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although chemical substances are a very important factor in the realization of current industrialization , because they were used indiscriminately without a full understanding of the damage they could cause , issues have arisen on a continual basis , such as global environment changes like ozone depletion and global wa...	objectivesdespite the great contribution made by chemical substances to the development of modern civilization , their indiscriminate use has caused various kinds of damage to the global environment and human beings . accordingly , the major developed countries and international society have tried to ensure the safe ...
this randomized controlled study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching institute of rajasthan after taking approval from the institutional ethics committee . data were collected in the approved pro forma after taking written consent of the patient . all the sputum - positive tubercular patients aged between 18 ...	objectives : to compare the efficacy and safety of febuxostat and allopurinol in pyrazinamide ( pza)-induced hyperuricemia in patients taking antitubercular therapy ( att).methods : this randomized controlled study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching institute of rajasthan in all the sputum - positive tubercular ...
the adverse effects of asthma in pregnancy are related to asthma severity and the intensity of treatment [ 13 ] . acute asthma exacerbations have been identified as the most significant event to affect fetal morbidity and mortality in pregnancies complicated by asthma [ 4 , 5 ] . a number of studies have examined t...	there exists a paucity of data for socially disadvantaged populations describing patterns and predictors of asthma control status and exacerbations during pregnancy , and their relationship to adverse perinatal outcomes.asthmatic women ( n=189 ) were followed prospectively during pregnancy , with visits at 12 , 20 , 28...
bipolar disorder ( bd ) associated seasonal pattern ( mania during spring and summer together with depression during fall and winter ) referred to as seasonal affective disorder ( sad ) is associated with disrupted circadian rhythms . aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator - like ( arntl ) protein is a transc...	background and aim : polymorphisms in aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator - like ( arntl ) gene , the key component of circadian clock manifests circadian rhythm abnormalities . as seasonal affective disorder ( sad ) is associated with disrupted circadian rhythms , the main objective of this study was to scr...
it is the combination of feelings and perceptions which can affect and be affected by the culture of a society . moreover , individuals appearance plays a substantial role in their social relationships . for centuries , humans have been concerned about their beauty as well as grooming and adorning themselves ; theref...	background : rhinoplasty is the most common cosmetic surgery which has been dramatically increasing in iran . currently , iran is ranked the first in the world in rhinoplasty . in the present study , we aimed to assess the character and temperament traits of the applicants referred to rhinoplasty surgeons in shiraz...
the chinese atrial fibrillation registry ( cafr ) prospectively enrolled consecutive af patients from multiple centers , confirmed by objective tests such as 12-lead electrocardiograms ( ecgs ) or 24-hour holter monitorings before registration . the protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee first in...	backgroundimpacts of a single radiofrequency ablation ( rfa ) on quality of life ( qol ) were not well investigated in atrial fibrillation ( af ) patients with low stroke risk.methods and resultsnine hundred af patients with low chads2 score ( ie , chads2 1 ) who completed both a baseline and 6-month atrial fibrillatio...
takeuchi et al.1 explained that the transverse ligament becomes degenerated and hypertrophic because of chronic mechanical stress by atlantoaxial subluxation . then , a part of the ligament develops reactive granulation tissue with a small vessel formation . finally , rupture of these small vessels cause repeated e...	retro - odontoid cysts associated with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation are extremely rare . this article describes a case of retro - odontoid cystic mass associated with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation and its management with posterior c1 and partial c2 laminectomy and c1-c2 pedicle screw fixation without resection...
the residual or resistant clubfoot represents one of the most difficult treatment challenges for the pediatric orthopaedist . often residual deformity is not obvious at the time of initial correction . with continued growth of the child , the persistent or undercorrected deformity becomes more apparent ( refer to c...	dorsal rotatory subluxation of the navicular , a common sequela of resistant surgically treated clubfeet , presents a challenging treatment problem . this subluxation typically progresses after posteromedial release . patients develop a cavovarus foot deformity and complain of pain , gait problems , and difficulty ...
herpes zoster ( hz ) is an infectious disease caused by reactivation of latent varicella zoster infection . this common viral disease afflicts between 20% and 30% of the population at some point in their lifetime ; up to 50% of individuals over 80 years of age are affected.1,2 the dermatological symptoms of hz are ty...	backgroundpain is a main symptom of herpes zoster ( hz ) , and postherpetic neuralgia ( phn ) is a frequent complication occurring in 5% to 15% of cases , causing moderate to severe neuropathic pain . a population - based observational study was conducted to evaluate the treatment patterns and economic burden of pres...
an important goal of visual system studies in animals is to understand vision in humans . in past decades , emphasis has been placed on studying carnivores and nonhuman primates based on the belief that advanced species resemble humans in both behavior and brain organization more closely than less advanced species , ...	previous studies in rabbits identified an array of extrastriate cortical areas anatomically connected with v1 but did not describe their internal topography . to address this issue , we injected multiple anatomical tracers into different regions in v1 of the same animal and analyzed the topography of resulting extrastr...
the surgical extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar is one of the most common procedures performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons . most mandibular third molars are impacted in the mandibular ramus area near the second molar , and the level of difficulty of extraction is classified according to the degr...	impacted mandibular third molars are located between the second mandibular molar and mandibular ramus . however , ectopic mandibular third molars with heterotopic positions are reported in the subcondylar or pterygomandibular space . the usual cause of malposition is a cyst or tumor , and malposition without a path...
cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) is leading to mortality among patients who were in developed countries . in the early of 20 century , < 10% of the world 's deaths were attributed to cvd . the half of deaths in developed countries and 25% of deaths in developing countries were due to coronary vascular disease . one w...	background : dietary diversity score ( dds ) measurement was used to assessment of diet quality in different disease like cardiovascular disease . one way to improve the cardiovascular patient 's ability is cardiac rehabilitation program that include exercise training , nutrition consultation and psychological treatm...
congenital candidiasis ( cc ) is rare and usually caused by intrauterine candidial infection and manifests within first 6 days of life . it may be localized involving only skin or generalized resulting in respiratory distress , meningitis , sepsis , and death . a total of 10 - 35% of the women suffer from candidial...	congenital candidiasis ( cc ) is a rare disease with less than 100 cases being reported in the literature . it presents within six days of life with manifestations ranging from localized skin disease to systemic involvement in the form of respiratory distress , sepsis , and death . we report a neonate who presented...
epiretinal membrane ( erm ) formation reflects a number of pathological changes occurring in vitreoretinal junctions . retinal glial cells , fibrous astrocytes , and mller cells proliferate and migrate from neurosensory retina , through surface and breaks of the internal limiting membrane ( ilm ) . in most cases , th...	purpose . to assess functional and morphological alterations following video - documented surgery for epiretinal membranes . methods . forty - two patients underwent video - documented 23-gauge vitrectomy with peeling of epiretinal ( erm ) and inner limiting membrane ( ilm ) . patient assessment was performed bef...
this is an institutional review board ( irb ) approved retrospective sequential review of case notes and x - rays of all children admitted to our institution between 2005 and 2009 with a displaced supracondylar humerus fracture . all children were followed at least 24 months . upon admission to the emergency departme...	backgroundthe management of the pulseless perfused hand in association with a supracondylar humerus fracture following operative stabilisation remains controversial . previous authors have suggested the use of color - flow duplex monitoring , magnetic resonance angiography and segmental pressure monitoring as objec...
motor branch or recurrent branch of the median nerve , also called as the thenar branch , innervates the intrinsic muscles of the thumb ( abductor pollicis brevis , opponens pollicis , and the superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis ) . it has an important role in the movements of the thumb and thus in many ac...	we present a 62-year - old female patient who had an anatomic variation in the median nerve of the left hand . during surgery for releasing the left carpal tunnel , an abnormally high level of origin of the thenar muscular branch of the median nerve was detected , at 2.5 cm above the proximal border of transverse car...
catatonia was first described by kahlbaum in 1874 , as a brain disorder , which has cyclic , alternating and progressive course . over the years , understanding about catatonia has increased and it is now well - known that besides the primary psychiatric disorders , catatonia is associated with many neurological and ...	there is lot of skepticism about the use of electroconvulsive therapy ( ect ) in children and adolescents . however , available literature suggests that use of ect can be at times life - saving in adolescents , especially those presenting with severe catatonia . we treated a 16-year - old female who presented to us...
a 15-year - old female developed fever , stinging eyes and headache , followed one day later by sudden appearance of flaccid blisters on the face with subsequent dissemination to more than 70% of the whole integument and development of mucosal erosions . thirty days before , she had been operated on the nose and medi...	toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare but clinically well - described dermatological pathology . however , clinical pictures of this disorder in text books do not reflect its dynamic evolution . usually , the desquamative post - bullous stage is represented , neglecting the initial bullous stage as well as the skin ...
neuroepithelial cells , which constitute the wall of the neural tube , proliferate by repeating symmetric cell division , where each neuroepithelial cell divides into two neuroepithelial cells ( progenitor expansion phase , figure 1 ; alvarez - buylla et al . , 2001 ; fishell and kriegstein , 2003 ; fujita , 2003 ; gtz...	in neural stem / progenitor cells , expression of the notch effector hes1 , a transcriptional repressor , oscillates with a period of 23 h by negative feedback , and hes1 oscillations induce the oscillatory expression of the proneural gene neurogenin2 ( ngn2 ) and the notch ligand gene delta - like1 ( dll1 ) . dll1 ...
urinary bladder metastasis from solid tumors is rare and represents 2% of all bladder neoplasms . direct extension from the cervix , prostate and colon is not unusual but metastasis from a distant organ is extremely rare . breast cancer represents as a primary site in about 2.5% cases of all metastatic bladder canc...	breast carcinoma is the most common nondermatologic cancer diagnosis in women . common metastatic sites include lymph nodes , lung , liver , and bone . breast carcinoma metastatic to the bladder has been reported only sporadically . most patients were symptomatic breast cancer with evidence of disseminated diseas...
the events of 11 september 2001 , and the subsequent mailings of anthraxladen envelopes within the usa , forever changed the way americans view public health and national security . as recently confirmed ( the wmd terrorism research center , 2011 ) , despite the investment of considerable financial and human resource...	summarydespite substantial investments since the events of 2001 , much work remains to prepare the nation for a chemical , biological , radiological or nuclear ( cbrn ) attack or to respond to an emerging infectious disease threat . following a 2010 review of the us public health emergency medical countermeasures ent...
hiv-1 associated neurocognitve disorders ( hand ) commonly follow progressive virus infection in the infected human host.(1 ) clinical disease features range in severity from subtle deficits to incapacitating dementia and include asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment , mild neurocognitive disorder , and hiv - associat...	regulatory t cells ( treg ) induce robust neuroprotection in murine models of neuroaids , in part , through eliciting anti - inflammatory responses for hiv-1-infected brain mononuclear phagocytes ( mp ; macrophage and microglia ) . herein , using both murine and human primary cell cultures in proteomic and cell biologi...
exposed root surfaces in the anterior region may have several consequences : impaired aesthetics , increased risk of root caries , and hypersensitivity . whereas circularly denuded root surfaces ( facial / oral and interproximally recessions ) due to periodontitis respond neither completely nor predictively to surgical...	purpose . the aim of this prospective longitudinal clinical pilot study was the evaluation of the effect on the oral health impact profile ( ohip ) and patient - centered results of the envelope technique for connective tissue graft ( ctg ) . methods . sixteen patients ( 11 females ) 24 to 71 years of age ( 42.6 ...
rosette forming glioneuronal tumor ( rgnt ) a rare slowly growing tumor affecting mainly the young adults which has been included as one of the glioneuronal tumors in the 2007 version of the world health organization ( who ) classification of central nervous system tumors . the neoplasm is composed of distinct neuroc...	rosette forming glioneuronal tumor ( rgnt ) is a recently recognized and extremely rare glioneuronal tumor occurring in the fourth ventricle . it is crucial for the cytopathologist to be aware of this entity as it can be easily mistaken for more common neoplasms occurring at this site . we present here the cytology...
disability due to chronic pain ( dcp ) results in absence from work and is a major public health concern in japan and many western countries.14 various screening tools have been developed to identify chronic pain subgroups and comorbid factors.57 a widely used powerful tool is the start back tool ( start ) , a 9-item s...	objectivethe generic start back 5-item screening tool ( start - g ) is used to manage chronic pain in the lower back and elsewhere . this study evaluated the validity of the japanese version of this generic screening tool.materials and methodsjapanese participants between the ages of 20 and 64 years completed online ...
these comorbidities might lead to the overuse or misuse of antipsychotic drugs , which has been suggested to increase mortality in this patient population . recognizing the increased use of polypharmacy in elderly patients with dementia , the centers for medicaid and medicare services ( cms ) encourages health care pro...	abstract objectives : to evaluate the effects of diffused lavender on the frequency of behavioral issues [ bis ] , defined as a composite of restlessness / wandering [ rw ] , agitation [ agt ] , anger [ ang ] , and anxiety [ anx ] in an adult day care center . secondary objectives evaluate systematic differences on...
the main public health strategy for containing influenza is annual vaccination , which is recommended for the elderly and others belonging to risk - factor categories , which present the highest morbidity and mortality , as reported by the world health organization ( who ) recommendations . influenza viruses are cons...	summarythe main public health strategy for containing influenza - related disease is annual vaccination , which is recommended for the elderly and others belonging to risk - factor categories , who present the highest morbidity and mortality , as reported by the world health organization ( who ) recommendations.the ava...
twelve wistar strain male rats , aged 120 days and with a mean weight of 250 to 300 g , were obtained from the breeding center of the anatomical and biological sciences center , shahid beheshti medical university ( sbmu ) tehran , iran . the animals were maintained under natural light and humidity conditions ( temper...	many research studies report the healing effects of aloe vera , thyroid hormone cream and silver sulfadiazine . however , the effects of these therapeutic agents are not well understood and have not been compared in one study . this study aimed at investigating the effects of topical application of an aloe vera gel...
antibiotics are well known to alter neuronal functioning , with penicillin being the best studied on not only a clinical level but on a basic science level as well . after multiple reports emerged on the probable relation between high dose penicillin and seizure , detailed animal studies emerged that showed toxic dos...	a 66-year - old male receiving intravenous piperacillin and nafcillin for a post - surgical wound infection developed intermittent myoclonic jerks of all four extremities that disappeared after discontinuation of these two medications . in addition there was a mild yet definite intermittent encephalopathic effect ; h...
pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from any part of the body . it is associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage by international association for the study of pain . it is an experience and in this respect , it differs from nocicep...	pain is an unpleasant experience and effects daily routine negatively . although there are various drugs , many of them are not entirely successful in relieving pain , since pain modulation is a complex process involving numerous mediators and receptors . therefore , it is a rational approach to identify the factors ...
shafer in 1983 introduced the term ameloblastic carcinoma ( ac ) to describe ameloblastomas in which there had been histological malignant transformation . it is currently defined as a rare odontogenic malignancy that combines the histological features of ameloblastoma with cytological atypia , even in the ab...	abstractbackgroundthe aim of the present article is to report a case of ameloblastic carcinoma and use a marker alpha smooth muscle actin as a tool to differentiate cases of ameloblastic carcinoma from that of ameloblastoma.methodscase study reporting a case of ameloblastic carcinoma ( ac ) with expression of alp...
near - infrared spectroscopy ( nirs ) offers a new monitoring tool to be used in critically ill patients . nirs measures the saturation of hemoglobin in the skeletal muscle and serves as an index of perfusion . we have studied the value of tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation ( sto2 ) in a number of settings , inclu...	introductionthe purpose of the present review is to review our experience with near - infrared spectroscopy ( nirs ) monitoring in shock resuscitation and predicting clinical outcomes.methodsthe management of critically ill patients with goal - oriented intensive care unit ( icu ) resuscitation continues to evolve as o...
post - kala - azar dermal leishmaniasis ( pkdl ) is a dermal manifestation of leishmania donovani infection and often follows resolution of clinical visceral leishmaniasis ( vl ) . however , it may also manifest without prior history of vl in a small minority of patients . pkdl is characterized by macular , papular...	background . post - kala - azar dermal leishmaniasis ( pkdl ) plays an important role in maintaining endemicity of visceral leishmaniasis and its transmission . treatment regimens for pkdl are toxic and require 3 - 4 months of hospitalization . these long and arduous regimens result in extensive noncompliance . ...
alopecia areata ( aa ) is common cause of reversible hair loss afflicting approximately 1 to 2% of the general population . a wide range of clinical presentations can occur , from a single patch of hair loss to complete loss of hair on the scalp ( alopecia totalis , at ) or over the entire body ( alopecia universalis...	background : alopecia areata ( aa ) is a common form of localized , nonscarring hair loss . it is characterized by the loss of hair in patches , total loss of scalp hair ( alopecia totalis , at ) , or total loss of body hair ( alopecia universalis , au ) . the cause of aa is unknown , although most evidence supports th...
the benguela upwelling system ( bus ) along the southwest african continental margin is one of the most productive upwelling regions in the world oceans ( carr , 2001 ) . decreasing water depth and increasing primary productivity result in ( i ) a > 100fold increase in sediment organic matter content from oligotrop...	summarysediments across the namibian continental margin feature a strong microbial activity gradient at their surface . this is reflected in ammonium concentrations of < 10 m in oligotrophic abyssal plain sediments near the south atlantic gyre compared with ammonium concentrations of > 700 m in upwelling areas ne...
the use of nanoparticles for cellular imaging is among the most important clinical breakthrough of the past decade . in particular , superparamagnetic iron oxide ( spio ) nanoparticles enhance contrast in magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , which allows clinicians to monitor anatomical , physiological , and molecular ...	purposemagnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) using contrast agents like superparamagnetic iron oxide ( spio ) is an extremely versatile technique to diagnose diseases and to monitor treatment . this study tested the relative importance of particle size and surface coating for the optimization of mri contrast and labelin...
leptin deficiency or dysfunction is one of the main causes for insulin resistance ( ir ) and lipid metabolism disorders [ 1 , 2 ] . it has been found that the majority of type 2 diabetes patients have higher levels of body fat , but normal or increased leptin in the plasma [ 36 ] , indicating leptin resistance ( lr )...	aim . to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise on glucose and lipid metabolism in liver of rats with type 2 diabetes caused by a high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin ( stz ) . methods . animals were classified into control ( con ) , diabetes ( dc ) , diabetic chronic exercise ( dce ) , and diab...
canine ehrlichiosis , a tick borne disease , was first recognized by donatien and lestoquar ( 1935 ) and has since been reported in dogs geographical widespread ( bretischwerdt 1995 ) . at the end of 1960 an epidemic outbreak of the disease with high mortality has been reported in american military dogs and south asia ...	background : the aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of canine ehrlichiosis and risk factors of this disease in companion dogs population of mashhad , north east of iran . canine monocytic ehrlichiosis ( cme ) is a zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks , rhipicephalus sanguineus , and caused by an...
zhigancao , glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma praeparata cum melle , originates from the processed dried roots or rhizomes of glycyrrhriza uralensis fisch . it is most frequently used in traditional chinese medical formulary to harmonize all drugs and detoxify the adverse effects of herbs . clinically , it treats disor...	a sensitive hplc method was developed for the quantitative determination of isoliquiritin apioside ( ila ) and isoliquiritin ( il ) in rat plasma . after protein precipitation with acetonitrile , chloroform was used to separate lipid - soluble impurities from the plasma samples and remove acetonitrile . a chromatog...
consumption of green tea is inversely associated with risk for cardiovascular diseases and stroke,1 as well as with lower cardiovascular and total mortality.2 improvement of endothelial function is thought to be one major mechanism for these beneficial effects . green tea improved flow - mediated dilation in chronic ...	abstract : the underlying mechanisms for the vasodilating effects of the tea catechin epigallocatechin-3-gallate ( egcg ) are still not fully understood . besides nitric oxide ( no)-dependent effects , other modes of action are discussed . to elucidate whether the no pathway is a prerequisite in mediating vasodilatin...
indeed , the ten leading companies newly marketed compounds increased their revenues by only ~10 % , and the average innovation deficit was ~1.31.8 new chemical entities per year ( drews 2003 ) . as the time from drug discovery to launch is currently ~12 years and costs ~$750 million / drug , the pharmaceutical i...	with a predicted 382.4 per 100,000 people expected to suffer from some form of malignant neoplasm by 2015 , and a current death toll of 1 out of 8 deaths worldwide , improving treatment and/or drug design is an essential focus of cancer research . multi - drug resistance is the leading cause of chemotherapeutic failu...
the anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ) is one of major knee ligaments and is critical to knee stability . injury to the acl can be a debilitating musculoskeletal injury seen most often in athletes . the incidence of acl injuries is currently estimated at approximately 200,000 in usa annually , with 100,000 acl reco...	background : reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ) involves use of semintendinosis and gracilis tendons graft that is transplanted into bone tunnels at the femoral and tibial insertion sites and the sites and the bone tendon interface is a weak link in the early healing period due to slow rate of hea...
over the past year , multiple noteworthy trials with the potential to evolve current clinical practice and guidelines have been presented at international meetings including the american college of cardiology ( acc , san diego , usa , march 2015 ) , european association for percutaneous cardiovascular interventions ( e...	introductionmultiple significant , potentially practice changing clinical trials in cardiology have been conducted and subsequently presented throughout the past year.methodsin this paper , the authors have reviewed and contextualized significant cardiovascular clinical trials presented at major international conferenc...
non - alcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) is a major cause of chronic liver disease globally , and is characterized by a spectrum of steatosis , inflammation and fibrosis . non - alcoholic steatohepatitis ( nash ) is a more severe form of nafld , and is characterized by lobular inflammation and hepatocyte balloon...	abstractnon - alcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) and non - alcoholic steatohepatitis ( nash ) are national and global epidemics . the disease is characterized by a spectrum of liver steatosis ( fat deposition ) , inflammation ( in nash ) and fibrosis . nafld and specifically nash can lead to cirrhosis , which ...
type 2 diabetes ( t2d ) is the most common form of diabetes and an increasingly prevalent metabolic disease . it is associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications and is considered one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality . according to the international diabetes federation ( idf ) , there we...	aims . the polymorphisms of pro- and anti - inflammatory cytokines may be involved in type 2 diabetes ( t2d ) pathogenesis and its complications . methods . we investigated in 102 t2d patients the association of the cytokine polymorphisms in the tnf- , il-10 , il-6 , tgf-1 , and ifn- genes with the t2d microvascu...
down syndrome ( ds ) is one of the most frequent congenital disorders in humans . many of them develop symptoms of alzheimer s disease ( ad ) at a relatively young age , and a high proportion of ds individuals develop dementia at a later stage . ds is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21 as a consequence of...	the protein kinase dyrk1a has been suggested to act as one of the intracellular regulators contributing to neurological alterations found in individuals with down syndrome . for an assessment of the role of dyrk1a , selective synthetic inhibitors are valuable pharmacological tools . however , the dyrk1a inh...
world - wide , 13 million people develop sepsis each year , and as many as 4 million people have died . in 1996 , there were 4.774 patients admitted to a teaching hospital in surabaya , indonesia , and 504 patients were diagnosed as having sepsis , with a mortality rate of 70.2% . in a study at a teaching hospital in y...	background : the appropriate selection of empirical antibiotics based on the pattern of local antibiotic resistance can reduce the mortality rate and increase the rational use of antibiotics.aims:we analyze the pattern of antibiotic use and the sensitivity patterns of antibiotics to support the rational use of antibiot...
daytime running lights ( drls ) are a safety feature intended to reduce crashes by increasing the contrast between vehicles and the background . currently , finland , sweden , norway , canada , denmark , hungary , and iceland all require vehicle lights during daytime hours . finland was the first to institute drl l...	backgrounddaytime running lights ( drls ) are a safety feature intended to reduce crashes by increasing the contrast between vehicles and the background.aimsthe purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between vehicles in the usa being equipped with drls and crash rates.methodsthis was a r...
although prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer - related deaths in men in the us , early detection with serum prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) has led to the over - detection and over - treatment of indolent prostate cancer(13 ) . recently , active surveillance , where men newly diagnosed with pros...	the presence of two or more prostate cancer foci separated by intervening benign tissue in a single core is a well - recognized finding on prostate biopsy . cancer involvement can be measured by including intervening benign tissue or only including the actual cancer involved area . importantly , this parameter is a...
the leptomeninges are composed of the pia and arachnoid mater connected by strands termed arachnoid trabeculae . in the young , the leptomeninges and dura mater have been traditionally thought to contain few , if any , inflammatory cells , and any increase in cellularity is potentially equated to a pathologic conditi...	objectivesnotwithstanding the lack of definitive evidence from studies conducted to date , inflammatory infiltrates and iron deposition in the leptomeninges are routinely used as forensic markers of traumatic brain injury . we investigated the presence of these forensic markers of trauma in neonates and infants , wit...
their occurrence was first described in 1670 by thilesus . however , at that time fistulas were a common complication of chronic and untreated cholecystitis . according to a 2005 study , 226 cases have been reported in total , with fewer than 25 in the last 50 years . the reduced incidence in current times can be att...	cases of cholecystocutaneous fistulas are now a rare occurrence as a result of rapid diagnosis and treatment . we present a case of cholecystocutaneous fistula developing after the removal of a percutaneous drain for the treatment of acute cholecystitis . re - occurring infection and presence of gallstones led to f...
tropical fevers are defined as infections that are prevalent in or are unique to tropical and subtropical regions . they occur in different parts of the indian subcontinent throughout the year , especially in rainy and postrainy season . these fevers include leptospirosis , enteric fever , malaria , dengue , scrub ...	we report a case of ciprofloxacin - related drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms ( dress ) which was initially diagnosed and managed on the line of tropical fever . later , a diagnosis of definite case of dress was made according to the regiscar scoring system and the patient was managed with the removal...
angiogenesis , the formation of new vessels from existing vessels , plays an important role in pathological conditions in various organs . pathological angiogenesis in the eye is the most common cause of blindness in all age groups . retinopathy of prematurity ( rop ) occurs in children , diabetic retinopathy ( dr ...	retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in the eyes is a causative factor in retinopathy of prematurity , diabetic retinopathy , and age - related macular degeneration . this study was designed to examine the pathogenic role of the high - mobility group box-1 ( hmgb1 ) protein and the inhibitory effect of ethyl pyruvate ( ep...
smallholder agriculture in semiarid areas is hampered by accelerated soil erosion , induced soil moisture deficits , soil fertility depletion , and soil crusting and compaction . the soil crusting and compaction problem is attributed to inherent soil properties and poor tillage practices . the semiarid areas of ken...	a field study was carried out to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on soil physical properties in mwala district , eastern kenya , during the long rains ( lr ) and short rains ( sr ) of 2012/13 . the treatments were disc ploughing ( dp ) , disc ploughing and harrowing ( dph ) , ox - ploughing ( ox ) , subsoil...
pregabalin ( pg ) chemically is 3-amino methyl hexanoic acid , with the chemical formula c8h17no2 . its structural and pharmacological features correspond to the mammalian neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( gaba ) , and it is primarily used as anticonvulsant drug . however , its effects are much broader bei...	this paper demonstrates colorimetric visible spectrophotometric quantification methods for amino acid , namely , tranexamic acid and pregabalin . both drugs contain the amino group , and when they are reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol , they give rise to yellow colored complexes showing absorpti...
world health organization and unaids report about 39.5 million hiv - infected people worldwide and about 2 million people in latin america . in 2009 , around 70,000 people were estimated to be infected in peru . the advent of haart has altered the course of hiv infection , transforming it from a fatal illness to a ch...	backgroundthe highly active antiretroviral therapy ( haart ) has altered the course of hiv infection , transforming it from a fatal illness to a chronic condition , reducing morbidity and mortality . however , this therapy has led to an increased incidence of metabolic problems such as insulin resistance , dyslipidem...
the jichi medical school ( jms ) cohort study is a prospective , population - based study aimed at exploring the risk factors for cvd in 12 communities in japan . details regarding the jms cohort study design and additional descriptive data are available in the supplementary data or in our previous reports ( 1315 ) ....	objectiveto examine the bmi - stratified associations between diabetes and the risks of all - cause death , cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) death , and cancer death.research design and methodsusing a prospective study with 12 rural japanese general populations ( n = 3,641 , mean age , 53.7 years ; 33.5% men ) , we exami...
approximately 26% of american adults are suffering from a diagnosable mental disease , and nearly half ( 45% ) of them meet criteria for two or more disorders strongly related to comorbidity . major depressive disorder ( mdd ) , one of the most common mental disorders , affects almost 15 million american adults ( abo...	depression , the most common type of mental illness , is the second leading cause of disability and is increasing among americans . the effect of improved nutrition , particularly with dietary supplements , on depression may provide an alternative to standard medical treatment . some studies have shown that certain...
reed 's syndrome refers to the onset of uterine leiomyomas with cutaneous leiomyomas , the latter occurring segmentally or affecting a particular dermatome , that are classified into type 1 and 2 . type 1 is caused by a novel postzygotic segmental mutation ; type 2 reflects an additional postzygotic loss of heterozyg...	reed 's syndrome or familial myomatosis cutis et uteri , an autosomal dominant inherited condition with incomplete penetrance , is characterized by multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas.[1 ] uterine leiomyomas usually commence earlier compared to that in the general population and cutaneous leiomyomas may precede ,...
dna double - strand breaks are extremely toxic dna lesions that arise from a variety of sources , including ionizing radiation , radiomimetic drugs [ 2 , 3 ] , oxidative stress [ 4 , 5 ] , abortive or inhibited topoisomerase reactions , and immunological processes such as v(d)j and class - switch recombination . thus...	most dna double - strand breaks ( dsbs ) formed in a natural environment have chemical modifications at or near the ends that preclude direct religation and require removal or other processing so that rejoining can proceed . free radical - mediated dsbs typically bear unligatable 3-phosphate or 3-phosphoglycolate ter...
a 65-year - old man with a medical history of stage iii nasopharyngeal cancer , end - stage renal disease treated with dialysis , hyperthyroidism , type 2 diabetes mellitus , hypertension , atrial fibrillation , and secondary hyperparathyroidism presented at the oral medicine clinic of the college of dentistry , univer...	mnckeberg sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology , characterized by dystrophic calcification within the arterial tunica media of the lower extremities leading to reduced arterial compliance . medial calcinosis does not obstruct the lumina of the arteries , and therefore does not lead to symptoms or signs of limb ...
cerebral palsy includes a group of nonprogressive movement disorders due to brain lesions or abnormalities in early development . its prevalence of 2 per 1000 newborns overall rises to 77 per 1000 preterms born at below 28 0/7 weeks of gestation [ 2 , 3 ] . a major cause is cystic periventricular leukomalacia ( cpv...	objective . to identify the risk factors for cystic periventricular leukomalacia ( cpvl ) and their implications for deciding between immediate delivery and conservative management of preterm prelabor rupture of the membranes ( pprom ) . methods . the following risk factors were compared between cpvl infants and 64...
the belgian pharmacologist bacq discovered the existence of toxins in nemertines during the mid- 1930s while searching for invertebrate neurotransmitters . an aqueous homogenate of a small intertidal hoplonemertine species ( amphiporus lactifloreus ) , like acetylcholine ( ach ) , contracted isolated frog skeletal mu...	nemertines are a phylum of carnivorous marine worms that possess a variety of alkaloidal , peptidic or proteinaceous toxins that serve as chemical defenses against potential predators . the hoplonemertines additionally envenomate their prey with a mixture of proboscis alkaloids delivered with the help of a calcareous...
recent work has demonstrated the importance of the abdominal muscles in ensuring sufficient spine stability to prevent buckling and enhance function2 , 3 . the curl - up , performed as an abdominal exercise , has been shown to produce reasonable levels of activity in the rectus abdominis ( ra ) muscle while m...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the abdominal hollowing exercise on trunk muscle activity during the curl - up exercise on an unstable surface by measuring electromyography ( emg ) activity . [ subjects ] fourteen young healthy adults ( nine male , five female ) voluntari...
to report the ultrasound biomicroscopy ( ubm ) and surgical findings in a subject with a syndrome of ectopia lentis , spontaneous filtering blebs , and craniofacial dysmorphism ( traboulsi syndrome ) . case report , using a 40-mhz ubm wide - field anterior segment scan and anterior segment optical coherence tomograph...	purposeto report the ultrasound biomicroscopy ( ubm ) and surgical findings in a subject with a syndrome of ectopia lentis , spontaneous filtering blebs , and craniofacial dysmorphism ( traboulsi syndrome).methodscase report , using a 40-mhz ubm wide - field anterior segment scan and anterior segment optical coherence ...
normally , maintenance of the intestinal epithelium involves a dynamic process in which intestinal stem cells ( iscs ) located at the crypt base undergo differentiation , proliferation , and migration along the crypt villus axis . at the end of this journey , intestinal epithelial cells ( iecs ) these processes appe...	inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) is characterized by dysregulated immune responses to the intestinal microbiota , and by chronic intestinal inflammation . several recent studies demonstrate the importance of innate microbial recognition by immune and nonimmune cells in the gut . paradoxically , either diminished ...
although proinflammatory effects of acute hyperglycemia in inflammatory conditions and septic patients have been extensively investigated in clinical as well as experimental settings , there are still controversies about its relevance and mechanisms [ 1 , 2 ] . . found no beneficial effect of treating acute hyperglyc...	it is well acknowledged that proinflammatory stimulation during acute hyperglycemia is able to aggravate inflammatory diseases . however , the mechanisms of proinflammatory effects of glucose are controversially discussed . we investigated leukocyte recruitment after intravenous injection of glucose in different in...
for several decades there has been a demographic shift towards an ageing population taking place across the european continent , albeit at varying speeds . the number of children being born has universally decreased across europe and the birth rate is falling below replacement levels in some member states such as ger...	this paper is an examination of the recent restructuring and subsequent convergence of european long - term care models . this paper also aims to highlight the increased role of migrant care workers and the need for great social and governmental recognition for all care providers . the provision of long term care i...
cloacogenic carcinomas ( ccs ) are relatively common neoplasms of the anal canal and are thought to arise from cloacogenic remnants at this site . histological and ultrastructural studies have indicated that these neoplasms may also arise from transitional cloacogenic epithelium lining the anal ducts or from the basa...	cloacogenic carcinoma ( cc , basaloid carcinoma ) generally occurs around the dentate line , rarely it can arise from the other sides of the colon . there are only 5 cases of cc located outside the anal canal in the literature . the first occurrence of a cc presents as intraabdominal abscess . we describe a 23-ye...
gastric antral vascular ectasia ( gave ) is a rare disorder associated with chronic upper gastrointestinal bleeding that mainly affects elderly women . it has a unique endoscopic appearance characterized by multiple longitudinal stripes of red vessels ( watermelon stomach ) or a diffuse spread of red vessels ( diffus...	gastric antral vascular ectasia ( gave ) is currently recognized as an important cause of gastrointestinal bleeding . chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) is associated with a high incidence of gave . we report 3 patients with ckd who presented with severe anemia and were diagnosed with gave ; they were resistant to endosc...
wilms tumor is the most common primary malignant renal tumor in children , accounting for 6% of all pediatric malignant tumors 1 , however , it is very rare in adults , with an incidence of about 0.2 per million per year in the usa and europe 2 . only approximately 300 well - documented cases of adult invasion of the...	wilms tumor ( wt ) occurs infrequently in adults . even rarer is adult wt with extension by direct intravascular spread into the right side of the heart . the present report describes a partially differentiated wt with intracaval and intracardiac extension in a 54-year - old man . the morphologic and immunohistoc...
many studies provide evidence pointing to a clear role of vitamin d in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases , especially autoimmune thyroid diseases ( aitds ) , as vitamin d deficiency is linked with high levels of anti - thyroid antibodies , abnormal thyroid function , increased thyroid volume , and increased tsh l...	objectives . some evidence has pointed out that vitamin d plays a significant role in reducing the incidence of autoimmune diseases , especially autoimmune thyroid diseases . the authors aimed to examine the relationship between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d and thyroid autoantibody in a population - based health s...
asthma and copd have been regarded as two distinct disease entities that often overlap.13 asthma and copd overlap has a prevalence of 15%20% in patients with obstructive airway disease ( asthma or copd)46 and is associated with significant health status impairment,4 increased exacerbations,5 and increased hospitalizati...	backgroundthe clinical phenotypes and underlying mechanisms of asthma - copd overlap syndrome ( acos ) remain elusive . this study aimed to investigate a comparison of copd patients with and without acos , focusing on inflammatory biomarkers , in an outpatient copd cohort.methodswe conducted a cross - sectional study...
porcine parvovirus ( ppv ) , first isolated from sows in germany , has been found to occur worldwide [ 24 ] . this syndrome is characterized by stillbirth , mummified fetuses , early embryonic and fetal death , delayed return to estrus , and infertility ( abbreviated as smedi ) [ 5 , 6 ] . ppv is also shown to be a...	porcine parvovirus ( ppv ) is a widespread infectious virus that causes serious reproductive diseases of swine and death of piglets . the gene coding for the major capsid protein vp2 of ppv was amplified using viral nucleic acid extract from swine serum and inserted into yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression plas...
the prevalence of as ranges from 2% to 9% of aged population over 65 years old , and it is increasingly diagnosed in the contemporary era of aging society.1 ) given no established medical treatment to improve prognosis of as patients , decision to proceed with corrective surgery is crucial . progression of as is usua...	backgroundaortic stenosis ( as ) is increasingly diagnosed in current aging society . echocardiography is the most important tool in the assessment of as and its severity . however , load - dependency of doppler measurement could affect the accuracy of as severity assessment . we tried to evaluate the impact of a...
migraine is typically characterized by a pulsating headache with or without aura , nausea , and vomiting . the drugs commonly used in acute migraine attacks are sumatriptan ( which is one of the triptans chemically grouped under serotonin agonists ) and ergot alkaloids , while propranolol and calcium channel blockers...	introductionthis case report adds supportive evidence to the development of acute angle - closure glaucoma ( aacg ) , a rare but serious adverse effect following the use of topiramate ( tpm ) for a severe headache.case reporta 25-year - old female reported with severe headache , suspected to be migraine , and was start...
the data from the articles by goldstein et al . suggest that both cardiologists and their patients tend to think that once a device such as an icd is in place , one ought not stop it . as a general rule , philosophers have suggested that the conditions under which one could justify withholding a treatment are those u...	as implantable cardioverter defibrillators ( icds ) have become more common , ethical issues have arisen regarding the deactivation of these devices . goldstein et al . , have shown that both patients and cardiologists consider icd deactivation to be different from the discontinuation of other life - sustaining treat...
total joint arthroplasty , in particular tha , has had a revolutionary role in improving the quality of life . the use of bone cement for the implant stability versus biologic fixation with bone ingrowth in cementless tha has been a controversial issue for years . while immediate cement fixation in very old people ...	background : cementless hip prosthesis was designed to provide biologic fixation , without the use of cement . the second generation components have shown more reliable bone ingrowths and survival rates . we are reporting a midterm result of two designs of cementless prosthesis in a unique culture with different so...
noninvasive prenatal testing ( nipt ) is becoming increasingly popular in the united states , with increasing advocacy in the medical community . some obstetricians one recent study concluded that cfdna testing had significantly lower false positive rates and higher positive predictive values for trisomy 21 and 18 th...	key clinical messagenoninvasive prenatal testing ( nipt ) is becoming increasingly popular with some offering it as a primary screen option in all patients in place of serum screening . serum screening offers insight into placental function , which nipt does not . abnormal levels of analytes in the serum screen hav...
common placebos are usually inert tablets or sham surgery based on false information . since the publication of henry k. beecher 's in 1955 , the phenomenon has been considered to be clinically important . placebo effects were shown to be genuine psychobiological events attributed to the overall therapeutic context...	a placebo is a sham medical intervention that can produce a placebo effect . laboratory evidence supports the existence of several mechanisms of placebo effects in both healthy population and patients with a variety of medical conditions . the ethics of placebos have long been debated . however , accumulating ethic...
prior to the genome era , compositional signatures ( 1 ) or sequence alignments ( 2 ) were used to delineate the phylogenetic patterns across organisms . the availability of entire genome sequences has sparked a further development of methods for phylogenetic reconstructions on a genome - wide scale . following this ...	species evolutionary relationships have traditionally been defined by sequence similarities of phylogenetic marker molecules , recently followed by whole - genome phylogenies based on gene order , average ortholog similarity or gene content . here , we introduce genome conservation a novel metric of evolutionary dis...
hyperplasia refers to tissue growth into the oral cavity , located over the alveolar ridges or the soft tissues of the vestibular sulcus . its etiology is multifactorial , but some irritative factors are more commonly associated , such as periodontal disease , poor oral hygiene , smoking , and poor denture fitting . ...	the aim of this study was to present a case report of the surgical removal of hyperplasia in the oral cavity , using carbon dioxide ( co2 ) laser radiation and rehabilitation with a complete denture . epulis fissuratum occurs in complete denture patients , because a constant irritative action induces the mucosa to gr...
there is much controversy regarding the use and timing of enteral feeding support in patients with dysphagia and aspiration risk . the decision process becomes far more complex in those patients with advanced dementia , due to ethical and moral issues associated with the continuing comfort care per os ( po ) feeds wi...	purposeover 4.5 million people in north america had a diagnosis of dementia in the year 2000 , and more than half had advanced disease with potential aspiration risk . there is much controversy regarding the use and timing of enteral feeding support in these patients with dysphagia . the management of dysphagia is ...
bone dysplasias are characterized by the replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue containing abnormal bone or cementum.1 familial gigantiform cementoma , which is a subgroup of osseous dysplasias , is a rare condition of the jaw ( table 1).2,3,4 its true incidence is unknown , as is the gender and ethnic predispo...	ehlers - danlos syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder of connective tissue , while familial gigantiform cementoma is a condition that usually manifests as multiple radiopaque cementum - like masses throughout the jaws . this case report discusses the oral management and prosthetic rehabilitation of tw...
cervical cancer is a major health challenge with approximately 530,000 news cases and 270,000 deaths annually worldwide despite remarkable advances in screening and prevention through the development of human papillomavirus ( hpv ) vaccine . while the majority of cervical cancer cases can be potentially cured with su...	cervical cancer epitomizes the success of cancer prevention through the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) vaccine , but significant challenges remain in the treatment of advanced disease . we report the first three cases of cervical carcinoma harboring an fgfr3tacc3 fusion , which serves as a novel therapeutic target . ...
anca - associated vasculitides ( aav ) are autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the blood vessel wall and include microscopic polyangiitis ( mpa ) , granulomatosis with polyangiitis ( gpa , formerly wegener 's ) , and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis ( egpa , formerly churg - strauss syndro...	objective . st2 , a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family , is selectively expressed on th2 cells and mediates important th2 functions . il-33 is a specific ligand of st2 . the aim of the study was to determine whether serum levels of soluble st2 ( sst2 ) or il-33 predict activity of the disease in patients...
atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity . despite all the methods of diagnosis and the new strategies in the treatment of patients , cardiovascular diseases ( cvds ) are considered as the most important cause of mortality in iran over the last decad...	background : atherosclerotic disease is the most important cause of mortality in the world . oxidation is an important pathway in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease ( cad ) through oxidation of low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) and free radical formation . copper ( cu ) is an essential micronutrient for en...
coccygodynia , first described by simpson in 1859 , is disabling pain in the coccyx that is usually provoked by sitting or changing from a sitting to a standing position . this tail bone pain may radiate rostrally to the sacrum or lumbar spine or laterally to the buttocks . patients may rarely present with associat...	objectivea review of the literature on coccygectomy and our patients was performed to assess the effectiveness of coccygectomy for chronic refractory coccygodynia.methodsan english language pubmed search was conducted with the terms " coccygodynia " and " coccygectomy " from january 1980 to january 2012 . we retrospe...
a 29-year - old woman with marfan 's syndrome was scheduled to undergo the elective bentall 's operation and thoracic aortic replacement with artificial graft . there were no abnormal findings or special histories on the preoperative evaluations . on patient 's arrival at the operating room , after anesthetic induc...	hemothorax is a possible immediate complication of central venous catheterization . we experienced a patient who suffered from massive hemothorax 72 hours after right subclavian venous catheterization . a 29-year - old female patient with marfan 's syndrome underwent the bentall 's operation and aortic arch replace...
the aim of this study was to identify the definition , therapeutics , and mechanism of diabetes from the resources of itm in order to provide new recommendations for the treatment of diabetes . we searched therapeutic itm books such as exir - e - aazam , tibib - e - akbari , as well as material medical itm books such...	background : diabetes mellitus is a complex disorder of carbohydrate metabolism . according to past studies , the word ziabites in iranian traditional medicine ( itm ) correlate with diabetes . the aim of this study was to identify the definition , therapeutics , and mechanism of diabetes from the resources of itm in...
recent advances in computer hardware and software have greatly extended the time scales that can be covered by biomolecular simulations . these longer time scales ( beyond nanoseconds ) one important characteristic of these force fields is the ability to accurately model the formation of salt bridges , or pai...	recent advances in computer hardware and software have made rigorous evaluation of current biomolecular force fields using microsecond - scale simulations possible . force fields differ in their treatment of electrostatic interactions , including the formation of salt bridges in proteins . here we conduct...
depression is a common mental disorder , with an estimated global burden of 350 million . lifetime prevalence rates range from approximately 3% to 16.9% , with most countries falling somewhere between 8% and 12% . depressive disorder is diagnosed when the patient suffers from depressed mood , loss of interest and e...	introduction : early diagnosis and management of depression is important for better therapeutic outcome . strategies for distinguishing between unipolar and bipolar depression are yet to be defined , resulting improper management . this study aims at comparing the socio - demographic and other variables between patie...
stroke is defined as rapidly developing symptoms and/or signs of focal and global loss of cerebral function lasting for at least 24 hours with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin . therefore , effective risk factor intervention represents the most appropriate to reduce stroke morbidity and mortality . w...	backgroundchanges in the lipid profile have been suggested as a risk factor for developing ischemic stroke . their role in intra - cerebral hemorrhage , however , is not clear . the present study was designed to evaluate the lipid profile levels of patients who had experienced an acute stroke during the first 24-ho...
attendances to emergency departments due to accidental digital auto - injection of adrenaline seem to be on the rise . for every 50000 epipen units administered correctly , one is accidentally performed into a digit , usually the thumb ( 1 ) . we present the case of a 32 year old gp who unwittingly deployed an epin...	after the accidental injection of epinephrine into a digit , various techniques to try and reverse the ensuing ischaemia were unsuccessful . to identify a further treatment strategy and as members of the admitting team were unfamiliar with digital injection of epinephrine a google search was performed . previous case...
managed care is increasingly becoming a preferred administrative vehicle for states to control their medicaid budgets and assure access to and coordination of services . managed care now serves 23 percent of the medicaid population . as reported by the kaiser commission on the future of medicaid ( 1995 ) , enrollment...	managed care now serves 23 percent of the medicaid population . with the shift to capitation , the fee - for - service ( ffs ) billing mechanism that has generated much of the administrative data used in policy planning and research no longer exists . this article provides an overview of the types of encounter data c...
dna , with its building block dna bases that store the genetic information , is indispensable in protein biosynthesis . investigations on long - distance charge transfer through dna are of ongoing interest . moreover , the interaction of excited triplet states of aromatic carbonyl compounds with dna bases is al...	the kinetics of triplet state quenching of 3,3,4,4-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid ( bptc ) by dna bases adenine , adenosine , thymine , and thymidine has been investigated in aqueous solution using time - resolved laser flash photolysis . the observation of the bptc ketyl radical anion at max = 630 nm indi...
when angiotensin - converting enzyme-2 ( ace2 ) was serendipitously discovered ten years ago , neither of the two groups at the centre of its discovery [ 1 , 2 ] could have guessed at the disproportionate number of distinct roles it plays in biology , from cardiovascular regulation to viral infection . as so often ha...	the renin - angiotensin system ( ras ) is a critical regulator of hypertension , primarily through the actions of the vasoactive peptide ang ii , which is generated by the action of angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) mediating an incre...
with attention to the role of diet or medical nutritional therapy on chronic disease , the dietary pattern approach , which involves diet quality indices , has been suggested as a powerful tool because of the complexity of diets [ 1 - 3 ] . in recent decades , several indices have been developed and validated , includi...	the present study was performed to evaluate the relationship between dietary quality indices including the diet quality index - international ( dqi - i ) , alternate healthy eating index ( ahei ) , and healthy diet indicator ( hdi ) and glycemic status in korean patients with type 2 diabetes . a total of 110 consecut...
the cath database is a hierarchical classification of domains into sequence- and structure - based families and fold groups . table 1 shows the population of the latest release of cath ( version 2.5.1 , released january 2004 ) . in the lowest level of the hierarchy , sequences are clustered according to significant...	the cath database of protein domain structures ( http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/ ) currently contains 43 229 domains classified into 1467 superfamilies and 5107 sequence families . each structural family is expanded with sequence relatives from genbank and completed genomes , using a variety of efficient sequ...
a literature search of the pubmed online database was carried out to identify studies that reported the causes of death after tavr on august 10 , 2014 ( figure1 ) . the search terms were as follows : ( percutaneous or transcatheter or transfemoral or transapical or transsubclavian or transaortic or transaxillary ) an...	backgroundtranscatheter aortic valve replacement ( tavr ) is an effective alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement in patients at high surgical risk . however , there is little published literature on the exact causes of death.methods and resultsthe pubmed database was systematically searched for studies repo...

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