 18.8% , and estimates are that there are more than 200 million hypertensive people in china . this means that 1 in 10 adults have hypertension , and that approximat...	backgroundis the timing of dosing for amlodipine and atorvastatin important with regard to therapeutic efficacy ? to answer this question , we designed an outpatient , practice - based , case - control study lasting 8 weeks.material/methodstwo hundred patients were divided into 2 groups : in group i , patients were p...
traumatic mediastinal hematoma , especially when it is ruptured , is a common emergency in the critically ill patients . in presence of such conditions , immediate measures should be taken to the patients , such as blood salvage and reinfusion , as well as decreasing the time of surgery preparation . in this case ,...	patients in traffic accidents are usually presented with pain and bleeding due to fractures or soft tissue injury . on some occasions , more severe complications may be triggered by the trauma . a review of the published english language literature reveals no survival case once the traumatic mediastinal hematoma is...
the patient was initially referred from another hospital , where the initial diagnosis based also on the magnetic resonance ( mr ) imaging examination was vertebral hemangioma . vertebroplasty was suggested , and this was the reason for further evaluation to a tertiary medical center . a 16-year - old male athlete pr...	study design this case report describes an acute schmorl 's node ( sn ) in an elite monofin athlete during exercise . the patient presented with severe back pain and leg numbness and was managed successfully with conservative treatment . objective the aim of our communication was to describe a rare presentation o...
brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves , which is responsible for the innervation of the upper extremity . it is formed in the posterior cervical triangle by the union of ventral rami of 5th , 6th , 7th , and 8th cervical nerve roots and 1st thoracic nerve root . this composite nerve network can be divided ...	the increased incidence of motor vehicle accidents during the past century has been associated with a significant increase in brachial plexus injuries . new imaging studies are currently available for the evaluation of brachial plexus injuries . myelography , ct myelography , and magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) ...
a male neonate born at 31 weeks of post - conceptional age and birth weight 980 g was admitted to the neonatal icu for care . first rop screening at 33 weeks post conceptional age showed stage i zone ii rop , which later progressed to stage ii zone ii by 35 weeks . the last visit at 40 weeks of post - conceptional ...	retinopathy of prematurity ( rop ) is a well - known clinical entity in premature babies . we report two patients ( 1 and 2 ) with regressed rop who later presented with retinoblastoma ( rb ) . to the best of our knowledge , there is only one such report in the literature so far . two unrelated patients 1 and 2 ,...
all living organisms undergo physiologic decline by aging . several studies attempted to comprehensively characterize the environmental and genetic determinants of chronological lifespan ( cls ) . cls is defined as the length of time stationary phase yeast cells remains viable in a quiescent state and it is generally...	oxidative damage , mitochondrial dysfunction , genomic instability , and telomere shortening represent all molecular processes proposed as causal factors in aging . lifespan can be increased by metabolism through an influence on such processes . glucose reduction extends chronological lifespan ( cls ) of saccharomy...
cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in the united states and results in a significant economic burden ranges from $ 14 million to $ 2 billion due to its underlying etiology . according to the global burden of disease ( gbd ) study in 2013 , cirrhosis is the 6 cause of death in developed countries and amon...	background in this clinical trial , polyethylene glycol ( peg ) solution was compared with lactulose in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis . methods this randomized controlled trial was performed on 40 patients in two groups . the patients in the lactulose group received either 2...
the cost of ad to society is the value of all goods and services that society gives up in order to prevent , diagnose , treat , and deal with the disease . in addition to these costs , society also absorbs expenses associated with ad research and education programs . table i summarizes the definitions of different ...	the progressive deterioration associated with alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) results in high economic cost to the patients , caregivers , and the society as a whole . cost - of - ad studies conducted over the last decade have produced discrepant results , mainly as a consequence of the different methodologies employed ....
among the radionuclides present in radioactive wastes , there are a certain number of fission products and minor actinides . actinides and particularly long - lived isotopes of plutonium are mainly responsible for the environmental hazard . extensive studies during the last decades have shown that under the natural con...	solid - phase extraction of plutonium in different individual and mixed oxidation states from simulated groundwater ( ph 8.5 ) was studied . the extraction of plutonium species was carried out in a dynamic mode using diapak c16 cartridges modified by n - benzoylphenylhydroxylamine ( bpha ) . it was shown that the e...
a 65-year - old female patient presented with a swelling in the right ramus region for past 3 months . on intraoral examination , generalized destructive periodontitis and few carious teeth were noticed . orthopantomograph ( opg ) of the mandible showed a moth - eaten type of radiolucency . the hematoxylin and eosi...	multiple myeloma ( mm ) is a malignancy of plasma cell origin . it often has a multicentric origin within the bone . it makes about 1% of all malignancies and 15% of all hematologic malignancies . there is a monoclonal proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in this disease that arise from a single malignant precu...
the controlled turnover of proteins is essential for the majority of cellular processes , including cell proliferation and cell death . the bulk of protein turnover in the cell is governed by the 26s proteasome , a highly conserved multisubunit protease complex with essential roles in regulating proteins levels in th...	we have developed a screening protocol to identify compounds with characteristics of small molecule proteasome inhibitors using the real - time analysis of the caenorhabditis elegans germ line . this screen is able to identify compounds that induce germ line phenotypes characteristic of a reduction in proteasome func...
in our previous study , we investigated the possible effects of maternal nutritional conditions during pregnancy on the extent of methylation changes in the fetal genomes . extracted genomic dna samples were treated with the epitect plus dna bisulfite kit ( qiagen ) , and 300 ng of each sample was subjected to th...	the illumina 's infinium humanmethylation450 ( hm450 ) beadchip array provides a simultaneous examination of dna methylation status of more than 480,000 cpg sites in the human genome . its relatively simple protocol is achieved by employing a hybridization methodology followed by single - base extension reactions . ...
drug - induced liver injury ( dili ) presents as a broad spectrum of adverse drug reactions which can range from mild elevation in liver enzymes to fulminant liver failure . it is considered the most common cause of death from acute liver failure in the united states . due to the highly variable clinical spectrum of ...	drug - induced liver injury ( dili ) presents as a broad spectrum of adverse drug reactions which can range from a mild elevation in liver enzymes to fulminant liver failure . the primary goal is to identify dili early when the patient 's liver enzymes are elevated and to discontinue the offending agent as soon as po...
endoscopic submucosal dissection ( esd ) is widely used in japan as an initial treatment for early gastric cancer ( egc ) with a negligible risk of lymph node ( ln ) metastasis , even for cases that involve large and ulcerative lesions 1 2 3 . the therapeutic outcomes of gastric esd are excellent ; however , some...	background and study aims : endoscopic submucosal dissection ( esd ) is widely accepted for treating early gastric cancer ( egc ) ; however , there can be cases of incomplete resection due to not only technical problems , but also misdiagnosis . our aim was to identify factors associated with incomplete gastric esd d...
polymethyl methacrylate ( pmma ) polymers have been referred as conventional base materials and there is an ongoing effort to improve the properties of denture base materials . the goal is to have longer lasting and more biocompatible denture bases with better mechanical properties and simpler processing techniques t...	purposea new light curing urethane dimethacrylate and a cold curing resin with simpler and faster laboratory procedures may have even improved flexural properties . this study investigated the 3-point flexural strengths and flexural moduli of two alternate base materials.materials and methodsa cold curing resin ( wer...
pelizaeus - merzbacher disease ( pmd ) is a rare , x - linked recessive dysmyelinating leukodystrophy of the central nervous system ( cns ) . it is caused by mutations in the proteolipid protein 1 ( plp1 ) gene on the long arm of the x chromosome in band xq22 that encodes a major component of cns myelin protein ( 1 ,...	pelizaeus - merzbacher disease ( pmd ) is a rare x - linked recessive disorder with a prototype of a dysmyelinating leukodystrophy that is caused by a mutation in the proteolipid protein 1 ( plp1 ) gene on the long arm of the x chromosome in band xq22 . this mutation results in abnormal expression or production of pl...
the small intestine is the largest organ in the body and occupies over 90% of the surface of the gastrointestinal tract . rapid epithelial turnover with rapid intestinal transit , abundant lymphoid tissue and immunoglobulin a secretion , neutral ph , and lower bacterial load are responsible in explaining the extremel...	video capsule endoscopy ( vce ) has expanded the range of endoscopic examination of the small bowel . the clinical application of vce is mainly for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding ( ogib ) and small bowel tumor is one of the clinically significant diagnoses of vce , often requiring subsequent invasive interventions...
chronic renal failure ( crf ) represent an important public health problem due to the strikingly high incidence and prevalence of this disease in the world ( 1 , 2 ) . together with an increased incidence of the disease also has increased the number of other pathological conditions caused by crf including renal failu...	abstractintroduction : chronic renal failure ( crf ) represents a serious medical problem . numerous studies have shown increased body mass index ( bmi ) as an independent risk factor when it comes to the occurrence and development of crf.material and methods : the sample in our prospective study presents a total of ...
conjugated polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of electrical conductivity in chemically doped polyacetylene , because they combine the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors with the processing advantages of polymers . potential applications are in the fields of organic light emit...	mixed ionic / electronic conduction in conducting polymers introduces new physics / chemistry and an additional functionality in organic optoelectronic devices . the incorporation of an ionic species in a conjugated polymer matrix results in the increase in electrical conductivity associated with the electrochemical ...
ampk complexes were expressed in e. coli bl21 ( de3 ) cells , purified by affinity chromatography using nickel - sepharose and phosphorylated by incubation with camkk as described previously9 . ampk activity was determined using 0.2 mm sams peptide9 , 0.2 mm atp and 5 mm mgcl2 . dephosphorylation of ampk by recombi...	the heterotrimeric amp - activated protein kinase ( ampk ) plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism ; in response to a fall in intracellular atp levels it activates energy producing pathways and inhibits energy consuming processes1 . ampk has been implicated in a number of diseases related to energy ...
there are important components in the knee including medial meniscus ( mm ) , lateral meniscus ( lm ) , anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ) , and posterior cruciate ligament ( pcl ) . for instance , menisci are responsible for shock absorption , nutrition , lubrication , joint stability , distribute synovial fluid , a...	background : the aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) in the diagnosis of knee injuries.materials and methods : ninety - eight consecutive patients were enrolled in the study . in all patients , mri and arthroscopy were performed and the results were compared.r...
a 64-year - old man was admitted to the hospital for resection of a sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma . he had no medical antecedents . renal ultrasound demonstrated a small rounded lesion in the centre of the left kidney ( fig . color - coded duplex sonography demonstrated intralesional flow , with a resistance index o...	in 1923 masson described a neo - plastic process consisting of papillary hyperplasia of the vascular endothelial cells , with a consequent obliteration of the vascular lumen , followed by degenerative changes . he introduced the term vegetant intravascular hemangioendothelioma. however , these days it is more common...
approximately 10% of patients with severe aortic valve stenosis ( as ) have asymmetric basal septal hypertrophy ( absh ) , relative to the posterior left ventricle ( lv ) free wall.1 ) the presence of absh and the need for myectomy may present a dilemma for surgeons performing aortic valve replacement ( avr ) . without...	a 77-year - old female patient underwent aortic valve replacement ( avr ) with concomitant septal myectomy and tricuspid annuloplasty . her symptoms did not improve after a successful operation . echocardiogram demonstrated the presence of an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect ( vsd ) . it was muscular in locat...
malnutrition is a state of deficiency , imbalance or excess of energy , protein and other nutrients having adverse effects on the form or function of the body and clinical outcome ( 1 ) . elderly residents in nursing homes are at an increased risk of malnutrition due to a variety of factors including sensory loss , c...	background : malnutrition and dehydration are two most common types of ailments residents of nursing homes ( nh ) prone to . it is very important to assess these problems because they can predispose the residents to severe illnesses . the aim of this study was to gather information on nutritional status and its ass...
an 1-month - old , 4 kg , male patient was admitted for left inguinal herniorrhaphy . his prenatal and birth history were uncomplicated and past medical history and family history were unremarkable . his vital signs were pulse rate : 160 beats per minute , respiratory rate : 42 per minute , and body temperature : 3...	we report a case of interruption in the supply of breathing gas during general anesthesia caused by malposition of the drager vapor 2000 vaporizer , which was accidentally tilted and lifted off the selectatec manifold of the anesthesia machine . because the patient was an 1-month - old infant , we could n't check if ...
co existence of cor triatriatum sinistrum and a prominent eustachian valve which mimics a cor triatriatum dextrum is an exceptionally rare finding . it is a congenital anomaly in which the left atrium ( cortriatriatumsinistrum ) or right atrium ( cortriatriatumdextrum ) is divided into 2 parts by a fold of tissue , a...	cor triatriatum is among the rarest of all congenital cardiac abnormalities accounting for 0.1 - 0.4% of all congenital heart disease . its coexistence with a very prominent eustachian valve which mimics a cor triatriatum dextrum is an exceptionally rare finding in an asymptomatic adult . we report the case of a 44...
infertility is a medical , psychological , and social problem of couples in reproductive age . male factor issues play an etiologic role in a substantial portion ( 1015% ) of couples with conceiving troubles . different causes may conduct to male infertility : varicocele , cryptorchidism , and hypogonadism are the ...	motility is the feature that allows spermatozoa to actively reach and penetrate the female gamete during fertilization . when this function is altered , and especially decreased , troubles in conceiving may occur . in this study , we demonstrated that treating fertile women with myo - inositol ( mi ) vaginal suppos...

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