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▁observ ator ies ▁developing ▁las er ▁A O ▁systems ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁include ▁the ▁Lar ge ▁Bin oc ular ▁T eles cope ▁and ▁Gran ▁T eles cop io ▁Can arias . ▁The ▁las er ▁guide ▁star ▁system ▁at ▁the ▁Very ▁Lar ge ▁T eles cope ▁started ▁regular ▁scientific ▁operations ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Since ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁ 4 ▁Las er ▁Guide ▁Star ▁Fac ility ▁( 4 L GS F ) ▁has ▁been ▁installed ▁at ▁the ▁E SO ' s ▁Very ▁Lar ge ▁T eles cope ▁( V LT ), ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁sub system ▁of ▁the ▁Ada pt ive ▁Opt ics ▁Fac ility ▁( A OF ). ▁The ▁ 4 L GS F ▁is ▁a ▁complement ▁of ▁the ▁V LT ▁Las er ▁Guide ▁Star ▁Fac ility ▁( L GS F ). ▁Instead ▁of ▁a ▁single ▁las er ▁beam , ▁the ▁ 4 L GS F ▁propag ates ▁four ▁las er ▁be ams ▁into ▁the ▁sk ies ▁of ▁Par anal , ▁in ▁northern ▁Chile , ▁producing ▁four ▁artificial ▁stars ▁by ▁ill umin ating ▁sod ium ▁atoms ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁atmosphere ▁at ▁ 9 0 km ▁alt itude . ▁These ▁four ▁stars ▁enable ▁getting ▁a ▁better ▁correction ▁in ▁a ▁specific ▁direction , ▁or ▁w iden ing ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁view ▁corrected ▁by ▁an ▁adapt ive ▁opt ics . ▁Each ▁las er ▁del ivers ▁ 2 2 ▁w att s ▁in ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁. ▁The ▁ 4 L GS |
F ▁Las er ▁System ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁fi ber ▁Ram an ▁las er ▁technology , ▁developed ▁at ▁E SO ▁and ▁transferred ▁to ▁industry . ▁ ▁The ▁upgrade ▁to ▁four ▁las ers ▁with ▁fi ber ▁Ram an ▁las er ▁technology ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁new ▁instruments ▁at ▁Par anal ▁Observ atory , ▁like ▁H AW K - I ▁( with ▁G RA AL ) ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁M USE ▁( with ▁G AL AC SI ). ▁Also ▁with ▁the ▁ 4 L GS F ▁the ▁stability ▁is ▁increased , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁prevent ative ▁maintenance ▁support ▁and ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁an ▁obser ving ▁run ▁time ▁will ▁be ▁consider ably ▁reduced ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁L GS F , ▁which ▁currently ▁uses ▁still ▁its ▁original ▁d ye ▁las er ▁( pl anned ▁to ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁fi ber ▁las er ). ▁The ▁ 4 L GS F ▁helps ▁astronom ers ▁to ▁test ▁devices ▁for ▁the ▁E - E LT , ▁which ▁will ▁have ▁a ▁similar ▁system ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁adapt ive ▁opt ics ▁of ▁the ▁teles cope . ▁Given ▁its ▁power , ▁the ▁ 4 L GS F ▁operations ▁follow ▁a ▁protocol ▁to ▁avoid ▁any ▁risk . ▁The ▁las er ▁system ▁is ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁an ▁automatic ▁aircraft ▁avoid ance ▁system ▁that ▁sh uts ▁down ▁the ▁las ers ▁if ▁an ▁aircraft ▁vent ures ▁too ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁be ams . ▁ ▁For ▁sod ium ▁las er ▁guide ▁stars , ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁main ▁challeng es ▁to ▁overcome : ▁L arm or ▁pre |
cess ion , ▁re co il , ▁and ▁transition ▁s atur ation . ▁L arm or ▁pre cess ion , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁pre cess ion ▁of ▁the ▁sod ium ▁atom ▁in ▁the ▁geom agnet ic ▁field ▁( pre cis ely , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁pre cess ion ▁of ▁the ▁quant ized ▁total ▁atomic ▁angular ▁momentum ▁vector ▁of ▁the ▁atom ), ▁decre ases ▁the ▁atomic ▁flu ores c ence ▁of ▁the ▁las er ▁guide ▁star ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁angular ▁momentum ▁of ▁the ▁atom ▁before ▁a ▁two - level ▁cy cling ▁transition ▁can ▁be ▁established ▁through ▁optical ▁p ump ing ▁with ▁circular ly ▁polar ized ▁light . ▁Rec o il ▁from ▁sp ont aneous ▁emission , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁momentum ▁kick ▁to ▁the ▁atom , ▁causes ▁a ▁red shift ▁in ▁the ▁las er ▁light ▁relative ▁to ▁the ▁atom , ▁rendering ▁the ▁atom ▁unable ▁to ▁abs orb ▁the ▁las er ▁light ▁and ▁thus ▁unable ▁to ▁flu ores ce . ▁Trans ition ▁s atur ation ▁is ▁the ▁dep op ulation ▁of ▁atoms ▁from ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁higher ▁angular ▁momentum ▁( F = 2 ) ▁to ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁lower ▁angular ▁momentum ▁( F = 1 ), ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁different ▁absor ption ▁w avel ength . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁E SO cast ▁ 3 4 : ▁How ▁To ▁Stop ▁a ▁Star ' s ▁Tw ink le ▁ ▁E SO ’ s ▁New ▁Comp act ▁Las er ▁Guide ▁Star ▁Unit ▁T ested ▁ ▁Gem ini ' s ▁Las er ▁V ision ▁Re ve als |
▁St rik ing ▁New ▁Details ▁in ▁Or ion ▁Neb ula ▁ ▁Category : A stronom ical ▁imag ing ▁Category : L aser ▁applications <0x0A> </s> ▁Has an ▁I ğ s ı z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 6 , ▁Ist an bul , ▁Turkey ) ▁is ▁a ▁retired ▁General ▁in ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Army . ▁He ▁was ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Army ▁of ▁Turkey ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁def endant ▁in ▁the ▁Er gen ek on ▁tri als . ▁ ▁Career ▁I ğ s ı z ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Military ▁Academy ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁and ▁from ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Military ▁College ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁Brig ad ier - General ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁and ▁Major - General ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁He ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁General ▁and ▁appointed ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Army ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁( 3 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 6 - 3 0 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 8 ), ▁and ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁General ▁Staff ▁( tr ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Army ▁of ▁Turkey ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁I ğ s ı z ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁be ▁appointed ▁Commander ▁of ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Land ▁Forces , ▁but ▁his ▁appointment ▁was ▁blocked ▁by ▁Prime |
▁Minister ▁Re cep ▁T ay y ip ▁Er dog an . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ist an bul ▁Category : T urk ish ▁Military ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : Ar my ▁War ▁College ▁( T ur key ) ▁al umn i ▁Category : T urk ish ▁Army ▁gener als ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Command ers ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Army ▁of ▁Turkey <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Myst eries ▁is ▁a ▁detect ive ▁fiction ▁series ▁about ▁the ▁esc ap ades ▁of ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Cav end ish , ▁a ▁ma id ▁of ▁honour ▁to ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I . ▁The ▁books ▁are ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁a ▁di ary . ▁Each ▁book ▁sees ▁her ▁trying ▁to ▁solve ▁a ▁mystery ▁of ▁the ▁royal ▁court . ▁The ▁stories ▁are ▁set ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 9 ▁and ▁ 1 5 7 0 , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁twelve ▁books ▁so ▁far ; ▁Ass ass in , ▁Bet ray al , ▁Cons pi racy , ▁De ception , ▁Ex ile , ▁Fe ud , ▁Gold , ▁Ha unted , ▁In tr igue , ▁J inx , ▁Ke ys , ▁and ▁L oot . ▁The ▁first ▁book , ▁Ass ass in , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁Auth ors ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁three ▁books , ▁Ass ass in , ▁Bet ray al , ▁Cons pi racy , ▁and ▁the ▁later ▁Fe ud , ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁Pat ric ia |
▁Fin ney , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁books ▁are ▁co - written ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vol ger ▁and ▁Jan ▁B urch ett . ▁All ▁authors ▁write ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁" G race ▁Cav end ish ". ▁ ▁Series ▁The ▁series ▁is ▁written ▁in ▁alphabet ical ▁order , ▁leading ▁to ▁hopes ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁another ▁ 1 4 ▁( M – Z ); ▁however , ▁none ▁have ▁been ▁published ▁for ▁the ▁past ▁ 8 ▁years . ▁ ▁Ass ass in ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Fin ney , ▁Double day , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁▁ ▁Bet ray al ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Fin ney , ▁Double day , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁▁ ▁Cons pi racy ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Fin ney , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁De ception ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vol ger ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Fe ud ▁by ▁Pat ric ia ▁Fin ney , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Gold ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁Ha unted ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁ ▁In tr igue ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁J inx ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B |
urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Ke ys ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁L oot ▁by ▁S ara ▁Vog ler ▁& ▁Jan ▁B urch ett , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁Char acters ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁rec urr ing ▁characters ▁who ▁appear ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁books . ▁The ▁main ▁characters ▁are ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Cav end ish ▁and ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁the ▁First . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Cav end ish , ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Cav end ish ▁is ▁the ▁young est ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁to ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁book , ▁Ass ass in ▁she ▁is ▁th ir teen ▁years ▁old ; ▁by ▁the ▁ele vent h , ▁Ke ys , ▁she ▁is ▁fifteen . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁dear est ▁god d augh ter ▁and ▁rather ▁a ▁favour ite ▁with ▁her ▁at ▁Court . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁an ▁or phan ▁like ▁her ▁friends ▁Ell ie ▁and ▁Mas ou . ▁Both ▁her ▁parents , ▁especially ▁her ▁mother , ▁play ▁mem orial ▁roles ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁books ▁and ▁both ▁died ▁hero ic , ▁trag ic ▁death s . ▁Her ▁father ▁died ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁two , ▁fighting ▁a ▁war ▁in ▁France , ▁and ▁her ▁mother ▁un int ention ally ▁d rank ▁poison ▁intended ▁for ▁the ▁Queen , ▁put ▁there ▁by ▁the ▁Pap ist ▁Gu ises . ▁ ▁Her ▁best ▁friends ▁work ▁at ▁White hall ▁Palace ▁and ▁follow |
▁the ▁Queen ▁on ▁progress . ▁Ell ie ▁Bun ting , ▁an ▁or phan ed ▁la und ry ▁ma id , ▁and ▁Mas ou ▁Al - Ah med , ▁an ▁African ▁ac ro bat ▁from ▁Will ▁Som er ' s ▁ac rob atic ▁tr oupe , ▁are ▁both ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁Grace . ▁However , ▁they ▁have ▁to ▁keep ▁their ▁friendship ▁a ▁secret ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁vast ▁difference ▁between ▁their ▁stations ▁in ▁life . ▁The ▁only ▁time ▁Grace ▁mentions ▁them ▁is ▁in ▁her ▁day bo oke . ▁ ▁Sh arp ▁and ▁clever , ▁Grace ▁always ▁solves ▁a ▁new ▁mystery ▁in ▁a ▁short ▁dead line ▁and ▁is ▁quietly ▁reward ed ▁by ▁the ▁Queen . ▁Grace ▁has ▁to ▁keep ▁her ▁investig ations ▁a ▁secret , ▁but ▁she ▁nearly ▁always ▁inform s ▁Mas ou ▁and ▁Ell ie , ▁and ▁they ▁are ▁her ▁trust y ▁friends ▁who ▁help ▁her ▁with ▁the ▁investig ations ▁when ▁she ▁needs ▁a ▁companion ▁and ▁they ▁sometimes ▁try ▁to ▁do ▁some ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁investigation ▁in ▁their ▁spare ▁time . ▁She ▁is ▁always ▁very ▁dis cre et ▁about ▁her ▁being ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁Lady ▁P urs u iv ant ▁and ▁her ▁advent ures ▁are ▁closely ▁guard ed ▁secre ts . ▁ ▁Grace ▁never ▁wants ▁to ▁get ▁married ▁as ▁she ▁wants ▁to ▁be ▁like ▁the ▁Queen ▁and ▁stay ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Court ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁she ▁wishes ▁to . ▁However , ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁book ▁( Ass ass in ) ▁she ▁has ▁three ▁suit ors , ▁Lord ▁Robert , ▁Sir ▁Ger ald |
▁and ▁her ▁horse ▁r iding ▁instruct or ▁Sir ▁Charles . ▁Fort un ately , ▁she ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁to ▁marry ▁one ▁of ▁them ▁after ▁a ▁murder ▁case ▁when ▁Sir ▁Ger ald ▁is ▁found ▁dead ▁with ▁a ▁kn ife ▁in ▁his ▁back ▁and ▁Lord ▁Robert ▁is ▁under ▁susp icion . ▁ ▁Ever ▁since ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁her ▁bel oved ▁mother , ▁Lady ▁Margaret ▁Cav end ish , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁Lad ies ▁in ▁Wait ing ▁and ▁especially ▁the ▁Queen ▁( who ▁was ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁Grace ' s ▁mother ) ▁has ▁been ▁kind ▁to ▁her ▁and ▁took ▁her ▁on ▁as ▁a ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁twelve . ▁ ▁Un like ▁all ▁the ▁other ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁lov es ▁to ▁clim b ▁trees ▁in ▁orch ards ▁when ▁she ▁wal ks ▁the ▁dogs . ▁In ▁White hall , ▁she ▁mainly ▁clim bs ▁a ▁cher ry ▁tree ▁that ▁rem inds ▁her ▁of ▁her ▁mother . ▁When ▁Grace ▁wal ks ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁dogs , ▁she ▁always ▁goes ▁to ▁visit ▁her ▁friends ▁Mas ou ▁and ▁Ell ie ▁in ▁a ▁hide out . ▁Every ▁time ▁the ▁Queen ▁wants ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁another ▁Palace , ▁Mas ou ▁and ▁Ell ie ▁find ▁a ▁little ▁hide away ▁in ▁the ▁orch ard ▁to ▁go ▁in ▁there ▁in ▁their ▁spare ▁time , ▁when ▁they ▁are ▁not ▁helping ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁solve ▁a ▁new ▁mystery . ▁ ▁The ▁thing ▁that ▁Grace ▁h ates ▁is ▁when ▁Ell ie ▁and ▁Mas |
ou ▁have ▁to ▁treat ▁her ▁like ▁a ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁and ▁call ▁her ▁" m ist ress " ▁and ▁" l ady ". ▁When ▁Mas ou ▁does , ▁he ▁performs ▁elaborate ▁b ows . ▁Grace ▁states ▁she ▁always ▁finds ▁it ▁hard ▁not ▁to ▁laugh ▁when ▁he ▁does . ▁ ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁( 7 ▁September ▁ 1 5 3 3 ▁– ▁ 2 4 ▁March ▁ 1 6 0 3 ) ▁was ▁Queen ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁Ireland ▁from ▁ 1 7 ▁November ▁ 1 5 5 8 ▁until ▁her ▁death ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 6 0 3 . ▁Sometimes ▁called ▁" The ▁Virgin ▁Queen ", ▁" G lor iana ", ▁or ▁" Good ▁Queen ▁B ess ", ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁and ▁last ▁monarch ▁of ▁the ▁T ud or ▁dynast y . ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁King ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁and ▁Queen ▁Anne ▁B ole yn . ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁born ▁a ▁prin cess , ▁but ▁her ▁mother , ▁Anne ▁B ole yn , ▁was ▁executed ▁three ▁years ▁after ▁her ▁birth ▁on ▁false ▁accus ations ▁of ▁tre ason , ▁her es y , ▁w itch craft ▁and ▁inf idel ity , ▁and ▁through ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁dis gra ce ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁declared ▁il leg it imate . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 5 8 ▁Elizabeth ▁succeeded ▁her ▁half - s ister , ▁the ▁dev out ly ▁Catholic ▁Mary ▁I ▁of ▁England , ▁during ▁whose ▁reign ▁she ▁had ▁been ▁imprison ed ▁for ▁nearly ▁a ▁year ▁on ▁susp icion |
▁of ▁supporting ▁Protest ant ▁reb els . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁difficult ▁time ▁for ▁Elizabeth . ▁She ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁diam ond ▁from ▁her ▁j ew els ▁and ▁scratch ▁into ▁a ▁Tower ▁window ▁the ▁words , ▁ ▁" M uch ▁sus pected ▁of ▁me , ▁nothing ▁proved ▁can ▁be , ▁quote ▁Elizabeth , ▁prisoner ." ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁fond ▁and ▁helping ▁god m other ▁and ▁guard ian ▁to ▁Lady ▁Grace , ▁but ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁that ' s ▁true ▁in ▁real ▁life ▁nobody ▁knows ▁the ▁truth . ▁She ▁was ▁certainly ▁a ▁devoted ▁and ▁protect ive ▁woman ▁to ▁her ▁Lad ies - in - Wait ing ▁and ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our . ▁ ▁Dr ▁Cav end ish ▁ ▁Dr ▁Cav end ish ▁is ▁Grace ' s ▁lov ing ▁uncle ▁and ▁the ▁head ▁phys ician ▁at ▁Court . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁fond ▁uncle ▁of ▁Grace ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁only ▁relatives . ▁He ▁is ▁very ▁ups et ▁by ▁Grace ' s ▁mother ' s ▁death ▁and ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁tra ged y ▁he ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁be ▁lost ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁world . ▁ ▁He ▁is ▁usually ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁states ▁– ▁dr unk ▁or ▁hung ▁over . ▁Despite ▁all ▁this ▁he ▁lov es ▁Grace ▁very ▁dear ly ▁and ▁Grace ▁is ▁very ▁fond ▁of ▁him ▁and ▁lov es ▁him ▁a ▁lot ▁more ▁than ▁she ▁real ises . ▁Dr ▁Cav end ish ▁is ▁always ▁careful ▁to ▁upgrade ▁Grace ' s ▁physical ▁state ▁and ▁regularly ▁check ▁her ▁health ▁standards . |
▁ ▁Ol wen ▁and ▁Fran ▁ ▁Ol wen ▁is ▁Lady ▁Sarah ' s ▁t iring ▁woman . ▁She ▁is ▁kind ▁and ▁cheer ful ▁and ▁comfort s ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁when ▁Sarah ▁is ▁ups et . ▁In ▁Bet ray al , ▁Ol wen ▁is ▁ab duct ed , ▁threatened , ▁tied ▁up , ▁treated ▁desp ic ably , ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁host age ▁to ▁l ure ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁unw itting ly ▁into ▁ab du ction ▁too . ▁ ▁Cru el ▁Captain ▁Derby , ▁Ol wen ' s ▁capt or , ▁threat ens ▁to ▁cut ▁off ▁Ol wen ' s ▁hands ▁if ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁ref uses ▁to ▁marry ▁him , ▁and ▁throws ▁her ▁into ▁the ▁brig . ▁Natur ally , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁cause ▁of ▁much ▁dist ress ▁for ▁both ▁Ol wen ▁and ▁Lady ▁Sarah . ▁ ▁Fran ▁is ▁Mary ▁Sh el ton ' s ▁t iring ▁woman . ▁She ▁is ▁not ▁mentioned ▁much ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁and ▁she ▁also ▁helps ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁along ▁with ▁Ol wen . ▁ ▁Pen el ope ▁Kn olly s , ▁Car mina ▁Will ough by ▁and ▁Lucy ▁Th rock m orton ▁ ▁Pen el ope ▁Kn olly s ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Grace ' s ▁fellow ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our . ▁She ▁follows ▁the ▁Queen ▁on ▁progress ▁and ▁shares ▁a ▁bed room ▁with ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Con ings by ▁and ▁Car mina ▁Will ough by . ▁Pen el ope ▁always ▁cow ers ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁ant ics ▁of ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my ▁and ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Con ings by . ▁Pen |
el ope ▁is ▁quite ▁small ▁and ▁plain , ▁and ▁always ▁follows ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁and ▁her ▁advice ▁on ▁clothes . ▁In ▁Book ▁ 7 , ▁Gold , ▁Pen el ope ▁gets ▁married , ▁thus ▁leaving ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁service . ▁ ▁Car mina ▁is ▁bright ▁and ▁b oun cy . ▁In ▁Fe ud , ▁she ▁suff ers ▁from ▁poison ing ▁from ▁Or p iment , ▁given ▁to ▁her ▁by ▁Lady ▁H ors ely ▁for ▁reven ge ▁on ▁her ▁son ' s ▁accident al ▁death ▁through ▁jou st ing . ▁Also , ▁after ▁the ▁crisis ▁of ▁a ▁fire ▁at ▁St ▁Bar th ole m hew ' s ▁Fair ▁in ▁Smith ▁Field , ▁Book ▁ 1 0 , ▁J inx , ▁she ▁becomes ▁very ▁super st it ious ▁and ▁j um py , ▁full ▁of ▁dire ▁warnings . ▁She ▁is ▁friends ▁with ▁Lucy ▁Th rock m orton ▁and ▁lov es ▁having ▁a ▁good ▁ch atter ▁over ▁a ▁mystery , ▁she ▁and ▁Lucy ▁both ▁share ▁the ▁love ▁of ▁g oss ip . ▁ ▁Lucy ▁Th rock m orton ▁is ▁a ▁terrible ▁g oss ip . ▁She ▁appears ▁to ▁replace ▁Pen el ope ▁after ▁her ▁marriage ▁and ▁is ▁not ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁books ▁- ▁consider ably ▁start les ▁some ▁readers ▁by ▁po pping ▁up ▁suddenly ▁in ▁Book ▁ 1 0 ! ▁Lucy ▁is ▁best ▁friends ▁with ▁Car mina , ▁g os si ps ▁all ▁the ▁time ▁and ▁lik es ▁having ▁long , ▁b oring , ▁detailed ▁convers ations ▁about ▁sle e ves ▁and ▁g own s ▁in |
▁the ▁latest ▁styles . ▁ ▁Ell ie ▁Bun ting ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁a ▁la und ry ▁ma id ▁at ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁court , ▁who ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁( the ▁book ▁Ha unted ) ▁becomes ▁Lady ▁Grace ' s ▁t iring ▁woman ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁reward ▁for ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁bra very ▁in ▁defe ating ▁a ▁villa in ▁in ▁broad ▁day light , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Court . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁very ▁good ▁friends ▁with ▁Grace ▁and ▁Mas ou ▁and ▁she ▁often ▁ass ists ▁them ▁in ▁solving ▁the ▁hard est ▁of ▁myster ies . ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁very ▁super st it ious ▁- ▁in ▁J inx ▁and ▁Ha unted ▁she ▁ins ists ▁upon ▁cart ing ▁a ▁massive ▁bag ▁of ▁am u lets ▁around ▁with ▁her , ▁even ▁when ▁sail ing ▁down ▁the ▁Th ames ▁and ▁walking ▁the ▁dogs ▁through ▁mud dy ▁fields ! ▁She ▁is ▁very ▁consider ate , ▁as ▁looks ▁are ▁concerned ▁she ▁is ▁thin ▁as ▁she ▁is ▁fed ▁little . ▁She ▁has ▁brown ▁hair ▁and ▁a ▁rounded ▁face ▁with ▁lots ▁of ▁sc ars . ▁ ▁Like ▁her ▁friends ▁Grace ▁and ▁Mas ou , ▁she ▁is ▁an ▁or phan ▁as ▁her ▁parents ▁died ▁of ▁the ▁sick ly ▁pl ague . ▁In ▁Fe ud , ▁she ▁tal ks ▁about ▁how ▁her ▁parents ▁died , ▁pushing ▁back ▁tears ▁as ▁she ▁shows ▁Grace ▁the ▁sc ars ▁on ▁her ▁neck . ▁ ▁The ▁deput y ▁la und ress , ▁Mrs . ▁F ad get , ▁tre ats ▁Ell ie ▁badly |
, ▁forcing ▁her ▁to ▁work ▁long ▁hours ▁without ▁a ▁break , ▁and ▁tries ▁to ▁su ck ▁up ▁to ▁Grace ▁when ▁Grace ▁vis its ▁the ▁la und ry ▁to ▁make ▁up ▁exc uses ▁to ▁drag ▁Ell ie ▁out ▁of ▁her ▁work ▁to ▁talk ▁to ▁her . ▁( Th ese ▁exc uses ▁often ▁involve ▁numerous ▁unw ashed ▁chem ises ▁and ▁pre cious ▁sil k ▁hand ker ch ief s ▁that ▁need ▁scr ub bing ▁from ▁in k ▁st ains .) ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁book , ▁Bet ray al , ▁Mrs . ▁F ad get ▁tre ats ▁Ell ie ▁so ▁badly ▁she ▁gets ▁qu in sey . ▁While ▁Grace ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁Captain ▁Dra ke ' s ▁ship , ▁Mary ▁Sh el ton ▁car es ▁for ▁Ell ie ▁until ▁Grace ▁comes ▁back ▁with ▁Lady ▁Sarah . ▁By ▁that ▁time ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁much ▁better . ▁ ▁In ▁Ex ile , ▁Book ▁ 5 , ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁f als ely ▁accused ▁of ▁ste aling ▁the ▁Heart ▁of ▁Kings . ▁The ▁Heart ▁of ▁Kings ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁f amed ▁and ▁f abled ▁j ew el ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁tre as ured ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁Court ' s ▁noble ▁foreign ▁visitor ▁( B ano o ▁Y asm ine ▁from ▁Sh ark and , ▁A . K . A . ▁The ▁Holy ▁Land s ). ▁L uck ily ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁proved ▁innoc ent ▁and ▁Grace ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁to ▁give ▁out ▁the ▁" good ▁tid ings ". ▁ ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁later ▁upgrad ed |
▁to ▁t iring ▁woman ▁after ▁she ▁catch es ▁a ▁criminal ▁and ▁she ▁takes ▁great ▁care ▁and ▁time ▁with ▁Grace ' s ▁hair ▁and ▁appearance ▁and ▁often ▁accompan ies ▁her ▁on ▁her ▁miss ions . ▁ ▁Mas ou ▁al - Ah med ▁Mas ou ▁is ▁a ▁Muslim ▁boy ▁and ▁a ▁sk illed ▁t umb ler ▁in ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁court . ▁Like ▁Ell ie , ▁he ▁is ▁reward ed ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁and ▁becomes ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁very ▁own ▁F ools ▁after ▁performing ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁bra very . ▁He ▁is ▁good ▁friends ▁with ▁Grace ▁and ▁Ell ie ▁and ▁helps ▁them ▁solve ▁myster ies . ▁When ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁was ▁captured ▁by ▁Captain ▁Derby ▁in ▁Bet ray al , ▁Mas ou ▁helps ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁save ▁her ▁and ▁her ▁t iring ▁woman ▁Ol wen . ▁Mas ou ▁is ▁from ▁Africa ▁and ▁never ▁knew ▁his ▁mother , ▁who ▁died ▁at ▁his ▁birth . ▁His ▁father ▁died ▁of ▁consumption ▁after ▁arriv ing ▁in ▁England ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁very ▁young . ▁He ▁is ▁che ek y , ▁fun ▁and ▁bo ast ful ▁about ▁his ▁skills . ▁He ▁is ▁especially ▁good ▁at ▁jug g ling ▁with ▁fire . ▁In ▁the ▁third ▁book , ▁Cons pi racy , ▁Mas ou ▁looks ▁after ▁Gy ps y ▁P ete ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁hurt ▁by ▁a ▁fire work . ▁He ▁lik es ▁to ▁try ▁and ▁sc are ▁the ▁girls ▁and ▁in ▁Ha unted , ▁Grace ▁says ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁she ▁has ▁seen ▁him ▁speech less ▁( when |
▁he ▁is ▁granted ▁the ▁honor ▁of ▁Court ▁F ool , ▁and ▁quickly ▁becomes ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁favour ite ). ▁ ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my ▁ ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁Grace ' s ▁fellow ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our ▁and ▁shares ▁a ▁bed ch am ber ▁with ▁Grace . ▁She ▁is ▁two ▁years ▁older ▁than ▁Grace ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁l ively ▁and ▁fl irt ati ous ▁girl . ▁She ▁is ▁exceed ingly ▁pick y ▁over ▁her ▁make up ▁and ▁hair ▁and ▁drives ▁her ▁chamber ma ids ▁mad ▁with ▁her ▁constant ▁f uss ing ▁over ▁p ear ls ▁and ▁hair ▁arrang ements . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁wealth iest ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our ▁and ▁sp ends ▁a ▁month ▁we aring ▁every ▁g own ▁before ▁begg ing ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁one . ▁ ▁Not ▁much ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁Lady ▁Sarah ' s ▁past , ▁child hood ▁or ▁family ▁except ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁an ▁exceed ingly ▁wealth y ▁young ▁he ir ess ▁and ▁her ▁family ▁own s ▁a ▁large ▁estate ▁called ▁Bart el my ▁House ▁a ▁hundred ▁miles ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁residence . ▁▁ ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁is ▁very ▁pretty , ▁with ▁becoming ▁co pper ▁col oured ▁lo cks ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁bos om . ▁She ▁is ▁the ▁poor ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁who ▁has ▁to ▁sit ▁for ▁hours ▁on ▁end ▁while ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁artist ▁pain ts ▁her ▁because ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁has ▁no ▁time ▁to ▁spare . ▁She ▁also ▁pret ends ▁to ▁be |
▁the ▁Queen ▁at ▁a ▁mas que ▁where ▁the ▁Queen ▁plays ▁a ▁c unning ▁pr ank ▁on ▁her ▁cour ti ers . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁book , ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁and ▁her ▁t iring ▁woman ▁Ol wen ▁are ▁captured ▁by ▁Captain ▁Derby . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Sarah ' s ▁enemy ▁at ▁Court ▁is ▁her ▁fellow ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Con ings by . ▁In ▁De ception ▁Sarah ▁creates ▁a ▁r ude ▁rh yme ▁mock ing ▁Lady ▁Jane ' s ▁lack ▁of ▁sk ating ▁technique , ▁which ▁she ▁s ings ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁six ▁young ▁gentlemen , ▁a ▁large ▁con greg ation ▁and ▁Lady ▁Jane . ▁Grace ▁writes ▁it ▁down ▁in ▁her ▁day bo oke . ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁then ▁s ings ▁one ▁back ▁about ▁three ▁large ▁sp ots ▁( inter pret ative ▁the ▁' three ▁blind ▁m ice '), ▁st aring ▁at ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁whilst ▁singing ▁it . ▁They ▁constantly ▁vie ▁each ▁other ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁men ▁following ▁them ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁t enth ▁book , ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁is ▁being ▁w oo ed ▁by ▁a ▁Gent le man ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁named ▁Daniel ▁Ch esh ire . ▁He ▁writes ▁love ▁poetry ▁for ▁her , ▁which ▁she ▁receives ▁very ▁happ ily , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁book ▁they ▁are ▁hand - fast ed ▁to ▁wed . ▁They ▁are ▁extremely ▁happy ▁together . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Con ings by ▁ ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁Con ings by ▁is ▁a ▁new ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁at ▁White hall ▁Palace ▁who ▁took |
▁the ▁place ▁of ▁a ▁ban ished ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁Kath ar ine ▁Bro ke , ▁who ▁was ▁sent ▁home ▁in ▁dis gra ce ▁after ▁a ▁sc andal ▁with ▁the ▁Duke ▁of ▁N ork folk ' s ▁young ▁nep hew . ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁amongst ▁the ▁other ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Jane ' s ▁number ▁one ▁enemy ▁at ▁Court ▁is ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my , ▁her ▁fellow ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our . ▁They ▁both ▁desp ise ▁each ▁other . ▁Since ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁l ately ▁came ▁to ▁Court , ▁she ▁has ▁had ▁count less ▁squ ab bles ▁with ▁ar rog ant ▁Lady ▁Sarah . ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁des pis es ▁Lady ▁Sarah , ▁and ▁f ights ▁with ▁her ▁almost ▁constantly . ▁She ▁is ▁always ▁searching ▁for ▁ways ▁to ▁out do ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁in ▁gain ing ▁the ▁attention ▁of ▁the ▁young ▁gentlemen . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁is ▁very ▁pretty , ▁as ▁is ▁her ▁rival ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my . ▁Jane ▁has ▁an ▁exceed ingly ▁tall ▁elegant ▁figure ▁and ▁long , ▁carefully ▁sty led ▁bl onde ▁ring lets ▁' fo aming ▁down ▁her ▁back ', ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁da fter ▁court ▁gentlemen ▁wrote ▁in ▁a ▁poem . ▁ ▁Her ▁father ▁was ▁the ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁Court ▁at ▁one ▁time , ▁so ▁she ▁gives ▁herself ▁fancy ▁air s ▁and ▁gra ces . ▁Jane ▁often ▁uses ▁her ▁el o qu ently ▁superior ▁way ▁of ▁public ▁speaking ▁to ▁de mean ▁her ▁rival ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁and |
▁update ▁herself ▁as ▁supposed ly ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁and ▁attract ive ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Ma ids ▁at ▁Court . ▁ ▁Jane ▁also ▁thinks ▁she ▁knows ▁more ▁about ▁fashion ▁than ▁anyone ▁else ▁because ▁the ▁French ▁Court ▁was ▁so ▁fashion able ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁her ▁father ▁was ▁amb assador ▁and ▁we ars ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁French - style ▁app arel . ▁She ▁is ▁very ▁j um py ▁about ▁her ▁clothes ▁and ▁her ▁reputation ▁for ▁her ▁beauty . ▁Every ▁other ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁is ▁very ▁fed ▁up ▁of ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁and ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁quar rell ing . ▁ ▁Like ▁many ▁other ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our ▁and ▁Lad ies ▁in ▁Wait ing ▁at ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I , ▁Jane ' s ▁dream s ▁are ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁man ▁of ▁money ▁and ▁rank ▁to ▁marry . ▁She ▁has ▁a ▁love ▁of ▁fl ir ting , ▁and ▁uses ▁her ▁reputation ▁of ▁ult imate ▁beauty ▁to ▁prop el ▁and ▁strength en ▁that ▁love . ▁ ▁In ▁Bet ray al , ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁is ▁je alous ▁of ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁because ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁attract s ▁two ▁p irat ical ▁but ▁never theless ▁gall ant , ▁fl irt ati ous , ▁gener ous , ▁hand some , ▁dash ing ▁young ▁sea ▁capt ains ▁to ▁her ▁beauty ▁and ▁wealth ▁on ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁Till bury ▁D ock s ▁while ▁Jane ▁herself , ▁who ▁constantly ▁cons iders ▁herself ▁ultimately ▁beautiful , ▁is ▁posit ively ▁ignored , ▁even ▁when ▁she ▁deliber ately ▁steps ▁into ▁a ▁mud dy ▁p ud d le |
▁we aring ▁her ▁best ▁sho es , ▁simply ▁in ▁the ▁hope ▁of ▁attract ing ▁a ▁little ▁attention ▁from ▁Captain ▁Dra ke ▁and ▁Captain ▁Derby . ▁ ▁Jane ▁is ▁very ▁attract ive ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁little ▁group ▁of ▁young ▁cour ti ers ▁following ▁her , ▁wherever ▁she ▁goes . ▁Jane ▁constantly ▁compla ins ▁that ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁has ▁all ▁the ▁gentlemen ▁to ▁herself , ▁but ▁despite ▁her ▁stead fast ▁compla ints , ▁she ▁does ▁know ▁that ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁go ▁posit ively ▁mo ony ▁over ▁her ▁for ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁different ▁reasons : ▁her ▁fl irt ati ous ▁manner , ▁her ▁beauty , ▁and ▁her ▁wealth , ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁an ▁he ir ess , ▁that ▁she ▁is ▁exceed ingly ▁well - born , ▁and ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁wealth y ▁parents . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁book , ▁L oot , ▁before ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁for ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁ 1 2 th ▁year ▁on ▁the ▁throne , ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁and ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁have ▁a ▁fight ▁over ▁who ▁gets ▁to ▁wear ▁a ▁crim son ▁vel vet ▁dress . ▁They ▁have ▁a ▁t ug ▁of ▁war , ▁suggested ▁by ▁Lady ▁Sarah , ▁over ▁it ▁which ▁results ▁in ▁Lady ▁Jane ▁ri pping ▁the ▁dress ▁in ▁half . ▁ ▁Mary ▁Sh el ton ▁ ▁Mary ▁Sh el ton ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁at ▁the ▁Court . ▁She ▁has ▁been ▁very ▁kind ▁to ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁since ▁Grace ' s ▁mother ▁died . ▁When ▁Ell ie ▁is ▁sick ▁with |
▁qu ins y ▁and ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁run ▁off ▁with ▁a ▁p irat ical ▁sea ▁captain , ▁Mary ▁stays ▁at ▁White hall ▁and ▁n urs es ▁Ell ie . ▁Meanwhile , ▁Grace ▁is ▁away ▁at ▁sea ▁with ▁her ▁hair ▁cut ▁short , ▁pret ending ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁boy . ▁ ▁Mary ▁is ▁not ▁entirely ▁cl uel ess ▁about ▁Grace ' s ▁secret ▁role ▁at ▁White hall ▁Palace ▁as ▁Lady ▁P urs u iv ant , ▁and ▁is ▁Grace ' s ▁side k ick ▁when ▁necessary . ▁However , ▁she ▁never ▁questions ▁Grace ' s ▁activities . ▁ ▁Mary ▁is ▁quiet , ▁lov ing , ▁gentle ▁and ▁friendly . ▁She ▁lov es ▁to ▁g oss ip ▁and ▁h ates ▁clim bing ▁trees ▁and ▁walking ▁the ▁dogs . ▁She ▁doesn ' t ▁like ▁m ice . ▁As ▁Grace ▁quotes ▁in ▁her ▁day bo oke , ▁ ▁" She ▁doesn ' t ▁like ▁m ice , ▁r ats ▁or ▁l iz ards , ▁or ▁any ▁small ▁sc utt ly ▁creature ▁for ▁that ▁matter , ▁but ▁at ▁least ▁she ▁has ▁some ▁sense ." ▁ ▁Mary ▁Sh el ton ▁is ▁not ▁entitled ▁to ▁the ▁qual ifications ▁of ▁the ▁title ▁' L ady ', ▁but ▁she ▁was ▁well - born ▁enough ▁to ▁serve ▁the ▁Queen , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁gave ▁her ▁a ▁decent ▁position ▁at ▁Court ▁in ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁favour . ▁ ▁Mary ▁has ▁many ▁nie ces ▁and ▁nep he ws , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁lots ▁of ▁friends ▁and ▁relatives . ▁We ▁do ▁not ▁know |
▁very ▁much ▁about ▁Mary ' s ▁possible ▁background , ▁but ▁we ▁think ▁her ▁mother ▁is ▁dead ▁and ▁she ▁is ▁possibly ▁an ▁or phan . ▁ ▁In ▁real ▁life ▁Mary ▁Sh el ton ▁did ▁exist ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁while ▁became ▁the ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Bed ch am ber ▁to ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I , ▁a ▁great ▁honour . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁being ▁ir rit ating , ▁and ▁was ▁once ▁sla pped ▁across ▁the ▁che ek ▁by ▁the ▁Queen ▁herself , ▁a ▁happening ▁proven ▁by ▁historical ▁evidence ! ▁ ▁Mr ▁Daniel ▁Ch esh ire ▁ ▁Mr ▁Daniel ▁Ch esh ire ▁is ▁Lady ▁Sarah ' s ▁su itor . ▁He ▁is ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Gent le men ' s ▁Guard ▁at ▁Court ▁and ▁has ▁rank ▁and ▁wealth . ▁He ▁is ▁tall , ▁sl im , ▁young ▁and ▁hand some ▁with ▁re dd ish - bl onde ▁hair . ▁ ▁In ▁Book ▁ 1 0 , ▁J inx , ▁Lady ▁Sarah ▁is ▁badly ▁burn ed ▁in ▁a ▁fire , ▁but ▁Daniel ▁Ch esh ire ▁remains ▁stead fast ▁and ▁ever ▁loyal ▁to ▁her , ▁bringing ▁tr ink ets , ▁g ifts ▁and ▁love ▁poetry . ▁It ▁is ▁this ▁which ▁convin ces ▁Grace ▁that ▁Daniel ▁Ch esh ire ▁is ▁a ▁truly ▁good ▁and ▁worthy ▁su itor . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁in ▁love ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Book ▁ 1 0 , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Book ▁ 1 2 ▁they ▁are ▁formally ▁hand fast ed ▁to ▁be ▁married . ▁ ▁Will ▁Som ers ▁Will ▁Som |
ers ▁is ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁fool ▁and ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁tr oupe . ▁He ▁is ▁Mas ou ' s ▁b oss ▁and ▁Mas ou ▁often ▁makes ▁exc uses ▁to ▁him ▁so ▁that ▁he ▁can ▁dis cre et ly ▁s lip ▁out ▁to ▁Grace . ▁ ▁Som ers ▁runs ▁the ▁tr oupe ▁and ▁produces ▁acts ▁for ▁the ▁Queen ▁and ▁her ▁Court , ▁especially ▁at ▁large ▁fe asts . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁tr oupe ▁entertain ▁the ▁Queen ▁in ▁her ▁Pres ence ▁Chamber . ▁Will ▁Som ers ▁was ▁actually ▁a ▁real ▁person ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁Henry ▁VIII ' s ▁personal ▁' fo ol ' ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Elizabeth ▁ 1 st . ▁He ▁is ▁not ▁mentioned ▁too ▁much ▁in ▁the ▁books . ▁ ▁Mrs ▁Cham per now ne ▁Mrs ▁Cham per now ne ▁is ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our . ▁She ▁is ▁strict ▁and ▁often ▁repr im ands ▁Grace ; ▁in ▁Ass ass in , ▁Grace ▁is ▁out ▁at ▁night ▁once , ▁and ▁Mrs . ▁Cham per now ne ▁threat ens ▁to ▁sp ank , ▁or ▁" bir ch " ▁Grace ! ▁However , ▁when ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Ma ids ▁of ▁Hon our ▁is ▁ill , ▁she ▁takes ▁good ▁care ▁of ▁them . ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁important ▁character ▁throughout ▁the ▁series . ▁ ▁Mrs ▁Cham per now ne ▁was ▁a ▁real ▁person , ▁unlike ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁characters ▁in ▁the ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Myst eries . ▁She ▁looked ▁after ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁as ▁a ▁baby . ▁In ▁Fe |
ud , ▁she ▁reve als ▁un know ingly , ▁the ▁last ▁clue ▁to ▁the ▁mystery ▁of ▁Car mina ' s ▁poison ing ▁to ▁Grace . ▁She ▁h ates ▁it ▁when ▁Grace ▁clim bs ▁trees ▁and ▁run ▁down ▁the ▁cor rid ors ▁because ▁she ▁bel ieves ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁" l ady ▁like ". ▁Mrs ▁Cham per now ne ▁is ▁Wel sh , ▁and ▁Grace ▁states ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁a ▁sing - song ▁voice . ▁ ▁Mr ▁Hat ton ▁Mr ▁Hat ton ▁is ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Gent le men ▁Guard . ▁He ▁often ▁makes ▁the ▁arr ests ▁after ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁has ▁solved ▁a ▁mystery . ▁He ▁cons iders ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁silly ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁who ▁always ▁gets ▁in ▁the ▁way ▁for ▁example , ▁in ▁de ception ▁when ▁Grace ▁goes ▁with ▁Mr ▁Hat ton ▁she ▁gets ▁thro tt led ▁with ▁a ▁kn ife . ▁Sometimes , ▁Mr ▁Hat ton ▁is ▁too ▁r ash ▁and ▁arr ests ▁the ▁wrong ▁person ▁because ▁of ▁what ▁seems ▁obvious ▁– ▁one ▁example ▁is ▁in ▁book ▁ 1 1 ▁Ke ys ▁when ▁he ▁wrong ly ▁acc uses ▁the ▁clock maker ' s ▁app rent ice ▁for ▁murder ing ▁Mr ▁Ur seau . ▁ ▁He ▁lov es ▁the ▁Queen ▁in ▁the ▁stories . ▁ ▁Book ▁Syn ops es ▁ ▁Ass ass in ▁ ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁Cav end ish , ▁an ▁or phan ed ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁to ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I , ▁must ▁choose ▁between ▁three ▁suit ors ▁that ▁the ▁Queen ▁has ▁chosen ▁for ▁her |
. ▁In ▁her ▁heart , ▁Grace ▁doesn ' t ▁want ▁to ▁marry ▁any ▁of ▁them ▁- ▁it ' s ▁merely ▁a ▁forced ▁choice ▁between ▁ancient ▁Sir ▁Charles , ▁s no oty , ▁bul lying ▁Sir ▁Ger ald ▁and ▁p enn il ess , ▁tongue - t ied ▁Lord ▁Robert . ▁However , ▁dis aster ▁soon ▁strik es ▁- ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁suit ors ▁is ▁found ▁murder ed ▁and ▁another ▁is ▁apparently ▁guilty ! ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁is ▁un con vin ced ▁and ▁see ks ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁true ▁k iller ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁loyal ▁friends , ▁Ell ie ▁the ▁la und ry ma id ▁and ▁Mas ou ▁the ▁ac ro bat . ▁In ▁the ▁h ust le ▁and ▁b ust le ▁of ▁the ▁Elizabeth an ▁Court , ▁our ▁hero ine ▁must ▁solve ▁her ▁first ▁mystery , ▁h inder ed ▁by ▁false ▁tra ils ▁and ▁the ▁limited ▁priv acy ▁that ▁comes ▁with ▁her ▁status . ▁But ▁being ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁favorite ▁ma id ▁of ▁honour ▁means ▁life ▁isn ' t ▁always ▁easy ▁and ▁sometimes ▁the ▁most ▁useless ▁things ▁come ▁in ▁as ▁quite ▁useful . ▁ ▁Bet ray al ▁ ▁A ▁trip ▁to ▁the ▁do cks ▁to ▁visit ▁the ▁hand some ▁sea ▁captain ▁Sir ▁Francis ▁Dra ke ▁sets ▁the ▁Court ▁in ▁a ▁flutter , ▁and ▁when ▁Grace ' s ▁fellow ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our , ▁the ▁vain ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my ▁myster iously ▁disapp ears , ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁assumes ▁that ▁she ▁has ▁run ▁away ▁to ▁marry ▁the ▁pir ate ▁captain . ▁However |
, ▁a ▁trail ▁of ▁cl ues ▁leads ▁the ▁Lady ▁P urs u iv ant ▁to ▁suspect ▁a ▁kid n apping ! ▁With ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁her ▁t umb ler ▁friend ▁Mas ou , ▁she ▁st ows ▁away ▁on ▁Dra ke ' s ▁ship , ▁determined ▁to ▁save ▁her ▁friend ' s ▁reputation . ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁day , ▁you ▁could ▁see ▁it ▁and ▁then ▁you ▁could ▁get ▁it . ▁When ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁was ▁a ▁really ▁good ▁one , ▁yesterday ▁we ▁made ▁it . ▁ ▁Cons pi racy ▁ ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁fle es ▁London ▁for ▁the ▁summer , ▁avoid ing ▁the ▁out bur st s ▁of ▁pl ague , ▁and ▁takes ▁herself ▁and ▁her ▁Court ▁off ▁to ▁the ▁sleep y ▁English ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁where ▁village ▁after ▁village ▁welcome ▁and ▁honour ▁the ▁Queen ▁as ▁their ▁bl essed ▁so ver eign ▁and ▁queen . ▁When ▁they ▁get ▁to ▁the ▁grand ▁country ▁home ▁of ▁Lord ▁Robert ▁D ud ley , ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁lost ▁love , ▁the ▁grand ▁Swedish ▁Prince ▁S ven ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁court ▁the ▁Queen , ▁to ▁Lord ▁Robert ' s ▁dis g ust . ▁In ▁the ▁fl ur ry ▁of ▁excitement , ▁Grace ▁finds ▁herself ▁being ▁ar d ently ▁court ed ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁Lord ▁Robert ' s ▁hen ch men , ▁who ▁also ▁speak s ▁Swedish . ▁That ▁night , ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁entertain ment , ▁bad ▁luck ▁seems ▁to ▁ha unt ▁the ▁Queen . ▁S add les ▁on ▁horses ▁s lip , |
▁stat ues ▁collapse ▁and ▁fire works ▁go ▁aw ry , ▁inj uring ▁a ▁little ▁boy . ▁Grace ▁pl ung es ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time ▁into ▁the ▁h ust le ▁and ▁b ust le ▁of ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁Court ▁as ▁she ▁tries ▁to ▁un ra vel ▁the ▁mystery ▁of ▁the ▁murder ous ▁intent ▁of ▁a ▁hidden ▁presence . ▁No - one ▁is ▁beyond ▁susp icion , ▁and ▁Grace ▁knows ▁she ▁cannot ▁let ▁anyone ▁pull ▁the ▁w ool ▁over ▁her ▁eyes . ▁ ▁De ception ▁ ▁Six ▁months ▁have ▁passed ▁and ▁snow ▁lies ▁thick ▁upon ▁the ▁ground ▁as ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁favour ite ▁god d augh ter ▁p aces ▁through ▁the ▁palace , ▁des perate ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁F rost ▁Fair . ▁A ▁temper ▁tant rum ▁from ▁the ▁Queen ▁sends ▁the ▁Ma ids ▁and ▁Lad ies ▁fle eing ▁the ▁palace , ▁determined ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁fair . ▁But ▁their ▁evening ▁is ▁ru ined ▁when ▁a ▁str ang led ▁cor pse ▁is ▁found ▁upon ▁the ▁ice , ▁with ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁new ▁co ins ▁bound ▁to ▁his ▁eyes . ▁The ▁Ma ids ▁are ▁r ushed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁palace ▁in ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁emer gency , ▁leaving ▁Grace ▁with ▁yet ▁another ▁mystery ▁to ▁explore . ▁Her ▁searches ▁for ▁justice ▁take ▁her ▁all ▁over ▁London ▁and ▁beyond , ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁most ▁unlikely ▁villa in ... ▁ ▁Ex ile ▁ ▁Spring ▁is ▁in ch ing ▁for wards ▁and ▁the ▁w ond r ous ▁B ano o ▁Y asm ine ▁has ▁come ▁to |
▁Court , ▁begg ing ▁for ▁a ▁loan ▁from ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth . ▁The ▁Court ▁is ▁bew itch ed ▁by ▁the ▁ex otic ▁w onders ▁of ▁the ▁beautiful ▁young ▁woman ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁Grace ' s ▁closest ▁friends ▁begins ▁year ning ▁after ▁the ▁B ano o ' s ▁appro val . ▁When ▁the ▁B ano o ▁Y asm ine ' s ▁most ▁pre cious ▁possession ▁goes ▁missing , ▁gu ards ▁sc ram ble ▁through ▁the ▁palace ▁in ▁the ▁vain ▁hope ▁of ▁over turn ing ▁the ▁j ew el . ▁Sud den ly ▁the ▁shout ▁goes ▁up ▁that ▁the ▁Heart ▁of ▁Kings ▁ruby ▁has ▁been ▁found ! ▁Every one ▁rejo ices , ▁including ▁Grace , ▁until ▁she ▁asks ▁after ▁the ▁th ief ' s ▁name . ▁In ▁horror , ▁she ▁lear ns ▁that ▁the ▁finger ▁has ▁been ▁pointed ▁at ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁best ▁friends . ▁In ▁prov ing ▁Ell ie ▁Bun ting ' s ▁innoc ence , ▁Grace ▁crashes ▁through ▁the ▁castle ▁and ▁Court , ▁ear ning ▁a ▁record ▁for ▁cl ums iness ▁and ▁finding ▁a ▁lot ▁more ▁as ▁well ... ▁ ▁Fe ud ▁ ▁The ▁Court ▁pain ters ▁have ▁arrived ▁and ▁the ▁Queen ▁is ▁too ▁busy ▁to ▁pose ▁for ▁paint ings , ▁so ▁Sarah ▁Bart el my ▁takes ▁her ▁place . ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁is ▁fasc in ated ▁by ▁the ▁pain ters ▁and ▁their ▁skill , ▁when ▁suddenly ▁a ▁friend ▁of ▁hers ▁falls ▁danger ously , ▁myster iously ▁ill . ▁Grace ▁suspect s ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁natural ▁ill ness , ▁but ▁a ▁bot ched |
▁assass ination ▁attempt ... ▁or ▁was ▁it ▁bot ched ? ▁Sc r amb ling ▁through ▁the ▁palace , ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁finds ▁out ▁a ▁dev ast ating ▁truth ▁that ▁changes ▁the ▁very ▁way ▁she ▁looks ▁at ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁her ▁fellow ▁cour ti ers ▁forever ... ▁ ▁Gold ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁Ma id ▁of ▁Hon our ▁is ▁getting ▁married . ▁However , ▁the ▁prepar ations ▁are ▁interrupted ▁when ▁Her ▁Majesty ' s ▁gold ▁is ▁st olen ! ▁Another ▁mystery ▁for ▁the ▁secret ▁Lady ▁P urs u iv ant . ▁But ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁doesn ' t ▁only ▁have ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁this ▁mystery ▁but ▁she ▁also ▁develop s ▁feelings ▁for ▁the ▁good - looking ▁Lord ▁R ux bury , ▁which ▁makes ▁it ▁hard ▁to ▁believe ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁be ▁the ▁th ief ... Will ▁she ▁and ▁her ▁trust y ▁friends ▁Ell ie ▁and ▁Mas ou ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁un cover ▁the ▁fortune ? ▁ ▁Ha unted ▁ ▁The ▁court ▁is ▁sp ending ▁the ▁summer ▁at ▁a ▁no blem en ' s ▁estate ▁where ▁a ▁new ▁man or ▁house ▁is ▁being ▁built . ▁But ▁when ▁a ▁sp ook y ▁figure , ▁apparently ▁the ▁g host ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁Earl , ▁appears ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁big ▁up ro ar , ▁and ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁has ▁to ▁purs ue ▁the ▁Queen ▁to ▁stay ▁at ▁the ▁man or ▁for ▁a ▁few ▁more ▁days , ▁so ▁that ▁she ▁can ▁solve ▁the ▁mystery , ▁because ▁she ▁is ▁sure ▁the ▁g host ▁is ▁only ▁an ▁imp ost or . |
▁An ▁imp ost or ▁who ▁is ▁aim ing ▁to ▁destroy ▁the ▁no blem an ' s ▁dream s ▁and ▁his ▁man or . ▁Ass isted ▁by ▁her ▁friends ▁Lady ▁Grace ▁un co vers ▁the ▁g host ' s ▁real ▁identity ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁bit ▁of ▁the ▁man or ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁Ke ys ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁clock maker , ▁Mr ▁Ur seau ▁is ▁found ▁dead ▁in ▁his ▁work shop ▁with ▁a ▁d agger ▁in ▁his ▁ch est ▁and ▁a ▁key ▁cl utch ed ▁in ▁his ▁hand ▁the ▁finger ▁is ▁pointed ▁to ▁his ▁app rent ice . ▁But ▁Lady ▁Cav end ish ▁is ▁certain ▁he ▁is ▁not ▁the ▁murder . ▁Who ▁would ▁have ▁possibly ▁wanted ▁the ▁royal ▁clock maker ▁dead ? ▁What ▁are ▁these ▁secret ▁meet ings ▁Mr ▁Ur seau ▁had ▁been ▁att ending ▁to ? ▁And ▁does ▁the ▁key ▁have ▁anything ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁his ▁death ? ▁When ▁Grace ▁finds ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁d agger ▁was ▁not ▁intended ▁for ▁Mr ▁Ur seau ' s ▁ch est ▁but ▁the ▁Queen ' s , ▁she ▁is ▁resolved ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁villa in ▁as ▁soon ▁as ▁possible . ▁ ▁L oot ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁twelve ▁years ▁since ▁Elizabeth ▁I ▁was ▁crown ed ▁England ' s ▁Queen . ▁The ▁whole ▁court ▁is ▁alive ▁with ▁the ▁celebr ations ▁and ▁many ▁foreign ▁visitors ▁have ▁come ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁monarch ▁wear ▁the ▁famous ▁Crown ▁Jew els . ▁But ▁when ▁the ▁crown ▁of ▁St ▁Edward ▁is ▁st olen ▁from ▁a ▁guard ed ▁room , ▁it |
▁is ▁up ▁to ▁Lady ▁Grace , ▁Ell ie ▁and ▁Mas ou ▁to ▁find ▁the ▁th ief ▁and ▁make ▁sure ▁the ▁foreign ▁guests ▁are ▁not ▁disappoint ed . ▁Will ▁the ▁d aring ▁Lady ▁P urs u iv ant ▁find ▁the ▁villa in ▁before ▁Her ▁Majesty ▁is ▁public ly ▁hum ili ated ... ? ▁ ▁Re views ▁ ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 0 7 1 2 0 4 1 6 4 0 0 2 / http :// blog crit ics . org / arch ives / 2 0 0 6 / 0 9 / 2 7 / 1 9 0 3 1 5 . php ▁ ▁http :// www . k ids read s . com / series / series - l ady - gra ce - tit les . asp ▁ ▁Category : M yst ery ▁nov els ▁by ▁series ▁Category : Children ' s ▁historical ▁nov els ▁Category : Children ' s ▁mystery ▁nov els ▁Category : H istor ical ▁mystery ▁nov els ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁children ' s ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Anthony ▁F . ▁Sh or ro cks ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁development ▁econom ist . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁career ▁▁ ▁Between ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁he ▁was ▁Director ▁of ▁UN U - WID ER . ▁Prior ▁to ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁Professor ▁at ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁and ▁before ▁that ▁he ▁worked ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Es sex . ▁He |
▁has ▁also ▁had ▁several ▁visit ing ▁appoint ments ▁in ▁the ▁US , ▁Canada , ▁Italy , ▁and ▁Russia . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁many ▁publications ▁in ▁leading ▁economic ▁journ als ▁on ▁income ▁and ▁wealth ▁distribution , ▁inequality , ▁pover ty , ▁and ▁mob ility . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁His ▁first ▁degree ▁was ▁a ▁B . Sc . ▁in ▁Mathemat ics ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sus sex . ▁This ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁Masters ▁in ▁Econom ics ▁from ▁Brown ▁University . ▁He ▁took ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁Econom ics ▁at ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁( be ing ▁awarded ▁the ▁Bow ley ▁Prize ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 ). ▁ ▁Sh or ro cks ▁index ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁he ▁introduced ▁a ▁measure ▁based ▁on ▁income ▁G ini ▁coefficients ▁to ▁estimate ▁income ▁mob ility . ▁This ▁measure , ▁generalized ▁by ▁Ma as ou mi ▁and ▁Z and v ak ili , ▁is ▁now ▁generally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Sh or ro cks ▁index , ▁sometimes ▁as ▁Sh or ro cks ▁mob ility ▁index ▁or ▁Sh or ro cks ▁rig id ity ▁index . ▁It ▁attempts ▁to ▁estimate ▁whether ▁the ▁income ▁inequality ▁G ini ▁coefficient ▁is ▁permanent ▁or ▁temporary , ▁and ▁to ▁what ▁extent ▁a ▁country ▁or ▁region ▁enables ▁economic ▁mob ility ▁to ▁its ▁people ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁move ▁from ▁one ▁( e . g . ▁bottom ▁ 2 0 %) ▁income ▁quant ile ▁to ▁another ▁( e . g . ▁middle |
▁ 2 0 %) ▁over ▁time . ▁In ▁other ▁words , ▁Sh or ro cks ▁index ▁comp ares ▁inequality ▁of ▁short - term ▁ear nings ▁such ▁as ▁annual ▁income ▁of ▁households , ▁to ▁inequality ▁of ▁long - term ▁ear nings ▁such ▁as ▁ 5 - year ▁or ▁ 1 0 - year ▁total ▁income ▁for ▁same ▁households . ▁ ▁Professional ▁Rec ogn ition ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁elected ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁Fellow ▁of ▁the ▁E con ometric ▁Society . ▁ ▁Not ed ▁works ▁ ▁Books ▁ ▁Chap ters ▁in ▁books ▁ ▁Journal ▁articles ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁UN U - WID ER : ▁Anthony ▁Sh or ro cks . ▁Profile ▁page ▁for ▁Anthony ▁Sh or ro cks ▁at ▁UN U - WID ER . ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Econom ics ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Sus sex ▁Category : B rit ish ▁econom ists ▁Category : B rown ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Develop ment ▁econom ists ▁Category : Develop ment ▁special ists ▁Category : F ell ows ▁of ▁the ▁E con ometric ▁Society ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Normal ization ▁process ▁theory ▁( N PT ) ▁is ▁a ▁soci ological ▁theory ▁in ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁science ▁and ▁technology ▁studies ▁( ST S ). ▁The ▁theory ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁ad option ▁of ▁techn ological ▁and ▁organiz ational ▁innov ations , ▁originally ▁in ▁the ▁health care ▁system . ▁It |
▁was ▁developed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁normal ization ▁process ▁model . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁Normal ization ▁process ▁theory , ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁implementation , ▁embedding , ▁and ▁integration ▁of ▁new ▁techn ologies ▁and ▁organiz ational ▁innov ations , ▁was ▁developed ▁originally ▁from ▁a ▁collect ive ▁set ▁of ▁learning ▁work sh ops ▁and ▁included ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁including ▁Carl ▁R . ▁May , ▁T racy ▁Fin ch , ▁Elizabeth ▁Murray , ▁Anne ▁Rog ers , ▁Catherine ▁Pope , ▁Anne ▁Kennedy , ▁Paul ine ▁O ng ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁theory ▁emer ged ▁from ▁a ▁programme ▁of ▁theory ▁building ▁by ▁May ▁and ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁academ ics ▁from ▁applied ▁social ▁science ▁to ▁medicine . ▁Through ▁three ▁iterations , ▁the ▁theory ▁has ▁built ▁upon ▁the ▁normal ization ▁process ▁model ▁previously ▁developed ▁by ▁May ▁et ▁al . ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁social ▁processes ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁the ▁routine ▁embedding ▁of ▁innov ative ▁health ▁techn ologies . ▁ ▁Content ▁Normal ization ▁process ▁theory ▁focus es ▁attention ▁on ▁ag entic ▁contributions ▁– ▁the ▁things ▁that ▁individuals ▁and ▁groups ▁do ▁to ▁oper ational ize ▁new ▁or ▁modified ▁modes ▁of ▁practice ▁as ▁they ▁interact ▁with ▁dynamic ▁elements ▁of ▁their ▁environments . ▁It ▁defines ▁the ▁implementation , ▁embedding , ▁and ▁integration ▁as ▁a ▁process ▁that ▁occurs ▁when ▁participants ▁deliber ately ▁initi ate ▁and ▁seek ▁to ▁sust ain ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁events ▁that ▁bring ▁it ▁into ▁operation . ▁The ▁dynamics ▁of ▁implementation ▁processes ▁are ▁complex , ▁but ▁normal ization ▁process ▁theory ▁facil it ates ▁understanding ▁by ▁foc using ▁attention ▁on ▁the ▁mechan isms |
▁through ▁which ▁participants ▁invest ▁and ▁contribute ▁to ▁them . ▁It ▁reve als ▁ ▁" the ▁work ▁that ▁actors ▁do ▁as ▁they ▁eng age ▁with ▁some ▁ensemble ▁of ▁activities ▁( that ▁may ▁include ▁new ▁or ▁changed ▁ways ▁of ▁thinking , ▁acting , ▁and ▁organ izing ) ▁and ▁by ▁which ▁means ▁it ▁becomes ▁rout in ely ▁embedded ▁in ▁the ▁matrices ▁of ▁already ▁existing , ▁soci ally ▁pattern ed , ▁knowledge ▁and ▁practices ". ▁ ▁These ▁have ▁expl ored ▁objects , ▁agents , ▁and ▁context s . ▁In ▁a ▁paper ▁published ▁under ▁a ▁cre ative ▁comm ons ▁license , ▁May ▁and ▁colle agues ▁describe ▁how , ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁N PT ▁has ▁under g one ▁three ▁iterations . ▁ ▁Object s ▁The ▁first ▁iteration ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁focused ▁attention ▁on ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁a ▁complex ▁health care ▁inter vention ▁and ▁the ▁collect ive ▁action ▁of ▁its ▁users . ▁Here , ▁agents ' ▁contributions ▁are ▁made ▁in ▁reci pro cal ▁relationship ▁with ▁the ▁emer gent ▁cap ability ▁that ▁they ▁find ▁in ▁the ▁objects ▁– ▁the ▁ens emb les ▁of ▁behaviour al ▁and ▁cogn itive ▁practices ▁– ▁that ▁they ▁en act . ▁These ▁so cio - material ▁capabilities ▁are ▁govern ed ▁by ▁the ▁possibilities ▁and ▁constraints ▁presented ▁by ▁objects , ▁and ▁the ▁extent ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁made ▁work able ▁and ▁integrated ▁in ▁practice ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁mobil ized . ▁ ▁Ag ents ▁The ▁second ▁iteration ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁collect ive ▁action , ▁and ▁showed |
▁how ▁this ▁was ▁linked ▁to ▁the ▁mechan isms ▁through ▁which ▁people ▁make ▁their ▁activities ▁meaning ful ▁and ▁build ▁commit ments ▁to ▁them . ▁Here , ▁invest ments ▁of ▁social ▁struct ural ▁and ▁social ▁cogn itive ▁resources ▁are ▁expressed ▁as ▁emer gent ▁contributions ▁to ▁social ▁action ▁through ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁gener ative ▁mechan isms : ▁coh er ence ▁( what ▁people ▁do ▁to ▁make ▁sense ▁of ▁objects , ▁ag ency , ▁and ▁context s ); ▁cogn itive ▁participation ▁( what ▁people ▁do ▁to ▁initi ate ▁and ▁be ▁en rolled ▁into ▁deliver ing ▁an ▁ensemble ▁of ▁practices ); ▁collect ive ▁action ▁( what ▁people ▁do ▁to ▁en act ▁those ▁practices ); ▁and ▁ref lex ive ▁monitoring ▁( what ▁people ▁do ▁to ▁app raise ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁their ▁contributions ). ▁These ▁construct s ▁are ▁the ▁core ▁of ▁the ▁theory , ▁and ▁provide ▁the ▁foundation ▁of ▁its ▁analyt ic ▁purchase ▁on ▁practice . ▁ ▁Context s ▁The ▁third ▁iteration ▁of ▁the ▁theory ▁developed ▁the ▁analysis ▁of ▁ag entic ▁contributions ▁by ▁offering ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁cent r ally ▁important ▁struct ural ▁and ▁cogn itive ▁resources ▁on ▁which ▁agents ▁draw ▁as ▁they ▁take ▁action . ▁Here , ▁dynamic ▁elements ▁of ▁social ▁context s ▁are ▁experienced ▁by ▁agents ▁as ▁capacity ▁( the ▁social ▁struct ural ▁resources , ▁that ▁they ▁possess , ▁including ▁inform ational ▁and ▁material ▁resources , ▁and ▁social ▁norm s ▁and ▁roles ) ▁and ▁potential ▁( the ▁social ▁cogn itive ▁resources ▁that ▁they ▁possess , ▁including ▁knowledge ▁and ▁belief s , ▁and ▁individual ▁intent ions ▁and ▁shared ▁commit |
ments ). ▁These ▁resources ▁are ▁mobil ized ▁by ▁agents ▁when ▁they ▁invest ▁in ▁the ▁ens emb les ▁of ▁practices ▁that ▁are ▁the ▁objects ▁of ▁implementation . ▁ ▁Location ▁within ▁soci ological ▁theory ▁Normal ization ▁process ▁theory ▁is ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁middle ▁range ▁theory ▁that ▁is ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁' turn ▁to ▁material ity ' ▁in ▁ST S . ▁It ▁therefore ▁fits ▁well ▁with ▁the ▁case - stud y ▁orient ed ▁approach ▁to ▁empir ical ▁investigation ▁used ▁in ▁ST S . ▁It ▁also ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁straightforward ▁alternative ▁to ▁actor – network ▁theory ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁ins ist ▁on ▁the ▁ag ency ▁of ▁non - human ▁actors , ▁and ▁see ks ▁to ▁be ▁explan atory ▁rather ▁than ▁descript ive . ▁However , ▁because ▁normal ization ▁process ▁theory ▁spec ifies ▁a ▁set ▁of ▁gener ative ▁mechan isms ▁that ▁empir ical ▁investigation ▁has ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁relevant ▁to ▁implementation ▁and ▁integration ▁of ▁new ▁techn ologies , ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁larger ▁scale ▁struct ured ▁and ▁compar ative ▁studies . ▁Although ▁it ▁fits ▁well ▁with ▁the ▁interpret ive ▁approach ▁of ▁eth n ography ▁and ▁other ▁qual itative ▁research ▁methods , ▁it ▁also ▁l ends ▁itself ▁to ▁system atic ▁review ▁and ▁survey ▁research ▁methods . ▁As ▁a ▁middle ▁range ▁theory , ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁feder ated ▁with ▁other ▁theories ▁to ▁explain ▁empir ical ▁phen omena . ▁It ▁is ▁compatible ▁with ▁theories ▁of ▁the ▁transmission ▁and ▁organization ▁of ▁innov ations , ▁especially ▁diffusion ▁of ▁innov ations ▁theory , ▁labor ▁process ▁theory , ▁and ▁psych |
▁Yang li u q ing ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁market ▁town ▁in ▁X i q ing ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁sub ur bs ▁of ▁T ian jin , ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China . ▁Despite ▁its ▁relatively ▁small ▁size , ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁named ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁in ▁the ▁" f am ous ▁historical ▁and ▁cultural ▁market ▁towns ▁in ▁China ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁in ▁China ▁for ▁creating ▁n ian h ua ▁or ▁Yang li u q ing ▁n ian h ua . ▁For ▁more ▁than ▁ 4 0 0 ▁years , ▁Yang li u q ing ▁has ▁in ▁effect ▁special ised ▁in ▁the ▁creation ▁of ▁these ▁wood cut s ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁Year . ▁ ▁wood ▁block ▁prints ▁using ▁v ivid ▁colour sch emes ▁to ▁port ray ▁traditional ▁scenes ▁of ▁children ' s ▁games ▁often ▁inter w oven ▁with ▁aus p ici ouse ▁objects . ▁ ▁, ▁it ▁had ▁ 2 7 ▁resident ial ▁communities ▁() ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁villages ▁under ▁its ▁administration . ▁ ▁Sh i ▁Family ▁Grand ▁Cour ty ard ▁ ▁Sh i ▁Family ▁Grand ▁Cour ty ard ▁( T i ā n j ī n ▁Sh í ▁Ji ā ▁D à ▁Yu àn , ▁ 天 津 石 家 大 院 ) ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁Yang li u q ing ▁Town ▁of ▁X i q ing ▁District , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁former ▁residence ▁of ▁wealth y ▁merchant ▁Sh i ▁Yu ans hi ▁- ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁son ▁of ▁Sh i ▁W |
anch eng , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁eight ▁great ▁master s ▁in ▁T ian jin . ▁First ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 5 , ▁it ▁covers ▁over ▁ 6 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁including ▁large ▁and ▁small ▁yards ▁and ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 ▁folk ▁houses , ▁a ▁the ater ▁and ▁over ▁ 2 7 5 ▁rooms ▁that ▁served ▁as ▁apart ments ▁and ▁places ▁of ▁business ▁and ▁worship ▁for ▁this ▁powerful ▁family . ▁Sh if u ▁Garden , ▁which ▁finished ▁its ▁expansion ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁covers ▁ 1 , 2 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁incorpor ates ▁the ▁eleg ance ▁of ▁imperial ▁garden ▁and ▁del ic acy ▁of ▁south ▁garden . ▁Now ▁the ▁cour ty ard ▁of ▁Sh i ▁family ▁covers ▁about ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters , ▁which ▁is ▁called ▁the ▁first ▁m ansion ▁in ▁North ▁China . ▁Now ▁it ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁folk ▁custom ▁museum ▁in ▁Yang li u q ing , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁folk ▁custom ▁museum ▁in ▁Yan li u q ing , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁large ▁collection ▁of ▁folk ▁art ▁pieces ▁like ▁Yan li u q ing ▁New ▁Year ▁pictures , ▁brick ▁sculpt ure . ▁ ▁Sh i ' s ▁ancest or ▁came ▁from ▁D ong ' e ▁County ▁in ▁Sh and ong ▁Province , ▁engaged ▁in ▁water ▁transport ▁of ▁gra in . ▁As ▁the ▁wealth ▁gradually ▁accum ulated , ▁the ▁Sh i ▁Family ▁moved ▁to ▁Yang li u q ing ▁and ▁bought |
▁large ▁tract s ▁of ▁land ▁and ▁set ▁up ▁their ▁residence . ▁Sh i ▁Yu ans hi ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁fourth ▁generation ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁successful ▁business man ▁and ▁a ▁good ▁household ▁manager , ▁and ▁the ▁residence ▁was ▁thus ▁en larg ed ▁for ▁several ▁times ▁until ▁it ▁acquired ▁the ▁present ▁scale . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁first ▁m ansion ▁in ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁T ian jin . ▁ ▁The ▁residence ▁is ▁symmetric ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁axis ▁formed ▁by ▁a ▁passage way ▁in ▁the ▁middle , ▁on ▁which ▁there ▁are ▁four ▁arch ways . ▁On ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁cour ty ard , ▁there ▁are ▁traditional ▁single - story ▁houses ▁with ▁rows ▁of ▁rooms ▁around ▁the ▁four ▁sides , ▁which ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁living ▁area ▁for ▁the ▁Sh i ▁Family . ▁The ▁rooms ▁on ▁north ▁side ▁were ▁the ▁account ants ' ▁office . ▁On ▁the ▁west ▁are ▁the ▁major ▁constru ctions ▁including ▁the ▁family ▁hall ▁for ▁wor sh ipping ▁Bud d ha , ▁the ater ▁and ▁the ▁south ▁reception ▁room . ▁On ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁residence ▁are ▁side ▁yard ▁rooms ▁for ▁ma ids ▁and ▁servants . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁Sh i ▁m ansion , ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁town ship ▁of ▁Yang li u q ing ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁of ▁central ▁T ian jin , ▁stands ▁as ▁a ▁surprising ly ▁well - pres erved ▁monument ▁to ▁China ' s ▁pre - re volution ▁merc ant ile ▁spirit . ▁It ▁also ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁on - location ▁shoot |
▁for ▁many ▁of ▁China ' s ▁popular ▁historical ▁dram as . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁rooms ▁feature ▁period ▁furn iture , ▁paint ings ▁and ▁call ig raph y , ▁and ▁the ▁extensive ▁Sh if u ▁Garden . ▁ ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁complex ▁has ▁been ▁turned ▁into ▁the ▁Yang li u q ing ▁Museum , ▁which ▁includes ▁displays ▁focused ▁on ▁symbol ic ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁cour ty ards ' ▁ ▁construction , ▁local ▁folk ▁art ▁and ▁custom s , ▁and ▁traditional ▁period ▁furn ish ings ▁and ▁craft s . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁town ship - level ▁divisions ▁of ▁T ian jin ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁http :// arts . c ult ural - ch ina . com / en / 6 5 Ar ts 4 7 9 5 . html ▁ ▁Category : T own s ▁in ▁T ian jin <0x0A> </s> ▁O ran a ▁Australia ▁Ltd ▁is ▁a ▁not - for - pro fit ▁organisation ▁that ▁provides ▁a ▁diverse ▁range ▁of ▁training ▁and ▁support ▁services ▁to ▁over ▁ 6 5 0 ▁people ▁with ▁dis abilities ▁and ▁their ▁families ▁in ▁South ▁Australia . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁M ent ally ▁Ret arded ▁Children ’ s ▁Society ▁of ▁SA ▁Inc . ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁by ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁parents ▁who ▁wanted ▁education , ▁employ ment ▁and ▁accommod ation ▁opportun ities ▁for ▁their ▁children ▁within ▁the ▁local ▁community ▁at ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁institution al ised ▁care ▁in ▁Ad ela ide ▁was ▁their ▁only ▁alternative . ▁ ▁The ▁society ’ s ▁a |
ims ▁were ▁to ▁seek ▁education ▁or ▁training ▁facilities ▁for ▁people ▁with ▁intellectual ▁dis abilities , ▁to ▁establish ▁shelter ed ▁work sh ops , ▁and ▁to ▁establish ▁resident ial ▁host els . ▁ ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁shelter ed ▁work sh ops ▁were ▁established , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁name ▁was ▁changed ▁to ▁the ▁Ab original ▁word ▁" O ran a ", ▁which ▁means ▁" Wel come ". ▁ ▁Today , ▁O ran a ▁provides ▁assist ed ▁employ ment , ▁assist ed ▁accommod ation ▁and ▁resp ite ▁services ▁to ▁people ▁with ▁intellectual ▁dis abilities . ▁ ▁O ran a ' s ▁current ▁and ▁previous ▁clients ▁include ▁M its ub ishi ▁Mot ors , ▁C li ps al , ▁R AA , ▁E ld ers ▁Limited , ▁and ▁Billy cart ▁K ids . ▁ ▁O ran a ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁dis ability ▁service ▁organis ations ▁to ▁achieve ▁Qu ality ▁Acc red itation . ▁ ▁The ▁services ▁and ▁products ▁they ▁offer ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Pack aging ▁ ▁Assembly ▁ ▁S ew ing ▁ ▁Coll ating ▁& ▁Mail ing ▁ ▁F urn iture ▁- ▁Ret ail ▁ ▁F urn iture ▁– ▁Man ufact ure ▁for ▁Com mer cial ▁Market ▁ ▁W orm ▁Farm ing ▁ ▁Work ▁C rew s ▁ ▁Pet ▁& ▁Gra in ▁– ▁Ret ail ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁after ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁better ing ▁people ’ s ▁lives , ▁O ran a ▁identified ▁a ▁community ▁need ▁and ▁expanded ▁their ▁operations ▁into ▁the |
▁aged ▁care ▁sector . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁un ve iling ▁of ▁the ▁Australian ▁Government ’ s ▁Commonwealth ▁Home ▁Support ▁Program me ▁( CH SP ) ▁and ▁seeing ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁natural ▁step ▁of ▁pro gression , ▁O ran a ▁now ▁provides ▁quality ▁tail ored ▁aged ▁care ▁at ▁home . ▁ ▁The ▁well - res our ced ▁organization ▁del ivers ▁help ▁across ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁areas , ▁helping ▁the ▁elder ly ▁remain ▁where ▁they ▁want ▁to ▁be ▁- ▁in ▁the ▁comfort ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁home ▁during ▁their ▁later ▁years . ▁ ▁O ran a ▁continues ▁with ▁its ▁mission ▁to ▁support ▁people ▁remain ▁independent , ▁val ued ▁and ▁product ive ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁community . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Dis ability ▁organis ations ▁based ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : Organ is ations ▁based ▁in ▁South ▁Australia <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁is ▁a ▁church ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁Church ▁of ▁Den mark ▁in ▁S ø nder borg , ▁Den mark ▁and ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁name . ▁Thanks ▁to ▁its ▁location ▁on ▁a ▁hill , ▁the ▁church ▁building ▁is ▁very ▁icon ic ▁for ▁the ▁city . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Middle ▁A ges ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁le per ▁col ony ▁on ▁a ▁hill ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁city . ▁It ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Saint ▁George ▁and ▁around ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁the ▁chap el ▁of ▁this ▁le per ▁col ony ▁stood ▁in ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church . |
▁After ▁the ▁old ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁the ▁city , ▁the ▁St . ▁Nicholas ▁Church , ▁was ▁demol ished ▁around ▁ 1 5 3 0 , ▁the ▁Saint - Ge orge ▁chap el ▁became ▁the ▁new ▁main ▁church . ▁Tow ards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century , ▁John ▁II , ▁Duke ▁of ▁Schles wig - Hol stein - S onder burg ▁commission ed ▁the ▁en larg ement ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁suitable ▁for ▁the ▁function ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁his ▁city . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁St . ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 5 9 5 ▁a ▁start ▁was ▁made ▁on ▁the ▁partial ▁demol ition ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁church ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁church . ▁Only ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁medieval ▁church ▁remained . ▁From ▁the ▁medieval ▁church , ▁a ▁medieval ▁wooden ▁wall ▁cup board ▁d ating ▁from ▁about ▁ 1 4 0 0 ▁remained . ▁The ▁solemn ▁inaug uration ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁parish ▁church ▁took ▁place ▁just ▁before ▁Christmas ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 0 . ▁In ▁ 1 6 4 9 ▁the ▁George ▁Church ▁was ▁renamed ▁as ▁the ▁Mary ▁Church . ▁The ▁name ▁of ▁Saint ▁George ▁stayed ▁in ▁the ▁Dan ish ▁names ▁Sank t ▁J ør gens g ade ▁and ▁J ør gens b jer g . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁S ø nder borg ▁Municip ality ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Den mark ▁Category : Ch urch ▁of ▁Den mark ▁churches |
<0x0A> </s> ▁Kal it ta ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Con nie ▁Kal it ta ▁( born ▁ 1 9 3 8 ), ▁a ▁retired ▁American ▁drag ▁rac er ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁K all ita ▁Air . ▁Doug ▁Kal it ta ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 4 ), ▁an ▁American ▁drag ▁rac er , ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Con nie ▁Kal it ta ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁Kal it ta ▁Char ters . ▁Scott ▁Kal it ta ▁( 1 9 6 2 - 2 0 0 8 ), ▁an ▁American ▁drag ▁rac er ▁and ▁son ▁of ▁Con nie ▁Kal it ta . ▁Kal it ta ▁Air , ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁flying ▁Bo eing ▁ 7 4 7 ▁aircraft . ▁Kal it ta ▁Char ters , ▁a ▁cargo ▁air line ▁flying ▁medium - s ized ▁aircraft . <0x0A> </s> ▁Where ▁Is ▁Fre edom ? ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁Italian ▁comedy - d rama ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Roberto ▁Ross ell ini . ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁a ▁trouble d ▁production ▁because , ▁after ▁shooting ▁some ▁scenes , ▁Ross ell ini ▁lost ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁and ▁abandoned ▁the ▁set . ▁The ▁work ▁was ▁completed ▁after ▁about ▁a ▁year , ▁mainly ▁from ▁Mario ▁Mon ic elli , ▁with ▁some ▁scenes ▁also ▁shot ▁by ▁Lu cio ▁Ful ci ▁and ▁Feder ico ▁F ell ini . ▁Despite ▁that , ▁Ross ell ini ▁is ▁the ▁sole ▁cred ited ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁film . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁D iff icult |
ies ▁and ▁troubles ▁of ▁an ▁ex - conv ict . ▁Em bit tered ▁and ▁dis ill usion ed ▁by ▁life , ▁he ▁will ▁soon ▁plan ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁prison . ▁ ▁Cast ▁ ▁Tot ò : ▁Salv atore ▁Lo ▁Ja cono ▁ ▁V era ▁Mol nar : ▁Ag nes ina ▁ ▁N ita ▁D over : ▁ ▁mar aton eta ▁di ▁dan za ▁ ▁Fran ca ▁F ald ini : ▁Maria ▁ ▁Leopold o ▁Tri este : ▁Abr amo ▁Pi per no ▁ ▁Antonio ▁Nic ot ra : ▁mar es cial lo ▁ ▁Sal vo ▁Lib ass i : ▁ ▁mar es cial lo ▁# 2 ▁ ▁Gia como ▁R ond in ella : ▁ ▁car cer ato ▁ ▁U go ▁D ' A less io : ▁ ▁gi ud ice ▁Mario ▁Cast ell ani : ▁pubblic o ▁minister o ▁ ▁V inc en zo ▁Tal ar ico : ▁av v oc ato ▁dif ens ore ▁Pietro ▁Carl oni : ▁ ▁Pietro ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁films ▁Category : Ital ian ▁comedy - d rama ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 5 0 s ▁comedy - d rama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Roberto ▁Ross ell ini ▁Category : Comm edia ▁all ' ital iana ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁Rome ▁Category : Ital ian ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁D ino ▁De ▁Laur enti is ▁Category : Fil ms ▁produced ▁by ▁Carlo ▁Pont i <0x0A> </s> ▁Latin ▁lit urg ical |
▁r ites , ▁or ▁Western ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites , ▁are ▁Catholic ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁Latin ▁Church , ▁the ▁largest ▁particular ▁church ▁su i ▁i ur is ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁that ▁origin ated ▁in ▁Europe ▁where ▁the ▁Latin ▁language ▁once ▁domin ated . ▁Its ▁language ▁is ▁now ▁known ▁as ▁E cc les iast ical ▁Latin . ▁The ▁most ▁used ▁r ite ▁is ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁ ▁The ▁Latin ▁r ites ▁were ▁for ▁many ▁centuries ▁no ▁less ▁numerous ▁than ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁autonom ous ▁particular ▁Church es . ▁Their ▁number ▁is ▁now ▁much ▁reduced . ▁In ▁the ▁after math ▁of ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent , ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 8 ▁and ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁V ▁suppress ed ▁the ▁Bre vi aries ▁and ▁Miss als ▁that ▁could ▁not ▁be ▁shown ▁to ▁have ▁an ▁anti qu ity ▁of ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁centuries ▁( see ▁Tr ident ine ▁Mass ▁and ▁Roman ▁Miss al ). ▁Many ▁local ▁r ites ▁that ▁remained ▁legit imate ▁even ▁after ▁this ▁dec ree ▁were ▁abandoned ▁volunt arily , ▁especially ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁orders ▁that ▁had ▁a ▁distinct ▁lit urg ical ▁r ite ▁chose ▁to ▁adopt ▁in ▁its ▁place ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁as ▁re vised ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁decre es ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council |
▁( see ▁Mass ▁of ▁Paul ▁VI ). ▁A ▁few ▁such ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁persist ▁today ▁for ▁the ▁celebr ation ▁of ▁Mass , ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 1 9 7 0 ▁in ▁re vised ▁forms , ▁but ▁the ▁distinct ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁for ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁other ▁sacr aments ▁have ▁been ▁almost ▁completely ▁abandoned . ▁ ▁Lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁currently ▁in ▁use ▁within ▁the ▁Latin ▁Church ▁ ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁is ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁widely ▁used . ▁Like ▁other ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites , ▁it ▁developed ▁over ▁time , ▁with ▁newer ▁forms ▁replacing ▁the ▁older . ▁It ▁under w ent ▁many ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁mill en ni um ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁of ▁its ▁existence ▁( see ▁Pre - Tr ident ine ▁Mass ). ▁The ▁forms ▁that ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁V , ▁as ▁requested ▁by ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent , ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 6 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 5 7 0 s ▁under w ent ▁repeated ▁minor ▁variations ▁in ▁the ▁centuries ▁immediately ▁following . ▁Each ▁new ▁typical ▁edition ▁( the ▁edition ▁to ▁which ▁other ▁print ings ▁are ▁to ▁conform ) ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Miss al ▁( see ▁Tr ident ine ▁Mass ) ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁lit urg ical ▁books ▁su pers eded ▁the ▁previous ▁one . ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁saw ▁more ▁prof ound ▁changes . ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁X ▁rad ically ▁re arr anged ▁the ▁Ps alter ▁of |
▁the ▁Bre vi ary ▁and ▁alter ed ▁the ▁rub rics ▁of ▁the ▁Mass . ▁Later ▁pop es ▁continued ▁to ▁make ▁such ▁changes , ▁beginning ▁with ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁XII , ▁who ▁significantly ▁re vised ▁the ▁Holy ▁Week ▁cer emon ies ▁and ▁certain ▁other ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Miss al ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁ ▁Ord inary ▁Form ▁ ▁The ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council ▁( 1 9 6 2 – 1 9 6 5 ) ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁general ▁revision ▁of ▁the ▁r ites ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁sacr aments , ▁including ▁the ▁E uchar ist . ▁As ▁before , ▁each ▁new ▁typical ▁edition ▁of ▁an ▁official ▁lit urg ical ▁book ▁su pers edes ▁the ▁previous ▁one . ▁Thus , ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁Roman ▁Miss al , ▁which ▁su pers eded ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁edition , ▁was ▁su pers eded ▁by ▁the ▁edition ▁of ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁edition ▁in ▁turn ▁su pers edes ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁edition ▁both ▁in ▁Latin ▁and , ▁as ▁official ▁transl ations ▁into ▁each ▁language ▁appear , ▁also ▁in ▁the ▁vern ac ular ▁languages . ▁Under ▁the ▁terms ▁of ▁Sum mor um ▁Pont ific um ▁by ▁Pope ▁Bened ict ▁XVI , ▁the ▁Mass ▁of ▁Paul ▁VI ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Ord inary ▁Form ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁ ▁Ext ra ordinary ▁Form ▁ ▁The ▁Tr ident ine ▁Mass , ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁ |
1 9 6 2 ▁Roman ▁Miss al , ▁is ▁still ▁author ized ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁under ▁the ▁conditions ▁indicated ▁in ▁the ▁document ▁Sum mor um ▁Pont ific um . ▁ ▁Ord in ari ate ▁Use ▁ ▁The ▁Ord in ari ate ▁Use ▁is ▁a ▁form ▁or ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁unique ▁r ite ▁itself . ▁During ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁E uchar ist , ▁especially ▁the ▁E uchar istic ▁P ray er , ▁it ▁is ▁closest ▁to ▁other ▁forms ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite , ▁while ▁it ▁diff ers ▁more ▁during ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁Word ▁and ▁the ▁Pen it ential ▁R ite . ▁The ▁language ▁used , ▁which ▁diff ers ▁from ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁I CE L ▁translation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁of ▁Mass , ▁is ▁based ▁upon ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Common ▁P ray er , ▁originally ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁Prior ▁to ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁personal ▁ordin ari ates , ▁par ishes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁were ▁called ▁" Ang lic an ▁Use " ▁and ▁used ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Wor ship , ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁Book ▁of ▁Common ▁P ray er . ▁The ▁Book ▁of ▁Div ine ▁Wor ship ▁has ▁been ▁replaced ▁with ▁the ▁similar ▁Div ine ▁Wor ship : ▁The ▁Miss al ▁for ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁ordin ari ates ▁world wide . ▁Ang lic an ▁lit urg ical ▁rit uals , ▁whether |
▁those ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ordin ari ates ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁or ▁in ▁the ▁various ▁prayer ▁books ▁and ▁miss als ▁of ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁Comm union ▁and ▁other ▁denomin ations ▁trace ▁their ▁origin ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁Sar um ▁Use , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁used ▁in ▁England ▁before ▁introduction ▁during ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Edward ▁VI ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 5 4 9 ▁Book ▁of ▁Common ▁P ray er , ▁following ▁the ▁break ▁from ▁the ▁Roman ▁church ▁under ▁the ▁previous ▁monarch ▁Henry ▁VIII . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁under ▁a ▁Past oral ▁Pro vision ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁personal ▁par ishes ▁were ▁established ▁that ▁introduced ▁adapted ▁Ang lic an ▁trad itions ▁to ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁from ▁members ' ▁former ▁Epis cop al ▁par ishes . ▁That ▁provision ▁also ▁permitted , ▁as ▁an ▁exception ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁case ▁by ▁case ▁basis , ▁the ▁ord ination ▁of ▁married ▁former ▁Epis cop al ▁minister s ▁as ▁Catholic ▁pri ests . ▁As ▁personal ▁par ishes , ▁these ▁par ishes ▁were ▁formerly ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁dioc ese , ▁but ▁accepted ▁as ▁members ▁any ▁former ▁Ang lic an ▁who ▁wished ▁to ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁provision . ▁ ▁On ▁ 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Pope ▁Bened ict ▁XVI ▁established ▁a ▁world wide ▁provision ▁for ▁Ang lic ans ▁who ▁joined ▁the ▁church . ▁This ▁process ▁set ▁up ▁personal ▁ordin ari ates ▁for ▁former ▁Ang lic ans ▁and ▁other ▁persons ▁entering ▁the ▁full ▁commun |
ion ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁These ▁ordin ari ates ▁would ▁be ▁similar ▁to ▁dioc eses , ▁but ▁en comp ass ing ▁entire ▁regions ▁or ▁nations . ▁Par ishes ▁belonging ▁to ▁an ▁ordin ari ate ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁dioc ese . ▁These ▁ordin ari ates ▁are ▁charged ▁with ▁maintain ing ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁lit urg ical , ▁spiritual ▁and ▁past oral ▁trad itions , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁full ▁fac ult ies ▁to ▁celebr ate ▁the ▁E uchar ist ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁sacr aments , ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁H ours ▁and ▁other ▁lit urg ical ▁functions ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁lit urg ical ▁books ▁proper ▁to ▁Ang lic an ▁tradition , ▁in ▁revis ions ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁Holy ▁See . ▁This ▁fac ulty ▁does ▁not ▁exclude ▁lit urg ical ▁celebr ations ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁ ▁The ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁W als ingham ▁was ▁set ▁up ▁for ▁England ▁and ▁Wales ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁the ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁Saint ▁Peter ▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Canada ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁the ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Cross ▁for ▁Australia ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁it ▁was ▁decre ed ▁that ▁all ▁par ishes ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States |
▁established ▁under ▁the ▁Past oral ▁Pro vision ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁Ord in ari ate . ▁Bishop ▁Steven ▁L op es ▁of ▁the ▁Personal ▁Ord in ari ate ▁of ▁the ▁Chair ▁of ▁Saint ▁Peter ▁has ▁requested ▁that ▁terms ▁such ▁as ▁" Ang lic an ▁Use " ▁and ▁" Ang lic an ▁Ord in ari ate " ▁be ▁avoided , ▁saying ▁" O ur ▁cler gy ▁and ▁faithful ▁do ▁not ▁like ▁being ▁called ▁Ang lic an , ▁both ▁because ▁this ▁is ▁ins ens itive ▁to ▁actual ▁Ang lic ans , ▁and ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁subt le ▁way ▁of ▁suggesting ▁that ▁their ▁entrance ▁into ▁full ▁commun ion ▁is ▁less ▁that ▁total . ▁We ▁are ▁Catholic ▁in ▁every ▁sense ." ▁ ▁Alg on qu ian ▁and ▁I ro qu o ian ▁Us es ▁ ▁Also ▁called ▁" Ind ian ▁Mass es ", ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁variations ▁on ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁Indian ▁miss ions ▁of ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁These ▁origin ated ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century , ▁and ▁some ▁remained ▁in ▁use ▁until ▁the ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council . ▁The ▁priest ' s ▁parts ▁remained ▁in ▁Latin , ▁while ▁the ▁ordin aries ▁s ung ▁by ▁the ▁cho ir ▁were ▁translated ▁into ▁the ▁vern ac ular ▁( e . g ., ▁Moh awk , ▁Alg on quin , ▁Mic mac , ▁and ▁Hur on ). ▁They ▁also ▁generally ▁featured ▁a ▁reduced ▁cycle ▁of ▁native - language ▁prop ers ▁and ▁h ym ns . ▁At ▁present ▁they ▁are |
▁rarely ▁used . ▁ ▁Z aire ▁Use ▁ ▁The ▁Z aire ▁Use ▁is ▁an ▁inc ultur ated ▁variation ▁of ▁the ▁Ord inary ▁Form ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁to ▁a ▁very ▁limited ▁extent ▁in ▁some ▁African ▁countries ▁since ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s . ▁ ▁Western ▁R ites ▁of ▁" G all ican " ▁type ▁ ▁Amb ros ian ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Amb ros ian ▁R ite ▁is ▁celebrated ▁in ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Milan , ▁Italy , ▁and ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁some ▁neighbour ing ▁dioc eses ▁in ▁Italy ▁and ▁Switzerland . ▁The ▁language ▁used ▁is ▁now ▁usually ▁Italian , ▁rather ▁than ▁Latin . ▁With ▁some ▁variant ▁texts ▁and ▁minor ▁difference ▁in ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁read ings , ▁it ▁is ▁similar ▁in ▁form ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite . ▁Its ▁classification ▁as ▁Gall ican - related ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁ ▁R ite ▁of ▁B rag a ▁ ▁The ▁R ite ▁of ▁B rag a ▁is ▁used , ▁but ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁November ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁only ▁on ▁an ▁optional ▁basis , ▁in ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁B rag a ▁in ▁northern ▁Portugal . ▁ ▁Moz arab ic ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Moz arab ic ▁R ite , ▁which ▁was ▁pre val ent ▁throughout ▁Spain ▁in ▁Vis ig oth ic ▁times , ▁is ▁now ▁celebrated ▁only ▁in ▁limited ▁locations , ▁princip ally ▁the ▁c athedral ▁of ▁To led o . |
▁ ▁Car th us ian ▁R ite ▁The ▁Car th us ian ▁r ite ▁is ▁in ▁use ▁in ▁a ▁version ▁re vised ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁A part ▁from ▁the ▁new ▁elements ▁in ▁this ▁revision , ▁it ▁is ▁substantial ly ▁the ▁r ite ▁of ▁Gren o ble ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century , ▁with ▁some ▁ad mi xture ▁from ▁other ▁sources . ▁Among ▁other ▁differences ▁from ▁the ▁Roman ▁Order ▁of ▁Mass , ▁the ▁de acon ▁prepar es ▁the ▁g ifts ▁while ▁the ▁Ep ist le ▁is ▁being ▁s ung , ▁the ▁celebr ating ▁priest ▁was hes ▁his ▁hands ▁twice ▁at ▁the ▁offer t ory ▁and ▁says ▁the ▁e uchar istic ▁prayer ▁with ▁arms ▁extended ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁cross ▁except ▁when ▁using ▁his ▁hands ▁for ▁some ▁specific ▁action , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁bless ing ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁Mass . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁only ▁ext ant ▁Mass ▁r ite ▁of ▁a ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁order ; ▁but ▁by ▁virtue ▁of ▁the ▁E cc lesia ▁De i ▁ind ult ▁some ▁individuals ▁or ▁small ▁groups ▁are ▁author ized ▁to ▁use ▁some ▁now ▁def unct ▁r ites . ▁ ▁Western ▁R ite ▁of ▁su i ▁gener is ▁type ▁ ▁Bened ict ine ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Order ▁of ▁Saint ▁Bened ict ▁has ▁never ▁had ▁a ▁r ite ▁of ▁the ▁Mass ▁peculiar ▁to ▁it , ▁but ▁it ▁keeps ▁its ▁very ▁ancient ▁Bened ict ine ▁R ite ▁of ▁the ▁Lit ur gy ▁of ▁the ▁H ours . ▁ ▁Def unct |
▁Catholic ▁Western ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁ ▁African ▁R ite ▁ ▁In ▁Africa ▁Pro cons ul are , ▁located ▁in ▁present - day ▁Tun is ia ▁( of ▁which ▁Car th age ▁was ▁the ▁capital ), ▁the ▁African ▁R ite ▁was ▁used ▁before ▁the ▁ 7 th - century ▁Arab ▁con quest . ▁It ▁was ▁very ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ; ▁so ▁much ▁so ▁that ▁Western ▁lit urg ical ▁trad itions ▁have ▁been ▁class ified ▁as ▁belonging ▁to ▁two ▁streams , ▁the ▁North ▁African - R ome ▁tradition , ▁and ▁the ▁Gall ican ▁( in ▁the ▁broad ▁sense ) ▁tradition ▁en comp ass ing ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Roman ▁Empire , ▁including ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁ ▁C elt ic ▁R ite ▁▁ ▁The ▁ancient ▁C elt ic ▁R ite ▁was ▁a ▁composite ▁of ▁non - R oman ▁rit ual ▁structures ▁( poss ibly ▁Ant io ch ian ) ▁and ▁texts ▁not ▁ex empt ▁from ▁Roman ▁influence , ▁that ▁was ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁Moz arab ic ▁R ite ▁in ▁many ▁respect s ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁at ▁least ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁Scotland , ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁perhaps ▁even ▁Wales , ▁Corn wall ▁and ▁Som erset , ▁before ▁being ▁author it atively ▁replaced ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁Middle ▁A ges . ▁" C elt ic " ▁is ▁possibly ▁a ▁mis nom er ▁and ▁it ▁may ▁o we ▁its ▁orig ins ▁to ▁August ine ' s ▁re - ev angel isation ▁of |
▁the ▁British ▁Is les ▁in ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁century . ▁Little ▁is ▁known ▁of ▁it , ▁though ▁several ▁texts ▁and ▁lit urg ies ▁surv ive . ▁▁ ▁Some ▁Christians – typ ically ▁groups ▁not ▁in ▁commun ion ▁with ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁especially ▁some ▁Western ▁Orth odox ▁Christian ▁communities ▁in ▁commun ion ▁with ▁Eastern ▁Orth odox ▁Church es , ▁e . g . ▁C elt ic ▁Orth odox y – have ▁attempted ▁to ▁bre at he ▁life ▁into ▁a ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁C elt ic ▁R ite ▁the ▁historical ▁accuracy ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁deb ated . ▁Historical ▁evidence ▁of ▁this ▁r ite ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁St owe ▁( L orr ha ) ▁Miss al . ▁ ▁Gall ican ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Gall ican ▁R ite ▁is ▁a ▁ret ros pective ▁term ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁variants , ▁on ▁similar ▁lines ▁to ▁that ▁designated ▁elsewhere ▁as ▁the ▁C elt ic ▁R ite ▁( above ) ▁and ▁the ▁Moz arab ic ▁R ite , ▁which ▁f aded ▁from ▁use ▁in ▁France ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁mill en ni um . ▁It ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁the ▁so - called ▁Ne o - G all ican ▁lit urg ical ▁books ▁published ▁in ▁various ▁French ▁dioc eses ▁after ▁the ▁Council ▁of ▁Tr ent , ▁which ▁had ▁little ▁or ▁nothing ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁it . ▁ ▁Regional ▁Latin ▁r ites ▁or ▁uses ▁Several ▁local ▁r ites ▁( more ▁properly ▁uses ▁or ▁variants |
▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁( most ▁with ▁Gall ican ▁elements ▁some ▁with ▁By z antine ▁lit urg ical ▁and ▁tradition ▁elements ) ▁of ▁limited ▁scope ▁existed , ▁but ▁are ▁now ▁def unct . ▁The ▁Sar um ▁R ite ▁( more ▁properly ▁Sar um ▁Use ), ▁a ▁def unct ▁variant ▁on ▁the ▁Roman ▁r ite ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Sal is bury , ▁which ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁widely ▁pract ised ▁in ▁England ▁and ▁Scotland ▁around ▁the ▁ 1 5 3 0 s , ▁while ▁the ▁Protest ant ▁Re formation ▁swe pt ▁across ▁contin ental ▁Europe ; ▁pract ised ▁alongside ▁limited ▁other ▁variants ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Use ▁of ▁York , ▁Lincoln ▁Use , ▁Bang or ▁Use , ▁and ▁Here ford ▁Use . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁legacy ▁in ▁its ▁influence ▁on ▁later ▁Ang lic an ▁lit ur gy . ▁The ▁C ologne ▁Use , ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁of ▁C ologne ▁() ▁prior ▁to ▁ 1 5 7 0 . ▁The ▁Met z ▁Use , ▁created ▁by ▁Arn ulf ▁of ▁Met z ▁and ▁Am al arius ▁of ▁Met z ▁in ▁the ▁nin th ▁century – used ▁in ▁Als ace - L or raine , ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁and ▁F lem ish ▁and ▁Wall onian ▁lands ▁until ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁The ▁Lyon ese ▁R ite ▁of ▁the ▁Dioc ese ▁of ▁Lyon , ▁France , ▁which ▁some ▁consider ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁( r ather ▁than ▁Milan ) ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁diffusion ▁of ▁the ▁Gall ican ▁lit |
ur gy ; ▁it ▁is ▁maintained ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁par ishes ▁in ▁Lyon . ▁The ▁N id ar os ▁Use , ▁long ▁def unct , ▁based ▁mainly ▁on ▁imported ▁English ▁lit urg ical ▁books , ▁used ▁in ▁pre - Re formation ▁Norway . ▁The ▁U pp s ala ▁Use , ▁suppress ed ▁during ▁the ▁Re formation , ▁formerly ▁the ▁dominant ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite ▁used ▁in ▁northern ▁Sweden . ▁The ▁ ▁Aqu ile ian ▁R ite , ▁a ▁def unct ▁r ite ▁origin ating ▁in ▁the ▁former ▁patri arch ate ▁of ▁Aqu ile ia ▁in ▁northern ▁Italy . ▁The ▁B ene vent o ▁R ite , ▁a ▁def unct ▁Latin ▁r ite ▁origin ated ▁in ▁this ▁city ▁in ▁Italy . ▁The ▁Dur ham ▁R ite ▁( def unct : ▁Dur ham , ▁England ) ▁The ▁Es z ter gom ▁Use ▁( def unct : ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Es z ter gom , ▁used ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries ▁primarily ▁in ▁the ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Es z ter gom , ▁and ▁in ▁its ▁suff rag an ▁dioc eses . ▁Similar ▁r ites ▁were ▁also ▁in ▁Slov ak ia ▁and ▁in ▁southern , ▁central , ▁and ▁western ▁Poland . ▁These ▁us ages ▁of ▁Roman ▁lit ur gy ▁was ▁the ▁closest ▁to ▁Roman ▁( today ▁V at ican ) ▁r ites ▁with ▁some ▁small ▁By z antine - S lav ic ▁elements . ▁ ▁R ites ▁of ▁religious ▁orders ▁ ▁Some ▁religious ▁orders |
▁celebrated ▁Mass ▁according ▁to ▁r ites ▁of ▁their ▁own , ▁d ating ▁from ▁more ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 ▁years ▁before ▁the ▁pap al ▁b ull ▁Qu o ▁prim um . ▁These ▁r ites ▁were ▁based ▁on ▁local ▁us ages ▁and ▁combined ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁and ▁Gall ican ▁R ites . ▁Following ▁the ▁Second ▁V at ican ▁Council , ▁they ▁have ▁mostly ▁been ▁abandoned , ▁except ▁for ▁the ▁Car th us ian ▁R ite ▁( see ▁above ). ▁Relig ious ▁orders ▁of ▁more ▁recent ▁origin ▁have ▁never ▁had ▁special ▁r ites . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁previously ▁existing ▁r ites ▁of ▁Mass , ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite , ▁continue ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁on ▁a ▁limited ▁basis ▁by ▁the ▁permission ▁of ▁ecc les iast ical ▁super iors : ▁Car mel ite ▁R ite ▁C ister cian ▁R ite ▁Domin ican ▁R ite ▁Prem on str at ens ian ▁or ▁Nor bert ine ▁R ite ▁ ▁The ▁Catholic ▁Encyclopedia ▁applied ▁the ▁word ▁" rite " ▁also ▁to ▁the ▁practices ▁followed ▁( to ▁some ▁extent ▁even ▁now , ▁a ▁century ▁later ) ▁by ▁certain ▁Catholic ▁religious ▁orders , ▁while ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁stating ▁that ▁they ▁in ▁fact ▁followed ▁the ▁Roman ▁R ite : ▁Francis can ▁R ite ▁Fri ars ▁Minor ▁Cap uch in ▁R ite ▁Serv ite ▁R ite ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Alexand rian ▁R ite ▁Ant io ch ene ▁R ite ▁Armen ian ▁R ite ▁ ▁By z antine ▁R ite ▁Catholic ▁particular ▁churches ▁and ▁lit urg ical ▁r ites ▁East ▁Sy |
ri ac ▁R ite ▁West ▁Sy ri ac ▁R ite ▁General ▁Roman ▁Calendar ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Dom ▁Fern and ▁Cab rol ' s ▁The ▁Mass ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁R ites ▁Non - R oman ▁Latin ▁or ▁Western ▁R ites ▁An ▁African ▁Inter pret ation ▁of ▁Lit urg ical ▁Inc ult uration : ▁The ▁R ite ▁Z airo is ▁▁▁ ▁Category : West ern ▁Christian ity <0x0A> </s> ▁Fern ald ia ▁p and ur ata ▁( common ▁name : ▁l or oco ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁v ine ▁with ▁ed ible ▁flowers , ▁w ides p read ▁in ▁Mexico ▁and ▁Central ▁America . ▁ ▁Fern ald ia ▁p and ur ata ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁source ▁of ▁food ▁in ▁El ▁Salvador ▁and ▁Gu atem ala . ▁The ▁plant ' s ▁bud s ▁and ▁flowers ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁cook ing ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁ways , ▁including ▁in ▁pup us as . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁" lor oco " ▁is ▁used ▁throughout ▁Mes o amer ica ▁to ▁refer ▁to ▁Fern ald ia ▁p and ur ata . ▁ ▁Fern ald ia ▁p and ur ata ▁is ▁an ▁her b ace ous ▁v ine ▁with ▁ob long - elli pt ical ▁to ▁broad ly ▁ov ate ▁leaves ▁. ▁long , ▁ 1 . 5 – 8 cm ▁broad , ▁infl ores c ences ▁are ▁generally ▁somewhat ▁shorter ▁than ▁the ▁leaves , ▁with ▁ 8 – 1 8 ▁flowers , ▁the ▁p edic els ▁ 4 – 6 mm . ▁long ; ▁b ract s |
▁ov ate , ▁ ▁long ; ▁cal y x ▁lo bes ▁ov ate , ▁ac ute ▁or ▁obt use , ▁ 2 – 3 mm . ▁long ; ▁cor ol la ▁white ▁within , ▁green ish ▁outside . ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁León , ▁J ., ▁H . ▁Gold bach ▁& ▁J . ▁Eng els , ▁ 1 9 7 9 : ▁Die ▁gen et ischen ▁Ress our cen ▁der ▁Kultur p fl anzen ▁Zent ral amer ik as ., ▁Int . ▁Gen bank ▁C AT IE / GT Z ▁in ▁Tur rial ba , ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁San ▁Juan ▁de ▁Tib ás , ▁Costa ▁Rica , ▁ 3 2 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Mort on , ▁J . ▁F ., ▁E . ▁Al vare z ▁& ▁C . ▁Qu i ñ one z , ▁ 1 9 9 0 : ▁Lor oco , ▁Fern ald ia ▁p and ur ata '' ▁( Ap oc yn aceae ): ▁a ▁popular ▁ed ible ▁flower ▁of ▁Central ▁America . ▁Econom ic ▁Bot any ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 3 0 1 – 3 1 0 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Lor oco ▁in ▁World ▁Cro ps ▁( English ) ▁ ▁Category : E ch ite ae ▁Category : Ed ible ▁plants ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : Sal v ador an ▁cu is ine ▁Category : Gu atem al an ▁cu is ine ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ch |
ester ▁Earl ▁Mer row ▁( Nov ember ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁New ▁Ham pshire . ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁Center ▁O ss ipe e , ▁New ▁Ham pshire , ▁Mer row ▁attended ▁the ▁public ▁schools ▁and ▁B rew ster ▁Free ▁Academy ▁in ▁Wolf eb oro ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁graduated ▁from ▁Col by ▁College , ▁Water ville , ▁Maine , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁from ▁Te ach ers ▁College ▁( sum mers ) ▁( Col umb ia ▁University ), ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁ ▁Mer row ▁was ▁an ▁instruct or ▁of ▁science ▁at ▁K ents ▁Hill ▁School ▁in ▁Maine ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁and ▁at ▁Mont pel ier ▁Sem inary ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 7 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁assistant ▁head master ▁of ▁Mont pel ier ▁Sem inary ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁instruct or ▁of ▁political ▁science ▁and ▁history ▁at ▁Verm ont ▁Junior ▁College ▁in ▁Mont pel ier ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁ ▁Mer row ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
3 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁a ▁radio ▁news ▁comment ator ▁and ▁lect urer , ▁and ▁served ▁as ▁delegate ▁to ▁an ▁international ▁conference ▁on ▁education ▁and ▁cultural ▁relations ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁held ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁con gression al ▁advis er ▁to ▁the ▁first ▁conference ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Edu c ational , ▁Scient ific , ▁and ▁Cultural ▁Organ ization ▁( UN ES CO ) ▁held ▁in ▁Paris ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁deleg ation ▁to ▁UN ES CO ▁ 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 4 9 . ▁ ▁Mer row ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁to ▁the ▁Se vent y - e ighth ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁nine ▁succeed ing ▁Congress es ▁( J anu ary ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 6 3 ). ▁Mer row ▁voted ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁Rights ▁Act s ▁of ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 6 0 . ▁He ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁candidate ▁for ▁re e lection ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁to ▁the ▁E ight y - e ighth ▁Congress , ▁but ▁was ▁un success ful ▁for ▁nom ination ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Senate . ▁ ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁was ▁Special ▁Ad vis er ▁on ▁Community ▁Rel ations , ▁Department ▁of ▁State , ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 3 |
▁to ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁un success ful ▁candidate ▁for ▁election ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁to ▁the ▁Nin ety - second ▁Congress ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁to ▁the ▁Nin ety - third ▁Congress . ▁He ▁res ided ▁in ▁Center ▁O ss ipe e ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁there , ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁He ▁was ▁inter red ▁in ▁Ch ick ville ▁C emetery . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁death s ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁from ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁Category : Col by ▁College ▁al umn i ▁Category : T each ers ▁College , ▁Columbia ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : New ▁Ham pshire ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Rep ublic an ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁polit icians ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁O ss ipe e , ▁New ▁Ham pshire <0x0A> </s> ▁H IS ▁(" High tech ▁Information ▁System ▁Limited "; ▁established ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁is ▁a ▁Hong ▁Kong - based ▁graphics ▁card ▁manufact urer ▁that ▁produces ▁A MD ▁( former ly ▁known ▁as ▁AT I ) ▁R ade on ▁graphics ▁cards . ▁Its ▁headquarters ▁are ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong , ▁with ▁additional ▁sales ▁offices ▁and ▁distribution ▁networks ▁in ▁Europe , |
▁the ▁Middle ▁East , ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁Asia ▁Pacific ▁Reg ions . ▁The ▁current ▁distrib utor ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁is ▁Jun Max ▁Technology . ▁ ▁Product s ▁ ▁H IS ▁manufact ures ▁and ▁s ells ▁A MD ▁R ade on ▁series ▁video ▁cards . ▁They ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁Ice Q ▁cool ing ▁technology ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁producing ▁the ▁latest ▁and ▁fast est ▁P CI ▁cards ▁like ▁A MD ▁R ade on ▁R X ▁ 5 9 0 , ▁R X ▁ 5 7 0 0 ▁and ▁R X ▁ 5 7 0 0 ▁X T . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁H IS ▁launched ▁new ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁R X ▁ 5 7 0 0 ▁X T ▁in ▁p ink ▁and ▁blue . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁H IS ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁companies ▁of ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁Category : Graphics ▁hardware ▁companies ▁Category : Comput er ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : E lect ron ics ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁Category : H ong ▁Kong ▁br ands <0x0A> </s> ▁__ NOT OC __ ▁AD ▁ 4 7 ▁( X L V II ) ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁year ▁starting ▁on ▁Sunday ▁( link ▁will ▁display ▁the ▁full ▁calendar ) ▁of ▁the ▁Julian ▁calendar . ▁" At ▁the ▁time , ▁it ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Year ▁of ▁the ▁Cons ul ship ▁of ▁Claud ius ▁and ▁Vit elli us ▁( or , ▁less ▁frequently , ▁year ▁ 8 0 |
0 ▁Ab ▁ur be ▁cond ita ). ▁The ▁den om ination ▁AD ▁ 4 7 ▁for ▁this ▁year ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁since ▁the ▁early ▁medieval ▁period , ▁when ▁the ▁An no ▁Dom ini ▁calendar ▁era ▁became ▁the ▁pre val ent ▁method ▁in ▁Europe ▁for ▁naming ▁years . ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁By ▁place ▁ ▁Roman ▁Empire ▁▁ ▁Claud ius ▁rev ives ▁the ▁c ensor ship ▁and ▁l udi ▁sa ec ular es , ▁and ▁organ ises ▁the ▁order ▁of ▁the ▁Har us p ices , ▁with ▁ 6 0 ▁members . ▁ ▁G na eus ▁Dom it ius ▁Cor b ulo ▁is ▁made ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁army ▁in ▁Germania ▁In fer ior . ▁He ▁conqu ers ▁the ▁Ch au ci ▁and ▁f ights ▁against ▁the ▁Cher us ci ▁and ▁F ris ians . ▁ ▁C au ci ▁pir ates ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁Roman ▁deser ter ▁G ann asc us ▁rav age ▁the ▁Gall ic ▁coast ; ▁Cor b ulo ▁uses ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁fleet ▁against ▁them . ▁The ▁F ris ian ▁revol t ▁is ▁suppress ed . ▁ ▁Pub lius ▁Ost or ius ▁Sc ap ula ▁rep laces ▁A ulus ▁Pla ut ius ▁as ▁governor ▁of ▁Britain . ▁The ▁south - east ▁of ▁the ▁island ▁is ▁now ▁a ▁Roman ▁province , ▁while ▁certain ▁states ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁coast ▁are ▁ruled ▁as ▁a ▁nomin ally ▁independent ▁client ▁kingdom ▁by ▁T iber ius ▁Claud ius ▁C og id ub n us , ▁whose ▁seat ▁is ▁probably ▁at ▁Fish bourne ▁near ▁Ch ich ester . ▁Ost |
or ius ▁immediately ▁faces ▁inc urs ions ▁from ▁un con quer ed ▁areas , ▁which ▁he ▁puts ▁down . ▁ ▁Cor b ulo ▁orders ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁canal ▁F ossa ▁Cor bul on is , ▁between ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁and ▁Me use ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁which ▁connect s ▁the ▁city ▁Forum ▁Had ri ani ▁( V oor burg ). ▁ ▁Rom ans ▁build ▁the ▁Tra ie ct um ▁fort ification ▁near ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine , ▁which ▁will ▁later ▁grow ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁U tre cht . ▁ ▁Claud ius ▁found s ▁the ▁city ▁Forum ▁Claud ii ▁Vall ens ium ▁( mod ern ▁Mart igny ) ▁in ▁the ▁Al pes ▁Po en inae ▁( Sw itzerland ). ▁ ▁M uss el burgh ▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁Roman ▁Britain ▁( Sc ot land ). ▁ ▁By ▁topic ▁ ▁Religion ▁▁ ▁An an ias ▁becomes ▁high ▁priest ▁in ▁Jud ae a . ▁ ▁Paul ▁starts ▁his ▁evangel istic ▁work . ▁</ only include > ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ ▁T ae j od ae , ▁Korean ▁r uler ▁of ▁G og ury e o ▁( d . ▁ 1 6 5 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ ▁Dec im us ▁Val er ius ▁A si atic us , ▁Roman ▁politician ▁and ▁cons ul ▁ ▁G ai us ▁S all ust ius ▁Cris pus ▁Pass ien us , ▁Roman ▁cons ul ▁ ▁G na eus ▁Pom pe ius ▁Magn us , ▁Roman ▁no blem an ▁▁ ▁Quint us ▁San qu ini us |
▁Maxim us , ▁Roman ▁politician ▁ ▁V ard anes ▁I , ▁king ▁of ▁the ▁Par th ian ▁Empire ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ 0 0 4 7 ▁ ▁als : 4 0 er # 4 7 <0x0A> </s> ▁O ll om bo ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁the ▁Pl ate aux ▁ ▁Department ▁of ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pl ate aux ▁Department ▁( Rep ublic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ) ▁Category : D istrict s ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo <0x0A> </s> ▁Y oh mor ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Y oh mor , ▁Be q aa , ▁Leb anon ▁Y oh mor , ▁N ab atie h , ▁Leb anon <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl ancy ▁R of ique ▁( born ▁ 2 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Maur it ian ▁international ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁forward ▁for ▁Ligue ▁ 2 ▁side ▁Le ▁Hav re ▁and ▁the ▁Maur it ius ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M aur it ian ▁football ers ▁Category : M aur it ius ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Le ▁Hav re ▁AC ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁media ▁from ▁the ▁P un j ab ▁region ▁or ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁P un j abi ▁language . ▁P un j abi ▁journal ists ▁have ▁received ▁many ▁international ▁awards ▁for ▁their ▁reporting |
. ▁ ▁Digital ▁Web ▁channels ▁After ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁there ▁is ▁rise ▁digital ▁content ▁and ▁channels ▁in ▁pun j abi ▁language : ▁P un j abi ▁P archar ▁TV ▁P un j abi ▁Le har ▁A j it ▁Web ▁TV ▁Bh ule k ha ▁TV ▁ ▁Major ▁P un j abi ▁newsp apers ▁and ▁news ▁organizations ▁ ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁P un j abi ▁Ch et na ( P un j abi ▁Ch et na ) ▁India ▁[[ Ch ard ik la ( Pat ial a )| Time ▁TV ]] ▁( Ch ard ik la ) ▁Az ad ▁So ch ▁Daily ▁A j it ▁The ▁Trib une ▁( The ▁Trib une ) ▁P un j ab ▁News line ▁ ▁P un j ab ▁Times ▁ ▁Ro z ana ▁Sp okes man ▁ ▁Des h V ides h ▁Times ▁P un j ab ▁Hot line ▁P un j abi ▁News ▁Online ▁P un j ab ▁News ▁Express ▁Do aba ▁Head lines ▁P un j ab ▁Mail ▁ ▁Month ly ▁W ari am ▁J aland har ▁G han chi ▁Media ▁Italy ▁ ▁Canada ▁Asian ▁V ision ▁P un j ab ▁News line ▁P un j abi ▁Daily ▁S ikh ▁Press ▁San j h ▁Sa vera ▁A j it ▁Week ly ▁ ▁Pakistan ▁ ▁S aj jan ▁K hab ran ▁Bh ule k ha ▁ ▁UK ▁S ikh ▁Times ▁A ka al ▁Channel ▁ ▁USA ▁P un j ab ▁Mail ▁USA ▁Qu ami ▁Ek ta ▁ ▁Other ▁major ▁online ▁P un j abi ▁newsp |
apers ▁P un j abi ▁Ch et na ▁ ▁Ch ard hi ▁K ala ▁ ▁P un j ab ▁News line ▁Des h V ides h ▁Times ▁ ▁W ich aar ▁Media ▁P un j ab ▁Europe ▁Sam ach ar ▁Europe ▁V ich ▁P un j abi ▁Pan j abi ▁Today ▁ ▁P un j abi ▁television ▁channels ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁P un j abi - language ▁television ▁channels ▁List ▁of ▁P un j abi - language ▁newsp apers ▁A j it ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁P un j abi ▁Press ▁Club ▁Canada ▁ ▁Media ▁P un j ab ▁P un j abi ▁media ▁▁▁▁ ▁Media <0x0A> </s> ▁N en ad ▁" P ur ke " ▁Sto jan ović ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Ser bian ▁professional ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁stri ker . ▁ ▁Career ▁After ▁coming ▁through ▁the ▁youth ▁categories ▁of ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade , ▁Sto jan ović ▁went ▁on ▁numerous ▁lo ans , ▁having ▁a ▁break through ▁season ▁at ▁Bos n ian ▁club ▁Le ot ar ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁team ' s ▁top ▁sc orer ▁with ▁ 2 2 ▁goals ▁in ▁ 2 3 ▁league ▁games , ▁helping ▁them ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁national ▁title ▁in ▁history . ▁Following ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁Red ▁Star , ▁Sto jan ović ▁played ▁mostly ▁as ▁a ▁substitute ▁and ▁scored ▁several ▁cru cial ▁goals ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 3 |
– 0 4 ▁season , ▁helping ▁the ▁side ▁win ▁the ▁championship . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Sto jan ović ▁was ▁transferred ▁to ▁Belg ian ▁club ▁Gen k , ▁signing ▁a ▁three - and - a - half - year ▁contract . ▁He ▁also ▁played ▁for ▁Br uss els , ▁before ▁moving ▁to ▁Russian ▁club ▁L uch ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁in ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Sto jan ović ▁returned ▁to ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁joined ▁V oj vod ina . ▁ ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁aged ▁ 3 8 , ▁Sto jan ović ▁agreed ▁terms ▁with ▁Bel grade ▁Zone ▁League ▁side ▁Le št ane . ▁He ▁previously ▁played ▁for ▁Bro dar ac ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁( Spring ▁ 2 0 1 5 ), ▁I MT ▁( 2 0 1 5 – 1 6 ), ▁and ▁Ž ark ovo ▁( 2 0 1 6 – 1 7 ) ▁in ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁League ▁Bel grade . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁Le ot ar ▁ ▁Premier ▁League ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina : ▁ 2 0 0 2 – 0 3 ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade ▁ ▁First ▁League ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro : ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁ ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 0 3 – 0 4 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : |
Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Bel g ian ▁First ▁Division ▁A ▁players ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : FC ▁L uch ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁players ▁Category : First ▁League ▁of ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁J avor ▁Ivan j ica ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Jed inst vo ▁U b ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Le ot ar ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Lov ć en ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁M lad ost ▁A pat in ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Rud ar ▁Pl jev l ja ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁V oj vod ina ▁players ▁Category : F K ▁Ž ele znik ▁players ▁Category : K . R . C . ▁Gen k ▁players ▁Category : Mont en egr in ▁First ▁League ▁players ▁Category : OF K ▁Ž ark ovo ▁players ▁Category : P rem ier ▁League ▁of ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁players ▁Category : Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade ▁football ers ▁Category : Russ ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : R W DM ▁Br uss els ▁FC ▁players ▁Category |
: Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : Ser bia ▁and ▁Mont en eg ro ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Belg ium ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ▁Category : Ser bian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Ser bian ▁football ers ▁Category : Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁players ▁Category : Sim ur q ▁P IK ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Bel grade ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁for ▁Free ▁Expression ▁( C AF E ) ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁political ▁group ▁led ▁by ▁Paul ▁From m , ▁a ▁white ▁supre mac ist . ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁C AF E ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁the ▁promotion ▁and ▁defense ▁of ▁total ▁freedom ▁of ▁speech , ▁and ▁publish es ▁the ▁Free ▁Spe ech ▁Mon itor ▁ten ▁times ▁a ▁year . ▁Although |
▁it ▁began ▁in ▁Ontario , ▁it ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁Al berta . ▁ ▁O pp on ents ▁have ▁accused ▁C AF E ▁of ▁rac ism , ▁arg uing ▁that ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁merely ▁support ▁the ▁free ▁speech ▁rights ▁of ▁far ▁right ▁groups , ▁but ▁also ▁prom otes ▁their ▁views . ▁ ▁C AF E ▁has ▁critic ized ▁what ▁it ▁cons iders ▁in just ices ▁against ▁white ▁people ▁in ▁Canada , ▁and ▁has ▁argued ▁that ▁Canadian ▁laws ▁do ▁not ▁robust ly ▁defend ▁the ▁free ▁speech ▁of ▁whites , ▁and ▁are ▁too ▁weight ed ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁minor ities . ▁C AF E ▁has ▁campaign ed ▁( al ong ▁with ▁the ▁def unct ▁white ▁national ist ▁groups ▁Canadian ▁Heritage ▁Alliance ▁and ▁Northern ▁Alliance ) ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Brad ▁Love , ▁whom ▁it ▁claimed ▁was ▁ja iled ▁for ▁express ing ▁his ▁n ativ ist ▁sent iments . ▁C AF E ▁has ▁also ▁campaign ed ▁for ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Hol oca ust ▁den iers ▁Ernst ▁Z ünd el ▁and ▁David ▁Ir ving , ▁and ▁against ▁human ▁rights ▁lawyer ▁Richard ▁War man ▁and ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Commission . ▁▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Ontario ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁Justice ▁Mon ique ▁M ét iv ier ▁ruled ▁that ▁From m ▁and ▁C AF E ▁had ▁lib elled ▁War man , ▁and ▁ordered ▁them ▁to ▁pay ▁$ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁dam ages ▁and ▁to ▁post ▁full ▁retra ctions ▁within ▁ten ▁days ▁on ▁all ▁the |
▁websites ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁def am atory ▁comments ▁were ▁posted . ▁The ▁Ontario ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁u ph eld ▁the ▁judgment ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁with ▁dam ages ▁being ▁raised ▁to ▁$ 4 0 , 0 0 0 , ▁as ▁From m ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁pay ▁an ▁additional ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁towards ▁War man ' s ▁legal ▁costs . ▁War man ▁said ▁the ▁appeal ▁court ' s ▁r uling ▁" s ends ▁the ▁message ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁try ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁clo ak ▁of ▁free ▁speech ▁to ▁poison ▁other ▁people ' s ▁re put ations ▁through ▁lies ▁and ▁def am ation ▁do ▁so ▁at ▁their ▁own ▁per il ." ▁ ▁C AF E ▁was ▁an ▁interven or ▁in ▁O ger ▁v ▁What c ott , ▁a ▁hearing ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁Columbia ▁Human ▁Rights ▁Trib unal ▁regarding ▁har ass ment ▁of ▁M s . ▁O ger ▁by ▁Mr . ▁What c ott , ▁who ▁M s . ▁O ger ▁alleg ed ▁ran ▁a ▁very ▁public ▁campaign ▁of ▁har ass ment ▁against ▁her ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁her ▁gender ▁identity . ▁C AF E ▁supported ▁Mr . ▁What c ott ' s ▁right ▁to ▁make ▁those ▁statements , ▁and ▁adopted ▁many ▁of ▁Mr . ▁What c ott ' s ▁statements ▁in ▁its ▁subm issions ▁to ▁the ▁Trib unal . ▁On ▁March ▁ 2 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Trib unal ▁ruled ▁that ▁C AF E ' s ▁behaviour ▁as ▁an ▁interven or |
▁was ▁" im pro per ", ▁and ▁that ▁its ▁subm issions ▁were ▁" infl am mat ory , ▁der og atory , ▁dis res pect ful ▁and ▁in app ropri ate ". ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Cit iz ens ▁for ▁Foreign ▁A id ▁Reform ▁ ▁Heritage ▁Front ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁white ▁national ist ▁organizations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁for ▁Free ▁Expression ▁ ▁H ate ▁Gr oups ▁and ▁Big ot ry ' s ▁Fellow ▁Tra v ellers ▁- ▁by ▁Manuel ▁Pr utsch i , ▁Canadian ▁Jewish ▁Congress ▁ ▁The ▁New ▁Generation ▁of ▁Organ ised ▁Ra cial ism ▁in ▁Canada ▁ ▁Naz is ▁In ▁Su its : ▁Paul ▁From m ▁& ▁The ▁Far ▁Right ▁ ▁Canadian ▁Association ▁for ▁Free ▁Expression ▁- ▁Canadian ▁Political ▁Part ies ▁and ▁Political ▁Interest ▁Gr oups ▁- ▁Web ▁Archive ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Toronto ▁L ibr aries ▁ ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁far - right ▁political ▁movements ▁Category : White ▁supre m acy ▁in ▁Canada <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁in ▁War wick shire , ▁England , ▁holds ▁the ▁World ' s ▁largest ▁collection ▁of ▁historic ▁British ▁cars . ▁There ▁are ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁classic ▁cars ▁on ▁display ▁from ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Indust ry ▁Heritage ▁Trust ▁and ▁the ▁J agu ar ▁Heritage ▁Trust . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁collection , ▁now ▁c ared ▁for ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Indust ry ▁Heritage ▁Trust , ▁was ▁developed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁when ▁a ▁new ▁division ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ley land ▁Motor |
▁Corporation ▁( BL MC ) ▁was ▁formed ▁to ▁preserve ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁company ' s ▁collection ▁of ▁historic ▁vehicles . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 9 , ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁B L ▁Heritage ▁Limited , ▁adopt ing ▁a ▁new ▁headquarters ▁at ▁Stud ley , ▁War wick shire . ▁ ▁Two ▁years ▁later , ▁a ▁museum ▁was ▁opened ▁at ▁the ▁London ▁Transport ▁Museum ' s ▁former ▁home ▁of ▁Sy on ▁Park , ▁west ▁of ▁London , ▁where ▁some ▁ 1 0 0 ▁vehicles ▁from ▁the ▁collection ▁were ▁put ▁on ▁display . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁closer ▁t ies ▁were ▁made ▁with ▁other ▁British ▁motor ▁manufact ur ers . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 3 , ▁the ▁collection ▁was ▁granted ▁char itable ▁status , ▁and ▁became ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Indust ry ▁Heritage ▁Trust , ▁and ▁although ▁there ▁were ▁now ▁several ▁manufact ur ers ▁involved , ▁the ▁collection ▁still ▁carried ▁a ▁large ▁bias ▁towards ▁the ▁former ▁British ▁Ley land ▁companies . ▁ ▁Austin - R over ▁continued ▁as ▁the ▁primary ▁back er ▁of ▁the ▁Trust , ▁and ▁gradually ▁the ▁other ▁companies ▁with d rew ▁their ▁support . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁collection ▁continued ▁to ▁grow . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁it ▁became ▁evident ▁that ▁larger ▁prem ises ▁would ▁be ▁required ▁as ▁the ▁collection ▁developed . ▁ ▁Several ▁new ▁sites ▁were ▁considered ▁for ▁a ▁purpose ▁built ▁museum . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁location ▁was ▁chosen , ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁former |
▁R AF ▁Gay don ▁air field ▁in ▁South ▁War wick shire , ▁which ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁R over ▁Group ' s ▁design , ▁technology ▁and ▁testing ▁ground . ▁ ▁Pl ans ▁were ▁drawn ▁up ▁and ▁construction ▁began ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Heritage ▁Motor ▁Centre . ▁ ▁Set ▁in ▁ ▁of ▁grounds , ▁the ▁centre ▁brought ▁together ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Trust ' s ▁operations ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time , ▁providing ▁exhibition ▁and ▁storage ▁space ▁for ▁the ▁collection ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁vehicles ▁and ▁archive ▁of ▁over ▁ 2 mill ion ▁photograph s , ▁business ▁records , ▁bro ch ures ▁and ▁draw ings . ▁ ▁The ▁site ▁also ▁includes ▁conference ▁facilities . ▁ ▁When ▁R over ▁Group ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁B MW ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁came ▁under ▁their ▁ownership . ▁ ▁Six ▁years ▁later , ▁B MW ▁sold ▁the ▁R over ▁Group , ▁which ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁Centre ▁changed ▁hands ▁yet ▁again , ▁this ▁time ▁under ▁the ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁Ford ▁Motor ▁Company . ▁ ▁This ▁latest ▁change ▁of ▁ownership ▁means ▁that ▁the ▁Trust ▁now ▁had ▁the ▁opportunity ▁to ▁expand ▁its ▁collection ▁to ▁include ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁companies ▁that ▁have ▁formed ▁part ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁motor ▁manufact uring ▁history . ▁ ▁Following ▁J agu ar ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁close ▁their ▁J agu ar ▁Da im ler ▁Heritage ▁Centre , ▁a ▁small ▁selection ▁of ▁the ▁J agu ar ▁Da im ler ▁Heritage ▁Collection ▁has ▁been ▁on |
▁display ▁at ▁the ▁Museum . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁Heritage ▁Motor ▁Centre ▁closed ▁for ▁a ▁£ 1 . 1 mill ion ▁ref urb ishment , ▁and ▁re open ed ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁under ▁the ▁new ▁name ▁of ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum . ▁ ▁Ve h icles ▁in ▁the ▁collection ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁exhaust ive ▁list ▁— ▁a ▁complete ▁list ▁is ▁provided ▁on ▁the ▁centre ' s ▁website . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁space ▁limitations , ▁not ▁all ▁cars ▁are ▁exhib ited ▁at ▁all ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁very ▁first ▁Land ▁R over ▁( 1 9 4 8 ) ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁production ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁Land ▁R over ▁Fre el ander ▁Vari ous ▁Land ▁R over , ▁Range ▁R over , ▁and ▁R over ▁P 5 ▁vehicles ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁British ▁Royal ▁Family ▁and ▁senior ▁polit icians ▁An ▁S AS ▁Land ▁R over ▁Pro totype ▁Land ▁R over ▁ 1 0 1 ▁Rec overy ▁T ruck ▁Sh a un ▁the ▁She ep ▁Land ▁R over ▁Def ender ▁Land ▁R over ▁Series ▁ 2 ▁track ▁whe e led ▁off ▁road ▁vehicle ▁R are ▁Land ▁R over ▁L l ama ▁l orry ▁The ▁million th ▁Land ▁R over ▁Disc overy ▁ 4 ▁The ▁first ▁and ▁last ▁production ▁models ▁of ▁the ▁R over ▁ 7 5 ▁R over ▁Gas ▁Tur bine ▁cars ▁The ▁Metro ▁ 1 . 3 ▁H LS ▁as ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Motor ▁Show ▁Metro |
▁ 6 R 4 ▁R ally ▁Car ▁Vari ous ▁M G ▁Speed ▁Record ▁cars ▁The ▁first ▁M ini ▁produced : ▁ 6 2 1 ▁A OK ▁The ▁last ▁R over ▁M ini ▁Cooper ▁produced ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁The ▁Min is ▁that ▁won ▁the ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁R ally ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s ▁Vari ous ▁M ini ▁based ▁pro tot ypes , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Min iss ima ▁F AB 1 ▁from ▁the ▁Th under bird s ▁film ▁An ▁As c ari ▁K Z 1 ▁show ▁car ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Roll s - Ro y ce ▁Ph antom ▁The ▁last ▁A ston ▁Martin ▁DB 7 ▁A ston ▁Martin ▁V 1 2 ▁Van qu ish ▁S inc la ir ▁C 5 ▁Ford ▁R S 2 0 0 ▁ ▁The ▁last ▁production ▁Austin ▁Monte go ▁Ford ▁Esc ort ▁Mark ▁I ▁as ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁London ▁to ▁Mexico ▁World ▁Cup ▁R ally ▁J agu ar ▁R 1 ▁Formula ▁One ▁race car ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁N uff ield ▁Gut ty ▁prototype ▁ ▁Research ▁services ▁The ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁offers ▁a ▁research ▁and ▁registry ▁service ▁for ▁several ▁British ▁car ▁mar ques . ▁The ▁Archive ▁houses ▁authentic ▁historical ▁records ▁by ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁major ▁car ▁manufact ur ers , ▁including ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁original ▁factory ▁led gers ▁which ▁record ▁the ▁details ▁of ▁individual ▁vehicles ▁as ▁they ▁came ▁off ▁the ▁production ▁line . ▁For ▁a ▁small ▁fee , ▁own ers ▁may ▁send ▁in ▁their |
▁Ve h icle ▁Ident ification ▁Number ▁( V IN ▁- ▁a ka ▁ch ass is ▁number ) ▁and / or ▁engine ▁numbers , ▁and ▁they ▁will ▁research ▁the ▁original ▁production ▁records ▁for ▁that ▁vehicle ▁and ▁send ▁back ▁whatever ▁information ▁on ▁the ▁vehicle ▁is ▁available . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁' Cert ified ▁Copy ▁of ▁a ▁Factory ▁Record ' ▁or ▁more ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁Heritage ▁Cert ificate . ▁This ▁can ▁include ▁such ▁details ▁as ▁a ▁list ▁of ▁the ▁options ▁the ▁car ▁was ▁ordered ▁with , ▁the ▁original ▁paint ▁colour ▁and ▁any ▁identification ▁numbers ▁that ▁may ▁be ▁missing . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁useful ▁when ▁applying ▁for ▁tax ▁exem ption ▁or ▁to ▁obtain ▁an ▁age - related ▁Reg istration ▁Mark . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁ ▁Classic ▁Car ▁Collection ▁Gay don ▁Series ▁of ▁photos ▁of ▁the ▁classic ▁cars ▁at ▁the ▁British ▁Motor ▁Museum ▁ ▁Category : Transport ▁museum s ▁in ▁England ▁Category : M useum s ▁in ▁War wick shire ▁Category : Autom obile ▁museum s ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁World ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Day ▁( W AND ) ▁is ▁an ▁event ▁dedicated ▁to ▁art ▁nouveau ▁that ▁is ▁celebrated ▁ann ually ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁June . ▁The ▁first ▁World ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Day ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁was ▁organized ▁by ▁The ▁Museum ▁of ▁App lied ▁Arts ▁( B ud apest ) ▁( I MM ) ▁in ▁co operation ▁with ▁Sz ec ess zi ós ▁Mag az in ▁( a ▁Hung arian ▁Magazine ▁about ▁Art ▁N ouve |
au ). ▁The ▁selected ▁date ▁– ▁ 1 0 ▁June ▁– ▁is ▁the ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁two ▁famous ▁architect s ▁of ▁the ▁movement , ▁Anton i ▁Ga ud í ▁and ▁Ö d ön ▁Le ch ner . ▁Activ ities ▁like ▁those ▁organ ised ▁on ▁World ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Day ▁aim ▁to ▁create ▁more ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁her itage ▁among ▁the ▁public . ▁ ▁The ▁two ▁biggest ▁organis ations ▁in ▁Europe ▁coordin ating ▁the ▁World ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Day ▁activities ▁are ▁the ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁European ▁Route ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁and ▁the ▁Ré seau ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Network ▁( R AN N ) ▁in ▁Br uss els . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁the ▁event ▁was ▁supported ▁by ▁European ▁Heritage ▁Alliance . ▁ ▁Link s ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁Category : Art ▁N ouve au <0x0A> </s> ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁singer ▁and ▁song writer . ▁Black ' s ▁music ▁is ▁described ▁as ▁ind ie ▁pop ▁with ▁jazz ▁influ ences , ▁in ▁the ▁ve in ▁of ▁artists ▁such ▁as ▁F iona ▁Apple , ▁Regin a ▁Spe ktor ▁and ▁Nor ah ▁Jones . ▁Her ▁song ▁" Sto od ▁for ▁Stand ▁for ", ▁which ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁Black ' s ▁debut ▁album ▁To o ▁Much ▁& ▁To o ▁Lov ely , ▁won ▁Billboard ' s ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁World ▁Song ▁Cont est ▁in ▁the ▁Jazz ▁category . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁career |
▁ ▁Black ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Seattle , ▁Washington , ▁the ▁young est ▁of ▁three ▁daughters . ▁According ▁to ▁her ▁website , ▁she ▁initially ▁had ▁an ▁interest ▁in ▁purs uing ▁a ▁career ▁as ▁a ▁singer - song writer , ▁but ▁instead ▁studied ▁business , ▁communic ations , ▁and ▁international ▁studies ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Washington , ▁where ▁she ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁After ▁working ▁in ▁the ▁corpor ate ▁world , ▁she ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁original ▁interest , ▁re le asing ▁her ▁debut ▁album ▁To o ▁Much ▁& ▁To o ▁Lov ely ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Black ▁began ▁working ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁project , ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁original ▁and ▁classic ▁l ull ab ies ▁with ▁the ▁band ▁' N ight ▁S weet ▁Pe a ; ▁to ▁fin ance ▁the ▁album ' s ▁production , ▁the ▁band ▁launched ▁a ▁successful ▁campaign ▁on ▁K ick st arter . ▁ ▁The ▁album , ▁A ▁Little ▁Line ▁of ▁K isses , ▁was ▁released ▁to ▁critical ▁acc laim ▁in ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁Her ▁song ▁Super ▁Hero ▁was ▁featured ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁film ▁Let ' s ▁Make ▁a ▁Movie . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁she ▁recorded ▁three ▁love ▁song ▁covers ▁with ▁producer ▁Mark ▁Hall man ▁( Car ole ▁King , ▁El iza ▁Gil k ys on , ▁An i ▁D if ran co ), ▁which ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁early ▁ |
2 0 1 5 . ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁titled ▁You ▁Bel ong ▁To ▁Me ▁( 1 9 5 2 ▁song ) ▁after ▁the ▁old ▁pop ▁ball ad ▁on ▁the ▁record . ▁The ▁record ▁also ▁contains ▁a ▁cover ▁of ▁Brand i ▁Carl ile ' s ▁" The ▁Story " ▁and ▁Beth ▁N iel sen ▁Chap man ' s ▁" Se ven ▁Sh ades ▁of ▁Blue ." ▁ ▁In ▁early ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁A ly se ▁began ▁recording ▁her ▁third ▁full - length ▁studio ▁record ▁with ▁producer , ▁Eric ▁Ros se ▁( S ara ▁B are illes , ▁T ori ▁Am os , ▁Mar oon ▁ 5 , ▁Bird y ▁( sing er ), ▁G av in ▁De G raw , ▁A ▁Fine ▁F ren zy , ▁Land on ▁P igg , ▁Anna ▁N al ick , ▁Mary ▁Lam bert ▁( sing er )), ▁in ▁Hollywood . ▁That ▁album ▁was ▁fan - fund ed ▁on ▁K ick st arter ▁as ▁well , ▁raising ▁$ 3 1 , 2 7 6 . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁A ly se ▁also ▁gar ner ed ▁an ▁end ors ement ▁with ▁Fish man ▁Am ps . ▁The ▁self - t itled ▁record ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁A ly se ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁lic ensed ▁real ▁estate ▁agent ▁with ▁K eller - Will iams ▁Real ty . ▁ ▁She ▁did ▁promise , ▁however , ▁to ▁continue ▁making ▁the ▁world ▁better ▁with ▁her ▁music . ▁ ▁In |
flu ences ▁ ▁Black ' s ▁influ ences ▁ ▁include ▁N ina ▁Sim one , ▁T ori ▁Am os , ▁Bill ie ▁Hol iday , ▁Nor ah ▁Jones , ▁F iona ▁Apple , ▁Eva ▁Cass id y , ▁Sarah ▁Mc L ach lan , ▁An i ▁D if ran co , ▁Port is head , ▁B jör k , ▁Tom ▁Wa its , ▁Ed ith ▁Pia f , ▁J ude , ▁Maz zy ▁Star , ▁C ran ber ries , ▁Po e , ▁Sarah ▁V aug han , ▁The ▁Beat les , ▁Led ▁Ze ppel in . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ 1 st ▁Place , ▁Jazz , ▁Billboard ' s ▁Ann ual ▁World ▁Song ▁Cont est , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ 1 st ▁Place , ▁Jazz , ▁and ▁Final ist , ▁Ad ult ▁Contempor ary , ▁Independent ▁S inger - S ong writer ▁Awards , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁Disc ography ▁ ▁Studio ▁Albums ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁To o ▁Much ▁& ▁To o ▁Lov ely ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁Hold ▁On to ▁This ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁The ▁Hon esty ▁EP ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁A ▁Little ▁Line ▁of ▁K isses ▁( with ▁band : ▁' N ight , ▁S weet ▁Pe a ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁You ▁Bel ong ▁To ▁Me ▁( EP ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁ ▁Live ▁Albums ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁The ▁Tri ple ▁Do or ▁S essions ▁L IVE ▁ ▁References |
▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁Facebook ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁Twitter ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁i T unes ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁Amazon ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁The Si xty One ▁A ly se ▁Black ▁on ▁the ▁AT X ▁Arch itect s ▁Pod cast ▁ ▁Category : American ▁female ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : American ▁singer - song writ ers ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Washington ▁al umn i ▁Category : Mus icians ▁from ▁Seattle ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : S ong writ ers ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) ▁Category : Sing ers ▁from ▁Washington ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Martin ▁Del an ey ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Martin ▁Del an ey ▁( activ ist ) ▁( 1 9 4 5 – 2 0 0 9 ), ▁H IV / A ID S ▁treatment ▁advoc ate ▁ ▁Martin ▁Del an ey ▁( actor ), ▁British ▁actor ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Martin ▁Del any ▁( 1 8 1 2 – 1 8 8 5 ), ▁African - American ▁abol ition ist <0x0A> </s> ▁Leon ardo ▁Vin ici us ▁Pere ira ▁Lu iz ▁( born ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁in ▁Rio ▁de ▁Janeiro ), ▁known ▁as ▁Leon ardo ▁Lu iz , ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁footballer ▁who ▁most ▁recently ▁played ▁as ▁def ender ▁for ▁Arts ul . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links |
▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁def enders ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁B ▁players ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁C ▁players ▁Category : Cam pe onato ▁Brasile iro ▁S érie ▁D ▁players ▁Category : N ova ▁I gu a çu ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Vol ta ▁Red onda ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Cl ube ▁N á ut ico ▁Cap ib ar ibe ▁players ▁Category : Esp orte ▁Cl ube ▁XV ▁de ▁Nov embro ▁( Pi rac ic aba ) ▁players ▁Category : ABC ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : F ort ale za ▁Esp orte ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : B angu ▁Atl ético ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : T re ze ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players ▁Category : Esp orte ▁Cl ube ▁Santo ▁André ▁players ▁Category : Ar ts ul ▁Fut ebol ▁Cl ube ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sky park ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁public - use ▁air port ▁located ▁ 1 1 ▁miles ▁( 1 8 km ) ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁Ch att ano oga ▁and ▁ 4 ▁miles ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁central ▁business ▁district ▁of ▁L akes ite ▁( both ▁cities ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Tennessee , ▁United ▁States .) ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁Middle ▁Valley ▁with ▁a ▁H ix son , ▁Tennessee ▁ma iling |
▁address . ▁. ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sky park ▁began ▁life ▁as ▁the ▁Opt im ist ▁Club ▁Drag ▁St rip ▁back ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 5 0 s ▁and ▁surv ived ▁until ▁the ▁early ▁ 6 0 s . ▁The ▁drag strip ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁East ▁R idge ▁and ▁John ▁Fle w ellen ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁bought ▁the ▁old ▁drag strip ▁and ▁turned ▁it ▁into ▁a ▁private ▁run way . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁the ▁a irst rip ▁became ▁an ▁F AA - cert ified ▁public ▁air port ▁with ▁the ▁design ation ▁ 1 A 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁invest ors , ▁all ▁with ▁a ▁passion ▁for ▁flying , ▁bought ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sky park ▁and ▁have ▁been ▁running ▁it ▁ever ▁since . ▁The ▁air port ▁is ▁still ▁a ▁full - service ▁public ▁air port ▁with ▁a ▁flight ▁school ▁on ▁prem ises . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁and ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sky park ▁covers ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁ ▁which ▁contains ▁one ▁as ph alt ▁p aved ▁run way ▁( 5 / 2 3 ) ▁meas uring ▁ 3 , 0 2 5 ▁x ▁ 5 0 ▁ft ▁( 9 2 2 ▁x ▁ 1 5 ▁m ). ▁For ▁the ▁ 1 2 - month ▁period ▁ending ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁the ▁air port ▁had ▁ 1 0 , 1 0 8 ▁aircraft ▁operations , ▁ 1 0 0 % ▁of ▁which ▁were ▁general |
▁av iation . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sky park ▁( o fficial ▁site ) ▁Dallas ▁Bay ▁Sky park ▁page ▁at ▁Tennessee ▁D OT ▁Airport ▁Directory ▁ ▁Category : A ir ports ▁in ▁Tennessee ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Hamilton ▁County , ▁Tennessee <0x0A> </s> ▁Jason ▁Mc End oo ▁( born ▁February ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁football ▁coach ▁and ▁former ▁center ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Football ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Seattle ▁Se ah aw ks . ▁He ▁is ▁currently ▁the ▁tight ▁ends ▁and ▁Cow boy ▁Back s ▁coach ▁for ▁Oklahoma ▁State . ▁He ▁played ▁college ▁football ▁at ▁Washington ▁State ▁University ▁in ▁P ull man ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁team ▁which ▁went ▁to ▁the ▁Rose ▁Bowl . ▁▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁Mc End oo ▁played ▁high ▁school ▁football ▁in ▁south west ▁Washington ▁at ▁ ▁Aber de en . ▁Selected ▁in ▁the ▁sevent h ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁NFL ▁D raft , ▁Mc End oo ▁played ▁one ▁game ▁for ▁Seattle ▁in ▁his ▁ro ok ie ▁season ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ; ▁he ▁was ▁released ▁the ▁following ▁summer ▁on ▁September ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁Mar ried ▁for ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁Mc End oo ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Mich elle ▁were ▁passengers ▁in ▁a ▁rol lo ver ▁accident ▁in ▁which ▁she ▁was ▁killed . ▁The |
▁vehicle ▁was ▁driven ▁by ▁team mate ▁Ryan ▁Mc Sh ane , ▁who ▁apparently ▁fell ▁as leep . ▁The ▁three ▁were ▁returning ▁to ▁P ull man ▁after ▁att ending ▁a ▁team mate ' s ▁wed ding ▁in ▁Ta com a , ▁and ▁occurred ▁on ▁Inter state ▁ 9 0 , ▁near ▁Ell ens burg . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁football ▁cent ers ▁Category : W ashington ▁State ▁C oug ars ▁football ▁players ▁Category : Se attle ▁Se ah aw ks ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁Anne ▁Herbert , ▁Count ess ▁of ▁P embro ke , ▁Baron ess ▁Herbert ▁of ▁Card iff ▁( 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 5 1 5 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 5 5 2 ) ▁was ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁to ▁each ▁of ▁Henry ▁VIII ▁of ▁England ' s ▁six ▁w ives . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁younger ▁sister ▁of ▁his ▁sixth ▁wife , ▁Catherine ▁Par r . ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁Anne ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 5 1 5 ▁to ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁Par r ▁and ▁Ma ud ▁Green . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁young est ▁surv iving ▁child ▁of ▁five , ▁having ▁an ▁older ▁sister ▁Catherine ▁and ▁brother ▁William ▁Par r , ▁ 1 st ▁Mar qu ess ▁of ▁North am pton . ▁In ▁ 1 5 1 7 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁two ▁years ▁old , ▁her ▁father ▁died ▁of ▁the ▁swe ating ▁sick ness ▁leaving |
▁her ▁mother ▁a ▁wid ow ▁at ▁twenty - five , ▁pre gn ant , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁grave ▁responsibility ▁of ▁guard ing ▁the ▁inheritance ▁of ▁the ▁Par r ▁children . ▁Ma ud ▁Green ▁was ▁a ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁and ▁conf id ant ▁to ▁Catherine ▁of ▁Arag on . ▁She ▁was ▁also ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁school ▁at ▁court ▁where ▁Anne ▁was ▁educated ▁alongside ▁her ▁sister ▁Catherine ▁and ▁other ▁daughters ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility . ▁They ▁were ▁taught ▁by ▁the ▁brilliant ▁Human ist ▁scholar ▁Joan ▁L lu ís ▁V ives ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁principal ▁t utor ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁school . ▁Anne ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁taught ▁French , ▁Latin , ▁philosophy , ▁the ology , ▁and ▁the ▁Class ics . ▁Ma ud ▁Green ▁had ▁already ▁taught ▁her ▁children ▁to ▁read ▁and ▁write ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁small . ▁Anne ▁herself ▁later ▁said ▁that ▁her ▁education ▁at ▁home ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁approach ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁More ▁where ▁boys ▁and ▁girls ▁were ▁educated ▁together ; ▁as ▁was ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁the ▁Par rs ▁until ▁her ▁brother ▁left ▁home ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 5 ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁household ▁of ▁Henry ▁Fitz Ro y , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Richmond ▁and ▁Som erset . ▁ ▁At ▁court ▁ ▁S omet ime ▁in ▁ 1 5 2 8 , ▁Ma ud ▁Green ▁secured ▁her ▁ 1 3 - year - old ▁daughter , ▁Anne , ▁a ▁post ▁at ▁Court ▁as ▁ma id - of - hon our ▁to ▁Queen ▁Catherine |
▁of ▁Arag on . ▁Anne ▁was ▁then ▁made ▁a ▁w ard ▁of ▁King ▁Henry . ▁When ▁Anne ▁B ole yn ▁was ▁crown ed ▁queen ▁in ▁ 1 5 3 3 , ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁continued ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁capacity ▁as ▁ma id - of - hon our . ▁She ▁quickly ▁succ um bed ▁to ▁the ▁spell ▁of ▁Queen ▁Anne ' s ▁char ism atic ▁person ality ▁and ▁following ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁example , ▁she ▁became ▁an ▁ar dent ▁supp orter ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Fa ith . ▁After ▁Anne ▁B ole yn ' s ▁fall ▁from ▁power ▁and ▁subsequent ▁execution , ▁Anne ▁remained ▁at ▁Court ▁in ▁the ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁queen , ▁Jane ▁Se ym our . ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁served ▁all ▁of ▁Henry ▁VIII ' s ▁que ens ▁from ▁the ▁mid - 1 5 3 0 s , ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁women ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁to ▁all ▁six . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁bapt ism ▁of ▁Prince ▁Edward ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁October ▁ 1 5 3 7 ▁and ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁fun eral ▁corte ge ▁of ▁Jane ▁Se ym our . ▁ ▁When ▁King ▁Henry ▁took ▁as ▁his ▁fourth ▁wife ▁Anne ▁of ▁Cle ves , ▁Anne ▁returned ▁to ▁her ▁role ▁as ▁ma id - of - hon our , ▁which ▁she ▁remained ▁in ▁when ▁Queen ▁Anne ▁was ▁supp l anted ▁by ▁Catherine ▁Howard . ▁Following ▁Queen ▁Catherine ' s ▁arrest ▁for ▁ad ul tery , |
▁Anne ▁Par r ▁was ▁entr usted ▁with ▁the ▁Queen ' s ▁j ew els . ▁ ▁Mar riage ▁▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 5 3 8 , ▁Anne ▁married ▁Sir ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁Es quire ▁of ▁the ▁King ' s ▁Body . ▁Herbert ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Herbert , ▁the ▁il leg it imate ▁son ▁of ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st ▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke . ▁It ▁is ▁likely ▁that ▁Anne ▁met ▁her ▁husband ▁at ▁court . ▁It ▁is ▁not ▁known ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁marriage ▁was ▁a ▁love ▁match , ▁but ▁both ▁Anne ▁and ▁her ▁sister ▁Catherine ▁had ▁been ▁attract ed ▁to ▁dash ing ▁men ▁of ▁action ▁who ▁were ▁slightly ▁dis re put able . ▁The ▁Her berts , ▁due ▁to ▁King ▁Henry ' s ▁newly ▁found ▁inf atu ation ▁for ▁Catherine , ▁appeared ▁to ▁be ▁in ▁the ▁King ' s ▁favour , ▁as ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁few ▁years ▁Anne ▁and ▁her ▁husband ▁received ▁a ▁succession ▁of ▁Royal ▁gr ants ▁which ▁included ▁the ▁Ab bey ▁of ▁Wil ton ▁in ▁W ilt shire ▁( p ul led ▁down ▁and ▁built ▁over ▁for ▁Wil ton ▁House ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 4 0 s ), ▁Rem es bury ▁( n orth ▁W ilt shire ), ▁and ▁Card iff ▁Castle . ▁They ▁also ▁used ▁Bay n ard ' s ▁Castle ▁as ▁their ▁London ▁residence . ▁Anne ▁had ▁three ▁children ▁by ▁her ▁husband : ▁Henry , ▁who ▁succeeded ▁his ▁father ; ▁Edward ▁Herbert ; ▁and ▁Anne ▁Herbert . ▁For ▁the ▁birth ▁of |
▁her ▁second ▁son , ▁Anne ' s ▁sister ▁loan ed ▁her ▁the ▁man or ▁of ▁Han worth ▁in ▁M idd les ex ▁for ▁her ▁lying ▁in . ▁After ▁the ▁birth , ▁Anne ▁visited ▁Lady ▁H ert ford , ▁who ▁had ▁also ▁just ▁given ▁birth , ▁at ▁Sy on ▁House ▁near ▁Richmond . ▁In ▁August , ▁the ▁queen ▁sent ▁a ▁bar ge ▁to ▁bring ▁Anne ▁by ▁river ▁from ▁Sy on ▁back ▁to ▁West min ster . ▁ ▁Queen ' s ▁sister ▁ ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁was ▁a ▁witness ▁to ▁the ▁wed ding ▁ceremony ▁performed ▁at ▁Ham pton ▁Court ▁Palace ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 1 5 4 3 , ▁when ▁King ▁Henry ▁married ▁her ▁sister ▁Catherine . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 5 4 4 , ▁William ▁Herbert ▁was ▁kn ight ed ▁on ▁the ▁battle field ▁at ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁during ▁the ▁King ' s ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁French . ▁Anne ▁was ▁her ▁sister ' s ▁chief ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁and ▁the ▁sister s ▁were ▁close . ▁Anne ▁was ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁cli que ▁of ▁Protest ants ▁who ▁surrounded ▁the ▁new ▁Queen . ▁In ▁ 1 5 4 6 , ▁fellow ▁Protest ant ▁Anne ▁As ke w ▁was ▁arrested ▁for ▁her es y . ▁Those ▁who ▁opposed ▁the ▁Queen ▁tried ▁to ▁gain ▁a ▁conf ession ▁from ▁As ke w ▁that ▁the ▁Queen , ▁her ▁sister , ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁women ▁were ▁Protest ants . ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁and ▁some ▁of ▁her ▁closest ▁friends ▁had ▁previously ▁shown ▁favour |
▁to ▁the ▁arrested ▁woman . ▁Stephen ▁Gard iner , ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Win chester ; ▁Thomas ▁W ri oth es ley ; ▁and ▁Richard ▁Rich ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁tort uring ▁Anne ▁As ke w ▁and ▁inter rog ating ▁her ▁about ▁her ▁connections ▁to ▁the ▁ladies ▁at ▁court ▁who ▁were ▁sus pected ▁to ▁be ▁Protest ants , ▁in ▁particular : ▁Anne ▁Par r ; ▁the ▁Queen ; ▁K atherine ▁Will ough by ; ▁Anne ▁Stan ho pe ; ▁and ▁Anne ▁Cal th or pe , ▁Count ess ▁of ▁Sus sex . ▁Gard iner ▁and ▁W ri oth es ley ▁obtained ▁the ▁King ’ s ▁permission ▁to ▁arrest ▁and ▁question ▁the ▁Queen ▁about ▁her ▁religious ▁belief s . ▁ ▁Catherine ▁visited ▁the ▁King ▁in ▁his ▁bed ch am ber ▁and ▁ad roit ly ▁managed ▁to ▁persu ade ▁the ▁King ▁that ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁new ▁religion ▁had ▁been ▁undert aken ▁sole ly ▁as ▁a ▁means ▁to ▁provide ▁stim ulating ▁conversation ▁to ▁dist ract ▁the ▁King ▁from ▁the ▁pain ▁caused ▁by ▁his ▁ul cer ous ▁leg . ▁Henry ▁was ▁appe ased , ▁and ▁before ▁the ▁arr ests ▁were ▁due ▁to ▁take ▁place , ▁he ▁was ▁recon ci led ▁to ▁Catherine . ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁January ▁ 1 5 4 7 , ▁the ▁King ▁died . ▁After ▁Henry ▁VIII ' s ▁death , ▁when ▁the ▁queen ▁dow ager ' s ▁household ▁was ▁at ▁Ch else a , ▁both ▁Anne ▁and ▁her ▁son ▁Edward ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁household ▁there . ▁Her ▁husband , ▁William ▁Herbert ▁was ▁appointed |
▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁guard ians ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁king , ▁Edward ▁VI . ▁Catherine ▁shortly ▁after ward ▁married ▁Thomas ▁Se ym our , ▁Lord ▁S ude ley , ▁Lord ▁High ▁Admir al ▁of ▁England , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁uncle ▁of ▁King ▁Edward . ▁In ▁September ▁ 1 5 4 8 , ▁following ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁a ▁daughter , ▁Mary ▁Se ym our , ▁Catherine ▁Par r ▁died ▁of ▁pu er per al ▁fe ver . ▁ ▁Later ▁life ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 5 5 1 , ▁Anne ' s ▁husband ▁was ▁raised ▁to ▁the ▁peer age ▁as ▁Baron ▁Herbert ▁of ▁Card iff ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁October ▁ 1 5 5 1 ▁was ▁created ▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke . ▁In ▁ 1 5 5 3 ▁he ▁received ▁the ▁dis g rac ed ▁Duke ▁of ▁Som erset ' s ▁W ilt shire ▁est ates , ▁including ▁R ams bury ▁and ▁a ▁newly ▁built ▁m ansion ▁at ▁Bed win ▁Bro il , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁extensive ▁wood land ▁on ▁the ▁borders ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Forest . ▁The ▁Her berts ▁had ▁been ▁friends ▁of ▁Som erset ▁until ▁he ▁fell ▁from ▁favour . ▁Herbert ▁was ▁also ▁granted , ▁on ▁the ▁att ain der ▁of ▁Sir ▁Thomas ▁A rund ell , ▁Ward our ▁Castle ▁and ▁park , ▁and ▁he ▁obtained ▁some ▁property ▁which ▁had ▁belonged ▁to ▁the ▁dioc ese ▁of ▁Win chester . ▁ ▁The ▁Ward our ▁property ▁subsequently ▁revert ed ▁to ▁the ▁A rund ell ▁family ▁by ▁exchange ▁and ▁purchase , |
▁but ▁P embro ke ' s ▁increase ▁of ▁wealth ▁exceed ed ▁that ▁of ▁any ▁of ▁his ▁colle agues . ▁ ▁Anne ▁died ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁February ▁ 1 5 5 2 . ▁At ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁her ▁death , ▁she ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁ladies ▁of ▁the ▁Lady ▁Mary , ▁the ▁future ▁Queen ▁Mary ▁I . ▁William ▁married ▁as ▁his ▁second ▁wife , ▁Anne ▁Tal bot , ▁but ▁the ▁marriage ▁produced ▁no ▁children . ▁Through ▁her ▁sons , ▁Anne ▁has ▁many ▁descend ants , ▁including ▁the ▁present - day ▁Ear ls ▁of ▁P embro ke , ▁Mont gom ery , ▁and ▁Car nar von . ▁ ▁Anne ▁was ▁buried ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 1 5 5 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Old ▁St ▁Paul ' s ▁C athedral ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁London , ▁next ▁to ▁her ▁ancest or ▁John ▁of ▁Ga unt , ▁ 1 st ▁Duke ▁of ▁Lanc aster . ▁Her ▁husband ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁March ▁ 1 5 7 0 ▁and ▁by ▁his ▁wish ▁was ▁also ▁buried ▁in ▁St ▁Paul ' s . ▁Anne ' s ▁mem orial ▁there ▁described ▁her ▁in ▁Latin ▁as ▁" a ▁most ▁faithful ▁wife , ▁a ▁woman ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁p iety ▁and ▁dis cret ion ". ▁ ▁Issue ▁ ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁and ▁William ▁Herbert ▁had ▁three ▁children : ▁▁ ▁Henry ▁Herbert , ▁ 2 nd ▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke ▁( c . ▁ 1 5 3 9 – 1 6 0 1 ). ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ |
1 5 5 3 , ▁married ▁Catherine ▁Grey . ▁The ▁marriage ▁was ▁ann ul led ▁in ▁ 1 5 5 4 . ▁His ▁second ▁wife ▁was ▁Catherine ▁Tal bot , ▁daughter ▁of ▁George ▁Tal bot , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury . ▁His ▁third ▁wife ▁was ▁Mary ▁Sid ney ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁children , ▁including ▁William ▁and ▁Philip , ▁both ▁of ▁whom ▁would ▁acc ede ▁to ▁the ▁Ear ld om ▁of ▁P embro ke . ▁ ▁Sir ▁Edward ▁Herbert ▁( 1 5 4 7 – 1 5 9 5 ), ▁married ▁Mary ▁Stanley , ▁by ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁issue ▁including ▁William ▁Herbert , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Pow is . ▁ ▁Lady ▁Anne ▁Herbert ▁( 1 5 5 0 – 1 5 9 2 ), ▁married ▁Francis , ▁Lord ▁Tal bot , ▁son ▁of ▁George ▁Tal bot , ▁ 6 th ▁Earl ▁of ▁Sh rew s bury . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁known ▁issue ▁from ▁this ▁marriage . ▁ ▁Dep ict ions ▁in ▁television ▁and ▁film ▁▁ ▁Anne ▁Par r ▁( L ady ▁Herbert ) ▁was ▁dep icted ▁by ▁Irish ▁actress , ▁Su zy ▁Law lor ▁in ▁the ▁fourth ▁and ▁final ▁season ▁of ▁The ▁T ud ors . ▁In ▁the ▁programme ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁lady - in - wait ing ▁to ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁Howard ▁( T am zin ▁Mer chant ) ▁and ▁chief ▁ma id - of - hon or ▁to ▁her ▁sister , ▁Queen ▁Catherine ▁Par r ▁( Jo ely ▁Richard son ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁▁ ▁google ▁books |